Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

• Carbon forms _______________ bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

– _______________ chain– _______________ chain– _______________

• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.

– _______________ are the individual subunits.– _______________ are made of many monomers.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

• _______________________ are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

– Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

– Monosaccharides are _______________ sugars.

– Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. ________ __________

• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide _______________ _______________ .

• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

Polymer (_______________ )

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.•Found in plants

Polymer (_______________ )

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure•Found in plant cell walls

monomer

– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include _______________ , _______________ , and _______________ .

Triglyceride

Lipids have several different functions:– broken down as a source of _______________ energy – make up cell _______________– used to make _______________

• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.

– _______________ fatty acids– _______________ fatty acids

• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.

– _______________ phosphate “head”– _______________ fatty acid “tails”

Phospholipid

– Amino acids are linked by _______________ bonds.

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

– Amino acids differ in remainder groups, or ____ groups.

– _______________ different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.

– Amino acids _______________ to give a protein its shape.

– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s _______________ and _______________ .

hydrogen bond

Hemoglobin

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base

deoxyribose (sugar)

• _______________ are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

– DNA stores genetic _______________

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

– RNA builds _______________ .

DNA

RNA