carbon compond ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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CARBON COMPOUNDS
1. Carbon compound is a compound comprising
carbon elements.
2. A carbon compound can be classified as:
• Organic carbon compound
• Inorganic carbon compound
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3. Organic compounds are carbon compounds
that are obtained from living things such as
sugar, starch, protein, vitamin, enzyme etc. theyare obtained from plants and animals.
4. Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds
that are usually do not contain carbon to carbon
bonds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) etc.
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5. Most organic compounds contain the element
carbon and hydrogen.
6. Complete combustion of organic compounds
produces carbon dioxide and water.
7. Incomplete combustion of organic compound
produces mixture of carbon, C, carbon
monoxide, CO or CO2 and water.
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HYDROCARBONS
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain onlycarbon, C and hydrogen, H.
2. Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups:
saturated hydrocarbons
*contain only single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
example of structural formula.
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unsaturated hydrocarbons
* contain at least one double or triple covalent
bond between carbon atoms.
• example of structural formula.
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NON-HYDROCARBONS
• organic compounds that contain other elements
(oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus)
• Eg: ALCOHOL
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SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON:
Petroleum – naturally occuring sources of hydrocarbon.It is a complex mixture hydrocarbons. These compounds
can be separated by using fractional distillation.
• < 35°C – petroleum gas
• 35°C – 75°C – Petrol (gasoline)
• 75°C – 170°C – Naphtha
• 170°C – 230°C – Kerosene
• 230°C – 250°C – Diesel
•
250°C – 300°C – Lubricating oil• 300°C – 350°C – Fuel oil
• > 350°C – Bitumen
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ALKANES•
GENERAL FORMULA•MOLECULAR FORMULA
•STRUCTURAL FORMULA
•NAME OF EACH MEMBER
•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
•CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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4CH
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62 H C
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83 H C
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104 H C
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125 H C
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146 H C
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167 H C
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188 H C
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209 H C
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2210 H C
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Naming alkanes
• Identify the stem
• Identify the branch (if any)
• Put numbering on the main chain
• Name the branch first, then the stem
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Number of carbon atoms Root name
1 meth-
2 eth-
3 prop-
4 but-
5 pent-
6 hex-
7 hept-
8 oct- 9 non-
10 dec-
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Homologous
series
Functional group Suffix
Alkane - C – C - -ane
Alkene - C = C - -ene
Alcohol – OH -ol
Carboxylic acid –
COOH -oic Ester – COO – -oate
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1 2 3
propane
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1 2 3 4
butane
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1 2 3 4 5
pentane
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Steps to name branched alkanes;
i. determined and named the long chains
ii. determined and named the branch chain
Branch name
CH3 -methyl
C2H5 -ethyl
C3H7 -propyl
C4H9 -butyl
C5H11 -pentyl
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• -give number to the carbon atoms in long chain,
which started from the nearest branched
• -The number for carbon atom which branched
emerged from, must put before/infront the alkyl
• -Named the branched first, followed by the
named of long chains
• -The word “ di, tri” is used if the branched chainsis more than one
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12345
2- methylpentane
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1 2 3 4 5
2,4- dimethylpentane
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ALKANES
•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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ALKANES•CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
COMBUSTION
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
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SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Example:
Reaction of methane with chlorine
in the presence of UV
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H
C
H
HH Cl Cl
H
C
H
HH Cl Cl
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Cl ClHC
H
H
Cl
H ClC
H
H Cl
Cl
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Cl Cl
H Cl
C H
H
Cl
Cl
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
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Cl Cl
H Cl
C HCl
Cl
Cl
C Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
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Equation
Step 1
CH4 + Cl2 ---------> CH3Cl + HCl
step 2
CH3Cl + Cl2 -------> CH2Cl2 + HCl
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Equation
Step 3
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 ---------> CHCl3 + HCl
step 4
CHCl3 + Cl2 -------> CCl4 + HCl
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ALKANES
•CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
COMBUSTION
Example :
Methane burns
in excess air
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C
H
H
H
H
O O
O O
C OOH H
O
H H
O
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equation
O H COOCH 2224
22
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