CARBON COMPOUNDS

CARBON COMPOUND

ORGANIC COMPOUND

HYDROCARBONS

INORGANIC COMPOUND

SATURATEDHYDROCARBONS

UNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONS

ALKANE ALKENE

NON HYDROCARBONS

ALCOHOLCARBOXCYLIC ACID

ESTERFAT AND OIL

SALT CARBONATEMINERAL

GASACID

ALKANE

GENERAL FORMULA : Cn H 2n + 2

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Carbon is placed in Group 14. It has 4 electrons In its outer most shell. An atom of carbon shares with 4 hydrogen atoms to obtained the stability of inert gas elements.The first member in this group is the simplest compound, methane.Carbon-carbon atoms in alkanes are bonded with single covalent bond.

1090 28’

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE

1 On going down the alkanes series, the relative molecular mass increases caused by the increase in molecular size.

2 When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point increase. This is because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the Van Der Waals forces of attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction during melting or boiling.

3 All alkanes are less dense than water.4 All alkanes are colourless and insoluble in water . Alkanes are soluble in organic

solvent.5 Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of molecules. They don’t have freely

moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE

1 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single covalent bonds. 2 This single covalent bonds are strong and not reactive.3 Alkanes are neutral compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.4 Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.5 The alkanes burn with a sooty flame if the combustion is not complete.6 Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction – atom of H is replaced with Cl or Br with the presence of light or UV rays.

Physical properties of alkenes

- have almost identical physical properties as alkanes

- the first 3 alkenes, C2 to C4 , are gases at room temperature.

- al alkenes have low melting points and boiling points. As the molecule become larger,

there is a gradual increase in the melting and boiling points.

- Alkenes less dense than water. Densities of the alkenes increase with the increasing

carbon chains.

- Alkene do not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

- All alkenes do not conduct electricity.

- Known as natural gas.- Formed as an product of the anaerobic decay of plants- Can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps

Uses :- as a fuel in a gas turbine and system reboiler- as a fuel for domestic heating and cooking- as a feedstock for the production of hydrogen, methanol, acetic acid and acetic anhydride.- as greenhouse gas ( 21 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide

METHANE

1200

1200

1200

The chemical structure of ethylene,

the simplest alkene

ALKENE

1 2 3 4 5 6

3,5-DIMETHYLHEX-2-ENE

3

Oxidation reaction : alkene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

+ H2

etene 1,-bromoetana

HBr

H

3 ADDITION OF HALIDEetene 1,-bromoetana

HBr

H

3 ADDITION OF HALIDE

+ H2OH OH

_

Etene Ethanol+ H2OH OH

_

H OH

_

Etene Ethanol

[ OXYDATION ]

[ O ]

OH OH

_

OH OH

_ Etane-1,2-diol

Additional reaction : hydrgenation

Additional reaction : bromination

Additional reaction : Addition of halide

Addition reaction : hydration

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES

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COMBUSTION REACTION :

Alkene burns completely in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

If the combustion is not complete ( limited oxygen) carbon monoxide and soot(carbon) are

produced.

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Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that hasFunctional group of – OH ( HYDROXYL)

GENERAL FORMULA : CnH2n+1OH

The melting point of alcohol is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of hydroxyl group. This is because –OH group forms hydrogen bondingthat is stronger than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.

Methanol, ethanol and propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols decreases as the molecular mass increases. Naming the alcohol compound is likely to alkane. Replace the ending – ane to anolC1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to –OH.

Alcohols are used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.

ALCOHOL

methanol ethanol propan-1-ol

propan-2-ol pentan-2,3,4- triol

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Reactions of alcohols

Combustion Oxidation Dehydration Esterification(produces water (produces ( produces (produces ester)and CO2) carboxylic acid) alkene)

ETHANOL CAN BE PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY TWO PROCESS ES a) THE HYDRATION OF ETHENE

b) THE FERMENTATION OF SUGAR OR STARCH.

+ H – OH( Water )

( H3 PO4) , 300o C , 65 atm

EtheneEthanol

+ H – OH( Water )

( H3 PO4) , 300o C , 65 atm

EtheneEthanol

Product offermentation

Distilate (ethanol)produced at 78o C

Water out

water in

Thermometer

Liebig Condenser

Product offermentation

Distilate (ethanol)produced at 78o C

Water out

water in

Thermometer

Liebig Condenser

Glucose + yeast

Lime waterTurns chalkyMeans that CO2Is released

Glucose + yeast

Lime waterTurns chalkyMeans that CO2Is released

Fermentation is used to produce alcoholic drinks.Yeast is added and left for several days in the absence of air at not more than 40o C.Higher temperature will kill the yeast and the reaction will stop.The zymase enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar and starch into glucose and then to ethanol and liberated carbon dioxide.

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CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL WILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID

OH [O]OH

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL WILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID

OHOH [O][O]OHOH

an organic acid with carboxylgroup –COOH ( )

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Uses :- food preservative ( benzoic acid)- food flavouring- ethanoic acid and methanoic acid are used to coagulate latex in rubber industry- making ester and soft drinks

Ethanoic acid normally prepared by oxidation of an alcohol

weak acid and names end with ‘oic acid’ . Eg. ethanoic acid.

Ethanoic acid - colourless liquid at room conditions.has sharp and pungent smell.boiling point 118o Csoluble in waterpH 3 - 4

General formulaCnH2n + 1 COOH

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Chemical properties of ethanoic acid

reacts with metal to liberate hydrogen gas

reacts with bases to form salt and water only

reacts with carbonate to form salt, water and carbon dioxide

reacts with alcohol or esterification reaction.

ESTERS

Ester is a non-hydrocarbon organic compound

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

The general formula is CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1

the functional group is –COO- or carboxylate group

the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from alcohols, the second is from the carboxylic acids. All of them end with ‘-oate’

product of an esterification reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

found in flowers and fruits. The fragrance of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters

uses of ester,as food flavouringto pleasant aromas for making perfumesas organic solvents for glue, varnish and paint

- esters are colourless liquids- sweet and fruity smell- volatile, insoluble- less dense than water

Ethanol

Acidified potassiumdichromate(VI) solution

water out

water inethanoic acid

oil bath

Preparation of ethanoic acid

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FATS AND OILS

carboxylic acid(fatty acids)

FATSAND OILS

belong to a group of organic compounds known as lipids

they are naturally occurring esters and are found in plants and animals

they are ester formed from three molecules of fatty acid and molecule of glycerol

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

R 1COOH

R2 COOH

R3 COOH

O ║ CH2 – O – C – R1

O ║ CH – O - C – R2

O ║ CH2 – O – C – R1

glycerol(alcohol)

+

trigleycerides ( fats and oils )

saturated fats - contain saturated carboxylic acid- contain a high percentage of cholesterol- palmitic acid and stearic acid form saturated fats/oils

Unsaturated fats – contain unsaturated carboxylic acid ( there are –C=C- )- it can turn to saturated fats by hydrogenation reactionHydrogenation process is also known as hardening process- oleic acid and linoleic acid form unsaturated fats/ oils

Vegetable oils such as palm oils, coconut oil, corn oil and groundnut oil can be used to manufacture various products such as condensed milk, candle, soap and margarine.

our body need fats/oils because- source of energy- thermal insulation- protection- source of nutrients

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Comparison of fats and oils

Comparison Oils Fats

Source plants Animals

Melting point o C < 20 / lower > 20 / higher

Physical state at room temperature

Liquid Solid / semi solid

Cholesterol content low high

Examples Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard

Molecular structure Contain a high percentage of unsaturated carboxylic acid

Contain a high percentage of saturated carboxylic acid

Similarities

In terms of similarities

Molecular formula The molecules contain of elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Type of compound They are naturally occurring esters

Type of bond They are big covalent molecules.

NATURAL RUBBER

Natural rubber

Milky fluid obtained from tapped rubber tree is called latex. Natural rubber is a soft, white solid and is an elastomer. Vulcanisation is carried out to improve the properties of natural rubber.

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Vulcanised rubber – natural rubber is

heated with sulphur at about 140o C

using zinc oxide as catalyst. Or mixing

natural rubber with a solution of

sulphur monochloride ( S2 Cl2 ) in

methylbenzene

protein membrane which is negatively charged

rubber molecule

WORKSHEETSWorksheet 1 : Carbon Compound

1. Carbon compounds are compounds which contain ………………

2. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds containing …………….. and

…………….atoms only. Some organic compounds also contain other element such

as oxygen, nitrogen and halogens ; the compounds are called ………………….

3. Saturated hydrocarbons contain entirely of carbon-carbon ……………….. bonds.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon ……………… bond or

carbon-carbon triple bonds.

4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the………………………….

of each element present in one molecule of the substance.

5. The structural formula of an organic compound is the formula that shows the

……………………………….. and the covalent bonds between atom in a molecule of

the compound.

6. A ……………………series is a family of organic compounds with each member of

the family differing from the previous member by having one more group of atoms

–CH2 . All members in the same family have the same functional group and with

similar …………………… properties.

7. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the ……........

properties of an organic compound.

Name of homologous series Functional GroupAlkane

C-H bond

- C = C - double bondAlcohol - OH hydroxyl group

Carboxylic acid

Ester

8 ……………………. are compounds which have the same molecular formula but

different structural formula. The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules have the

C – O-

O

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similar molecular formula but different structural formula is called ………………

Worksheet 2 : ALKANE

a) Complete the table below.

Number of

Carbon

Structural formula Molecular formula

Name ofalkane

Condition atroom

temperature

1CH4

MethaneGas

2

3

4

5

6

7C7H16

8C8H18

9

10

13

b Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f

Worksheet 3 : ALKENE(a) Give name for each alkene compounds below

Methane(a) (b)

Substitution reaction(chlorination)

Excess chlorineSunlight or heat

(c) (d) (e) (f)

CH3

Cl

CH3

Cl

Cl

=

CH3

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Complete combustionwith excess O2

Incompletecombustion(limited O2 )

(b) Fill in the blanks.

Alkenes are …………………. hydrocarbons. The names end with …………………… The

general formula for alkenes is ……………………………

Generally alkenes have …………………….. melting and boiling point but ………………..as the

number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Alkenes have ……………… densities but

increases as the number of carbon per atom increases.

Alkenes ……………… dissolve in water but are ………………………. in organic solvents.

Alkenes …………………. conduct electricity.

Alkenes burn with more ……………… flame compared with alkanes of the same number of

carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is ……………………

Compare to alkane, alkene is ………………… reactive.

Worksheet 4 : ALKENEFill in the blank boxes by giving the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for

every reaction of propene below.

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more , cannot , soluble , sooty , higher , low, more ,low, increases, unsaturated, ene, CnH2n

Propene

limited O2

heat

excess O2,heat

b)a)

c)

Additionpolymerization

H2O(g)300 C,60 atm, H3PO4

d)

HCl (g)

e)

Cl2(aq)

f)

H2 /

Ni .180o C

g)

acidifiedKMnO4 (aq)

h)

Worksheet 5 : ALKANE AND ALKENE

(a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and

alkene. Complete the table.

Reaction Observation Hexane Hexene

Reaction with oxygen Hexane burns with a yellow sooty flame

Reaction with bromine No visible change

Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

No visible change

(b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i) hexane

(ii) hexane

Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .

(c) List down 5 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.

(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iv) …………………………………………………………………………………………..

(v) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Construct 5 isomers from C6 H12 and give name to each isomer.

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Worksheet 6 : ALCOHOL

a) Summarize the physical properties of alcohols in the table below

Physical properties DescriptionPhysical state at room temperature

Smell and colour

Solubility in water

Volatility

Boiling point

b) State the uses of alcohols in everyday life.

c) List the harmful effects of alcohols

d) Propanol can be dehydrated into propene by using the apparatus below. Label i) , ii) , iii) , iv) and v)

iii ……..……

i………………. ii ……………… v………….

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iv …………

Worksheet 7 Comparison between ethanol and ethene

Similarity

FACTORS SIMILARITY

a. Elements present

b. Number of atoms

c. Type of bond

d. Combustion

e. reaction with KMnO4

Difference

FACTORS DIFFERENCE

a. Type of atom Molecules contain oxygen atom

b. Functional group Contain –O-H bond

c. Physical state Exists as a liquid at room temperature

d. Solubility Soluble in water

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e. Nature of flame Burns with a non-sooty flame

Worksheet 8 : CARBOXYLIC ACID

a) Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.

Based on the figure above, state process I :………………………………………………………

process II :………………………………………………………..

process III :……………………………………………….………

b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory Write the chemical reaction that involve.

c) Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below.

Test Observation1 a. Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate

b. Gas released + lime water

2 a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium

b. Gas given off + lighted splinter

3 a. Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide solution

b. Ethanoic acid + copper(II)oxide

4 Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid + heat ;Then the boiling contents are poured into a beaker half filled with water.

.

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IEthene Ethanol

Ethanoic acid

Ethyl ethanoateIIIII

Worksheet 9 : ESTER

Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise the esters name.

Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol

HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol

a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

Worksheet 10 : FATS AND OILS

Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

1 Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called __________

2 They are natural _______________

3 They are product of the reaction between __________________ and ____________

4 Fats are usually found in animal and they are _____________ while oil is fat from plant

and also from animal but they are ________________ at room condition.

5. Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 __________ atoms per

molecule.

6 A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a

monoester,

diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the

glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an _______________

(-COO-).

7 . Most fats and oils are _____________

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8. As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ____________

9 Fats are an important source of ____________ for our body.

10 ________________ fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and

making them ____________ . This can lead to ________________, ____________ and

________________

11 The purposes of researches on biotechnical aspect of the palm oil in Malaysia are

(i) _____________________________

(ii) _______________________________

(iii) _______________________________

12 The importance of oil palm industry to the development of the country in Malaysia are

(i) ______________________________________

(ii)_______________________________________

(iii)_______________________________________

Worksheet 11 : palm oil

a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

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Oil palm fruit bunches

Stripping

Pressing

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier.

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils i) ………………………………………………………………….

ii) ……………………………………………………………………

iii) …………………………………………………………………..

iv) ………………………………………………………………….

v) ………………………………………………………………….

Worksheet 12 : NATURAL RUBBER

Give explanation for every situation below:

a) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.

b) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.

c) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.

d) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect Unvulcanised rubber Vulcanised rubber

Structure

Oxidation

Resistance of heat

Strength

Elasticity

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