carbon dioxide capturing and storage

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CARBON DIOXIDE

CAPTURING AND STORAGE

K.RATNAKARARAO08A51A0329

Mechanical Engineering


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INTRODUCTION

Co2 is a greenhouse gas occurs naturally in the atmosphere

Human activities are increasing the concentration of co2 in theatmosphere

Currently 3000 Million Metric tons of co2 is emitted per year dueto human activities

This increases the natural greenhouse effect and there by increasesthe Earths atmospheric temperature

This leads to a change in earths climate


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Increase in concentration of co2 in past

200 years


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Power plants with and with out CCS


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Carbon Dioxide Capturing And

Storage

[CCS]The process involves three main steps Capturing of CO2

Transportation of CO2

Storing the CO2 under ground


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The three main components of CCS


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Sources of CO2 emissions suitable for

Capturing and Storage

The size of the emission source,

Whether it is stationary or mobile,

How near it is to potential storage sites, and

How concentrated its CO2

emissions are.


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Worldwide large stationary CO2 sources with

emissions of more than 0.1 mtco2 per year.

Process Number of sources Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)

Fossil fuels Power 4,942 10,539

Cement production 1,175 932

Refineries 638 798

Iron and steel industry 269 646

Petrochemical industry 470 379

Oil and gas processing N/A 50

Other sources 90 33Biomass

Bioethanol and

bioenergy

303 91

Total 7,887 13,466


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CO2 CAPTURE

The purpose of CO2 capture is to produce a concentrated

stream of CO2 at high pressure that can readily be transported

to a storage site.

Currently, CO2

is typically removed to purify other industrial

gas streams. Removal has been used for storage purposes in

only a few cases; in most cases, the CO2 is emitted to the

atmosphere .

Capture processes also have been used to obtain commercially

useful amounts of CO2 from flue gas streams generated by thecombustion of coal or natural gas.


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CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS USED IN

POWER PLANTS

Post combustion system

Pre-combustion system

Oxyfuel combustion system


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Post-Combustion Systems


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Pre-Combustion Systems


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Oxyfuel Combustion Systems

This system use oxygen instead of air for combustion

of the primary fuel to produce a flue gas that is

mainly water vapour and CO2. This results in a flue

gas with high CO2 concentrations (greater than 80%by volume).


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CO2 TRANSPORTATIONThe most common and economical method for

CO2 transportation is using pipe lines.The first long-distance CO2 pipeline came into

operation in the early 1970s. In the United States,

over 2,500 km of pipeline transports more than 40MtCO2 per year from natural and anthropogenic

sources, and it is mainly used for EOR.

In some situations or locations, transport of CO2by ship may be economically more attractive,

particularly when the CO2 has to be moved over

large distances or overseas.


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CO2 STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION)

Geological Storage

Ocean Storage

Mineral Storage


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GEOLOGICAL STORAGE


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OCEAN STORAGE


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MINERAL STORAGEEarthen Oxide Percent of Crust Carbonate Enthalpy change

(kJ/mol)

SiO2 59.71

Al2O3 15.41

CaO 4.90 CaCO3 -179

MgO 4.36 MgCO3 -117

Na2O 3.55 Na2CO3

FeO 3.52 FeCO3

K2O 2.80 K2CO3

Fe2O3 2.63 FeCO3

21.76 All Carbonates


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RISK OF LEAKAGE

Global risks

Local risks


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COST OF CO2 CAPTURE AND

STOREGE OPERATIONSNatural gas

combined cycle

Pulverized coal Integrated

gasification

combined cycle

Without capture

(reference plant)

0.03 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.06

With capture and

geological storage

0.04 - 0.08 0.06 - 0.10 0.06 - 0.09

With capture and

Enhanced oil

recovery

0.04 - 0.07 0.05 - 0.08 0.04 - 0.08


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REFERENCES

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Abatement of Methane

Emissions, June1998, ISBN 1 898 373 16 7

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, The Reduction of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Oil Refining and Petrochemical

Industry, report PH3/8, June 1999 Herzog H, Eliasson B and Kaarstad O, Capturing Greenhouse

Gases, Scientific American, Feb. 2000, 54-61

www.ipcc.ch

www.Greenfacts.org www.ieagreen.org.uk


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THANK YOU

carbon dioxide capturing and storage

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