carbon fibers and nanofibers
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Carbon fibers andnanofibers
D.D.L. ChungUniversity at Buffalo
State University of New York
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Crystal forms of carbon
Graphite
Diamond
Fullerene
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Types of
carbon nanofiberNanofiber with fish-bone morphology
Multi-walled nanotube (concentriccylinders in shell)
Single-walled nanotube (chirality)
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Nomenclature
Fiber (diameter 1 micron or above,
typically around 10 microns)Nanofiber (also called filament,
diameter below 1 micron, typically
0.1 micron or less)
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Skin structures
Smooth laminar structure
Rough laminar structure
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Bonding in graphite
In-plane:
covalent and metallic bonding
Out-of-plane:
van der Waals bonding
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Properties of graphite
Anisotropic
Easy shear between carbon layerslimiting the strength
High electrical and thermal
conductivity and high modulus in theplane of the carbon layers
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Reactivity of graphite
Reacts with oxygen to form gases
Functional groups on the edgesurface
Reacts with intercalates to form
intercalation compounds
Inert compared to many solids
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Carbon
Non-crystalline, turbostratic
Metastable form
graphitizes upon heating above
2000 degrees C.
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Properties of carbon
compared to graphite
Less conductive
Lower in modulus
Higher in strength
Lower in oxidation resistance
Cannot be intercalated
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Carbon fiber precursors
Pitch
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
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Carbon fiber
fabricationStabilization
Carbonization (pyrolysis)
Graphitization
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Grades of pitch
Isotropic
Mesophase pitch
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Grades of carbon fiber
High-strength carbon fiber
High-modulus carbon fiber
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Nanofiber group
morphology
IntertwinedParallel
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Fabrication of
carbon nanofibersCatalytic growth from
carbonaceous gas
Arc discharge
Laser evaporation
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Catalytic method
Carbonaceous gases: acetylene,
ethylene, methane, natural gas,benzene, etc.
Catalyst: iron, nickel, etc.
(particles typically 10 nm, fromsalts or organometallics)
Reducing gases: CO, hydrogen
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Advantage of catalytic
methodLow cost
Suitability for massproduction
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Disadvantage of
catalytic method
Catalyst particleremaining at the tip
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Structural
characterization
Diffraction (crystal structure, crystallite size,
texture)
Microscopy (microstructure)
Raman spectroscopy (disordered structure)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (functional
groups on surface) Surface area and pore size analysis
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Raman scattering
Crystalline graphite
Disordered graphite
Crystalline diamond
Disordered diamond
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Microscopy
Transmission/scanning
electron microscopyAtomic force microscopy
(or scanning tunnelingmicroscopy)
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Electrical characterization
Single fiber volume electrical resistivity
Fiber compact volume electrical resistivity
Fiber composite volume electrical
resistivity
Fiber-matrix contact electrical resistivity Interlaminar contact electrical resistivity
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I1 V1
V2 I2
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I3
V3
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I1 V
1 V
2 V
3 V
4 V
5 V
6 V
7 V
8 V
9 V
10 I
2
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Mechanical characterization
Single fiber tensile testing
Single fiber pull-out testing
(shear bond strength measurement)
Single fiber fragmentation testing
Composite tensile testing
Composite flexural testing
Single fiber tensile
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Single fiber tensile
strengthCarbon fiber 3.5 GPa
Kevlar fiber 3.6 GPa
E-glass fiber 3.4 GPa
Steel 1.3 GPa
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Single fiber tensile
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Single fiber tensile
modulusCarbon fiber 230 GPa
Kevlar fiber 60 GPa
E-glass fiber 22 GPa
Steel 210 GPa
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Thermal characterization
Thermogravimetric analysis (weight
loss measurement upon heating)
Thermal expansion measurement
Specific heat measurement
Thermal conductivity measurement
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Difficulty of nanofiber
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Difficulty of nanofiber
characterizationDifficulty of testing an individual
nanofiber
Variation among nanofibers in thesame sample (particularly for single-walled carbon nanotubes)
High cost of nanofiber (particularlyfor single-walled nanotubes)
R d i
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Recommendation
Start with nanofibers that are
not single-walled carbonnanotubes
Compare with carbon fibersand other competing materials