carbon nanotubes : properties, applications and synthesis
DESCRIPTION
Carbon Nanotubes; Brief Description; Synthesis procedures; Properties; Geometry; Applications;Future possibilitiesTRANSCRIPT
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CARBON NANO TUBES
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Outline :
• Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical structure
• Can be capped on the ends with buckyballs or open ended
• Composed entirely of sp2 bonds
What are they?
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Family Background (Hierarchy)
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Geometry Rollup Vector
(n,m) n-m=3k
Chiral Angle tan(θ) =
√3m/(2√(n2+m2+nm))
Arm Chair (n,n), θ=90 ○
Zig-zag (n,0), θ=0 ○
Chiral, 0○< θ<90 ○
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Geometry….
•N-m=3k 6CARBON NANO TUBES
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CARBON NANO TUBES 7
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Four Ways to SynthesizeCarbon Nanotubes
Arc Discharge Laser Ablation Chemical Vapor
Deposition (CVD)
Ball Millinghttp://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.html
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Chemical Vapor Deposition
Carbon is in the gas phase Energy source transfers
energy to carbon molecule Common Carbon Gases
Methane Carbon monoxide Acetylene (C2H2)
http://neurophilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/multiwall-large.jpg
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Chemical Vapor Deposition
Carbon is in the gas phase Energy source transfers energy
to carbon molecule Usually a silicon plate coated
with iron particles is the substrate.
Common Carbon Gases Methane Carbon monoxide Acetylene
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Chemical Vapor Deposition
After energy transfer, the carbon molecule binds to the substrate
Temperature between ~1300⁰F
Carbon nanotubes stick to each other due to Vander walls force.
When tubes are extracted , cling on to each other and pull each other out of substrate
Yield is usually about 30% One of the most common
methods of carbon nanotube synthesis
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Chemical Vapor Deposition
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to increase scale to industrial production
Large length Simple to perform Pure product
http://endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp/research/cnt/images/cat_cnt.jpg
• Defects are common
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Unique properties Material of the future Seemingly infinite
applications Possible health issues
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Why Should We Care?
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Carbon nanotubes have the strongest tensile strength of any material known.
It also has the highest modulus of elasticity.
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Strength Properties
Material Young's Modulus (TPa)
Tensile Strength (GPa)
Elongation at Break (%)
SWNT ~1 (from 1 to 5) 13-53E 16
Armchair SWNT 0.94T 126.2T 23.1
Zigzag SWNT 0.94T 94.5T 15.6-17.5
Chiral SWNT 0.92
MWNT 0.8-0.9E 150
Stainless Steel ~0.2 ~0.65-1 15-50
Kevlar ~0.15 ~3.5 ~2
KevlarT 0.25 29.6
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Stress-strain response of a CNT under tensile loading
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Nanotubes: how they conduct
In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical current density of 4×109 A/cm2 Attach metal electrodes
Can be connected to single tube or bundle of several hundred tubes Drop tubes onto electrodes (a) Deposit tubes on substrate, locate with scanning electron microscope, attach leads
to tubes using lithography (b) Advanced techniques
Growing tubes between electrodes Attaching tubes to surface in controllable fashion using electrostatic or chemical
forces.
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Coating and Films
CNT-based transparent conducting films Alternative to expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) Flexible, and not brittle Application in
Displays Touch screen devices photovolatics
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Coating ,Transparent conductors and Films
CNT conductors can be deposited from solution Slot-die coating Ultrasonic spraying
Can be patterned by economic nonlithographic methods Recent developments have allowed for
SWNT films with 90% transparency Sheet resistivity of 100 ohm per square Adequate applications such as CNT thin-film heaters like defrosting
windows or sidewalks
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Energy Storage (supercapacitors)
Study on packaged cells utilizing forest-grown SWNTs revealed remarkable performance
16 Wh kg-1 energy density 10 kW kg-1 power density 16 year lifetime forecast
The only drawback is the high cost of SWNTs
FUTURE WORK –Super conductors
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Future Workso Future Electrical
Transmission.o Will cut the cost of Silver
required.
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SEM image of the smallest working gear(CNT+nylon)
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• The Idea– To create a tether from earth to some
object in a geosynchronous orbit. Objects can then crawl up the tether into space.
– Saves time and money• The Problem
– 62,000-miles (100,000-kilometers) – 20+ tons
The Space Elevator
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The Space Elevator
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Hybrid Power Generation
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o Charging your electric car within seconds using devices made of carbon nanotubes!!!!Ex:
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More applications….
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Toxicity Research has shown
:- In rodents, carbon
nanotubes have been found to cause several lung issues.
The needle-like shape of the fibers is similar to that of asbestos.
http://www.phy.mtu.edu/newsletter/research/FatNanotubes.jpg
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In Conclusion…
There are many unique properties Inhaling can cause toxic-reaction There are many ways to synthesize There are many exciting
applications of carbon nanotubes
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In Conclusion…
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Sources
M. S. DRESSELHAUS, G. DRESSELHAUS, and R. SAITO. Carbon 33, 7 (1995)
R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel, and Ph. Avourisa. App. Phys. Lett. 73, 17 (1998)
Sander J. Tans, Michel H. Devoret et al. Nature 386, 474-477 (1997)
Jean-Paul Salvetat et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5 (1999) MICHAEL S. ARNOLD et al. Nature Nanotechnology 1,
60-65 (2006) www.noritake-elec.com/.../nano/structu.gif academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/nanotubes/graphene.gif nano.gtri.gatech.edu/Images/MISC/figure4.gif
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for bearing our presentation…