carbonates 32, environments 1
TRANSCRIPT
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CARBONATE ENVIRONMENTS
Brief Introduction
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
Most modern carbonates are accumulating in warm, shallow waters.
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
Basin margins typically start off as ramps
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
the ramp slope steepens with continued basin subsidence
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
Shallow water carbonate sedimentation keeps pace with subsidence around basin margin but can not match the faster rates towards basin center. As water deepens, carbonate sedimentation rates are reduced. Shelf breakof slope results.
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
The break of slope is a site of high energy from incoming waves. This promotes carbonate precipitation for reef buildingor oolitic and other sand accumulation. Sheltered conditionsdevelop behind the reef or shoal (lagoon or protected shelf).
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
Rimmed shelf edge or offshore carbonate banks develop in this way, adjacent to deep water areas.
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Andros Island and Tongue of the Oceans
oolite shoals
shallow waterplatform carbonates
deep water
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
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Carbonate facies are divided by the shelf margin reef or carbonate sand shoals into back-reef and fore-reef/basin
fondoform clinoform undaform
(1969) GCAGS Transactions, v. 19, p. 11-22
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J.L. Wilson (1975), "Carbonate Facies in Geologic History" Springer-Verlag
Wilson proposed 9 Standard Facies Belts
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Carbonate Environments
• Subaerial exposure– karst
• caves, collapse breccias
– caliche
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del Olmo, W.M., and M. Esteban (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p.93
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Esteban, M., and C.F. Klappa, (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 6
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Karst, China
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Lechugilla Cave, New MexicoHamblin, W.K., and E.H. Christiansen (2001) “Earth’s Dynamic Systems” 9 th Ed., Prentice Hall
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Labor Day 2000; 2000/24-22. Mile 490
Collapse breccias above zone of gypsum dissolution, Cretaceous Edwards Group, Texas
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Caliche zone in modern soil profile, Texas.
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from Moore, C.H., (2001), Carbonate Reservoirs, Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework. Elsevier. [book and CD]
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Caliche glaebules (“pisoliths”), Del Rio, Texas
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Caliche glaebules, polished surface of a thin section,reflected light
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“Syncline” and “anticline”, Buda/Del Rio contact,1.1 miles east of Comstock, US-90
Lock, B.E., (2000), GCAGS Trans.
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Terra Rosa, Queretaro, Mexico
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Carbonate Environments
• Subaerial exposure
• Freshwater – lakes and rivers
• freshwater algae (Chara, etc.) and cyanobacteria (stromatolites, oncoliths, etc.)
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Algal-precipitated carbonate (LMC) on bottles etc., lake in New York state, USA
Dean, W.E. and T.D. Fouch (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 115
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Dean, W.E. and T.D. Fouch (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 123
Oncoliths with gastropod nuclei.
Upper: - Recent, Michigan
Lower:- Flagstaff Formation(Paleocene), Utah
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Oncoliths, Flagstaff Limestone (Paleocene-Eocene), Utah.Freshwater lake deposits.
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Stromatolites, Green River Formation, Eocene, Utah, USA.
Dean, W.E. and T.D. Fouch (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 119
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SEM views ofChara, ostracods,
small clam, all from freshwater muds,
Lower Cretaceous,Arkansas, USA.
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Travertine dams, pools, southern Tamaulipas State,
Mexico
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Recent travertine, Seven Rivers, New Mexico
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Shore of Great salt Lake, Utah.
inset: ooliths in thin section.
oolith sand
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Carbonate Environments
• Subaerial exposure
• Freshwater
• Eolian– wind-blown carbonate sands (mainly coastal)
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McKee, E. D., and W.C. Ward (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 153
Carbonate eolianite, Castle Rock, Bermuda
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Carbonate Environments
• Subaerial exposure
• Freshwater
• Eolian
• Coastal– transgressive/regressive?– arid/humid?– wave or tide dominated?– supratidal, intertidal, subtidal zones
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CARBONATETIDAL FLAT MODELS
Andros Island, transgressive, humid,
mesotidal
marsh, tidal creeks,intertidal algal flats
beach ridge
Persian Gulf,regressive, arid,
microtidal
sabkha (supratidal),abundant evaporites,intertidal algal mat,
high and low energy lagoon,barrier island
Shinn, E.A. (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 172
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Supratidal
• Arid (sabkha)– deflation surfaces– intrastratal evaporites (mainly gypsum or
anhydrite) as lenticular crystals, nodules, contorted beds (enterolithic), massive layers (“cottage cheese”, mosaic or chicken-wire), halite molds
– dolomite
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Enterolithic (contorted) anhydrite, deflation surface, Abu Dhabi sabkha
Shinn, E.A. (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 196
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cores of sabkha sediments, Abu Dhabi
marine subtidal sediment with gypsum crystals algal mat cottage cheese anhydrite nodules
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Sabkha lithofacies, Arab Formation (Jurassic), Abu DhabiGrotsch, et al. (2003), GeoArabia v. 8, p. 47-86
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Sabkha lithofacies, Arab Formation (Jurassic), Abu Dhabi
Grotsch, et al. (2003),GeoArabia v. 8, p. 47-86
Inner ramp cross-bedded ooliticgrainstones
Mid ramp and outerramp bioturbated
wackestones
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gyps nodule molds
molds from dissolution of gypsum nodules, Cretaceous, Texas
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Evaporites may dissolve and leave collapse breccias (Texas Cretaceous)
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supratidal (sabkha)dolomite bed,
Cretaceous, Texas
parasequence boundary
dolomite (dark rock)
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Supratidal
• Arid (sabkha)
• Humid– marshes (peat/coal), roots, cerithid
gastropods
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Shinn, E.A. (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 172
Andros Island
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Intertidal
• Tidal creeks– high to moderate energy; alternating– grainstones, flat-pebble conglomerates– wavy, lenticular and flaser bedding,
bidirectional currents– fining-up
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Shinn, E.A. (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 192Tidal creek, based on Andros Island
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Flat-pebble conglomerate, tidal flats. Kindblade Formation, Ordovician, Oklahoma.
Shoe, for scale
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dolomitized tidal bedding, Cretaceous, Texas
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“herring-bone” cross bedding (tidal, bi-directional), Cretaceous, Texas.
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“herring-bone” cross bedding (tidal, bi-directional), Cretaceous, Texas.
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Intertidal
• Tidal creeks
• Flats– fine grained sediments– scoured surfaces common– burrowed– algal laminations, stromatolites, birdseye
structures– surface crusts (dolomite)
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Birdseye (= fenestral) structure, Mississippian, Kentucky, USA.
scoured surface
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Algal mat, Baffin Bay, south Texas coast
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“crinkly” algal mat lamination, Permian, New Mexico
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Stromatolites, tidal flats. Kindblade Formation, Ordovician, Oklahoma.
5 cm
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Arid tidal flats, Sonoran coast, Mexico (siliciclastic sands): note tidal creeks feedsediment on to the flats. Dark areas are halophyte plants.
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Dolomitic crust (white) beneath erosional surface, Cretaceous tidal flats, El Abra.
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Modern tidal flats, Sonora. Dolomitic crusts eroded by tidal creek.
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Subtidal/Lagoon
• High or low energy, depending on lagoon size, etc.– carbonate mudstones to grainstones
• Salinity may fluctuate (fresh water flooding, high salinities from evaporation)– high stress: flora and fauna may not be normal marine
• miliolid forams etc., serpulids, ostracods, no echinoderms.
• Shoaling-up cycles
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Peritidal cycles(supratidal/intertidal/subtidal),
Cretaceous, Texas
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Peters et al., GeoArabia v. 8 (2), 2003
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Peters et al., GeoArabia v. 8 (2), 2003
Surface-exposedsalt domes, Oman.
Blocks of interbedded
shallow waterlimestone are
scattered over the ground.
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] saltlimestone reservoirs
Limestones were interbeddedwith the original salt (latestPrecambrian) and contain
stromatolites, crinkly laminationand other shallow water features. Microbial mat
limestones are dark and fetid,believed to be source rocks in deeper parts of the basin. Red
clastics are interbedded withthe carbonates.
Peters et al., GeoArabia v. 8 (2), 2003
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Peters et al., GeoArabia v. 8 (2), 2003
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Beach and/or Barrier Island
• High energy, coarsening-up sequence
• Seaward-dipping lamination, low-angle cross-bedding (summer-winter variation in beach foreshore slope), some higher angle landward-dipping cross-beds (offshore bars).
• Festoon cross-bedding in tidal channels (coarse-based units)
• Beach-rock (vadose and phreatic cement textures, marine cement mineralogies)
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Inden, R.F., and C.H. Moore (1983), AAPG Memoir 33, p. 213
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Festoon cross-bedding, tidal inlet channel
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Beach rock, Bahia Adair, Sonora.
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Thin-section photomicrograph, beach rock from Bahia Adair. Note aragonite needle cements