cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation ii · figure 20-14, guyton ... cardiac output,...
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Cardiac Output,Venous Return, and
Their Regulation
Cardiac Output,Venous Return, and
Their Regulation
Chapter 20Chapter 20Lecture 27:Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation IIGuyton and Hall Chapter 20
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A more quantitative analysis of cardiac output regulationA more quantitative analysis of cardiac output regulation
TPR
ddilate
COVR
Heart-lungs
COCOSystemic functionSystemic function
??Cardiac function Cardiac function
RAPRAP
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Cardiac Output Curves
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Normal Venous Return Curve
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Quantitative Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation
It is necessary to distinguish separately the two primary factors:1. The pumping ability of the heart2. The peripheral factors that affect flow of blood from the
veins into the heart - represented by venous return curves.
“cardiac pumping ability” “venous return curves”
CO VR
Right atrial pressure Right atrial pressure
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Volume - pressure curves of systemic arterial and venous systemsFigure 15-1, Guyton
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Psf therefore reflects the “degree of filling” or the “fullness”of the systemic circulation.
Mean systemic filling pressure (Psf)
Recall, C = ∆V so, P = ∆V ∆P C
Psf (mmHg) = Total Volume (ml) Total complience (ml/mmHg)
In excess of “unstressed volume”In excess of “unstressed volume”
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Based on Figure 20 -10, Guyton
0 2000 4000 6000
“Sympatheticstimulation”
14
“Sympatheticinhibition”
Psf(mmHg) 7
0
Blood volume (ml)
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Volume - pressure curves of systemic arterial and venous systemsFigure 15-1, Guyton
NormalNormal
Complete sympathetic Complete sympathetic inhibitioninhibition
Strong sympathetic Strong sympathetic stimulationstimulation
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Venous return curves -effects of pure change inblood volume . Figure 20-11, Guyton
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Venous return curves depicting effects of altering the “resistance to venous return” (RVR). Figure 20-12, Guyton
Recall: VR = Psf - RAPRVR
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Combinations of major venous return curves showing effects of simultaneous changes in Psf and RVR. Figure 20-13, Guyton
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Analysis of cardiac output and right atrial pressure. Figure 20-14, Guyton
Transfusion of blood~ 20% increase.
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Arteriovenous fistula (A-V fistula) (or A-V shunt)
Arteriovenous fistula
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Analysis of successive changes in cardiac output and right atrial pressure in a human being. Figure 20-16, Guyton
A. normal conditions
B. opening A-V fistula(immediate changes)
C. 1 min after sympathetic reflexes become active.
D. week after blood volume has increased and cardiac hypertrophy has begun
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Pulsatile blood flow in the root of the aorta recorded by an electromagnetic flowmeter of ultrasonic flowmeter.
Figure 20-17
electromagneticFigure 14-4
UltrasoundFigure 14-5
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Fick principle for determining cardiac output. Figure 20-18, Guyton
CO (L/min) = O2 absorbed per min from lungs (ml/min)Arteriovenous O2 difference (ml/L of bld)
CO = 200 ml/min = 200 = 5 L/min200 - 160 ml/L 40
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Indicator dilution cardiac output measurement. Figure 20-19, Guyton
CO = amount dye injected (mg) x 60average conc of dye duration ofin each ml for duration X the curve in curve seconds
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CO = amount dye injected (mg) x 60 secaverage conc of dye duration ofin each ml for duration X the curve in curve seconds
CO = 5mg x 60 sec = 2 L/12 sec = 10 L/min0.25 mg/100ml x 12 sec
CO = 5mg x 60 sec = 2L/23 sec = 5.2 L/min0.25 mg/100ml x 23 sec
Indicator dilution method of cardiac output measurement
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