cardiff case studies - afternoon presentation
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
• In developing world countries there are few formal employment opportunities
• There is also a lack of welfare provision• The ILO (2002: 11) defines informal employment as
employment ‘without secure contracts, worker benefits or social protection’
• The most visible activity in the informal sector is informal vending
Background to the study area
• Cusco is a medium sized city of around 225 000 people• Previously the capital of the Inca empire• Tourism-dominated economy and high levels of poverty
and deprivation• Approximately 4,358 informal vending units in the city
centre
Who are the informal vendors?
• The vast majority were female (75%)• Children worked at approximately 13% of all vending units• Nearly 11% of all informal food vendors were from the
indigenous population• Informal vending is mostly populated by marginal groups.
What goods do they sell?
• Most of the goods sold are perishables (70%)• Only one-fifth of the goods sold are non-perishable,
more profitable items• 10% of all goods sold are targeted at tourists• Male vendors are likely to sell the more profitable goods
Reasons for working in informal vending
• Earning money to: i] meet basic needs, pay for schooling and pay for leisure activities
• Many vendors choose to work in the sector because they prefer to work this way – a social and cultural right
Conclusions
• A significant number of people in Cusco work in the informal sector• The sector meets the economic needs of many marginalised groups• Vendors sell a range of low-cost gods and there is a clear hierarchy
which further marginalises women and children• There is evidence to show that people do not just work in the sector
because it is a last resort.
Further case studies relating to this research
• The impacts of international tourism• The sustainability of food systems in the developing
world
OutlineFood supply chainsFood systemsApplication of the
food system approach PotatoesShopping trolley
Food supply chainsGlobalised food supply
chainsPrivately regulated
Increased role for supermarkets
Own labelHigh profile issues
Animal welfarePesticidesEmissions in dairyingTraceability
Difficulty for alternative food systems to ‘break through’
Food chains to food systemsFood system includes
Activities from production to consumptionInputs and outputs
Concentrate on environmental flows –substances/materials (e.g. LCA)But should also consider
Knowledge Labour Financial (e.g. grants, subsidy)
To provide more complete sustainability picture
18
Breeding
Seed production
Agriculturalgrowing
waterair emissions
wastewaterfertilisers
machinery
Inputs Supply chain stage Outputs
energy
waste
transport
Merchants
Final manufacturing
Consumers
air emissions
wastewater
water
materials
equipment
energy
waste
waste
water
energy
equipment
water
energy
equipment
transport
transportair emissions
wastewater
waste
chemicals
wastewater
air emissions
Packing
Processing
Wholesalers
Food service Green grocersRetailers
Food systemsDominant food system stable
Able to absorb ‘shocks’ E.g. rise in fuel prices Concerns over food safety/obesity/etc
Able to incorporate alternatives Organic food production and distribution adopted
by large mainstream producers Part of diversification strategy Organic becomes a branded form of production
Foods have distinctive transition potential
PotatoesConsumption relatively
stable butIncreasingly consumed
in processed form Crisps, chips, part of a
ready mealDependent on
Technological change Freezing and chilling in
distribution and retail Refrigeration, freezing
and microwaves in the home The changing home chip
– deep fried, oven ready, microwave
The shopping trolley projectManchester Business School and
Cardiff UniversityExamine environmental impacts of
Fresh and processed foodsOrganic and conventionally grownLocally sourced and globally sourced
Foods based on 150 top selling items
Use of LCAEnvironmental impacts arising from
production, use and disposal of products
Links flows of substances in a system to the environment (air, water and land)
Key findingsData is weak
Focus on production limited data beyond the farm gate
Very few studies of the UK food systemHave to use data developed for farming
systems in other countriesKey knowledge is held by the private sector
Key findings (continued)Organic Vs Conventional
For many foods environmental impacts of organic farming are lower LCA also underestimates environmental impacts such as
biodiversityFor some foods conventional farming may have lower
impacts Wheat, milk, meat
Local food trolley Vs global food trolleyEvidence for a lower impact of the local trolley is weakWide variation in environmental impacts of food grown
in different parts of the world
ConclusionsA system perspective shows that
Changes on the farm, processing, manufacturing and distribution must be accompanied by changes in consumption Food industry is influenced by greater consumption of
processed foods High UK ownership of fridges, freezers and microwaves
Individual foods have their own internal dynamic and potential for sustainability transition Policy needs to recognise
Variability in foods Dynamics between economic actors in the food system
Research needs to recognise Measuring sustainability need further development Interactions between food and system transition
An introduction to degrees for the Geographer at Cardiff University
BSc Geography (Human) &BSc Geography (Human) and Planning
For copies of this presentation please contact Dr. Jon Anderson
BSc City and Regional Planning
Dr. Neil Harris
Who are planners and what do they do?
“Good planning ensures that we get the right development, in the right place, at the right time. It makes a positive difference to people's lives and helps to provide homes, jobs, and better opportunities for everyone. At the same time, it protects and enhances the natural and historic environment, and conserves the countryside and open spaces that are important to everyone.”
addressing the challenge of climate change and sustainable development
Planners are concerned about...
ensuring everyone has the opportunity of a decent home.
Planners are concerned about...
ensuring people have a chance to comment on how developments might affect them
Planners are concerned about...
regeneration and renewal in urban areas Cardiff Bay
rural regeneration and market town renewal Canal Basin, Brecon
addressing the legacy of industrial development: Rhoose Point, Vale of Glamorgan
sustaining our town and city centresSaint David's 2, Cardiff
protecting valued landscapesThe Gower
The City and Regional Planning
Course explained
Planning as applied geography…
• Understanding how places work…and how to make them better
• Planning at different scales.
• Theoretical, technical and practical knowledge
• Development of key planning skills
• Professional recognition by the Royal Town Planning Institute and Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
BSc Degree3 Years
Or 4 years with a placement year in practice
Masters Degree 1 Year
Graduation
Chartered Planning and Development Surveyor (ARICS)
Chartered Town Planner (MRTPI)
Institute of Logistics and Transport (MILT)
Chartered Institute of Transport (MCIT)
Chartered Planning and Development Surveyor (ARICS)
Year one
Introduction to Spatial Planning
Places and Plans
Economic Principles for Urban and Regional Studies
Statistics and Geographic Information Systems
Society, Diversity and Planning
Property Development and Planning
Year two
Planning Law and Practice
Environmental Policies and Planning
Site Planning and Development
Planning Markets and Land
Issues in Local Government
Practising Planning Research
Placement destinations
Transport for London
Pembrokeshire County Council
Cardiff County Council
Milton Keynes Council
Portsmouth City Council
Bournemouth Borough Council
National Assembly for Wales
Edinburgh World Heritage
Newport Unlimited
Atkins Transport Planning
Turley Associates
White Young Green
RPS Planning
Placement year
Final year
Contemporary International Planning
Planning Theory and Practice
Research Project
Economic Change and Spatial Policy
Rural Society and Planning
Housing Policies and Systems
Design Development and Control
Transport Planning and Travel Behaviour
Spatial Strategy Making
Grades
A level: ABB-BBB
General Studies not included
No subjects specified
The benefits of studying planning at Cardiff
• A natural link from geography to planning
• A high quality undergraduate programme
• Practical experience and employability
Thank you for listening
Cardiff Case Studies: Geographical Research for FE teachers