cardiovascular ii
DESCRIPTION
Cardiovascular II. Outline. Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Heart Rate Fetal Circulation Blood Vessels Blood Flow Blood Pressure Circulatory System Response to Exercise. Cardiac Cycle. Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cardiovascular II
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Outline
• Cardiac Cycle• Cardiac Output– Stroke Volume– Heart Rate
• Fetal Circulation• Blood Vessels• Blood Flow• Blood Pressure• Circulatory System Response to Exercise
![Page 3: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart
![Page 4: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Figure 19.19b
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Figure 19.19a
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Cardiac Output (CO) and Reserve• CO is the amount of blood pumped by each
ventricle in one minute
• CO = HR x SV
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Regulation of Stroke Volume
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Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
• Preload
• Contractility
• Afterload
![Page 10: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Preload
![Page 11: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
End Diastolic Volume
![Page 12: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Contractility
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Figure 12.27
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Afterload
• The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood
• Can be important in people with high blood pressure because it reduces the ability of the ventricles to eject blood
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Afterload
![Page 18: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Regulation of Heart Rate: Autonomic Nervous System
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Chemical Regulation of the Heart
• The hormones epinephrine and thyroxine increase heart rate
• Intra- and extracellular ion concentrations must be maintained for normal heart function
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Ion Imbalances
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypernatremia
• Hyperkalemia
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Congestive heart failure (CHF), caused by:– Coronary atherosclerosis
– Increased blood pressure in aorta
– Successive myocardial infarcts
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
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Blood Vessels
![Page 24: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
Figure 20.1b
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Blood Flow
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Resistance
• Resistance – opposition to flow – Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as
it passes through vessels– Generally encountered in the systemic circulation– Referred to as peripheral resistance (PR)
• The three important sources of resistance are blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter
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Resistance Factors: Viscosity and Vessel Length
• Resistance factors that remain relatively constant are:– Blood viscosity – thickness or “stickiness” of the
blood – Blood vessel length – the longer the vessel, the
greater the resistance encountered
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Thought Questions
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Radius Effects
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Figure 12.21
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Blood Pressure (BP)
• Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood
![Page 33: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Systemic Blood Pressure
Figure 20.5
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Figure 12.30
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Figure 12.31
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Capillary Blood Pressure
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Figure 12.40
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Figure 12.41
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Figure 12.47
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Venous Blood Pressure
• Venous BP is steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle
• The pressure gradient in the venous system is only about 20 mm Hg
• A cut vein has even blood flow; a lacerated artery flows in spurts
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Figure 12.45
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Thought Question
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Control of Blood Pressure
• Affecting Total Peripheral Resistance
• Affecting Cardiac Output– Affecting Stroke Volume– Affecting Heart Rate
• Affecting Total Blood Volume
![Page 47: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 12.53
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Baroreceptor Activity
![Page 49: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Total Peripheral Resistance Local Control
![Page 50: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Local Control
![Page 51: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Total Peripheral resistanceNeural & Hormonal Control
![Page 52: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Total Peripheral Resistance Summary
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Stroke Volume
![Page 54: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Heart Rate
![Page 55: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Short Term Regulation - Summary
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Long Term Regulation
![Page 57: Cardiovascular II](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062811/568161e5550346895dd206dc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Circulatory Shock
• Circulatory shock – any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
• Results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs
• Three types include:– Hypovolemic shock– Vascular shock– Cardiogenic shock
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Figure 12.56
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Figure 12.59
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Thought Question
• What would happen if all of the vessels in your body vasodilated at the same time?
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Response to Exercise
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Figure 12.61
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Figure 12.62
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Figure 12.63
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Figure 12.64
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Figure 12.65
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Thought Questions Take Home Exam Extra Credit
• What are some of the methods of treating high blood pressure and how do they affect blood pressure?
• Why do they recommend exercise to decrease high blood pressure?
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Summary
• Cardiac Cycle• Cardiac Output– Stroke Volume– Heart Rate
• Fetal Circulation• Blood Vessels• Blood Flow• Blood Pressure• Circulatory System Response to Exercise