cardiovascular system
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Cardiovascular System. Cardiovascular System Components. Circulatory system Pulmonary system Purposes: Transport O 2 to tissues and remove waste Transport nutrients to tissues Regulation of body temperature. Circulatory System. Heart Pumps blood Arteries and arterioles - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System Components
Circulatory system Pulmonary system
Purposes: Transport O2 to tissues and remove
waste Transport nutrients to tissues Regulation of body temperature
Circulatory System Heart
Pumps blood Arteries and arterioles
Carry blood away from heart Capillaries
Exchange nutrients with tissues Veins and venules
Carry blood toward heart
Cardiac Cycle Systole
Contractile phase of heart
Electrical and mechanical changes
Diastole Relaxation phase
of heart Takes twice as
long as systole
Arterial Blood Pressure Expressed as systolic/diastolic
Normal – 120/80 mmHg High – 140/90 mmHg
Systolic pressure (top number) Pressure generated during ventricular
contraction Diastolic pressure
Pressure during cardiac relaxation
Electrical Activity of the Heart Contraction of heart depends on
electrical stimulation of myocardium
Impulse is initiated on right atrium and spreads throughout the heart
May be recorded on an ECG
Heart Rate Range of normal at
rest is 50 – 100 b.m Increases in
proportion to exercise intensity
Max. HR is 220 – age Medications or upper
body exercise may change normal response
Autonomic Nervous System Control of Heart Rate Sympathetic
control Stimulates “fight
or flight” response Speeds up heart
rate and stroke volume
Sympathetic tone > 100 bpm
Parasympathetic control Connected to
vagus nerves Slows down heart
rate Parasympathetic
tone 60 – 100 bpm
Components of Blood Plasma
Liquid portion of blood Contains ions, proteins, hormones
Cells Red blood cells
Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen White blood cells Platelets
Important in blood clotting Hematocrit
Percent of blood composed of cells
Changes in Cardiac Output Cardiac output increases due to:
Increase in heart rate Linear increase to max
Max HR = 220 - age Increased stroke volume
Plateau at ~40% of VO2 max
Oxygen uptake by the muscle also increases Higher arteriovenous difference
Causes of High Blood Pressure
Age Race Heredity Diet Stress Inactivity
How to have a heart attack
Everyone’s doing it, so it must be the “in” thing to do
Be Old Relative risk of CHD increases with
age
Have a family history of CHD The more blood relatives one has
with CHD, and the younger they are (were), the higher the relative risk
Be a Man Males have 5-6 times the relative
risk of CHD of females
Why? Estrogen may be protective
Unalterable Risk Factors for CHD Age Family History Sex
Alterable Risk Factors Things you can do something
about…
Be fat Obesity increases CHD risk
How much fat is too much? Males - > 25% Females > 30%
Eat a high fat diet High fat foods increase plaque
within arteries and contribute to atherosclerosis
Have High Cholesterol Total cholesterol/HGH ratio above: Males – 4.5/1 Females – 4/1 Increases relative risk of CHD
Have High Blood Pressure High blood pressure forces the
heart to work harder
How high is too high?
> 140/90
Smoke Smokers are more likely to die of
heart attack than cancer
Smoking is the single most important alterable risk factor
Be a Type A personality Type A personalities are:
High-strung Achievement-oriented Aggressive Time-conscious
Live a stressful lifestyle No one, lying on their deathbed,
has said they wished they had spent more time at the office.
Have Other Diseases Diabetes Ulcers Obesity
Don’t Exercise If you get the urge to exercise, lie
down until the feeling passes.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics —
2010 Update
CVD disease mortality trends for males and femalesCVD disease mortality trends for males and females(United States: 1979-2006). United States: 1979-2006). Source: NCHS and NHLBI.Source: NCHS and NHLBI.
350
400
450
500
550
79 80 85 90 95 00 06
Years
De
ath
s in
Th
ou
sa
nd
s
Males Females
Age-adjusted death rates for CHD, stroke, lung and Age-adjusted death rates for CHD, stroke, lung and breast for white and black femalesbreast for white and black females (United States: (United States: 2006).2006).Source: NCHS. Source: NCHS.
41.1 41.122.9
57.039.0 31.6
101.5
130.0
0
50
100
150
200
Coronary HeartDisease
Stroke Lung Cancer Breast Cancer
Per
100
,000
Pop
ulat
ion
White Females Black Females
Deaths from cardiovascular diseaseDeaths from cardiovascular disease(United States: 1900–2006). (United States: 1900–2006). Source: NCHS and Source: NCHS and NHLBI. NHLBI.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 06
Years
Dea
ths
in T
hous
ands
Percentage breakdown of deaths from cardiovascular Percentage breakdown of deaths from cardiovascular diseases diseases (United States: 2006)(United States: 2006) * - Not a true underlying cause.* - Not a true underlying cause.Source: NCHS. Source: NCHS.
51
17
7
74
14
Coronary HeartDisease
Stroke
HF*
High Blood Pressure
Diseases of theArteries
Other
Prevalence of CVD in adults age 20 and older by age and sex (NHANES 2003-2006). Source: NCHS and NHLBI. These data include coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and hypertension.
14.9
39.6
73.6
8.7
78.884.7
39.6
73.1
0102030405060708090
20-39 40-59 60-79 80+
Per
cent
of P
opul
atio
n
Men Women
Trends in Heart Transplants (UNOS: 1975-2008).Source: United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), scientific registry data.
22 57
719
2,107 2,1632,199
2,363
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
75 80 85 90 95 00 08
Years
Nu
mb
er
of
Tra
ns
pla
nts
Trends in Cardiovascular Operations and Trends in Cardiovascular Operations and Procedures Procedures (United States: 1979-2006).(United States: 1979-2006). Source: Source: NCHS and NHLBI.NCHS and NHLBI.Note: In-hospital procedures only.Note: In-hospital procedures only.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
79 80 85 90 95 00 06
Years
Pro
ce
du
res
in T
ho
us
an
ds
Catheterizations BypassPCI Carotid EndarterectomyPacemakers
Number of Surgical Procedures in the 10 Leading Number of Surgical Procedures in the 10 Leading Diagnostic Groups Diagnostic Groups (United States: 2006).(United States: 2006). Source: Source: NHDS/NCHS and NHLBI.NHDS/NCHS and NHLBI.
0.4
1
1.2
1.2
1.6
2
4.2
5.6
6.5
7.1
0 2 4 6 8
Hemic and Lymphatic 40-41
Urinary System 55-59
Nervous System 01-05
Respiratory System 30-34
Integumentary System 85-86
Female Genital Organs 65-71
Musculoskeletal 76-84
Digestive System 42-54
Cardiovascular 35-39
Obstetrical 72-75
Millions
Direct Costs of the 10 Leading Diagnostic Groups Direct Costs of the 10 Leading Diagnostic Groups (Billions of dollars)(Billions of dollars) (United States: 2010). (United States: 2010). Source: NHLBI. Source: NHLBI.
87.4
93.8
102.7
126.1
159.1
172.9
175.4
177.7
225.2
324.1
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0
Endocrine System 240-279
Genitourinary System 580-629
Neoplasms 140-239
Musculoskeletal system 710-739
Respiratory System 460-519
Injury and Poisoning 800-999
Nervous System 320-389
Mental 290-319
Digestive System 520-579
Cardiovascular 390-459
About cholesterol
Soft, fat-like, waxy substance Bloodstream and cells Needed for cell membranes and hormones
and to make vitamin D Comes from 2 sources
Body produces it (mostly genetic) in liver (1000 mg day)
Food sources (animal products – meats, poultry, fish, eggs, butter, whole milk, and cheese, not from plant sources) (100 – 500 mg day)
Foods with trans fats or saturated fats may cause the body to produce more cholesterol
About cholesterol
Must be transported through blood Carriers are called lipoproteins
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Lipoprotein = protein + fat LDL, more fat, less protein HDL, more protein, less fat
LDL vs. HDL
LDL = “bad” Too much can clog arteries by
forming plaque Atherosclerosis can cause heart
attack or stroke
LDL vs. HDL
HDL = “good” Tends to carry cholesterol away
from arteries and back to liver May also remove excess
cholesterol from plaque in arteries, slows buildup
Triglycerides
Form of fat Also made in body (body fat stored
as triglyceride) and from food Help transport dietary fat,
metabolism Trigger liver to make more
cholesterol, rising LDL and total cholesterol
Healthy Levels
Total cholesterol Optimal – under 200 mg/dL Borderline high risk – 200-239 mg/dL High risk – 240 mg/dL and up
LDL Optimal – less than 100 mg/dL Near/Above optimal – 100-129 mg/dL Borderline high – 130- 159 mg/dL High – 160 – 189 mg/dL Very high – 190 mg/dL
Source: National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Healthy Levels
HDL Low - less than 40 mg/dL High – above 60 mg/dL (may lower risk for
heart disease) Women tend to have higher HDL due to
estrogen (needs to be over 50 mg/dL) Triglycerides
Normal – less than 150 mg/dL Borderline high – 150 – 199 mg/dL High – above 200 mg/dL
Common misconceptions Using margarine instead of butter will help
lower my cholesterol Thin people don’t have to worry about high
cholesterol If a label lists no cholesterol, it’s a “heart-
healthy” choice Eggs – good or bad? Women don’t need to worry about
cholesterol Only middle-aged people should have their
cholesterol checked
What affects cholesterol? Diet
Poly and monounsaturated fats may help lower cholesterol when used in place of saturated fats, but still limit
High carbs, excessive alcohol may increase triglycerides
Soluble fiber may lower LDL, not HDL Weight Physical activity Age Gender Heredity
Why does it matter? Coronary heart disease is caused by
atherosclerosis Single leading cause of death The higher LDL you have plus risk
factors increases risk for heart attack Smoking High Blood pressure Low HDL Family history of early heart disease Age
Atherosclerosis Healthy arteries are flexible, strong and elastic.
Over time, however, too much pressure in your arteries can make the walls thick and stiff — sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues. This process is called arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis, but the terms are often used interchangeably. Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of fats in and on your artery walls (plaques), which can restrict blood flow. These plaques can also burst, causing a blood clot. Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere in your body. Atherosclerosis is a preventable and treatable condition.
Symptoms Atherosclerosis develops gradually. There are usually no
atherosclerosis symptoms until an artery is so narrowed or clogged that it can't supply adequate blood to your organs and tissues. Sometimes a blood clot completely obstructs blood flow, or even breaks apart and causes blood clots that can trigger a heart attack or stroke.
Atherosclerosis symptoms depend on which arteries are affected. For example:
If you have atherosclerosis in your heart arteries, you may have symptoms similar to those of a heart attack, such as chest pain (angina).
If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain, you may have symptoms such as sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, or drooping muscles in your face.
If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries in your arms and legs, you may have symptoms of peripheral arterial disease, such as leg pain when walking (intermittent swelling).
Prevention of high cholesterol
Get it checked Watch fats, eat healthy Consume less than 300 mg of
cholesterol a day Be active Quit smoking Some may need medication
Lipitor, Crestor, Zocor Vytorin
Phytonutrients Soy protein may reduce risk of heart disease
Especially when replacing foods high in saturated fat
Plant sterols Found naturally in fruits/veggies, plant oils
may lower LDL Omega-3 fatty acids
Two weekly servings of fish may be heart healthy
Folic Acid Antioxidants
What Is Asthma? Asthma is a chronic lung disease
that can be life threatening if not treated and controlled.
The cause of asthma in unknown, but some things make asthma worse.
What Is Happening During an Asthma Attach ?
When someone is having an asthma attack the following is happening:
1. The lining of the airway is swollen and irritated.
2. The muscles around the airway tighten and make it hard to breathe.
3. The airway makes a thick mucus.
What Is Happening During an Asthma Attack in the Lungs?
Asthma Warning Signs
Warning signs are clues that your child’s asthma may be getting worse.
Runny stuffy nose Headache Tickle in throat Child’s has a cold or flu Coughing Restless
Know Your Child’s Warning
Signs!
What Are the Symptoms of Asthma?
Not all people with asthma have the same symptoms
The most common symptoms are: Coughing – a cough that may not
go away or may be worse at night
Wheezing – a whistling sound that is usually heard when breathing out
More Symptoms
Shortness of breath – feels like not being able to catch a breath
Tightness or pain in the chest – feels like something heavy has been placed on the chest
What Causes Asthma Attacks?
AN ASTHMA TRIGGER IS…anything that sets off asthma
symptoms
TRIGGERS
Ways to Avoid Triggers
Dust, dander, and house mites Dust the house with a damp cloth,
especially in the child’s bedroom. Use a damp mop to clean the floor. Cover pillow, mattress, and
boxspring with special dust-mite–proof covers.
Ways to Avoid Triggers
Smoke Try to make the home smoke free
by Never allowing smoking in the home or
car Never allowing smoking around the child Quitting smoking
Avoid burning incense or candles.
Ways to Avoid Triggers
Pets If possible, remove pets from the
home or limit the child’s contact with the animal.
Never allow pets in the child’s bedroom.
Ways to Avoid Triggers
Strong odors and scented products
Avoid heavy scents, like perfumes, hairsprays, and certain household cleaners like bleach or ammonia.
Don’t use room deodorizers.
Asthma Medications and Devices
Types of Medications Long-term “controller” medicine Quick-relief “rescue” medicine
Long-Term Medications Long-term “controller” medicine
prevents swelling and inflammation of the airway and should be used every day, even when feeling well.
Quick-Relief Medications Quick-relief “rescue” medicine works
quickly to open the tightened airway.
Quick-relief medicine is usually used on an as-needed basis.
Inhaler “the pump”
Delivers inhaled medication in a spray mist form
Asthma Devices
Inhaler with Spacer
A spacer catches the mist and holds it so it can be breathed in slowly. This allows the medicine to reach the person’s lungs.
Asthma Devices
Asthma Devices
Nebulizer
A machine that delivers medication in a mist.
Peak Flow Meter
A device used to measure how air flows from your lungs in one “fast blast.”
Asthma Devices
Controlling Asthma
Getting Asthma Under Control See a health-care provider for
regular asthma checkups at least twice a year.
Follow an Asthma Action Plan. Learn how to take the right
medicine at the right time, the right way.
Getting Asthma Under Control
Learn about asthma triggers and how to avoid them.
Talk about peak flow monitoring with your health-care provider.
Sleeps through the night Goes to school every day Is able to play, take gym,
and participate in sports
A Child With Well-Controlled Asthma