cardiovascular system by khaled na3im. anatomy and physiology pump and delivery system supply...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cardiovascular SystemByKhaled Na3im
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Anatomy and Physiology
pump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and
other nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate
organs for removal
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Structures
heart - pump vessels - container blood - liquid
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The Heart
hollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle)
pump to circulate blood
blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products
Cardi/o - heart
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The human heart
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Location and Protection
located between the lungs and above the diaphragm
Pericardium Pericardial Fluid Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
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Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o and vas/o
arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood
veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood
Blood Vessels
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Arteries• arteri/o• blood propelled by heart• arteries are thick with three layers• pulse-surge of blood• oxygenated blood - bright red• arteries to arterioles to capillaries • endarterial - pertaining to the interior
wall of an artery
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Capillaries• system of microscopic
vessels• one epithelial cell thick• anatomic units connect
arterial/venous systems• blood flow much slower
through capillaries to allow for exchange
• blood cells travel in single file
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Veins low-pressure
collecting system ven/o and phleb/o venules - small veins veins have valves deoxygenated blood venae cavae -
venous blood to Right Atrium
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Heart
Endocardium - serous membrane lining myocardium - muscle layer epicardium - outermost layer pericardium - sac containing the heart
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Heart Chambers
RightAtrium
LeftAtrium
RightVentricle
LeftVentricle
Apex
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Internal Heart Chambers
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Heart Valves
Apex
Left
Right
Tricuspid
Mitral
Pulmonary
Arte
ry
Aor
ta
Vena C
ava
Pulmonary Veins
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Blood Supply to Heart
Coronary Artery System right coronary left coronary
left anterior descending circumflex
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Systemic Circulation All parts of body except lungs
Pulmonary Circulation pulmonary arterial system
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Conduction System of the heart
1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2-AV Node3-Bundle of His4-Perkinje fibers
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The Conducting System of the Heart
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Conducting System of the Heart
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
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Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias palpitation fibrillation atrial fibrillation ventricular
fibrillation bradycardia tachycardia
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Pulse
pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving though the artery
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Blood Pressure Measurement of
amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels.
Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction
Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed
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Pathology of the Cardiovascular system
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Atherosclerosis Atheromas accumulate in the tunica
intima scleroses hypercholesterolemia lumen ischemia thrombosis, embolus occlusion aneurysm
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Aneurysm
A localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery.
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Diseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI
and sudden death myocardial ischemia
angina, dyspnea myocardial infarction
diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea
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ProceduresOpening Blocked Arteries
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Carotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass
surgery revascularization
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Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD
cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart
caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery
Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply
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Congestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by
myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, and elevated intracardial pressure.
Retrograde transmission of increased hydrostatic pressure from the left heart causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart pressure causes systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.
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Forms of Carditis
Carditis - inflammation of the
heart Pericarditis - inflammation of
pericardium Myocarditis - inflammation of
myocardium Endocarditis - inflammation of
inner layer of the
heart
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Infective Endocarditis
Thrombi vegetations regurgitation of blood stenosis insufficiency valvotomy, commissurotomy prophylactic antibiotic treatment
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Varicose Veins
Incompetent valves esophageal varices anal hemorrhoids legs
Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitis emboli, embolus, embolectomy thrombolysis ligation and stripping
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Oncology
Myxoma tumor of mucous connective tissue
Metastasized from malignant melanoma
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Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Diagnostic Procedures
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Angiography-x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium-angiogram
Angiocardiography-radiopaque dye and chest x-rays to show dimensions of heart and large blood vessels - angiocardiogram
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Cardiac Catheterization radiopaque dye injected
through a vein or artery to heart
Right: catheter inserted into vein: R arm/groin to heart to measure pressures & take blood samples
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Pharmacology
Antianginals antihypertensives beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics heparin inotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) vasodilators