cardiovascular system heart and blood vessels. functions pump __________ transport system around...

Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood Vessels

Functions Pump __________ transport system around body Carries ________ and nutrients to cells, carries

away waste products Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to

general circulation

Structures Heart _____________ Veins ______________ Blood and lymph are part of circulatory system

Major Circuits _________________ CIRCULATION – heart and

lungs _________________ CIRCULATION – from the heart

to the tissues and cells, then back to the heart

Heart Muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 10-13 oz Location – ________

cavity APEX – conical tip,

lies on diaphragm, points left

Heart: Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood At rest

2 oz blood with each beat 5 quarts per minute 75 gallons per hour

Ave = 72 beats per minute 100,000 beats per day __________________ – double layer of fibrous tissue that

surrounds the heart __________________ – cardiac muscle tissue __________________ – smooth inner lining of heart

Heart Chambers _____________ divides into R and L halves Upper chambers – RIGHT ___________ and LEFT

_____________ Lower chambers – RIGHT _____________ and

LEFT _______________ Four heart ____________ permit flow of blood in

one direction

Heart Valves _____________ VALVE –

between right atrium and right ventricle

_____________ VALVE – between left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar valves -located where blood leaves the heart _____________ VALVE _____________ VALVE

Major Structures Superior _______ and inferior vena cava –

bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium Pulmonary artery – takes blood _________

from right ventricle to the lungs for O2 Pulmonary vein – __________ oxygenated

blood from lungs to left atrium Aorta – takes blood ___________ from left

ventricle to rest of the body

Heart Physiology __________ Heart Deoxygenated blood

flows into heart from vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery lungs (for oxygen)

__________ Heart Oxygenated blood

flows from lungs via pulmonary veins left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta general circulation (to deliver oxygen)

Heart is a double pump

Coronary Arteries Provide blood supply

to the heart

Control of Heart Contractions _________ (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER

Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node

_________ (atrioventricular) NODE Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to bundle of His

____________________________ Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in

ventricles (Purkinje fibers) ____________________________

Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

Conduction System

Conduction system sets the basic rhythm of the beating heart by generating impulses which stimulate the heart to contract

Heart Contractions ________________ = contraction phase

________________ = relaxation phase

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

The electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is used extensively in the diagnosis of heart disease, from congenital heart disease in infants to myocardial infarction and myocarditis in adults. Several different types of electrocardiogram exist.


P = atrial contration QRS = ventricular contract T = ventricular relaxation


An electrocardiogram (ECG) test measures the electrical activity of the heart. A normal resting heart rate is 60 - 100 beats per minute.


Abnormal rhythm (arrhythmia) called an atrioventricular (AV) block. P waves show that the top of the heart received electrical activity. Each P wave is usually followed by the tall (QRS) waves.


____________ heart rhythms are characterized by a slowness of

the heartbeat, usually at a rate under 60 beats per minute


Ventricular ____________ is a rapid resting heart rate initiated within the ventricles, typically at 160 - 240 beats per minute

Pulmonary Circulation Deoxygenated Blood from Body Tissue Superior/inferior vena cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Both Lungs CO2 - O2 exchange Alveolar Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta - Transporting Oxygenated Blood to Body Cells

Systemic Circulation Aorta Arteries Arterioles

Small arteries Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels, can only be seen with a microscope

Connect arterioles with venules Walls are one-cell thick– allow for selective

permeability of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and wastes Venules

Small veins Veins

Arteries vs Veins Carry _____________

blood ______ from the heart to the capillaries

Elastic, muscular and thick-walled

Transport blood under very high pressure

Carry _____________ blood to the heart

Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries

Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood

__________ – permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart

Aorta Largest _________ in

the body First branch is

coronary artery Aortic arch Many arteries

branch off the descending aorta

Vena Cava Largest _________ in

the body Superior and

Inferior portions Subclavian veins Jugular veins –

located in the neck Femoral veins

Blood Vessels

Blood Pressure Surge of blood when

heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – measured during the contraction phase

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – measured when the ventricles are relaxed

Average systolic = 120 Average diastolic = 80

Pulse Alternating expansion

and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it

Pulse sites: BRACHIAL CAROTID RADIAL POPLITEAL PEDAL

Disorders of the Heart ___________________ (or dysrrhythmia) – any change

from normal heart rate or rhythm BRADYCARDIA – slow heart rate (<60 bpm) TACHYCARDIA – rapid heart rate (>100 bpm) _______________ – indicates defect in heart valve –

valves fail to close properly, causing gurgling or hissing sound.

MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE – mitral valve closes imperfectly – Symptoms occur in response to stress, including

fatigue, PALPITATIONS (heart feels like it is racing) headache, chest pain, and anxiety

Heart Attack Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) Blockage in coronary arteries cuts off blood supply to

heart muscle causing that area of tissue to die Causes - Smoking, obesity, stressful life style,

hypertension, family history, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, aging

Symptoms - Severe crushing pain that radiates to neck, jaw, and left arm; dyspnea; cold, clammy skin; pressure or heaviness in chest; nausea; change in blood pressure

Tx – “Clot-busting” drugs if in process of having MI; bedrest; pain medications; oxygen; anticoagulants;

Heart Attack

Angioplasty

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the left coronary artery supplies the left heart.

Angioplasty

Angioplasty

Patient is awake and pain-free (local anesthesia), a catheter is inserted into an artery at the top of the leg (the femoral artery)

Angioplasty

A catheter is advanced over a guidewire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guidewire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening of the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a series of X-rays.

Angioplasty

A guidewire is advanced across the blocked section of the coronary artery and a balloon -tipped tube is positioned so the balloon part of the tube is beside the blockage. The balloon is then inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.

Angioplasty

A device called a stent may be placed. A stent is a latticed, metal scaffold that is placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open.

Once the catheter has been positioned at the coronary artery origin, contrast media is injected and a series of X-rays (film) are taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed.

Diseases of the Heart ___________________ – inflammation of outer membrane

covering the heart – Symptoms are chest pain, cough, dyspnea (difficulty

breathing), tachycardia, and fever Immediate medical care is critical Tx – bedrest, oxygen, medication

_____________________________________ Ventricles unable to contract effectively and blood

pools in the heart ___________________ in lower extremities Blood backs up into lungs Tx – drugs to strengthen heart beat (digoxin) and

diuretics to reduce fluid

Heart Surgery ANGIOPLASTY – procedure to help open

clogged vessels – may also be called “balloon surgery.”

STENT - Tiny, expandable stainless steel tube that holds coronary artery open following angioplasty

CORONARY BY-PASS – usually, a healthy vein from the leg removed and attached before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate route for blood supply to the myocardium

Disorders of Blood Vessels ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – arterial walls thicken, lose

elasticity ___________________________ – fatty deposits form on walls

of arteries ANEURYSM – ballooning of an artery, thinning and

weakening PHLEBITIS – inflammation of lining of vein, accompanied

by clotting of blood – symptoms are edema, pain and redness

_________________________ – traveling blood clot VARICOSE VEINS – swollen, distended veins – heredity or

due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancy

HEMORRHOIDS - rectal varicose veins

Blood Pressure Disorders ______________________ – Low blood

pressure, systolic <100 __________________ High blood pressure

“Silent killer” – usually no symptoms Condition leads to strokes, heart attacks, and

kidney failure 140/90 or higher Higher in African-Americans and post-

menopausal women Risk factors = smoking, overweight, stress, high

fat diets, family history Tx = relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight

loss, medication

Circulatory System Terminology cardi/o; card/o phleb/o arteri/o angi/o ven/o vas/o hem/o; hemat/o capill/o

heart veins arteries blood vessels veins blood vessels blood capillaries

Careers

Cardiologist Cardiovascular Technologist Echocardiographer Varied Nursing careers

cardiovascular system heart and blood vessels. functions pump __________ transport system around...

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