careers in mathematics and statistics 1. 31-3617ja.2 2 examples of jobs with maths financial...
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Careers in Mathematics and Statistics
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Examples of jobs with Maths
Financial Accountant Bank Manager Trader
Analysis Market research Advertising Actuary (pensions/life insurance) Programmer Credit card (Medical) Statistician
An easy way to keep your options open!
Other Office of National Statistics Civil servant Teaching Academia Management consultancy Economics Predictions – weather forecasting Genetics Engineer Scientist
Data published on graduate earnings
Average extra earnings for graduates by subject studied
Medicine £340,000 Law £245,000 Engineering £245,000 Maths £240,000 Physics £190,000 Chemistry £185,000 Business £185,000 European languages £165,000 Psychology £100,000 Linguistics and English £95,000 Humanities £50,000 Arts £35,000
Data from 2005 and 2007
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Being a Medical Statistician in the Pharmaceutical
Industry
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Topics• What is the Pharmaceutical Industry?What is the Pharmaceutical Industry?
• How do we develop drugs?How do we develop drugs?
• An example of how statisticians get involvedAn example of how statisticians get involved
• Opportunities, qualifications, my experienceOpportunities, qualifications, my experience
• SummarySummary
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What is the Pharmaceutical Industry?
• Develops medicinesDevelops medicines
• Successful and growing industrySuccessful and growing industry
• Pharmaceutical, biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device productsmedical device products
• Contract Research OrganisationsContract Research Organisations
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A few examples…
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Drug Development Process
Drug Drug DiscoveryDiscovery Pre-clinicalPre-clinical
Clinical Clinical TrialsTrials
AuthorisationAuthorisationSales & Sales & MarketingMarketing
ManufacturingManufacturing
Typically:Cost: £400 million Time: 10-15 years.
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Testing Drugs: How many people are enough?
You have a new drug and an old drugYou have a new drug and an old drug 10 patients to test on10 patients to test on
– You give 5 patients new drugYou give 5 patients new drug– You give 5 patients old drugYou give 5 patients old drug
ResultsResults– 3 patients get better on new drug3 patients get better on new drug– 2 patients get better on old drug2 patients get better on old drug ConclusionConclusion
– Which is better: Old/New drug?Which is better: Old/New drug?– How sure are you?How sure are you?
New Old
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100 patients to test on100 patients to test on– You give 50 patients new drugYou give 50 patients new drug– You give 50 patients old drugYou give 50 patients old drug
ResultsResults– 30 patients get better on new drug30 patients get better on new drug– 20 patients get better on old drug20 patients get better on old drug
ConclusionConclusion– Which is better: Old/New drug?Which is better: Old/New drug?– How sure are you?How sure are you?
New Old
Testing Drugs: How many people are enough?
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Testing Drugs: How many people are enough?
1000 patients to test on1000 patients to test on– You give 500 patients new drugYou give 500 patients new drug– You give 500 patients old drugYou give 500 patients old drug
ResultsResults– 300 patients get better on new drug300 patients get better on new drug– 200 patients get better on old drug200 patients get better on old drug
ConclusionConclusion– Which is better: Old/New drug?Which is better: Old/New drug?– How sure are you?How sure are you?
New Old
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Testing Drugs: How many people are enough?
– 3 scenarios3 scenarios• 2:3, 20:30 and 200:3002:3, 20:30 and 200:300
– All the same ratio of people getting betterAll the same ratio of people getting better• With more information (patients) you can be more sure With more information (patients) you can be more sure
of your resultsof your results• BUT more information (patients) costs money!BUT more information (patients) costs money!
– It’s up to a statistician to decide how many people are It’s up to a statistician to decide how many people are enoughenough
• Depends on the variation of what you are measuring i.e. Depends on the variation of what you are measuring i.e. weight loss (athletes, UK population)weight loss (athletes, UK population)
• Depends on how sure you want to beDepends on how sure you want to be• Depends of amount benefit to patient you want to detectDepends of amount benefit to patient you want to detect
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Trial design options
Option 1Option 1
Number of Patients
50 New Drug
50 Old Drug
Doctor assigns each patient to a treatment groupDoctor/patient know which treatment they are getting
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Option 2Option 2
Number of Patients
50 New Drug
50 Old Drug
Each patient randomly assigned to a treatment group
Doctor/patient unaware of treatment group
Trial design options
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Option 3Option 3
Number of Patients
Visit 1 Visit 2
50 Old Drug New Drug
Trial design options
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Option 4
Number of Patients
Visit 1 Visit 2
50 Old Drug New Drug
50 New Drug Old Drug
Trial design options
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Key Skills for a Graduate Applicant
• Sound understanding of statistical Sound understanding of statistical methodology and how to apply itmethodology and how to apply it
• Good communication and presentation Good communication and presentation skillsskills
• Can work well in a team and Can work well in a team and independentlyindependently
• An eye for detailAn eye for detail• Well organisedWell organised• Logical thinkerLogical thinker• Good statistical programming skillsGood statistical programming skills
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Qualifications
• StatisticiansStatisticians– MSc or PhD in statistics is requiredMSc or PhD in statistics is required
• SAS ProgrammersSAS Programmers– usually have at least a BSc in usually have at least a BSc in
statistics, mathematics, computing statistics, mathematics, computing or any other degree with a high level or any other degree with a high level of numeracyof numeracy
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Working Environment
• Good career progression Good career progression
• You are the expert, the specialist, the teacher.
• Never stop learning
• Large variety of work
• Generous benefits and Generous benefits and competitive salariescompetitive salaries
• Excellent working conditionsExcellent working conditions
• Always part of a team
• You make a real differenceYou make a real difference
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How did I get here?
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?