caring for clients with hematologic and lymphatic disorders
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20. Caring for Clients With Hematologic and Lymphatic Disorders. Anemia. Hemoglobin concentration or number of circulating RBCs decreased Caused by Impaired RBC formation Excessive loss or destruction of RBCs. Anemia - Pathophysiology. Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Medical-Surgical Nursing CareThird Edition
CHAPTER
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Care, Third EditionBurke • Mohn-Brown • Eby
Caring for Clients With Hematologic and Lymphatic Disorders
20
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Anemia
• Hemoglobin concentration or number of circulating RBCs decreased
• Caused by– Impaired RBC formation– Excessive loss or destruction of RBCs
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Anemia - Pathophysiology
• Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
• Causes tissue hypoxia• Body attempts to restore oxygen delivery
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Anemia - Manifestations
• Pallor• Angina• Fatigue• Dyspnea on exertion• Night cramps
• Bone pain• Headache• Dizziness• Dim vision
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Blood Loss Anemia
• Acute or chronic bleeding• Both lead to anemia• RBCs normal but reduced in number
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Nutritional Anemia
• Lack of nutrients for RBC formation or development
• Iron deficiency– Cheilosis (cracks at corners of mouth)– Smooth, sore tongue– Pica
• Vitamin B12 – Pernicious anemia– Paresthesias
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Nutritional Anemia (continued)
• Folic acid– Chronic malnourishment– Glossitis– Cheilosis– Diarrhea
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Anemia of Chronic Disease
• Seen in AIDs, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic hepatitis, chronic renal failure (CRF)
• Severity depends on the severity of underlying disease
• Manifestations similar to iron deficiency anemia
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Hemolytic Anemias
• Premature destruction of RBCs• Intrinsic or acquired causes• Sickle cell disorders
– Abnormal Hgb, changes shape – Intense pain, chest, back, joints
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Thallassemia
• Inherited; caused by abnormal Hgb synthesis
• Liver and spleen enlarged• Target cells
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Acquired Hemolytic Anemias
• Damage by outside factors– Mechanical trauma– Antibody reactions– Immune responses– Drugs, toxins, chemical agents, venoms
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Aplastic Anemia
• Bone marrow fails to produce RBCs• Cause unknown• Pancytopenia
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Anemia – Diagnostic Tests
• CBC• Iron levels• Serum ferritin• Sickle cell screening• Hemoglobin electrophoresis• Schilling’s test• Bone marrow aspiration
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Anemia – Nursing Implications
• Client Teaching– Types of anemia– Diet– Medications – Genetic counseling– Follow-up appointments– Support groups
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Anemia - Treatment
• Medications– Depends on type and cause
Iron replacement Vitamin B12 Folic acid Hydroxyurea Immunosuppressive therapy or androgens
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Anemia – Treatment (continued)
• Dietary Considerations– Iron that is readily absorbed– Iron sources
• Blood Transfusions– Replace RBCs– Whole blood or packed RBCs
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Anemia – Nursing Care
• Assessment• Activity Intolerance
– Vital signs– Rest periods– Energy conservation– Smoking cessation
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Anemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes– Assess lips and tongue– Mouthwash– Frequent oral hygiene– Avoid alcohol-based mouthwashes– Petroleum jelly for lips– Avoid spicy foods– Encourage soft bland foods– Small high-protein balanced meals each day
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Anemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Self-Care Deficit– Assist with ADL– Rest periods– Concerns about self-care
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Anemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Evaluation– Independent ADL– Increased level of activity– Skin and oral mucous membranes– Diet
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Myelodysplastic Syndrome
• Group of stem cell disorders• Seen in older adults• Anemia, enlarged spleen
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Polycythemia
• Erythrocytosis• Abnormally high RBC count, high Hct• Blood sticky• Secondary form is the most common• Develops due to chronic hypoxemia or
excess erythropoietin
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Polycythemia Vera (continued)
• Primary type• Production of all blood cells increased• Cause unknown• Insidious onset• Gangrene complication
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Polycythemia - Treatment
• Reduce blood viscosity and volume• Relieve symptoms• Phlebotomy to keep blood volume within
normal levels• Chemotherapy
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Polycythemia – Nursing Care
• Teaching– Hydration– Prevent blood stasis– Elevate legs– Support stockings– Smoking cessation– Report S/S thrombosis
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Leukemia
• Group of malignant disorders of WBCs• Greater numbers of WBCs• Cause of most unknown• Classified by onset and duration: acute or
chronic• Four types
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Leukemia - Pathophysiology
• Malignant transformation of a single stem cell
• Cells proliferate slowly, nonfunctional WBCs
• Bone marrow filled with leukemic cells• Leave bone marrow and infiltrate other
tissues• Death from hemorrhage or infection
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Leukemia - Manifestations
• Anemia• Infection• Bleeding
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Figure 20-5 The multisystem effects of leukemia.
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Leukemia – Diagnostic Tests
• CBC with differential and platelet count• Bone marrow
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Leukemia – Nursing Implications
• Client Teaching– Diagnosis, treatment, bone marrow,
complications– Cancer as a chronic illness– Balance activity with rest– Maintain weight and nutrition– Hydration– Prevent infection– Oral hygiene
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Leukemia – Nursing Implications (continued)
• Client Teaching (continued)– Avoid crowds, sick people– Avoid immunizations– Reduce risk of bleeding or injury– Avoid OTC medications that can cause
bleeding– Refer to social services, support groups,
home health
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Leukemia - Treatment
• Chemotherapy– Destroy leukemic cells– Produce remission– Achieve remission, cure, relieve symptoms
• Radiation therapy– Shrink lymph nodes
• Biologic therapy– Interferons, interleukins– Colony-stimulating factors
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Leukemia – Treatment (continued)
• Bone marrow transplantation– Allogenic
Eliminate leukemic cells Donor marrow transfused
– Autologous Own bone marrow withdrawn, treated, frozen,
reinfused later
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Leukemia – Treatment (continued)
• Stem cell transplant– Donor treated with colony-stimulating factors
to increase concentration of stem cells in blood
– Blood removed from donor, given to patient
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Leukemia – Nursing Care
• Assessment– Recognize manifestations
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Risk for Infection– Infection precautions– Avoid invasive procedures– Report evidence of infection– Monitor vital signs– Report lab values– Explain precautions and restrictions
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements– Monitor weight– Promote food and fluid intake– Avoid procedures around meals
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes– Assess mouth– 1:1 solution saline/peroxide as mouthwash– Soft-bristle toothbrush– Medications for infection, pain– Avoid alcohol-based mouth washes
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Ineffective Protection– Monitor LOC– Report manifestations of bleeding– Avoid invasive procedures– Apply pressure to puncture sites– Avoid straining with bowel movement
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Anticipatory Grieving– Therapeutic communication– Manage stressful situations– Support groups for the grieving process
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Leukemia – Nursing Care (continued)
• Evaluation– Freedom from infection– Weight– Food intake– Oral mucous membranes– Bleeding– Coping
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Malignant Lymphoma
• Cancer of lymph tissue• Classified as Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin
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Hodgkin Disease
• Most curable• Painless progressive enlargement of one
or more lymph nodes• Reed-Sternberg cells• Cause unknown
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• More common• Multiple lymph nodes involved
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Malignant Lymphoma – Diagnostic Tests
• Chest x-ray• Abdominal CT• Biopsy• Ann Arbor staging system• Cotswold staging classification system
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Malignant Lymphoma – Nursing Implications
• Client teaching– Treatment and effects of treatment– Skin care– New symptoms– Complementary pain management strategies– Rest and exercise– Diet – American Cancer Society referral
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Malignant Lymphoma - Treatment
• Chemotherapy– Combination– Remission in more than 75%
• Radiation– Used for both– Combined with chemotherapy
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Malignant Lymphoma – Nursing Care
• Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity– Measures to reduce itching
• Nausea– Antiemetics– Measures to relieve/reduce nausea
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Malignant Lymphoma – Nursing Care (continued)
• Fatigue– Assess malaise– Encourage talking about disease– Quiet activities– Rest periods– High-carbohydrate diet– Fluids
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Malignant Lymphoma – Nursing Care (continued)
• Disturbed Body Image– Body image assessment– Objective signs of altered body image– Coping with alopecia– Effects of illness on sexuality– Support groups
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Multiple Myeloma
• Myeloma cells replace bone marrow, infiltrate bone
• Bone weakened, pathologic fractures• Bone/back pain most common symptoms• Kidney damage
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Multiple Myeloma – Diagnostic Tests
• Urine samples• CBC• Bone marrow• Bone x-rays
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Multiple Myeloma – Nursing Implications
• Client Teaching – Teach S/S complications– Hospice
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Multiple Myeloma - Treatment
• No cure• Relieving symptoms• Death within 2 to 5 years• Treatment
– Chemotherapy, radiation, medications, pain control, blood transfusions
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Multiple Myeloma – Nursing Care
• Chronic Pain– Assess pain– Positioning, support with pillows– Use of analgesics– Nonpharmacology pain control– Rest periods
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Multiple Myeloma – Nursing Care (continued)
• Impaired Physical Mobility– Reposition– Change positions every 2 hours– Trapeze – Safety measures
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Neutropenia
• Disease of number of circulating neutrophils
• Usually secondary to infection, hematologic disease, chronic disease, chemotherapy
• Severe form is called agranulocytosis• Can result in impaired WBC formation or
increased WBC destruction• Protective measures are required
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Neutropenia - Manifestations
• Fatigue• Weakness• Sore throat• Stomatitis• Dyphagia• Fever• Chills
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Neutropenia - Diagnosis
• WBC count• Neutophil count less than 1500 cells/mm3
• May be less than 500 cells/mm3 in agranulocytosis
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Neutropenia - Treatment
• Discontinue drugs that may be cause of disorder
• Treat infection• Filgrastim (Neupogen) may be used to
treat disorder
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Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet count less than 100,000 per mL• Common cause of abnormal bleeding• Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura most
common form– Platelets destroy more rapidly than normal– Autoimmune disorder
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Thrombocytopenia
• Manifestations– Purpura– Ecchymosis– Petechiae– Epistaxis– Menorrhagia– Hematuria
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Thrombocytopenia – Diagnostic Tests
• CBC, platelet count• Bone marrow• Antinuclear antibodies
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Thrombocytopenia – Nursing Implications
• Client Teaching– Continue treatment to maintain remission– Long-term steroid treatment– Splenectomy
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Thrombocytopenia - Treatment
• Medications– Steroids– Immunosuppressive drugs
• Platelet transfusions• Plasmapheresis• Surgery:
– Splenectomy
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Thrombocytopenia – Nursing Care
• Ineffective Protection– Monitor LOC– Manifestations of bleeding– Avoid invasive procedures– Pressure dressing to puncture sites– Avoid straining at bowel movement
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Hemophilia
• Group of hereditary clotting factor deficiencies
• Hemophilia A– Most common type– Deficiency in Factor VIII
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Hemophilia (continued)
• Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)– Less common– Deficiency in Factor IX
• Transmitted from mother to son• Sex-linked recessive disorder on X
chromosome
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Figure 20-8 The inheritance pattern for hemophilia A and B. Both are X-linked recessive disorders; females may carry the trait, but only males develop the disorder.
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Hemophilia - Manifestations
• Hemorrhages into body tissues
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Hemophilia – Diagnostic Tests
• Platelet count• Coagulation studies• Clotting factors
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Hemophilia – Nursing Implications
• Client teaching– How to prevent bleeding– Provide medications– Genetic counseling
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Hemophilia - Treatment
• Replace clotting factors• Fresh frozen plasma• Cryoprecipitates• Concentrates• DDAVP (desmopressin acetate)
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Hemophilia – Nursing Care
• Risk for Injury– Signs of bleeding– Stop bleeding with pressure, ice– No IM injections– Safety measures
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Hemophilia – Nursing Care
• Risk for Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management– Assess knowledge/reinforce teaching– Emotional support– Opportunities to learn/practice administration
clotting factors
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
• Simultaneous blood clotting and hemorrhage
• Intrinsic and/or extrinsic clotting cascades activated
• Widespread clotting of small vessels• Clotting factors depleted; leads to bleeding
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DIC - Manifestations
• Bleeding most obvious• Tachycardia, hypotension• Mottling• Abdominal distention• Decreased LOC
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DIC – Tests
• Clotting studies
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DIC – Nursing Implications
• Client teaching– Proper foot care– Heparin home therapy– When to contact physician
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DIC - Treatment
• Treatment: underlying disease• Medications
– Control bleeding– fresh frozen plasma– Heparin
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DIC – Nursing Care
• Ineffective Tissue Perfusion– Assess pulses– Turn every 2 hours– No knee crossing– Minimize tape use
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DIC – Nursing Care (continued)
• Impaired Gas Exchange– O2 saturation levels
– ABGs– Oxygen– Fowler’s/semi-Fowler’s position– Bed rest– Deep breathing and coughing
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DIC – Nursing Care (continued)
• Acute Pain– Pain scale– Handle gently– Cool compresses to painful joints
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DIC – Nursing Care (continued)
• Fear– Verbalize concerns– Answer questions – Coping strategies– Emotional support– Calm environment– Respond to calls for help– Relaxation techniques
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Lymphangitis/Lymphedema
• Lymphangitis– Inflammation of lymph vessel
• Lymphedema– Obstructed lymph vessel
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Figure 20-9 Severe lymphedema of the lower extremity. (Source: NMSB, Custom Medical Stock Photos, Inc.)
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Lymphangitis/LymphedemaNursing Implications
• Client Teaching– Use of pressure devices, elastic stockings– Skin inspection– Skin care– Elevate extremity– Activity, diet, diuretics
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Lymphangitis/LymphedemaTreatment
• Relieve edema, maintain skin integrity, prevent/treat infection
• Lymphangitis– Moist heat, elevate, immobilize, skin/wound
care, antibiotics
• Lymphedema– Elevate, elastic stockings, skin care, bed rest,
sodium restriction
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Lymphangitis/LymphedemaNursing Care
• Implementation– Measure effected extremity– I&O– Daily weights– Sodium restriction
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Lymphangitis/LymphedemaNursing Care
• Implementation (continued)– Antiembolic stockings/intermittent pressure
devices– Elevate extremities– Skin care– Protective devices
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Infectious Mononucleosis
• Acute infection caused by Epstein–Barr virus
• Benign and self-limiting• Kissing disease
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Infectious Mononucleosis - Manifestations
• Headache• Malaise• Fatigue• Fever
• Sore throat• Enlarged and painful
lymph nodes• Enlarged spleen
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Infectious Mononucleosis – Diagnostic Tests
• Increased lymphocytes and monocytes• Increased WBC count• Low platelets
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Infectious Mononucleosis - Treatment
• Recovery in 2 to 3 weeks• Bed rest• Analgesics