/Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

FOUNDED DECEMBER FOURTEENTH1910

YEAR BOOKFOR 1912

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OFFICERS

Trustees

President, ELIHU ROOT.

Vice-President, JOSEPH H. CHOATE.

Secretary, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.

Treasurer, CHARLEMAGNE TOWER.

ROBERT S. BROOKINGS.

THOMAS BURKE.

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER.

JOHN L. CADWALADER.

CLEVELAND H. DODGE.

CHARLES IA!. ELIOT.

ARTHUR WILLIAM FOSTER.

JOHN W. FOSTER.

AUSTEN G. Fox.

ROBERT A. FRANKS.

"WILLIAM M. HOWARD.

S,\!>.1UEL MATHER.

ANDREW J. MONTAGUE.

GEORGE W. PERKINS.

HENRY S. PRITCHETT.

JACOB G. SCHMIDLAPP.

JAMES L. SLAYDEN.

OSCAR S. STRAUS.

CHARLES L. TAYLOR.

ANDREW D. WHITE.

JOHN SHARP' "VVILLIAMS.

ROBERT S. WOODWARD.

LUKE E. VVRIGHT.

Executive Committee

ELIHU ROOT, Chairman.JAMES BROWN SCOTT, Secretary.

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. .z\,NDREW J. MONTAGUE.

AUSTEN G. Fox. HENRY S. PRITCHETT.

CHARLEMAGNE TOWER.

ROBERT A. FRANKS. SAMUEL MATIIER.

Finance Committee

GEORGE vV. PERKINS, Chairman.

Directors of Divisions

Division of Intercourse and Education, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER.

Division of Economics and History, JOHN BATES CLARK.

Division of International Law, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.

Assistant Secretary and Statistician, S. N. D. NORTH.

Assistant to the Secretary, GE?RGE A. FINCH.

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DIVISIONALORGANIZATION X 111

JACQUESDUMAS, 5b!B rue de Beauveau, Versailles, France.EDOARDOGIRETTI, Bricherasio, Piement, Italy.FRAN<;;OISKEMENY, 26 Bulyovszkyutcka, Buda Pesth, Hungary.MAXIME KOWALEWSKI, University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.RI\LPH LANE (better known as Norman Angell), 4 King's Bench Walk, Temple,

London, E. c., England.CHRISTIAN L. LANGE, 251 Avenue de Longchamps, Uccle-Brussels, Belgium.V. A. MAKLAKOFF, Taurich Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia.HENRI MONNIER, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.FELIX MOSCHELES,80 Elm Park Road, Chelsea, London, S. W., England.LUDWIG QUIDDE, Gedonstrasse 4, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.THEODORERUYSSEN, rue de Lyon, Bordeaux, France.E. SEMENOFF, Manejny 16, St. Petersburg, Russia.SANCHEZ DE SILVERA,8 Avenue Pasteur, Nantes, France.SULLMAN-BuSTANI-EFFENDI, Chamber of Deputies, Constantinople, Turkey.

Agencies of PropagandaAMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY,

Secretor», Benjamin F. Trueblood, Colorado Building, Washington, D. C.AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR INTERNATIONALCONCILIATION,

Secretary, Frederick P. Keppel, Sub-Station 84, New York City.LE BUREAU INTERNATIONALPERMANENT DE LA PAIX,

Director, A. Gobat, Canonenweg 12, Berne, Switzerland.L'OFFICE CENTRALDES ASSOCIATIONSINTERNATIONALES,

Director, M. Henri La Fontaine, 11 Square Vergote, Brussels, Belgium.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 41

Carnegie Endowment may be reduced from time to time until it reaches amuch smaller proportion, say 25 per cent or 20 per cent of the whole incomeof the Bureau, instead of 910 per cent as at present.

The same remarks apply to the Central Office of International Associa-tions, which may be defined as not only the central office but the clearing houseof international associations, to which a sum of $15,000 was allotted for theyear ending June 30, 1913. The purpose for which this money was allottedis to enable the Central Office to carryon work which it had already underway, including an international bibliography, the publication of La Vie Inter-nation ale, th~ sending of delegates to special international congresses, thebuilding of an international museum at Brussels and the cost of holding con-ferences of international associations. The Central Office has not compliedwith the requirement that it present a detailed annual report of its activities,and the Acting Director recommends that if the Carnegie Endowment is tocontinue to aid l'Otiice Central, it should be on condition that the work under-taken meets with the approval of the executive committee of the AdvisoryCouncil in Europe, and also that a sum at least equal to that allotted by theEndowment is received from other sources.'

In accordance with the plans, reported to the Board and approved by itlast year, for reorganizing the American Peace Society in such a manner asto make it the organ of the federated peace societies of the United States, theconstitution of the society has been revised, the central administration hasbeen strengthened by the appointment of an executive director to work in as-sociation with the secretary of the society, and five general departments havebeen created to carry out its enlarged plans and projects; namely, the depart-ments of New England, New York and New Jersey, South Atlantic States,Central West, and Pacific Coast. In this connection, the Acting Director takesoccasion to state his views as to the nature and amount of financial assistancewhich the Endowment should render to such societies, and outlines the policywhich he believes the Endowment should pursue in regard to peace societies111 general, thus,

The Acting Director is entirely clear in the opinion, formed as a resultof two years of study of conditions which prevail both in European coun-tries and in the United States, that the work of propaganda in support ofthe ends which the Endowment has been established to serve, can becarried on most effectively and economically not through peace organizations,but through organizations having a broader scope and making a widerappeal. Those persons who become members of a society whose name indi-cates that it is devoted to peace, are already converted. In every nationof the world, there are hosts of right-thinking and well-minded men andwomen, who, while wholly unwilling to affiliate themselves with any peacesociety, are ready and anxious to assist in the work of promoting betterinternational understandings and closer international relationships from

lThe annual report of I'Office Central was received after this report was submitted.

REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR 69

they send is so confidential in character that it is not wise to print it even forthe confidential information of the Trustees.

In addition to the formal correspondents of the Division, Mr. Frank N.West, of Buenos Aires, has written several letters of interest and an exchangeof newspaper cuttings has been established with him on topics relating to theLatin American countries. Mr. West is anxious to assist the cause of inter-national peace and arbitration and is willing to continue to render service tothe Division without remuneration.

Special Propaganda

The last annual report (see Year Book for 1911, p. 60) described ViscountHaldane's Oxford address and gave the reasons for its prompt circulation in Ger-many. It is worth notice that this act of the Division of Intercourse and Educa-tion probably exerted a most valuable influence on German opinion at a crucialmoment. The public press and the correspondence of the Acting Director haveabounded in allusions to the good effects which followed from the circulationin Germany of Lord Haldane's paper. It probably paved the way for theimportant visit of Lord Haldane himself, made a few months later and widelyheralded in the press of the world. The interest in the address has been sogreat that, at the suggestion of the Acting Director, the American Associationfor International Conciliation published the address in English and distributedabout 2,000 copies to a selected list of libraries, reading rooms and individuals.

By authority of the Executive Committee arrangements have been made forthe translation of The Great Illusion by Norman Angell (Mr. Ralph Lane) andfor its effective distribution in inexpensive form in the following countries:Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain and Spanish America, United States,India and China. A complete campaign has been mapped out and the actualwork was begun in September, 1912. Careful explanatory articles have beenwritten conveying in brief form the ideas embodied in the book. While theaim of these articles is to aid in the circulation of the book in a very cheapform, they also serve to bring to the public notice a statement of NormanAngell's ideas which probably could not be had in any other form. Thesebrief articles are a method of presenting a note of interrogation on the wholesubject of international peace to many millions of newspaper readers whoperhaps have never heard of the book and most of whom certainly never willread it in full. For Latin America a somewhat different method of propagandahas been pursued. Arrangements have been made to supply copies of thebook, without charge, to the members of every government, of every legisla-ture and to a selected list of public men in those countries. In all, some 10,000copies will be used in this way.

Relations With Latin America

The Executive Committee on October 26, 1911, authorized the ActingDirector to arrange for an exchange of visits by scholars and scientists between

REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR 75

prominent and influential men in various parts of China. He was in Chinaat a most interesting time and had every opportunity to study and discuss thenew governmental forms which the people of China were developing and adopt-ing. Among other services, Dr. Eliot studied the financial needs of the ChineseRepublic and addressed an important letter on this subject to the Premier, care-fully outlining a practical plan for financial administration which included thedesignation of a board of competent advisers in foreign countries. Dr. Eliotnext visited Japan where he spent thirty days. During that time he delivered alarge number of addresses and received much and generous hospitality. AsDr. Eliot has under way a detailed report upon the results of his visit to theOrient, it will not be necessary here to allude more at length to those topicsmentioned by him in correspondence which will be included in his formal report.

Conditions in Great BritainIt is the judgment of the best advisers whom the Acting Director has con-

sulted that the statements as to conditions in Great Britain made in the lastannual report (see Year Book for 1911, p. 67) were correct, and that they arestill true. It seems difficult to understand that a nation so rich and containingso many men and women of broad vision as Great Britain, cannot give, or doesnot give, more adequate support to the organized efforts that are there madein behalf of international peace and arbitration. The most encouraging eventof the year in Great Britain is the organization in April, 1912, of the GartonFoundation for Promoting the Study of International Polity. The trustees ofthis foundation are three in number: they are Sir Richard Garton, thefounder, Lord Esher and the Right Honorable Arthur J. Balfour. It goeswithout saying that better or more influential names could not be found in allGreat Britain. The trustees have made Norman Angell (Mr. Ralph Lane) theirexecutive officer and have placed him in charge of the work of propaganda.The objects of the foundation are stated to be:

To furnish lecturers for existing bodies, such as the Y. M. C. A. and Poly-technic and Debating Societies, in order to create interest in the subject amongstthe general public.

To utilize this interest, when aroused, by organizing courses of lecturesin local centres.

To render the movement permanent by the foundation of Study Centersor Clubs.

Nearly three hundred popular lectures have already been arranged forthe winter of 1912-13 to be given throughout England. These are to be supple-mented by an offer of money prizes for essays on various subjects connected'with international relationships. The Garton Foundation has at its service thesum of £3,000 per annum-about $15,000. The trustees of the Foundation hopethat the Carnegie Endowment will aid them in their work if it should later ap-

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76 DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION

pear that such aid is necessary. The Executive Committee on October 3, 1912,formally expressed its pleasure at the organization of the Garton Foundationand its desire to cooperate with it.

It is greatly to be desired that the National Peace Council should bestrengthened and developed. This council, as was described irrfhe last annualreport (see Year Book for 1911, p. 67) is a federated body which aims tobring about unity and coordination in the work being carried on throughoutGreat Britain in behalf of international peace and arbitration. Perhaps thebest service that could be rendered to the work of propaganda in Great Britainat the moment would be to take such action as may seem desirable to strengthenthe hands of the National Peace Council and in making it an object for thevarious separate peace organizations to cooperate with it.

During the year the Berne Bureau allotted 3,500 francs ($700) in aid ofthe national peace societies in Great Britain. This amount is evidently in-sufficient to enable those societies to improve their work, and the share of itwhich reached the International Arbitration League was not sufficient to con-tinue the annual subscription formerly made personally to this organization byMr. Carnegie, with a view to enable the League to meet the conditions imposedby the will of Sir Randal Cremer, who left to it the bulk of his estate. It wasfor this reason that the Executive Committee at the meeting held October 3,1912, took action to increase the allotment to this organization so that it wouldamount to $1,000 annually. Both from the report of the secretary of the League,F. Maddison, Esq., and from opinions expressed by the British members of theAdvisory Council in Europe, there is reason to believe that good results willfollow from this modest allotment.

Reference should also be made to the fact that the Association for Inter-national Conciliation is extending its organization into Great Britain, and thatthe late Lord Mayor of London, Sir T. Vezey Strong, has taken hold of thework of organization with characteristic energy and determination.

The only allotment made between July 1, 1911 and June 30, 1912, for the aidof the work of propaganda in Great Britain,-except those mentioned under "Aidto Periodicals," see page 66, is the allotment of 3,500 francs ($700) made by theBerne Bureau to the National Peace Council, London, for distribution to thevarious national British peace societies.

The Work of Propaganda in the United States.

The Acting Director is entirely clear in the opinion formed as a result oftwo years of study of conditions which prevail both in European countriesand in the United States, that the work of propaganda in support of the endswhich the Endowment has been established to serve, can be carried on mosteffectively and economically not through peace organizations alone, but throughorganizations having a broader scope and making a wider appeal. Those per-sons who become members of a society whose name indicates that it is de-

REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR 77

voted to peace, are already converted. In every nation in the world there arehosts of right-thinking and well-minded men and women who, while whollyunwilling to affiliate themselves with any peace society, are ready and anxiousto assist in the work of promoting better international understandings andcloser international relationships from which peace will result as a by-product.The function of the peace societies is a distinctive and very important one.They may well form a compact and effective body of workers in the cause ofinternational peace and arbitration, who constitute as it were the advance guardof the great army which it is hoped can be recruited and brought into activeservice. In the present state of public opinion throughout the world, the bestuse which the Carnegie Endowment can make of such portion of its funds ascan be devoted to the work of active propaganda, is to build up and supportorganizations which give evidence of a willingness and a capacity to promotecloser international relations, to advance the knowledge on the part of eachcivilized people of its fellows, and to multiply the ties of friendship and con-cord between the great nations of the earth. Among these organizations peacesocieties will of course be found, but it would not be judicious to entrust thewhole work of propaganda to them.

For reasons set out in the last annual report (see Year Book for 1911,p. 68), the Executive Committee selected the American Peace Society as thatone of all the existing organizations of this character in the United Stateswhich it would utilize as an agency of propaganda. At the same time theCommittee made it a condition that the work of the various peace societiesshould be unified and coordinated with a view of preventing duplication andwaste of expenditure and effort. The suggestions made to this end werepromptly and sympathetically responded to by the officials of the organizationsconcerned, and at the meeting of the Executive Committee held May 25, 1912,the Acting Director was able to present the constitution of the American PeaceSociety as revised at an annual meeting held May 10, 1912. The executive officesof the American Peace Society have been transferred from Boston to Washing-ton; new branches of the society have been organized in the States of Maine,New Hampshire, Vermont and Nebraska. Five general departments of workhave been created as follows:

New England, with administrative office at Boston.New York and New Jersey, with administrative office at New York.South Atlantic States, with administrative office at Atlanta.Central West, with administrative office at Chicago.Pacific Coast, with administrative office at Los Angeles.In association with Dr. Trueblood, the Secretary of the Society, Mr.

Arthur D. Call, formerly superintendent of schools at Hartford, Connecticut,was chosen to fill the newly created position of Executive Director. Mr. Callassumed his new duties on September 1, 1912.

The American Peace Society publishes The Advocate of Peace monthly