carnivore evolution & systematics mare 390 dr. turner
TRANSCRIPT
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Carnivore Evolution & Systematics
MARE 390Dr. Turner
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Order Carnivora
5 Families of Marine Mammals
Mustelidae – Sea otterUrsidae – Polar bearPhocidae – Seals (true seal)Otariidae – Sea lions (eared seals)Odobenidae - Walrus }
Pinnipeds
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Order CarnivoraAlternative hypotheses for relationships among carnivores
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Order CarnivoraMost debate centers around walrus
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Order CarnivoraRelationship among carnivores
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Morhpological Molecular
Enhydra lutris Lutra lutra
Family Mustelidae
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Family Ursidae
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Suborder Pinnipedia“feather-footed”
34-36 species – (25% of marine mammals)
19 Phocids
14-16 Otariids1 Odobenid }
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Do the EvolutionAdapted to an aquatic existence:
1. Large infraorbital foramen2. Shortened & robust humerus/femur3. Flattened ulna & radius, tibia & fibula4. Elongate digits (I-hand) (I&V-foot)5. Heterodont progressing toward
homodont
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Early PinnipedsPinnipedimorph -
Fore & hind flippersmodified forswimming
Spent more time on land than
extant pinnipeds
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Early PinnipedsOdobenids – evolved in the North Pacific
during early Miocene – 18 mya
Otariids – evolved in eastern North Pacific during middle Miocene – 11-12 mya
Phocids – evolved in North Pacific during late Miocene – 18 mya
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Continents in Early Miocene(20mya)
1- Early pinnipeds 4- Early pinnipeds
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Continents in Middle Miocene(12mya)
1- Early phocids, 2 – Monachines & Odobenids, 3-4 - Phocines
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Early PinnipedsMonachine seals – evolved in the North
Atlantic (Mediterranean); 1st dispersal to Caribbean, then Hawaii
Phocine seals – evolved in North Atlantic; many in arctic
Ribbon seals evolved in North Pacific, later separated by sister taxa (harp) in the North Atlantic
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Bear Pinnipedimorph Otariid Odobenid Phocid
Meet the Pinnipeds
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Otariid Odobenid Phocid
Meet the Pinnipeds
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Meet the Pinnipeds
Otariid Phocid
Odobenid
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Family Otariidae“eared seals” – external ear flaps (pinnae)
California sea lion (O) Hawaiian monk seal (P)
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Family OtariidaeTurn hindflippers forward to walk on land
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Family OtariidaeOtariids smaller than most phocids
Northern elephant seal (P)Steller’s seal lion (O)
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Family OtariidaeShallower divers than phocids
Harbor seal (P)California seal lion (O)
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Family OtariidaeDivided into 2 subfamilies:Otariinae (sea lions) & Arctocephalinae (fur seals)
Otariinae (5 genera) Eumetopias, Neophoca, Otaria, Zalophus, Phocarctos
Arctocephalinae (2 genera) Arctocephalus, Callorhinus
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Family Otariidae
Extinct Genera
Fur Seals
Sea Lions
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Subfamily Otariinae – Sea Lions - Pelage sparse
Subfamily Arctocephalinae – Fur seals - Dense pelage
Family Otariidae
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Subfamily OtariinaeEumetopias jubatus- Steller’s sea lion
Neophoca cinerea- Australian sealion
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Subfamily OtariinaeOtaris byronis - Southern sea lionOtaria flavescens – South American sea lion
Phocartos hookeri - New Zealand sea lion
Zalophus californianus - California sea lion
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Subfamily ArctocephalinaeArctocephalus australis- South American fur seal
Arctocephalus forsteri- New Zealand fur seal
Arctocephalus galapagoensis- Galapagos fur seal
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Subfamily ArctocephalinaeArctocephalus gazella- Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus philippi- Juan Fernandez fur seal
Arctocephalus pusillus- Cape-Australian fur sealtwo subspecies: Cape fur seal - A. pusillus pusillus Australian fur seal - A. pusillus doriferus
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Subfamily ArctocephalinaeArctocephalus townsendi- Guadelupe fur seal
Arctocephalus tropicalis- Subantarctic fur seal
Callorhinus ursinus- Northern fur seal
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Family Odobenidae
1 species – Odobenus rosmarus - 2 subspecies*
Odobenus r. rosmarus – N. AtlanticOdobenus r. divergens – N. Pacific(Odobenus r. laptevi – Laptev Sea)
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Odobenid Classification
Otariid Odobenid
Although tusks (elongate canines) are the most distinguishing trait – evolved from a single line
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Odobenid ClassificationArchaic walruses had enlarged canines and narrow premolars – indicative of piscivory rather than specialized mollusk diet today
- more similar to Otariids & Phocids
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Odobenid Classification
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Divided into 2 subfamilies:Monachinae (monk, elephant, Antarctic)Phocinae (remaining N. Hemisphere seals)
Monachinae (6 genera) Monachus, Mirounga, Lobodon, Ommatophoca, Hydrurga, Leptonychotes
Phocinae (6 genera) Phoca, Histriophoca, Halichoerus, Erignathus, Pagophilus, Cystophora
Family Phocidae
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Family Phocidae
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Lobodon carcinophagus- crabeater seal
Ommatophoca rossii- Ross seal
Hydrurga leptonyx- leopard seal
Leptonychotes weddellii- Weddell seal
Subfamily Monachinae
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Monachus monachus- Mediterranean monk seal
Monachus schauinslandi - Hawaiian monk seal
Monachus tropicalis- Caribbean (West Indian) monk seal
Subfamily Monachinae
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Mirounga leonina- southern elephant seal
Mirounga angustirostris- northern elephant seal
Subfamily Monachinae
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Phoca vitulina- harbor (common) seal
Phoca largha- largha (spotted) seal
Phoca hispida- ringed seal
Phoca sibirica- Baikal seal
Phoca caspica- Caspian seal
Subfamily Phocinae
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Histriophoca fasciata- ribbon seal Halichoerus grypus - grey (gray) seal Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal Pagophilus groenlandicus - harp seal
Cystophora cristata -hooded seal
Subfamily Phocinae
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The study of pinniped evolutionary relationships has identified a group of fossil pinnipeds – Desmatophocids
Where’s Walrus
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I am the EggmanDesmatophocids have recently been determined to be the common ancestors of phocids
Contradicts previous works which recognized Desmatophocids as otariid pinnipeds
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Most morphological data support a phocid & walrus alliance
Molecular data consistently supports uniting otariids & walrus
GOO GOO GOO JOOB“I haven't been this slim since High School” – Homer Simpson
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