carol tenopir university of tennessee [email protected] the role of publishing in the research...
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Carol TenopirUniversity of Tennessee
The role of publishing in the research process
1. What are the roles of scholarly publications in research?
2. What is the value of scholarly publications and how does value change with roles?
3. How have things changed?
Carol Tenopir,Carol Tenopir,Use and Users of Electronic Library Use and Users of Electronic Library Resources: An Overview and Resources: An Overview and Analysis of Recent Research Studies Analysis of Recent Research Studies www.clir.org/pub/reports/pub120/pubwww.clir.org/pub/reports/pub120/pub120.pdf120.pdf
Some Important Research Studies
• SuperJournal (late 1990s)
• HighWire eJUST
• OhioLINK
• CIBER
• Outsell reports
• Tenopir & King
Tenopir & King Data From:
• ~30,000 scientists, engineers, physicians, and social scientists
• 1977 to the present
• University and non-university settings
• Recent surveys at U.S. and Australian universities, pediatricians, astronomers
What are the roles of scholarly publications in research?
Scientists Working Photos
Data Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings Publications
Specimens Lab/Field notebook
Scientists Working Photos
Data Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings
Publications
SpecimensLab/Field notebook
• Proceedings
• Journal Articles
• Books
PhotosData Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings Publications
Specimens Lab/Field notebook
Scientists Working
Fulltext Sources Online, July 2004. Edited by Mary B. Glose. Medford, NJ: Information Today, twice yearly
400060008000
1000012000140001600018000200002200024000
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004
Growth in Full Text Sources
How Many Journals Are Online?
• Ulrich’s 55% of all (~12,000)
• John Cox survey 75% of all
• John Cox survey 83% of STM
• DOAJ ~1600 open access
150172
188216
0
50
100
150
200
250
1977 1984 1993 2000-03
Average Articles Read per University Scientist
Ave
rag
e n
um
be
r o
f art
icle
s re
ad
pe
r sc
ien
tist
Year of Studies
Reading Varies by SubjectDiscipline and Workplace
• Univ. medical• Practicing Pediatricians• Univ. Scientists• All Scientists• Soc Sci/Psych• Humanities• Engineers
• ~322 articles/year
• ~180 articles/year• ~216 articles/year• ~130 articles/year• ~191 articles/year• ~120 articles/year• ~111 articles/year
Principal Purpose of Reading Scholarly Articles by Faculty and by Pediatricians
Purposes Fac PedPrimary Research 32% 5%Current Awareness 22% 50%Teaching 18% 5%Background/other 18% 6%Writing Proposals 10% 2%Consulting/diagnosis/treatment 32%
Value may vary from use
Primary Research
32%
Current Awareness
22%
Background 18%Teaching 18%Writing 10%
#2#3
#4#5
#1
Purpose and Ranking of Importance: Faculty at a U.S. University
Current Awareness
50%
Consulting/treatingOther
32%6%
Teaching 5%Research 5%Writing proposals
2%
#2#1
#4#3
#5
#6
Purpose and Ranking of Importance: Pediatricians
Value doesn’t necessarily equal frequency
• 1/2 to 2/3 of readings are in the first year of publication, but older articles are rated as having higher value to purpose
• Ave. time spent on an article by medical faculty is low (20 minutes) and most reading is for current awareness, but the few read for research take more time and are rated much more highly
Subject Experts Want
• More sources
• More backfiles
• Sources continue to be available
• High Quality
• Speedy access
• No barriers to access
• Convenience (getting their work done)
“Convenience drives usage of e-journals…and it is a relative term among scholars.”
Stanford e-Just
Print or Electronic
80%
20%
Electronic
Print81%
19%
63%
37%
AstronomersPediatricians
Univ Scientists
32%
67%
UNSW
68.8%
20.8%
10.4%
Year of Articles
81%
17%
2%
1 year2-5 years>6 years
64%
23%
13%
21%
23.8%
55.2%
Pediatricians
Univ Scientists UNSW
Astronomers
8%3%
8%
76%
5%Browsing
Online Searching
Cited in Other Pub.
Another Person
Other
Pediatricians
21%
12%
12%
7%
48%
Univ. Scientists
39%16%
21% 21%
3%
Astronomers
MethodMethod ofof ArticleArticle DiscoveryDiscovery
20%
11%48%
11%
10%
UNSW
Browsing Searching
• Core titles• Current issues• Background• Current awareness
• New topics• Old articles• Primary research• For writing
Convenience Varies…
• Astronomers prefer desktop e-access
• Pediatricians prefer print on the run for journals, PDAs for drug info
• Researchers sometimes want links to full data, medical practitioners want summarized information
What has changed in use and value of scholarly publications?
Average Number of Personal Subscriptions to Scholarly Journals
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1977 1978-1983
1984 1985-1989
1990-1993
1994-1998
2000-2001
2002-2003
Years of Observation
Proportion of Readings of Scholarly Scientific Articles
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Personal Library-Provided Other
1977 1993-1998 2001-2003
Other Electronic articles include:
Separate
Personal
Library
Astronomers
Pediatricians
Universities
42.9 %
21.4 %
35.7 %
11% 17.2 %
71.7%
49 %36 %
15 %
Sources of Readings
Source of Articles Read at Drexel University
Faculty
11%14%
75%
PersonalSubscriptionsLibraryProvidedSeparateCopies
46%
12%
42%
Doctoral Students
Sample Size: Total = 397, Scientists = 300, Non-Scientists = 97Source: University of Tennessee (2000), Drexel University (2002), University of Pittsburgh (2003)
Source of Article
1st Year 2-5 Years Over 5 Years
Library 33.5 53.2 73.3
Personal 56.3 28.8 9.2
Separate 10.3 18.1 17.5
Total 100.1 100.1 100.0
Older Readings on Average are Judged to be More Valuable
• Increase in search• Increase in number of sources used (at
least one article from over 23 journal titles and more formats)
• Since library use has increased, do library choices drive usage patterns or vice-versa?
• How will Google Scholar influence these trends?
More changes observed in use and some related questions
Print & Electronic Serial Titles in Australian and New Zealand Academic
Libraries
Source: CAUL Statistics http://www.caul.edu.au/stats/caul2002-pub.xls
Print and Electronic Titles
Electronic Titles
Electronic
253,627
17%
1,245,424
83%
Individual Electronic Serial Titles
Titles Within a Single Publisher CollectionTitles Within aggregations
43,301
4% 78,385
6%
1,123,738
90%
All readers need to have:
• Confidence in quality of information (judged by journal title, authors, author affiliation, source, other)
• Ability to find similar materials (search and browse)
• Confidence in longevity of source
• Convenient and timely access
“Convenience trumps quality every time….
It is the job of librarians [and publishers] to make quality convenient.”
Stewart Bodner, Associate
Chief Librarian, NY Public