Carolingian Carolingian CorruptionCorruption

andandReformReform

Post-Charlemagne WorldPost-Charlemagne World greedy Roman nobles used the greedy Roman nobles used the

papacy as a political pawnpapacy as a political pawn Louis the PiousLouis the Pious (son of (son of

Charlemagne) divided the kingdom Charlemagne) divided the kingdom amongst his three sonsamongst his three sons

843 Treaty of Verdun843 Treaty of Verdun: Empire : Empire divided:divided:

1.1. CharlesCharles: western kingdom (incl. : western kingdom (incl. France)France)

2.2. LotharLothar: middle kingdom (low : middle kingdom (low countries—Holland—to northern countries—Holland—to northern Italy)Italy)

3.3. Louis the GermanLouis the German: eastern kingdom : eastern kingdom (Germany)(Germany)

Imperial EnemiesImperial Enemies: Muslims (south), : Muslims (south), Vikings (north), Magyars and Slavs Vikings (north), Magyars and Slavs (east)(east)

Corruptions in the Papacy: Corruptions in the Papacy: 817-1073817-1073

from the death of from the death of Stephen IVStephen IV to to the coronation of the coronation of Gregory VIIGregory VII

due todue to: political intrigue, jealous : political intrigue, jealous greed among the emperors, greed among the emperors, popes, roman nobility; foreign popes, roman nobility; foreign invasions (Saracens in the south)invasions (Saracens in the south)

aside from aside from Pope St. Nicholas IPope St. Nicholas I (858-867), popes were too weak (858-867), popes were too weak to resist the emperor and Roman to resist the emperor and Roman nobility, or too corrupt to even nobility, or too corrupt to even try.try.

Short papacies with occasional Short papacies with occasional murders (murders (John VIIIJohn VIII was was poisoned and then beaten to poisoned and then beaten to death in death in 882882))

Pope St. Nicholas I the

Great

Pope Stephen VI vs. Pope Pope Stephen VI vs. Pope FormosusFormosus

FeudalismFeudalism Contractual systemContractual system: between the : between the

kingking, his , his vassalsvassals (wealthy, (wealthy, landowning lords), and “landowning lords), and “serfsserfs” ” (common villagers, farmers, monks)(common villagers, farmers, monks)

Medieval European Medieval European politicspolitics, , economicseconomics, and , and social lifesocial life was was organized this way.organized this way.

In exchange for protecting the In exchange for protecting the church, some rulers demanded church, some rulers demanded control over episcopal appointments control over episcopal appointments ((investitureinvestiture with ring and crosier) with ring and crosier)

NepotismNepotism: appointing family : appointing family members to important positions of members to important positions of authorityauthority

SimonySimony: selling of ecclesiastical : selling of ecclesiastical officesoffices

Achievements of the “terrible” Achievements of the “terrible” Middle Ages (AD 500 – 1500)Middle Ages (AD 500 – 1500)

abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery liberation of womenliberation of women checks and balances on absolutismchecks and balances on absolutism artistic achievements (medieval cathedrals)artistic achievements (medieval cathedrals) invention of the book and flowering of literatureinvention of the book and flowering of literature the musical scalethe musical scale the mechanical clockthe mechanical clock System of Law based on customSystem of Law based on custom agreements (contracts) bound by oathagreements (contracts) bound by oath the King was not superior to law, but its servantthe King was not superior to law, but its servant

Reform of the Reform of the Monasteries: ClunyMonasteries: Cluny

909909: reform monastery founded in : reform monastery founded in ClunyCluny (Burgundy, France) donated (Burgundy, France) donated by William the Pious, Duke of by William the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine.Aquitaine.

St. BernoSt. Berno: the first Abbot (900-927): : the first Abbot (900-927): lived the lived the Rule of St. BenedictRule of St. Benedict according to a according to a strict observancestrict observance..

The Cluny ideal began to spread to The Cluny ideal began to spread to other monasteriesother monasteries: eventually, the : eventually, the monastic reform spread all over monastic reform spread all over France, Germany, England, and France, Germany, England, and Spain.Spain.

Pope Bl. Urban IIPope Bl. Urban II was a Cluniac was a Cluniac monk.monk.

10161016: Pope : Pope Benedict VIIIBenedict VIII granted a granted a privilegiumprivilegium to Cluny to Cluny

Cluny would eventually be destroyed Cluny would eventually be destroyed during the during the French RevolutionFrench Revolution in in 17921792. .

Lay-Investiture Lay-Investiture ControversyControversy The appointment of bishops: a divine right of The appointment of bishops: a divine right of

the Pope? or, A right of the King?the Pope? or, A right of the King? Since Since bishopsbishops and and abbotsabbots wielded wielded

considerable political influence, kings made considerable political influence, kings made sure they were the “right men for the job”sure they were the “right men for the job”

Pope St. Gregory VIIPope St. Gregory VII (former Cluniac (former Cluniac monk)monk): reigned 1073-1085; initiated the : reigned 1073-1085; initiated the great great Gregorian Reform.Gregorian Reform.

Dictatus PapaeDictatus Papae: the Pope possesses certain : the Pope possesses certain powers by divine right: (a) the power to powers by divine right: (a) the power to convene and ratify a Council; (b) define convene and ratify a Council; (b) define precepts of the Faith; (c) to appoint, transfer, precepts of the Faith; (c) to appoint, transfer, remove bishops from office; also, (d) the remove bishops from office; also, (d) the power to depose temporal rulers.power to depose temporal rulers.

Opposition to Gregorian Opposition to Gregorian ReformReform Gregorian Reform angered the Gregorian Reform angered the

Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Henry IVHenry IV and the nobility.and the nobility.

In defiance, Henry IV appointed In defiance, Henry IV appointed the bishop ofthe bishop of Milan Milan; Pope St. ; Pope St. Gregory VII deposed and Gregory VII deposed and excommunicated Henry as excommunicated Henry as Emperor and released his Emperor and released his subjects from his rule; bad for subjects from his rule; bad for Henry, since he was not very Henry, since he was not very popular.popular.

Henry went to Henry went to CanossaCanossa, Italy, to , Italy, to apologize and repent.apologize and repent.

A year later, Henry rejected A year later, Henry rejected Gregory’s authority and Gregory’s authority and appointed an appointed an anti-popeanti-pope, , Clement IIIClement III; the pope turned to ; the pope turned to the the NormansNormans for help. for help.

Gregory Gregory died in exiledied in exile in in southern Italy away from Henry’s southern Italy away from Henry’s army.army.

Henry IV (1050-1106)

Worms and Henry II of Worms and Henry II of EnglandEnglandConcordat of Worms (1122)Concordat of Worms (1122): :

spiritual investiture was for the spiritual investiture was for the church; temporal investiture was church; temporal investiture was for civil politicsfor civil politics

Emperor was given a “veto power” Emperor was given a “veto power” over bishop elections, since bishops over bishop elections, since bishops wielded political power.wielded political power.

Henry II of England (1154-1189)Henry II of England (1154-1189): : the most powerful of all Medieval the most powerful of all Medieval English monarchs; wishing to English monarchs; wishing to consolidate power, appointed his consolidate power, appointed his friend friend St. Thomas BecketSt. Thomas Becket as as Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of Canterbury (was (was his Chancellor)his Chancellor)

St. ThomasSt. Thomas: was murdered in his : was murdered in his cathedral by a band of knights in cathedral by a band of knights in 11701170. .

Guilt-ridden, Guilt-ridden, Henry IIHenry II gave up his gave up his program of control over the program of control over the Church. Church.

King Henry II (1133-1189)

Frederick I BarbarossaFrederick I Barbarossa11211121: Frederick Hohenstaufen “Rothbart” : Frederick Hohenstaufen “Rothbart”

bornborn most powerful ruler of the Holy Roman most powerful ruler of the Holy Roman

EmpireEmpire believed that God gave him believed that God gave him absolute absolute

powerpower as Emperor, even over the as Emperor, even over the churchchurch

Pope Adrian IVPope Adrian IV threatened him with threatened him with excommunication; the Italian city-states excommunication; the Italian city-states also resented Frederick’s meddling in also resented Frederick’s meddling in their affairstheir affairs

Barbarossa continued to appoint Barbarossa continued to appoint bishops in defiance of the bishops in defiance of the Concordat of Concordat of WormsWorms; even imprisoned the Papal ; even imprisoned the Papal Legate sent to stop him!Legate sent to stop him!

Barbarossa attempted to conquer Italy Barbarossa attempted to conquer Italy in five campaigns, but failed.in five campaigns, but failed.

Later reconciled with the Church before Later reconciled with the Church before departing for the departing for the ThirdThird CrusadeCrusade (1187- (1187-1192), that would end his life (d. 1190).1192), that would end his life (d. 1190).

Redbeard

Frederick II the Frederick II the ExcommunicantExcommunicant

Frederick II attempted to Frederick II attempted to crush the crush the Papal StatesPapal States after after the death of the death of PopePope Innocent Innocent IIIIII

Because of his cruelty and Because of his cruelty and agnosticism he was seen by agnosticism he was seen by many as the “many as the “AntichristAntichrist””

Even became Even became friendlyfriendly with with MuslimsMuslims!!

Invaded Italy, drove out Invaded Italy, drove out Pope Pope Gregory IXGregory IX, who , who excommunicatedexcommunicated him. him.

Frederick began to Frederick began to executeexecute clergy and desecrate churches; clergy and desecrate churches; Frederick Frederick deposeddeposed by by Pope Pope Innocent IVInnocent IV; Frederick ; Frederick repents and does penance.repents and does penance.

Pope Gregory IX (1170-1241)