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Water sensitive urban design Carpark developments/retrofits www.newwaterways.org.au Summary Carparks are necessary urban infrastructure and provide a significant opportunity for the creation of multifunctional and green urban space. Carparks and roads have a significant impact on localised warming known as the Urban Heat Island Effect. Dark coloured and dense surfaces absorb the sun’s heat resulting in increased surface and ambient temperatures. On hot days, these areas can be substantially hotter than their surrounds. Carparks also produce pollutants from car exhausts, oils and degrading bitumen. Increased tree canopy coverage, raingardens, swales, tree pits, pervious paving, infiltration systems and other water sensitive urban design (WSUD) measures reduce heat, reduce pollutant mobilisation through onsite treatment, reduce stormwater runoff volumes and velocities, and increase groundwater recharge. These WSUD measures also reduce construction and maintenance costs through reduced infrastructure costs, reduced replacement costs and extended lifespan of shaded bitumen. Design scale District Precinct (subdivision) Street Lot Treatment train Land use and planning Total water cycle outcomes through location and good design Capture, use and infiltrate rainfall Retention, detention and conveyance Flood management Appropriate discharge and reuse Protect people and buildings from flooding Reduce transmission of pollutants Prevent and reduce pollutants at their source Minimise runoff Minimise erosion Up to the 1 in 1 year ARI event Up to the 1 in 5 year ARI event Up to the 1 in 100 year ARI event Source control Runoff control Safe conveyance and discharge Design process • Establish a multi-disciplinary project team, including engineers, parking officers/rangers, landscape architects, asset management and environmental officers to clearly define and document objectives of the carpark in the project scoping and planning phase to inform future design. • Ensure the project plan includes specific outcomes for water quality and increased tree planting. This should include protection of existing trees and vegetation, where appropriate. • Develop a maintenance plan in the early stage of the project so that outcomes, roles and resourcing are optimised. Design considerations • Deliver multiple objectives whilst providing adequate space for parking and maneuvering. Consider existing flow points and locate vegetated structures (tree pits, raingardens and biofilters) at the lowest points. • Set vegetated areas below paved surfaces to accommodate incoming water. • Protect existing trees. Maximise the use of trees in carparks, directing flows through wheel stops and kerb openings for passive watering. • Select suitable vegetation to provide canopy cover during the wet season and to reduce pollutants in stormwater runoff and the air. Native species are preferred. Deciduous trees should be avoided due to their lack of canopy cover during the wet season and high leaf litter load. • Ensure enough free soil volume is provided for tree roots to increase tree growth and maximise canopy cover, e.g. root cells. • Arrange watering program to ensure plant establishment for first 2 summers. Failure to do so will result in unnecessary plant death and additional costs. • Install signage or QR codes that describe the function of WSUD measures. Suggested reading Determine the microclimatic influence of harvesting solutions and WSUD at the micro-scale: Presented as frequently asked questions. Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Coutts, A. Tapper, N. Loughnan, M. Demuzere, M. Broadbent, A. Motazedian, A. White, E. Phan, T. Thom, J. Gebert, L. Pankhina. D. (2015). Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems, Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Payne, E.G.I., Hatt, B.E., Deletic, A., Dobbie, M.F., McCarthy, D.T. and Chandrasena, G.I. (2015). Ranking projects for water-sensitive cities: a practical guide, Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Pannell D.J. (2015) WSUD maintenance guidelines: A guide for asset managers. Melbourne Water (2013). Introducing water sensitive urban design: Maintenance, New WAter Ways, Department of Water (2016) 1 The Sources, Impact and Management of Car Park Runoff Pollution: A Review , Middlesex University, UK Revitt, D., et al. (2014). Opportunities and benefits • Trees in carparks can reduce ambient temperatures by an average of 25-30C through evapotranspiration and provision of shade. This improves thermal comfort of people; reduces temperatures in parked cars; and extends bitumen life by several years. • High levels of pollutants are emitted by cars in carparks 1 , including total suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants. Stormwater management systems such as tree pits, vegetated swales and pervious paving treat pollutants at source. This reduces the mobilisation of pollutants to receiving waters. • Vegetation improves carpark aesthetics and amenity, and can reflect and enhance local natural landscapes. • Vegetation, especially trees that provide canopy cover during the wet season, and infiltration systems within car parks will reduce stormwater runoff volumes and velocities. This reduces the quantity of stormwater to manage within the local (road) drainage network. • Kerb openings and wheel stops can be used to allow runoff from small rainfall events to enter vegetated areas. Runoff from minor to major rainfall events can then bypass the kerb openings, reducing erosion and movement of mulch. • Pervious paving increases infiltration and disconnects impervious catchments. This also reduces runoff volumes and increases groundwater recharge and pollutant removal. • Stormwater runoff that is directed to living walls installed on adjacent buildings increases evapotranspiration and cooling. Urban Heat Surface temperatures on a 42 degree day Bitumen in full sun 65.8 degrees Bitumen under tree canopy (two meters away from full sun) 38.5 degrees Playground rubber softfall 97.2 degrees

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Page 1: Carpark developmentsretrots · Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Pannell D.J. (2015) WSUD maintenance guidelines: A guide for asset managers

Water sensitive urban design

Carpark developmentsretrofits

wwwnewwaterwaysorgau

SummaryCarparks are necessary urban infrastructure and provide a significant opportunity for the creation of multifunctional and green urban space Carparks and roads have a significant impact on localised warming known as the Urban Heat Island Effect Dark coloured and dense surfaces absorb the sunrsquos heat resulting in increased surface and ambient temperatures On hot days these areas can be substantially hotter than their surrounds Carparks also produce pollutants from car exhausts oils and degrading bitumen Increased tree canopy coverage raingardens swales tree pits pervious paving infiltration systems and other water sensitive urban design (WSUD) measures reduce heat reduce pollutant mobilisation through onsite treatment reduce stormwater runoff volumes and velocities and increase groundwater recharge These WSUD measures also reduce construction and maintenance costs through reduced infrastructure costs reduced replacement costs and extended lifespan of shaded bitumen

Design scale

DistrictPrecinct

(subdivision)Street Lot

Treatment train

Land useand planning

Total watercycle outcomes

through location and good design

Capture use and inltrate

rainfall

Retentiondetention and conveyance

Flood management

Appropriate discharge and

reuse

Protect people and buildings from ooding

Reduce transmission of

pollutants

Prevent and reduce

pollutants at their source

Minimise runoff Minimise erosion

Up to the 1 in 1 year ARI event

Up to the 1 in 5 year ARI event

Up to the 1 in 100 year ARI event

Source control Runoff controlSafe

conveyance and discharge

Design processbull Establishamulti-disciplinaryprojectteamincluding

engineersparkingofficersrangerslandscapearchitectsassetmanagementandenvironmentalofficerstoclearlydefineanddocumentobjectivesofthecarparkintheprojectscopingandplanningphasetoinformfuturedesign

bull EnsuretheprojectplanincludesspecificoutcomesforwaterqualityandincreasedtreeplantingThisshouldincludeprotectionofexistingtreesandvegetationwhereappropriate

bull Developamaintenanceplanintheearlystageoftheprojectsothatoutcomesrolesandresourcingareoptimised

Design considerationsbull Delivermultipleobjectiveswhilstprovidingadequate

spaceforparkingandmaneuveringConsiderexistingflowpointsandlocatevegetatedstructures(treepitsraingardensandbiofilters)atthelowestpoints

bull Setvegetatedareasbelowpavedsurfacestoaccommodateincomingwater

bull ProtectexistingtreesMaximisetheuseoftreesincarparksdirectingflowsthroughwheelstopsandkerbopeningsforpassivewatering

bull SelectsuitablevegetationtoprovidecanopycoverduringthewetseasonandtoreducepollutantsinstormwaterrunoffandtheairNativespeciesarepreferredDeciduoustreesshouldbeavoidedduetotheirlackofcanopycoverduringthewetseasonandhighleaflitterload

bull Ensureenoughfreesoilvolumeisprovidedfortreerootstoincreasetreegrowthandmaximisecanopycoveregrootcells

bull Arrangewateringprogramtoensureplantestablishmentforfirst2summersFailuretodosowillresultinunnecessaryplantdeathandadditionalcosts

bull InstallsignageorQRcodesthatdescribethefunctionofWSUDmeasures

Suggested readingDetermine the microclimatic influence of harvesting solutions and WSUD at the micro-scale Presented as frequently asked questions MelbourneAustraliaCooperativeResearchCentreforWaterSensitiveCitiesCouttsATapperNLoughnanMDemuzereMBroadbentAMotazedianAWhiteEPhanTThomJGebertLPankhinaD(2015)Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration SystemsMelbourneAustraliaCooperativeResearchCentreforWaterSensitiveCitiesPayneEGIHattBEDeleticADobbieMFMcCarthyDTandChandrasenaGI(2015)Ranking projects for water-sensitive cities a practical guideMelbourneAustraliaCooperativeResearchCentreforWaterSensitiveCitiesPannellDJ(2015)WSUD maintenance guidelines A guide for asset managersMelbourneWater(2013)Introducing water sensitive urban design MaintenanceNewWAterWaysDepartmentofWater(2016)1The Sources Impact and Management of Car Park Runoff Pollution A ReviewMiddlesexUniversityUKRevittDetal(2014)

Opportunities and benefitsbull Treesincarparkscanreduceambient

temperaturesbyanaverageof25-30CthroughevapotranspirationandprovisionofshadeThisimprovesthermalcomfortofpeoplereducestemperaturesinparkedcarsandextendsbitumenlifebyseveralyears

bull Highlevelsofpollutantsareemittedbycarsincarparks1includingtotalsuspendedsolidshydrocarbonsheavymetalsandotherpollutantsStormwatermanagementsystemssuchastreepitsvegetatedswalesandperviouspavingtreatpollutantsatsourceThisreducesthemobilisationofpollutantstoreceivingwaters

bull Vegetationimprovescarparkaestheticsandamenityandcanreflectandenhancelocalnaturallandscapes

bull VegetationespeciallytreesthatprovidecanopycoverduringthewetseasonandinfiltrationsystemswithincarparkswillreducestormwaterrunoffvolumesandvelocitiesThisreducesthequantityofstormwatertomanagewithinthelocal(road)drainagenetwork

bull KerbopeningsandwheelstopscanbeusedtoallowrunofffromsmallrainfalleventstoentervegetatedareasRunofffromminortomajorrainfalleventscanthenbypassthekerbopeningsreducingerosionandmovementofmulch

bull PerviouspavingincreasesinfiltrationanddisconnectsimperviouscatchmentsThisalsoreducesrunoffvolumesandincreasesgroundwaterrechargeandpollutantremoval

bull Stormwaterrunoffthatisdirectedtolivingwallsinstalledonadjacentbuildingsincreasesevapotranspirationandcooling

Urban Heat - Surface temperatures on a 42 degree day

Bitumen in full sun658 C

Bitumen under tree canopy (two metres away

from full sun)385 C

Playground rubber softfall972 C

Urban Heat Surface temperatures on a 42 degree day

Bitumeninfullsun658degrees

Bitumenundertreecanopy(twometersawayfromfullsun)

385degrees

Playgroundrubbersoftfall972degrees

Water sensitive urban design

Carpark developmentsretrofits

wwwnewwaterwaysorgau

Kerb openingsaround tree pits

PerviouspavingWheel stops

Kerbless biofilter

Kerb openings

Biofilter

Tree pitRoot cell

KerbswithrunoffgapsallowwatertoenterthetreepitConsiderroadgradesandlocatestructuresinsagstomaximiseinfiltration

Wheelstopscombinedwithkerblessswalesandkerbopeningsmaximisestormwaterentryintovegetatedareasandreducetheneedforsoakwells

Onetreecanreduceairtemperaturesbyupto12degreesunderthecanopywithanimprovementinthermalcomfortofupto7degreesTreeshadecanreducesurfacetemperaturesby25-30degreesLargetreescanalsocaptureamajorityofrainfallwithinthecanopywhichalleviateslocalflooding

Kerbopeningsdirectwaterintovegetatedassetsandprovidesufficientbarriersforcars

Stormwaterrunoffdirectedtolivingwallsinstalledonadjacentbuildings

Trafficableinfiltrationcellsprovideroomfortreerootgrowthandstoragevolumesforstormwatermanagement

Page 2: Carpark developmentsretrots · Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Pannell D.J. (2015) WSUD maintenance guidelines: A guide for asset managers

Water sensitive urban design

Carpark developmentsretrofits

wwwnewwaterwaysorgau

Kerb openingsaround tree pits

PerviouspavingWheel stops

Kerbless biofilter

Kerb openings

Biofilter

Tree pitRoot cell

KerbswithrunoffgapsallowwatertoenterthetreepitConsiderroadgradesandlocatestructuresinsagstomaximiseinfiltration

Wheelstopscombinedwithkerblessswalesandkerbopeningsmaximisestormwaterentryintovegetatedareasandreducetheneedforsoakwells

Onetreecanreduceairtemperaturesbyupto12degreesunderthecanopywithanimprovementinthermalcomfortofupto7degreesTreeshadecanreducesurfacetemperaturesby25-30degreesLargetreescanalsocaptureamajorityofrainfallwithinthecanopywhichalleviateslocalflooding

Kerbopeningsdirectwaterintovegetatedassetsandprovidesufficientbarriersforcars

Stormwaterrunoffdirectedtolivingwallsinstalledonadjacentbuildings

Trafficableinfiltrationcellsprovideroomfortreerootgrowthandstoragevolumesforstormwatermanagement


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