carrara, march 2011 introduction to small water turbine
TRANSCRIPT
Carrara, March 2011
Introduction to Small Water Turbine
A simple exampleA small water fall has Q = 2800l/min and a potential ΔH of 7m,
Then the potential energy could be :
From the above data we can also calculate the final water Speed = to 11.7 m/s and the minum area of the pipe 0,039 m2 (it is only a 22cm diameter pipe !)
Δ E = 2800 /1000 /60 *9,8 * 7 = 3,2 Kwh
How can I collect the water energy ?Water mill, water wheel
Low Power, not reliable old technology, poor efficiency ( <60%) , limited application
How can I collect the water energy ?
High and medium power, high-end technology, high efficiency, unlimited application
Water Turbine
Water Turbine
Generally we can divide the WT in 3 main groups
KAPLAN
PELTONFRANCIS
PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN
Topology Direct Action CentripetalReaction
Axial Reaction
Flow Rate (m3/s) < 10 Up to 100 < 100
Geodedic H (m) 50<H<1000 10<H< 300 5<H< 50
Power (Kw) Up to 10000 200 - 10000 Up to 10000
Field of use for the different WT
Water Turbine
Classification : turbine Pelton, Francis, Kaplan
•The Francis and Kaplan turbines have a structure which varies according to ns
•By increasing ns the centripetal structure of the machine decreases •Moving from high flow rates Q and low falls H the structure of the machines becomes axial •Francis turbines cover a large range of use
Classification : Pelton turbines
The Pelton turbines :• Cover the low ns values
• It is a pure action turbine• It is suitable for high falls H and low flow rates Q
Classification : Francis turbine
The Francis turbine :•Covers medium values of ns
•It is a turbine with medium reaction degrees•It is suitable for medium fall H and medium flow rates Q
Classification : Kaplan turbine (with propeller)
The Kaplan turbine :• Covers the range of high ns values
• it is a turbine with high medium reaction degree • It is suitable for low falls H and high flow rates Q
Francis Turbine
•These turbines are widely used for drops up to around 500 m•The reaction degree and its axial-radial production varies with ns
Spiral
Impeller
Adjustable vanes
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine: Impeller
It is a centripetal impellerThe number of blades varies from 8 to 20 By increasing the number of rotation it can be observed :•A reduction of the number blades•A reduction of radial value •Increase in the distance between the stator and the rotor
Kaplan Turbine
The reaction degree is rather high (R ~0.7)
The number of blades is between 3 to 7
The blades are generally adjustable
The blades of the impeller can be equipped for the regulation of the fitment (variable step, Kaplan)
Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan impeller with variable pitch vanes
Bulb Turbine
These are very frequent for drops under 10 mThe alternator is housed in a «bulb» completely immersed in waterIn such a machine the pipe diffuser is of main importance
Bulb Turbines are a subset of the Kaplan Turbines
The impeller is «in line» submersed
MAS SERIES
MAS SERIES
Delivers energy under ANY CONDITION without compromise
Works with any kind of water :
• industrial recycled water (cooling or process pipes)• waste water (depurators)• saline water (dissalator)• sands water (cleaning process, oil process)
Works in any water condition :• turbulence • From 10% to 150% of the nominal water flow• pressure variation (up to 10 bar)
MAS SERIES
So that they are suitable for :
•Rivers, torrents•Drain / Irrigation Channels•Collectors •Sea wave or Intermittent Flows •Water Tank Distribution
Working with a MINIMUM HEIGHT of 3m with any flow rate
MAS SERIES
Environmental friendly
• No lubrication or polluted material is used inside the machine
• Minimum of civil work to install any size of water turbine
• Absolutely silent operation
MAS SERIES
Are SUBMERSIBLE (IP 68) Made with materials resistant to abrasion and corrosion
• Easy to install, easy to remove• Easy to commissioning • They can be connected «in line» in any piping application• They can be use to reduce the pressure for any the city water
tank without problem of pollution.
MAS SERIES
Free of Maintenance
• Impeller and Feeder are resistant to corrosion and abrasion• There are no ball bearings• Generators and other electrical parts are waterproof and high
pressure sealed• MTBF > 100.000h (with clear water at rated power)
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
Efficency Vs Flow
l/min
l/min
MAS SERIES
High efficiency at all the flow rates
• > 30% of power at only 10% of flow
MAS SERIES
LARGE RANGE OF POWER AND COMBINATION
Power - and physical - Size From 1kW to 250 kW Unlimited Combination – Series/Parallel Booster
10 x (MAS-3) = 30 Kw
MAS SERIES
Example of Boost Application
MAS SERIES
Electric and Electronics Components
• PMM or Asynchronous Generators • Inverter Grid tied connection at low tension
with the most of the approvals: EN58432, VDE0126, DK5940
• Possibility to reverse the flux (pump mode) when cleaning the pipe is necessary
• Energy and other major data monitoring• Remote data and alarms transmission
MAS SERIES
Robust Design:
• Working Temperature : - 20 + 55°C • Max Pressure 10 bar • Works from Vertical to Horizontal Position• H max = 100 m• H min = 3 m• Flow Max = 8m3/s
MAS SERIES
Application Example: Depurator
Starting Point
Insertion point of the turbine
MAS SERIES Application Example: Carrione torrent
MAS SERIES