carswell - gbv · table of contents list of contributors iii foreword xiii table of cases xli part...

BULLEN & LEAKE & JACOB'S

CANADIAN PRECEDENTSOF

PLEADINGS

CARSWELL®

Table of Contents

List of Contributors iii

Foreword xiii

Table of Cases xli

Part A. Class Actions

Class Actions — John A. Campion and Sarah J. Armstrong

Part I Commentary 4

1. Introduction 4

2. What Is a Class Proceeding? 4

3. History of Class Proceedings in Canada 4

4. Class Actions Procedure 5

(a) Commencing an action, pre-certification motions and certification 5

(i) Does the pleading disclose a cause of action? 7

(ii) Is there an identifiable class? 9

(iii) Does the claim raise common issues? 10

(iv) Is a class proceeding the preferable procedure? 11

(A) Access to justice 12

(B) Judicial economy 12

(C) Behaviour modification 13

(v) Will the proposed representative plaintiff adequately represent the class13

(vi) Has the representative plaintiff put forward an adequate litigation plan?14

(b) Notice of class certification 15

(c) Appeals, defence, discovery and decertification 15

(d) Common issues trial(s) and adjudication or assessment of individual claims16

(e) Costs 17

(0 Settlement 19

(g) National class actions 21

(h) Conclusion 23

Part II Precedents 23

Precedent 1: Notice of Intent to Defend 23

Precedent 2: Affidavit of Corporate Officer in Opposition to Certification 24

Precedent 3: Affidavit of Expert Witness in Opposition to Certification 27

CANADIAN PRECEDENTS OF PLEADINGS

Part B. Construction LawConstruction Claims — Duncan Glaholt

Part I Commentary 32

1. Introduction 32

2. Parties and Forms of Contract 33

(a) Parties 33

(b) Forms of contract 33

3. Bidding and Tendering 34

(a) Basis of claim 34

(b) Remedies 34

4. Request for Proposals 34

5. Delay Claims 35

Special considerations 35

6. Extra Work, Changed Work, Defective Work 35

(a) Concepts 35

(b) Defective work 35

7. Payment 35

(a) Concepts 35

(b) Payment 36

8. Claims in Tort 36

Concepts 36

9. Risk Management Cases 36

Concepts 36

10. Surety Bonds 37

11. Insurance 37

12. Liens 37

Concepts 37

13. Trusts 38

Concepts 38


Precedent 1: Statement of Claim — General Contractor against Owner and Archi-tect — Breach of Contract and Tort 39

Precedent 2: Statement of Claim — Contractor against Owner and Archi-tect/Engineer — Subsurface Conditions 42

Precedent 3: Statement of Claim — Contractor against Owner — Delay 46

Precedent 4: Statement of Claim — Owner against Architect/Engineer — Breach ofContract and Negligence 48

Precedent 5: Statement of Claim — Owner against Contractor and Engineer — Breachof Contract and Tort 54

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Precedent 6: Statement of Claim — Subcontractor against General Contractor —Breach of Contract (Delay) and Tort 60

Precedent 7: Defence and Counterclaim (Engineer Defending against Owner) . . . 63

Precedent 8: Construction Lien — Defence and Counterclaim of Owner 72

Precedent 9: Lien — Statement of Claim Subcontractor against Owner and General78

Precedent 10: Lien — Statement of Claim General Contractor against Owner . . . 79

Precedent I I : Third Party Claim — Contractor against Subcontractor and Architect82

Precedent 12: Construction Lien — Breach of Trust — Statement of Claim by Supplier84

Precedent 13: Breach of Trust — Statement of Defence (General Contractor Defendingagainst Subcontractor) 88

Part C. DefamationDefamation — Howard Winkler


1. Introduction 94

2. Glossary 95

3. Limitation Periods 96

4. Notice of Libel 97

5. Statement of Claim 98

6. Jury Notice 99

7. Notice of Motion for Interim Injunction 99

8. Notice of Motion for Disclosure of True Identity of Defendant 99

9. Apologies and Retractions 99

10. Statements of Defence — General 100

11. Preliminary Motions by a Defendant 102

(a) Motion for a determination of a point of law — whether the words complainedof are capable of a defamatory meaning 102

(b) Motion for security for costs 102

12. Motion for Summary Judgment 102

13. Reply 102


Precedent 1: Notice of Libel — Publication 103

Precedent 2: Notice of Libel — Broadcasts 104

Precedent 3: Apology — Newspapers 105

Precedent 4: Retraction 105

Precedent 5: Statement of Claim — Media Defendants 105

Precedent 6: Statement of Claim — Non-Media Defendant 108

Precedent 7: Statement of Claim — Slander 109

Precedent 8: Jury Notice I l l


Precedent 9: Notice of Motion for Interim Injunction I l l

Precedent 10: Notice of Motion for Disclosure of the Identity of Defendant . . . 113

Precedent 11: Statement of Defence — Media 114

Precedent 12: Statement of Defence — Non-Media 117

Precedent 13: Reply 119

Part D. Employment Law

Wrongful Dismissal — Stuart Rudner and Erik Marshall

Introduction 125

Part I Statement of Claim for Wrongful Dismissal 126

1. Liability 126

(a) Where no just cause alleged 126

(i) Constructive dismissal 132

(ii) Successor employers 134

(iii) Failure to provide notice in accordance with a termination agreement134

(b) Where just cause alleged 135

2. Damages 138

(a) Notice of termination 138

(i) Common law notice period 138

(A) Inducement 140

(B) Period of non-competition or non-solicitation 141

(ii) Statutory notice period 141

(iii) Contractual notice period 142

(b) Entitlements during the notice period 142

(i) Salary, salary increases and overtime 142

(ii) Commissions 143

(iii) Bonuses 144

(iv) Vacation and vacation pay 144

(v) Medical/dental benefits — disability 145

(vi) Fringe benefits 145

(vii) Retirement/pension benefits 146

(viii) Employment Insurance and Canada Pension Plan contributions . . . .147

(c) Mitigation expenses 147

(d) "The Damages Formerly Known As Wallace" —damages for bad faith in thecourse of dismissal — moral damages 148

(e) Aggravated damages — damages for mental distress 149

(f) Punitive and Exemplary Damages 151

Part II Statement of Defence for Wrongful Dismissal 152

1. Where No Just Cause Alleged 152

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(a) Notice entitlement limited to statutory minimums 155

(b) Constructive dismissal 155

(c) Resignation/job abandonment 156

(d) Frustration — illness 158

(e) Independent contractor 159

(0 Fixed-term contract 161

(g) Successor employers 162

2. Where Just Cause Alleged 163

(a) General 163

(b) Poor performance — incompetence 165

(c) Absenteeism — lateness 166

(d) Impairment — intoxication 168

(e) Insubordination 169

(f) Dishonesty 171

(g) Sexual harassment 173

(h) Breach of fiduciary duty 175

3. Damages 176

(a) Notice of termination 176

(i) Inducement 176

(ii) Period of non-competition or non-solicitation 177

(b) Entitlements during the notice period 177

(i) Salary, salary increases, bonuses and overtime 177

(ii) Commissions 178

(iii) Vacation and vacation pay 179

(iv) Medical/dental/insurance benefits 179

(v) Fringe benefits 179

(vi) Retirement/pension benefits 180

(vii) Employment Insurance and Canada Pension Plan contributions . . . .180

(c) Deductions: income earned — benefits received during notice period180

(d) Failure to mitigate damages 181

(e) Mitigation expenses 182

(0 "The Damages Formerly Known As Wallace" — damages for bad faith in the

course of dismissal — moral damages 183

(g) Aggravated damages — damages for mental distress 183

(h) Punitive and exemplary damages 184

Part III Reply to Statement of Defence for Wrongful Dismissal 184

I. General — Confirmation of Dismissal and Obligation to Provide Pay in Lieu ofNotice 184

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2. Responses to Specific Allegations in Statement of Defence 186

(a) Just cause 186

(b) Resignation/job abandonment 187

(c) Frustration — illness 187

(d) Independent contractor 188

(e) Fixed-term contract 189

Part E. Equitable Remedies

Equitable Remedies — Harvin D. Pitch, Marvin J. Huberman and Mark Gannage

Introduction 194

Part I Injunction 196

Precedent 1. Breach of Dealership Agreement (also Declaration, Specific Performance)197

Precedent 2. Trespass 199

Precedent 3. Preventing Lawyer from Acting 200

Part II Specific Performance 202

Precedent I. Employment Contract 204

Precedent 2. Agreement of Purchase and Sale (also Declaration) 205

Precedent 3. License Agreement (also Declaration, Injunction) 206

Precedent 4. Shareholder Agreement (also Declaration, Constructive Trust, Account,Disgorgement) 209

Part III Rectification 211

Precedent 1. Lease (also Declaration, Specific Performance) 212

Precedent 2. Agreement of Entitlement to Pension Benefit (Mutual Mistake) (also Dec-laration, Account) 214

Precedent 3. Asset Purchase Agreement (Unilateral Mistake) 216

Part IV Rescission 218

Precedent 1. Contract of Sale of Goods (Mutual Mistake) 219

Precedent 2. Medical Software Agreement 220

Precedent 3. Agreement of Purchase and Sale of Real Property 221

Part V Account of Profits 223

Precedent 1. Wrongful Dismissal 224

Precedent 2. Breach of Covenant against Competition (also Injunction) 225

Precedent 3. Lawyer's Trust Funds 227

Part VI Appointment of Receiver 229

Precedent 1. Winding up Company's Affairs and Distributing its Property . . . . 231

Precedent 2. Breach of Indemnity Agreement 232

Precedent 3. Appointment of Receiver and Manager over Motion Pictures . . . . 234

Part VII Declaration 236

Precedent 1. No Right, Title or Interest in Real Property 237

Precedent 2. Unjust Enrichment from Wrongful Conduct (also Account) 239

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Precedent 3. Account as Constructive Trustees; Contract Void (also Account, Rescis-sion, Injunction, Appointment of Receiver) 241

Selected Bibliography 245

Part F. Intellectual Property

Copyright — Ron Dimock, Jenna Wilson, Sangeetha Punniyamoorthy and Etienne DeVilliers


Copyright Litigation in Canada 255

1. Copyright and Moral Right Infringement 257

(a) Statement of claim 257

(i) Prayer for relief 257

(ii) Parties 259

(iii) Plaintiffs copyright and standing to sue for relief 259

(iv) Plaintiffs moral rights 262

(v) Relief sought and quantum 262

(vi) Miscellaneous 263

(b) Statement of defence 263(i) Admissions, denials and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegationsmade in Statement of Claim 263

(ii) Parties 263

(iii) Defendant's business and activities 263

(iv) Defences 263

(A) Denial of subsistence/validity of copyright 263

(B) Denial of copyright ownership 264

(v) No copyright infringement 264

(A) Defence of consent 264

(B) Defence of fair dealing 265

(vi) Unenforceability of moral rights 265

(vii) Disentitlement to relief claimed 265

(viii) Limitation period 265

(ix) Miscellaneous 265

(c) Counterclaim 266

(i) Prayer for relief 266

(ii) Parties 266

(iii) Plaintiff by counterclaim's business and activities 266

(v) Invalidity of copyright 266

(vi) Miscellaneous 266

(d) Reply 266

(i) Acceptance of admissions, admissions, denials and/or no knowledge ofallegations made in statement of defence 266


(ii) Reply and miscellaneous 266

(e) Reply and defence to counterclaim 267

(i) Acceptance of admissions, admissions, denials and/or no knowledge ofallegations made in statement of defence/counterclaim 267

(ii) Reply 267

(iii) Defence to counterclaim 267

(iv) Miscellaneous 267

(f) Reply to defence to counterclaim 267

(i) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegationsmade in the defence to counterclaim 267

1.6.2 Reply and Miscellaneous 267

2. Application for Copyright and Moral Right Infringement 267

(a) Notice of application 267


1. Copyright and Moral Right Infringement 268

1.1 Statement of claim 268

1.1.1 Prayer for Relief 268

1.1.1.1 Declaration of Copyright and Moral Rights in Work . . . 268

1.1.1.2 Declaration of Copyright in Other Subject Matter 268

1.1.1.3 Declaration of Infringement of Copyright in Work and OtherSubject Matter 268

1.1.1.4 Declaration of Infringement of Moral Right 269

1.1.1.5 Remedies 269

1.1.1.5.1 Injunction 269

1.1.1.5.2 Delivery Up / Destruction 271

1.1.1.5.3 Damages and Accounting of Profits 271

1.1.1.5.4 Recovery of all Infringing Copies 271

1.1.1.5.5 Punitive / Exemplary 271

1.1.1.5.6 Interest 272

1.1.1.5.7 Costs 272

1.1.1.5.8 Other Relief 272

1.1.2 Parties 272

1.1.3 Plaintiffs Copyright 273

1.1.3.1 Details of Copyright/Registration 273

1.1.3.2 Authorship 273

1.1.3.3 Originality 274

1.1.3.4 Citizenship and Residency 275

1.1.3.5 Duration of Copyright 275

1.1.3.6 Assignment / License of Rights from Individual(s) / Em-ployee^) / Independent Contractors) to the Plaintiff 275

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1.1.3.7 Partial Assignment / License of Rights from the Plaintiff toDefendant 276

1.1.3.8 No Waiver of Moral Rights 276

1.1.3.9 Persons Entitled to Commence Copyright Proceedings276

1.1.3.10 Defendant's Infringing Acts — Primary Infringement276

1.1.3.10.1 Defendant's Infringing Acts with respect to the Plain-tiffs Copyrighted Work and Other Subject Matter 277

1.1.3.10.2 Defendant's Infringing Acts with respect to the Plain-tiffs Performance 277

1.1.3.10.3 Defendant's Infringing Acts with respect to the Plain-tiffs Sound Recording 277

1.1.3.10.4 Defendant's Infringing Acts with respect to the Plain-tiffs Communication Signal 277

1.1.3.11 Defendant's Infringing Acts — Secondary Infringement . . .277

1.1.4 Plaintiffs Moral Rights 278


1.1.4.2 Citizenship and Residency of Author 278


1.1.4.4 Ownership of Moral Rights 278

1.1.4.5 Defendant's Infringing Acts with respect to the PlaintiffsMoral Rights 279

1.1.4.5.1 Right of Integrity of the Work 279

1.1.4.5.2 Right to be Identified with the Work 279

1.1.4.6 Infringement of Moral Rights 279

1.1.4.7 Extent Unknown 279

1.1.5 Remedies 280

1.1.5.2 Registered Copyright 280

1.1.5.3 Injunction 280

1.1.5.3.1 Defendant was Aware of the Plaintiffs Copyright. . .280

1.1.5.3.2 Wide Injunction 281

1.1.5.4 Damages and Accounting of Profits 281

1.1.5.5 Statutory Damages 281

1.1.5.6 Delivery Up / Destruction 283

1.1.5.7 Recovery of all infringing copies 283

1.1.5.8 Punitive / Exemplary 283

1.1.5.9 Punitive / Exemplary Available even if Plaintiff Elects Statu-tory Damages 283

1.1.6 Miscellaneous 284


.2 Statement of Defence 284

1.2.1 Admissions, Denials and/or No Knowledge of Allegations Made inStatement of Claim 284

1.2.2 Parties 284

1.2.3 Defences 284

1.2.3.1 Denial of Subsistence of Copyright 284

1.2.3.2 Denial of Copyright Ownership 285

1.2.3.3 Denial of Ownership of Copyright 286

1.2.3.4 Plaintiff not Entitled to Commence Copyright Proceedings288

1.2.3.5 Plaintiff is not the Exclusive Licensee 288

1.2.3.6 Plaintiff is not the Assignee 288

1.2.4 No Copyright Infringement 288

1.2.4.1 Defendant is Owner of Copyright in Collective Work / Compi-lation of Works 288

1.2.4.2 Defence of Assignment / License Generally 289

1.2.4.3 Defence of Consent 289

1.2.4.4 No Cease and Desist Letter was sent 289

1.2.5 The Defendant was not Aware that its Activities were an Infringementthe Plaintiffs Rights 289

1.2.5.1 Defence of Fair Dealing 289

1.2.6 No Moral Right Infringement 291

1.2.6.1 No Moral Rights Exist 291

1.2.6.2 Plaintiff does not have Moral Rights 291

1.2.6.3 Plaintiff waived his/her Moral Rights 292

1.2.7 Defendant did not Infringe Plaintiffs Moral Rights 292

1.2.7.1.1.1 Right of Integrity of the Work 292

1.2.7.1.1.2 Acts or Omissions Contrary to Moral Rightswere Consented to by the Plaintiff 292

1.2.8 Denial of Infringement Conclusion 292

1.2.9 Plaintiff is Not Entitled to Any Remedies 292

1.2.9.1 Claims are Time Barred 292

1.2.9.2 Claims Barred by the Doctrines of Estoppels, Waiver, Acquies-cence and Laches 293

1.2.9.3 Plaintiff is not Entitled to an Injunction 293

1.2.9.4 Plaintiff is Only Entitled to an Injunction because the Defen-dant was not Aware of Copyright 293

1.2.9.5 Copyright was not Registered at the Material Time . . . . 294

1.2.9.6 Plaintiff is not Entitled to Damages and Accounting of Profits294

1.2.9.7 Plaintiff is not Entitled to Statutory Damages 294

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.2.9.8 Plaintiff is only Entitled to Nominal Statutory Damages. . . .295


1.3 Counterclaim 296

1.3.1.1 Declaration of Invalidity of Copyright Registration . . . . 296


1.3.1.2.1 Costs 296


1.3.1.2.3 Plaintiffs Copyright Registration(s) are Invalid

296


1.4 Reply 2971.4.1 Acceptance of Admissions, Admissions, Denials and/or No Knowl-edge of 297

1.4.2 Copyright 297

1.4.2.1 Authors of the Work and Other Subject Matter Were ThoseWho Contributed Skill and Judgment in the Authorship of said Workand Other Subject Matter 297

1.4.2.2 Plaintiff Obtained a Valid Assignment / License 298

1.4.2.3 Fair Dealing Does Not Apply 298

1.4.2.4 No Assignment / License / Consent / Authorization Given tothe Defendant 298

1.4.2.5 Defendant Did Not Obtain Copyright Clearances 298

1.4.3 Moral Rights 298

1.4.4 Plaintiff is Entitled to Equitable Remedies 298

1.4.4.1 Clean Hands 298

1.4.4.2 Defendant was Aware of the Plaintiffs of Copyright... 2991.4.4.3 Continuing Infringement Requires Restraint by the Court . . .

299

1.4.4.4 Limitation Period has not Expired 299

1.5 Defence to Counterclaim 299

1.5.1 Acceptance of Admissions, Admissions, Denials and/or No Knowl-edge of 299


1.6 Reply to Defence to Counterclaim 300

1.6.1 Acceptance of Admissions. Admissions. Denials and/or No Knowl-edge of 300

1.6.2 Reply and Miscellaneous 300

2. Application for Copyright and Moral Right Infringement 300

2.1 Notice of Application 300

2.1.1 Prayer for Relief 300


2.1.1.1 Declaration of Copyright in Other Subject Matter 300

2.1.1.2 Declaration of Infringement of Copyright in Work and OtherSubject Matter 300

2.1.1.3 Declaration of Infringement of Moral Right 301


2.1.1.4.1 Injunction 301

2.1.1.4.1.1.5 Secondary Infringement 303

2.1.1.4.2 Delivery Up / Destruction 303

2.1.1.4.3 Damages and Accounting of Profits 303

2.1.1.4.4 Recovery of all Infringing Copies 303

2.1.1.4.5 Punitive / Exemplary 303

2.1.1.4.6 Interest 304

2.1.1.4.7 Costs 304


2.1.2 Parties 304

2.1.3 Applicant's Copyright 305

2.1.3.1 Details of Appropriate Subject-matter forCopyright/Registration 305


2.1.3.2.1 Presumption of Author(s) as the First Owner . . . 305

2.1.3.2.2 Collective Work 305

2.1.3.2.3 Compilation of Works 305

2.1.3.2.4 Collective Work / Compilation of Works 306

2.1.3.2.5 Employee(s) of the Applicant 306

2.1.3.2.6 Independent Contractor(s) retained by the Applicant306

2.1.3.3 Originality 306

2.1.3.4 Citizenship and Residency 307


2.1.3.6 Assignment / License of Rights from Individual(s) / Em-ployee(s) / Independent Contractor(s) to the Applicant 307

2.1.3.7 Partial Assignment / License of Rights from the Applicant toRespondent 308

2.1.3.7.1 Type of Assignment / Grant 308

2.1.3.8 No Waiver of Moral Rights 308

2.1.3.9 Persons Entitled to Commence Copyright Proceedings308

2.1.3.9.1 Assignee is Entitled to Commence CopyrightProceedings 308

2.1.3.9.2 Exclusive Licensee is Entitled to Commence CopyrightProceedings 308

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1.3.10 Respondent's Infringing Acts — Primary Infringement . . . .308

2.1.3.10.1 Respondent's Infringing Acts with respect to the Ap-plicant's Copyrighted Work and Other Subject Matter . . . 309

2.1.3.10.2 Respondent's Infringing Acts with respect to the Ap-plicant's Performance 309

2.1.3.10.3 Respondent's Infringing Acts with respect to the Ap-plicant's Sound Recording 309

2.1.3.10.4 Respondent's Infringing Acts with respect to the Ap-plicant's Communication Signal 309

2.1.3.11 Respondent's Infringing Acts — Secondary Infringement309

2.1.4 Applicant's Moral Rights 310


2.1.4.2 Citizenship and Residency of Author 310


2.1.4.4 Ownership of Moral Rights 310

2.1.4.5 Respondent's Infringing Acts with respect to the Applicant'sMoral Rights 311

2.1.4.5.1 Right of Integrity of the Work 311

2.1.4.5.2 Right to be Identified with the Work 311

2.1.4.6 Infringement of Moral Rights 311

2.1.4.7 Extent Unknown 311

2.1.5 Remedies 312

2.1.5.2 Registered Copyright 312

2.1.5.3 Injunction 312

2.1.5.4 Damages and Accounting of Profits 313

2.1.5.5 Damages 313

2.1.5.6 Accounting of Profits 313

2.1.5.6.1 Statutory Damages 313

2.1.5.7 Delivery Up / Destruction 315

2.1.5.8 Recovery of all infringing copies 315

2.1.5.9 Punitive / Exemplary 3152.1.5.10 Punitive/Exemplary Available even if Applicant Elects Stat-utory Damages 315


2.1.7 Proceedings by way of Application 316

2.1.8 The Applicant will rely on 316

2.1.8.1 Place of Trial 316

2.1.9 Application will be Supported by the Following Material 316


Patents — Ron Dimock, Jenna Wilson, Sangeetha Punniyamoorthy and Etienne de Villiers


Patent Litigation In Canada 321

1. Patent Infringement — Statement of Claim 324

(a) Prayer for relief 324

(b) Parties 325

(c) Plaintiffs patent rights and standing to sue for relief 326

(d) Defendant's infringing acts 327

(e) Relief sought and quantum 327

(0 Miscellaneous 329

2. Patent Infringement — Statement of Defence 329

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made instatement of claim 329

(b) Parties 330

(c) Defendant's business and technology 330

(d) Plaintiffs lack of rights and/or standing 330

(e) Non-infringement 330

(f) Invalidity of patent 331

(i) Anticipation and obviousness 331

(ii) Non-statutory subject matter 334

(iii) Utility 334

(iv) Lack of sound prediction 334

(v) Insufficiency of disclosure 334

(vi) Claims broader than invention made or disclosed 335

(vii) Ambiguity and indefiniteness 335

(viii) Double patenting 335

(ix) Improperly added subject matter 336

(x) Material misrepresentation and wilful omission and addition . . . . 336

(xi) Irrevocable abandonment 336

(xii) Failure to fulfill duty of candour 337

(g) Unenforceability of patent 337

(h) Disentitlement to relief claimed 337

(i) Limitation periods 337

(j) Miscellaneous 337

3. Patent Infringement — Counterclaim (Declaration of Non-Infringement and/orImpeachment) 338


(b) Parties 338

(c) Plaintiff by counterclaim's business and technology 338

(d) Defendant by counterclaim's false and misleading statements 338

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(0 Invalidity of patent 338

(g) Miscellaneous 339

4. Patent Infringement — Reply 339

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of defence 339

(b) Reply and miscellaneous

5. Patent Infringement — Reply and Defence to Counterclaim 339

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of defence and counterclaim 339

(b) Reply 339

(c) Defence to counterclaim 339

(d) Miscellaneous 339

6. Patent Infringement — Reply to Defence to Counterclaim 340

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe defence to counterclaim 340

(b) Reply and miscellaneous 340

7. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Statement of Claim340


(b) Parties 340

(c) The defendant's patent 340

(d) Plaintiffs business and technology and standing 340



(g) Miscellaneous 3418. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Statement ofDefence 341

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made instatement of claim 341

(b) Parties 342

(c) Defendant's patent rights 342

(d) Plaintiffs lack of standing 342

(e) Plaintiffs infringement of the patent 342

(0 Enforceability of the patent 342

(g) Validity of the patent 342

(h) Miscellaneous 3429. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Counterclaim(Infringement) 342


(b) Parties 342


(c) Plaintiff by counterclaim's patent rights and standing to sue for relief . . . .

(d) Defendant by counterclaim's infringement of the patent 343



10. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply . . . . 343



11. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply and De-fence to Counterclaim 343


(b) Reply 343



12. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply to Defenceto Counterclaim 344




1. Patent Infringement — Statement of Claim 344


(b) Parties 345

(c) Plaintiffs patent rights and standing to sue for relief 345



(f) Miscellaneous 347

2. Patent Infringement — Statement of Defence 347

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of claim 347

(b) Parties 348

(c) Defendant's business and technology 348

(d) Plaintiffs lack of rights and/or standing 348



(g) Unenforceability of patent 353

(h) Disentitlement to relief claimed 353

(i) Limitation periods and delay 355

(j) Miscellaneous 355

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. Patent Infringement — Counterclaim (Declaration of Non-Infringement and/orImpeachment) 355


(b) Parties 356

(c) Plaintiff by counterclaim's business and technology and standing . . . . 356

(d) Defendant by counterclaim's false and misleading statements 356



(g) Miscellaneous 358

4. Patent Infringement — Reply 358



5. Patent Infringement — Reply and Defence to Counterclaim


(b) Reply 359



6. Patent Infringement — Reply to Defence to Counterclaim 359



7. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment 359


(b) Parties 360

(c) The defendant's patent 360

(d) Plaintiffs business and technology and standing 360

(e) Non-Infringement 360


(g) Miscellaneous 3608. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Statement ofDefence 361

(a) Admissions, denials, and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of claim 361

(b) Parties 361

(c) Defendant's patent rights 361

(d) Plaintiffs lack of standing 361

(e) Plaintiffs infringement of the patent 361

(0 Enforceability of the patent 361

(g) Validity of the patent 362

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(h) Miscellaneous 362

9. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Counterclaim . . .362


(b) Parties 362

(c) Defendant's patent rights and standing to sue for relief 362

(d) Plaintiffs infringement of the patent 362



10. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply . . . . 362



11. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply and De-fence to Counterclaim 363


(b) Reply 363



12. Patent Declaration of Non-Infringement and/or Impeachment — Reply to Defenceto Counterclaim 363



Registered Trade-Marks — Ron Dimock, Jenna Wilson, Sangeetha Punniyamoorthy andEtienne de Villiers


Trade-mark Litigation in Canada 366

1. Trade-mark Infringement and Passing Off— Statement of Claim 368


(b) Parties 370

(c) Plaintiffs rights and standing to sue for relief 371


(e) Miscellaneous 372

2. Trade-mark Infringement And Passing Off — Statement of Defence 372

(a) Admission, denials and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of claim 373

(b) Disentitlement to relief claimed 373

(c) Limitation periods and delay 374

(d) Defence of Non-Infringement 374

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(i) Defence of trade-mark invalidity 374

(ii) Prohibited mark 374

(iii) Unregistrable mark 374

(e) Plaintiff not entitled to remedies 374


3. Trade-mark Expungement 375


1. Trade-mark Infringement and Passing Off — Statement of Claim 376


(b) Parties 379

(c) Plaintiffs rights and standing to sue for relief 381




2. Trade-mark Infringement and Passing Off—Statement of Defence 385

(a) Admission, denials and/or assertions of no knowledge of allegations made inthe statement of claim 385

(b) Disentitlement to relief claimed 388

(c) Limitation periods and delay 389

(d) Defence Of Non-Infringement 390

(i) Defence of trade-mark invalidity 390

(ii) Prohibited mark 390

(iii) Unregistrable mark 392

(e) Plaintiff not entitled to remedies 393


3. Trade-mark Infringement — Counterclaim 394

4. Trade-mark Infringement — Reply 394

(a) Response 395

5. Trade-mark Infringement — Reply & Defence To Counterclaim 395

(a) Response 395

(b) Defence to counterclaim 395

(c) Miscellaneous 395

6. Trade-mark Expungement 395


(b) Parties 396

(c) Declaration of invalidity trade-mark registration 396

(d) Plaintiffs trade-mark and the plaintiffs activities 396

(e) Invalid trade-mark registration 397

(f) Expunging trade-mark entries on the register 399


(g) Amending trade-mark entries on the register 399

(h) Expunging distinguishing guise registrations 400

(i) Miscellaneous 400

Part G. Judicial Review

Judicial Review — David Phillip Jones, Q.C. and Anne de Vitlars, Q.C.


1. What is Judicial Review? 404

2. Grounds for Judicial Review 404

3. Remedies 406

(a) The prerogative remedies 406

(b) Declarations 407

(c) Injunctions 407

4. Applications for Judicial Review 408

5. Procedural Considerations 409

(a) Forums 409

(b) Time limits 410

(c) Originating documents 411

(d) Interim orders 413

(e) Returns or records 413

6. Sample Forms 413


Form 1: Originating Notice 414

Form 2: Sample Return 415

Form 3: Sample Order for Miscellaneous Remedies 416

Form 4: Application for Habeas Corpus 417

Form 5: Sample order for Habeas Corpus 418

Part H. Personal Injury

Personal Injury — Christine J. Pratt, Lindsey Miller and Randal S. Carlson

I. Introduction 422

1. Types of Damages 424

(a) Non-pecuniary damages 424

(b) Pecuniary damages 426

(c) Punitive damages 426

II. Motor Vehicle Claims 427

1. The Style of Cause or Style of Proceeding 427

(a) Motor vehicle action brought by a minor 428

(b) Motor vehicle action brought by person of unsound mind 431

(c) Motor vehicle action against an unidentified owner or driver . . . . 431

2. MVA Claims — by Mechanism of Accident 432

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(a) Rear end collisions 432

(b) Left turn 435

(c) Head on collision 436

(d) Improper passing 437

3. Fatal Accidents 438

4. Animals on the Road 443

5. Defences 444

(a) Limitation defence and lack of proper service 444

(b) Contributory negligence 444

(c) Inevitable accident 445

(d) Statutory defences 445

(e) Ex turpi causa 446

6. Other Pleadings 446

(a) Counterclaim 446

(b) Third party notice 448

(c) Defence to third party notice 449

HI. Products Liability 450

1. Claims 450

2. Defences 456

(a) Defence of retailer and manufacturer 457

(b) Defence of retailer 459

IV. Occupiers' Liability 462

1. General Claim at Common Law — Occupiers' Liability 462

2. Claim Pursuant to Statute — Occupiers' Liability 464

3. Claim to Include Independent Contractor Hired by Occupier 466

4. Occupiers' Liability Defences 468

(a) General 468

(b) Independent contractor 469

(i) Filed by the occupier 469

(ii) Filed by an independent contractor 470

(c) Recreational property 471

(d) Trespassers 472

(e) Acceptance of risk 474

V. Other Claims 475

1. Harassment in the Workplace Causing Psychological Injury 475

(a) Defences 478

2. Nuisance 479

(a) Claims in nuisance 479

(b) Defences to nuisance claims 482


3. Animal Bites 485

(a) Claims 485

(b) Defences 488

VI. Class Actions 490

1. Sample Statement of Claim 491

2. Sample Statement of Defence 492

Part I. Privacy

Privacy — Kris Klein

Introduction 498

Part 1 Commentary — Privacy Law in Canada 498

1. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 498

(a) Background 498

2. Public Sector Legislation 503

(a) Federal Privacy Act 503

(i) Application 504

(ii) Protection of personal information 504

(A) Collection 504

(B) Use 504

(C) Disclosure 504

(D) Retention and record keeping 505

(iii) Access to personal information 505

(A) Rights of access 505

(B) Exemptions to the right of access 506

(C) Corrections to personal information 507

(iv) Oversight 508

(A) The privacy commissioner 508

(B) The Federal Court 509

(b) Provincial legislation 509

3. Private Sector Legislation 509

(a) Federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act509

(i) Application 510

(A) Section 4 510

(B) Commercial activity 510

(C) Personal information 511

(ii) Main obligations 511

(A) Privacy principles 511

(B) The reasonable person standard 512

(iii) Oversight 513

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(A) Privacy commissioner 513

(B) Federal Court 513

(iv) Provincial legislation 513

4. Tort of Invasion of Privacy 514

(a) Does it exist? 514

(b) Why is it important? 515

Part II Commonly Used Precedents 515

1. Common Law Tort of Invasion of Privacy 515

2. Application Under the Privacy Act 519

3. PIPEDA Application 524

Part J. Professional NegligenceProfessional Negligence Claims — Christine J. Pratt, Peter Gibson, J. Mark Raven-Jack-son, Jennifer H. Janz and Daniel P. Carroll

I. Introduction 531

1. Breach of Contract 532

2. Negligence 533

3. Negligent Misstatement 534

4. Breach of Fiduciary Duty 534

II. Forms of Claims 535

1. Claim against an Accountant 535

2. Claim against Auditors 537

(a) Negligence in relation to outside share purchaser 537

(b) Negligence in relation to client 540

3. Claim against an Insurance Broker 542

(a) Breach of contract 543

(b) Negligence 543

(c) Negligent misrepresentation 544

(d) Fiduciary obligation 544

(e) Damages 545

4. Claim against a Financial Advisor 545

5. Claims against a Solicitor 548

(a) Missed limitation 548

(b) Loss of mortgage priority 550

(c) Negligent drafting of a will 552

6. Claim against an Engineer 553

(a) Breach of contract 554

(b) Negligence 554

(c) Damages 555

III. Defence of Professional Negligence Claims 555

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1. The General Denial 555

2. Admit Facts. Deny Conclusions 555

3. Positive Defences 555

(a) Limitation defence 555

(b) Contract unenforceable, release, performance, etc 556

(c) Contributory negligence 556

(d) Contractual defences 556

4. Sample Statement of Defence 556

IV. Reply and Joinder of Issue 558

1. Promissory Estoppel 558

2. Limitations Period (minor) 558

3. Limitations Period (person under disability) 558

4. Limitations Period (fraudulent concealment) 558

5. Fundamental Breach of Contract 559

V. Health Care Practioners 559

1. Introduction 559

(a) Tort of negligence 559

(i) The legal burden 559

(ii) Duty of care principles 560

(i) Healthcare providers 560

(ii) Hospitals 560

(iii) Causation principles 561

(iv) Delay in diagnosis 562

(v) Informed consent 562

(b) Tort of battery 563

(c) Breach of contract 563

(d) Subrogated claims 564

(e) Limitation periods 564

2. Claim against Physician and Hospital 564

(a) Clinical Negligence 565

(i) Healthcare providers 565

(ii) Hospitals 565

(b) Informed consent 566


(d) Battery 567

(e) Subrogated claim 567

(0 Vicarious liability 567

(g) Causation 567

3. Defences Available in Professional Health Liability Claims 568

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(a) Clinical negligence 568

(i) Physician 568

(ii) Hospital 568

(b) Informed consent 568


(d) Battery 569

(e) Vicarious liability 569

(0 Causation 569

Part K. SuretySurety Bonds — R. Bruce Reynolds


1. Introduction 574

(a) What is a surety bond? 574

(b) Bond wordings 576

(c) Dual obligee riders 576

(d) Subrogation 577

(e) Electronic commerce legislation 577

2. Bid Bonds 578

(a) What is a bid bond? 578

(b) Defences available to a surety in respect of a bid bond claim 578

(i) Error on the face of tender 579

(ii) Non-conforming tender 579

(iii) Other defences 579

3. Performance Bonds 579

(a) What is a performance bond? 579

(b) Defences available to a surety in respect of a performance bond c l a im. . . .581

(i) No default by principal 581

(ii) Default by the oblige 582

(iii) Failure to notify 582

(iv) Material variation of the bonded contract 583

(v) Misrepresentation 584

(vi) Other defences 584

4. Labour and Material Payment Bonds 585

(a) What is a labour and material payment bond? 585

(b) Types of labour and material payment bonds 585

(i) Federal government form 585

(ii) The CCDC form 586

(c) Defences available to a surety in respect of a labour and material paymentbond claim 587

xxxix


(i) Form of notice 587

(ii) Timing of notice 587

(iii) The presence of a "pay when paid" clause in the underlying subcontract589

(iv) Other defences 591

5. Conclusion 591

Part II Forms 592

1. Bid Bond Statement of Claim 592

2. Bid Bond Statement of Defence 594

3. Performance Bond Statement of Claim 596

4. Performance Bond Statement of Defence 597

5. Labour and Material Payment Bond Statement of Claim 599

6. Labour and Material Payment Bond Statement of Defence 600

Index 603

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