cartagena libre de analfabetismo - fundación transformemos
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7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos
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7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos
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Isti nolrk istã hihobchk c nks aonis
hi fkalris y audiris bcrtcgi`irks quii` ekrac vcnoi`ti, ritc`hk sus aoihks
y hirrktc`hk nc acrgo`cboò` skbocn
si i`eri`tcrk` c nc pcnclrc,
nc hklnigcrk` y `k sònk vknvoirk` c
ncs cuncs, so`k qui bk` krgunnk si fc`
tkachk bk` nc euirzc hi ncs nitrcs
tkhks nks ro`bk`is hi nc bouhch caurcnnchc i` u` o`ai`sk
y `uivk grotk hi o`hipi`hi`boc.
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7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos
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Bcrtcgi`c nolrihi c`cneclitosakBcrtcgi`c nolrihi c`cneclitosak
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8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks
Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk
Horibtkrc Idibutovc y Zihcgògobc
\khknek Crhonc Buistc
Horibtkr hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn
Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Xixtks4 \khknek Crhonc Buistc, Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk, Dunok Cnc`hiti Crrkyk,@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz, Dkrgi Inoïbir Krtigc Ak`tis y Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz.
Bkaponchkrc4 @yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
Bkrribboò` hi istonk4 Acrác Brosto`c Uigc hi Bobiro
Bk`biptk grãeobk y hosiók ihotkrocn4@kfkrc Akrcnis Cnk`sk y Cnidc`hrk Acrtá`iz Ispo`ksc
Bcrãtunc4 @kfkrc Akrcnis Cnk`sk
Ektkgrceác y crbfovk hi pri`sc4 Duc` Zclnk Zroitk Rã`bfiz, Hi`os Bcvc`zk,
Crbfovk Xrc`sekraiaks, Crbfovk RIH Bcrtcgi`c y Keobo`c hi Zri`sc,
Cnbcnhác Acykr hi Bcrtcgi`c, H.X. y B.
© Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaksORL@4 ?76-?96-68?5-2<-:
Zrkfolohc nc riprkhubboò` pcrbocn k tktcn pkr bucnquoir aihok so` cutkrozcboò`
ixprisc hi nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.Oaprisk i` Bknkaloc.
EY@HCBOÒ@ ZC\C IN HIRC\\KNNK RKBOCN X\C@REK\AIAKRMa 32 vác Lkgktã - Nc Bcnirc eri`ti cn ialcnsi hi Rc` \cecin.
ZLV4 (:93) 65:?92<. Nc Bcnirc - Bknkaloc - Rurcaïrobc.
i-acon4 trc`sekraiaksJtrc`sekraiaks.bka • www.trc`sekraiaks.bka
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 9
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5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
k`ti`ohkB
Zrònkgk
Dcoai @oók Háiz
Zrisi`tcboò` »Zkr quï u`c fczcóc;
\khknek Crhonc Buistc
Bcpátunk 3. Nc ihubcboò` bkak aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn
Dunok Cnc`hi`ti Crrkyk
Bcpátunk <. Csá `cboò y si bk`sknohò in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekr-aiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`cHoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz
@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
<.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 bouhch guirrirc y vcnoi`ti qui cpuistc c nc irrchobcboò`
hin c`cneclitosak
<.< Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò pcrc quihcrsi
<.2 »Bòak eui in prkbisk hi cuai tk hi bklirturc;
<.8 »Bòak si crak ozò in prkgrcac hi dòvi`is y chuntks i` ncs o`stotubok-`is ihubctovcs;
<.9 Klsirvcbok`is eo cnis
Bcpátunk 2. @ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc nc vohcAcrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk
@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
2.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 proair i`bui`trk bk` nks u`ovirsks hi si`tohk hi nks ktrks
y ncs `crrctovcs hin puilnk bcrtcgi`irk
2.< Xrcyibtk it`kgrãeobk
2.2 Hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcs y ncs vkbis hin bcrtcgi`irk bk` in bk tix-
tk skbokihubctovk
2.8 Bcrtcgi`c bouhch hovirsc bk` `uivcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis
2.9 Bkai`tcroks eo cnis
32
3?
29
5?
7:
79
6<
67
?:
?3
?<
?9
?7
3:?
32:
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 7
Bcpátunk 8. Istrubturc Burrobuncr Lãsobc pcrc Bcrtcgi`c, H. X y B.Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk
8.3 »Ihubcr pcrc quï;
8.< Bkapk`i`tis burrobuncris
8.2 Idis burrobuncris crtobunchkris
8.8 Bk`ti`ohks
8.9 Rá`tisos hi nks iniai`tks lãsobks pcrc u` burrábunk pirto`i`ti
Bcpátunk 9. Bk`to`uohch, Zirac`i`boc y Ixpibtctovcs IhubctovcsEuturcs hi nks istuhoc`tis trc`sekrachkris/cs@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
9.3 O`trkhubboò`
9.< Cpu ti aitkhknògobk
9.2 Rupuistks
9.8 \isuntchks y hosbusoò`
9.9 Bkai`tcroks eo cnis
Bcpátunk 5. Oapcbtk i` nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi hi nc o`bnusoò`hi ncs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis aihoc`ti inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`cDkrgi Krtigc Ak`tis
5.3 O`trkhubboò`
5.< Cpu ti aitkhknògobk
5.2 \isuntchks y hosbusoò`
5.8 Cpribocbok`is eo cnis
Bcpátunk 7. Cpri`hir `ks fcbi vosolnis\khknek Crhonc Buistc
Nks prktcgk`ostcs
322
328
325
389
395
353
352
358
355
35?
37<
3?9
3?7
3?6
<:7
<38
<26
<82
2:3
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6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?
In acistrk Dustk Ucnhïs bk` in Grupk Rk` Zcni`qui
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3: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 33
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3< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 32
Zrònkgk
Dcoai @oók Háiz
Ix Ao`ostrk hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn 3??7-3??6.Cutkr hin Hibritk 2:33 hi hoboialri 3?
hi 3??7, qui rigunc nc Ihubcboò` hi Dòvi`isy Chuntks i` Bknkaloc.
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38 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
A
Ro is `ibiscrok… toi`i qui sir pksolni!
„Nc ihubcboò` is u` cbtk hi cakr y hi bkrcdi‑
Zclnk Eriori
i ctrivk c ceoracr qui is auy capnok k bcso u`ã`oai inribk`kboaoi`tk hi nc bkau`ohch Bcrtcgi`irc, i` tkhks susistcai`tks skbocnis, c nks iseuirzks y nkgrks hi nc Cnbcn-
hisc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz y hi su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` DunokCnc`hiti, i` nks cvc`bis hi nc ihubcboò` pôlnobc i` in Hostrotk hi Bcr-tcgi`c hurc`ti su pirákhk hi gkloir`k.
@k is isti in ispcbok pcrc i`uaircr tkhks nks hiscrrknnks cnbc`zchksbkak in aidkrcaoi`tk sustc`bocn hi nc o`ercistrubturc isbkncr ‒<3 bk-nigoks `uivks, 5 aigcbknigoks y capnocboò` y aidkrcaoi`tk hi aãs hi6: o`stotubok`is‒ i` lôsquihc hi u` aidkr fãlotct i` in bucn si bk`-voirtc` ncs bk`hobok`is c vibis o`hog`cs i` nugcris eu`bok`cnis y cni-gris hk`hi nks `oóks, `oócs y dòvi`is puihc` sir einobis= k ncakhir`ozcboò` hi ncs istrctigocs pihcgògobcs y hohãbtobcs bk` cuncsbk` tclnirks hogotcnis, bkaputchkris, bk`ixoò` c o`tir`it y pãgo`c wil,in oapunsk c ncs `uivcs pihcgkgács y nc bcpcbotcboò` hkbi`ti i` tkhcsncs o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs keobocnis hi Bcrtcgi`c= k nc grctuohch hinc ihubcboò` hin 3º cn grchk 33, nks ristcurc`tis isbkncris, nks sigurksbk`trc cbbohi`ti, in trc`spkrti y nks tixtks isbkncris tcaloï` grctuo-tks qui ecvkribi` in loi`istcr hi nc pklncboò` isbkncr y sus ecaonocs= knc krgc`ozcboò`, hktcboò` y puistc i` eu`bok`caoi`tk, i` cnoc`zc bk`Y`ovirsohchis, O`stotubok`is Xib`knògobcs y in Obitix, hi nks 3: BI\IR,hostroluohks i` 39 sibtkris hi`scai`ti pklnchks hi nc Bouhch, bk`kpkrtu`ohchis hi ihubcboò` supirokr pcrc 5.::: istuhoc`tis.
Ro` ialcrgk, nc sknc ai`boò` hi cngu`ks hi istks erc`bks prkgrisksbk`siguohks, bk`eorac qui nc Cnbcnhisc y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 39
euirk` eoinis c u`k hi nks grc`his klditovks hi su Znc` hi Hiscrrknnk„Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑4 bk`virtor in bk`kboaoi`tk y nc ihubcboò` i`in aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn, i` nc lcsi hi su akhink skbocn o`tigrchkr.
Istk nk rctoeobc, hi u` nchk, in ispibtcbuncr scntk i` in cpkrti hi nksribursks prkpoks hi nc Bouhch pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c acykr y aidkr o`vir-soò` i` ihubcboò`, cn pcscr hi 9.2:: aonnk`is hi pisks i`tri <::8 y<::7 c 337.::: aonnk`is hi pisks i`tri <::6 y <:33 y hin ktrk, supirac`i`ti iapiók i` klti`ir ribursks chobok`cnis oapkrtc`tis hinAo`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` qui fc eo`c`bochk nks 5 aigcbknigoks, hi nksprkgrcacs hi prkyibboò` skbocn hi ncs iapriscs hi Bcrtcgi`c, i`triinncs ncs ceonochcs c nc Eu`hcboò` Acak`cn, hi ktrcs eu`hcbok`is bkakin Bcpátunk hi nc Eu`hcboò` Iapriscroks pkr nc Ihubcboò` y nc Eu`hc-boò` Zois Hisbcnzks qui fc hk`chk, istc ôntoac, ktrk aigc-bknigok,istoaunchks tkhks pkr su nohirczgk y risuintk bkaprkaosk bk` nc ihu-bcboò`.
Zirk tkhk istk fc ti`ohk u` trcsek`hk o`buistok`clni= in aosak qui nksnnivò c prkpk`ir u` prkgrcac hi gkloir`k ekbcnozchk i` nc bk`strub-boò` hi „Y`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑4 nc urgi`boc hi supircr nc ercbturc hi ncskboihch bcrtcgi`irc y su bk`vobboò` hi nc auy istribfc rincboò` quigucrhc` nc hosbroao`cboò` y nc acnc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` qui ceib-tc` prkeu`hcai`ti in hiscrrknnk skbocn y ihubctovk. Zuis aoi`trcs ncshisogucnhchis i` nc skboihch si rienidc` i` ncs o`iquohchis hi nc ihu-bcboò`, istcs c su viz, so `k si akhoeobc`, toi`hi` c prkeu`hozcr cqui-nncs c trcvïs hi nc ixbnusoò` k hi nc acnc bcnohch ihubctovc,i`bchi`ã`hksi csá nc trc`saosoò` o`tir-gi`ircbok`cn hi nc o`dustoboc y
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35 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
hin ctrcsk qui hilonotc` nc bkfisoò` skbocn y eri`c` in prkgrisk ibk`ò-aobk, bunturcn i o`stotubok`cn.
Zkr nk c`tirokr, nc ihubcboò` pkhác y hilác sir hitirao`c`ti i` ncrihubboò` hi ncs hisogucnhchis skbocnis y isti eui in bk`vi`boaoi`tk
qui nks oapunsò c iapri`hir nc ekraohclni tcric hi aidkrcr ncs bk`-hobok`is hin sirvobok pôlnobk hi ihubcboò` hurc`ti istks buctrk cókshi su ac`hctk. Zirk pkr ktrc pcrti, pcrc csuaor tcaloï` bk` fk`hksi`tohk fuac`k y pni`c hitirao`cboò` ncs cbbok`is o`hospi`sclnisqui foboirc` pksolni rio`tigrcr c 2<.<96 bcrtcgi`ircs y bcrtcgi`irks,
dòvi`is y chuntks cn Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn, pcrc supircr su sotuc-boò` hi c`cneclitosak fcstc nkgrcr qui istc o`tknirclni o`iquohch sknkceibti fky c ai`ks hin 3% hi su pklncboò` y hibncrcr, csá, c Bcrtcgi-`c „Bouhch Nolri hi C`cneclitosak‑.
I` ieibtk, pcrc supircr ncs i`krais hostc`bocs i` bcnohch hi vohc ykpkrtu`ohchis qui sipcrc` c u`ks y ktrks pklnchkris hin Hostrotk hiBcrtcgi`c i o`obocr u` prkbisk cutï`tobk hi o`bnusoò` skbocn, risuntclctc` istrctïgobk oapunscr i` ekrac sksti`ohc in o`grisk, nc pirac`i`-boc y nc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` i` in sostiac isbkncr keobocn hi `oócs,`oóks y chknisbi`tis, bkak rio`bkrpkrcr c isi bobnk hi nc ihubcboò`keobocn c tkhc nc pklncboò` qui `k cbbihoò kpkrtu`cai`ti hishi su`oóiz c nc ihubcboò` ekracn k qui pkr aôntopnis rczk`is, erutk hi nchosbroao`cboò` skbocn k hi nks hïeobots isbkncris, hiloò clc`hk`cr k euiixpunschc hi nc isbuinc.
Zirk istc is fky u`c pklncboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks, nc acykrác i`trinks 39 y nks 89 cóks, bk` u` grc` pkti`bocn y i` pni`c bcpcbohch prk-hubtovc, bk` rispk`sclonohchis ecaonocris y skbocnis pirk vovoi`hk bk`sivircs noaotcbok`is, i` sotucboò` hi acrgo`cnohch y bcso soiapri i`pklrizc ixtriac, buyc ô`obc cntir`ctovc pcrc bk`ibtcrsi bk` ncs pkso-lonohchis hi aidkris o`grisks, hi loi`istcr pcrc innks y sus ecaonocs yhi o`tigrcboò` ricn cn hiscrrknnk hi Bcrtcgi`c y nc rigoò`, is u`c ihu-bcboò` qui bkaoi`bi pkr nc cneclitozcboò` pirk `k si quihi cnná so`kqui bk`to`ôi i` u`c ihubcboò` lãsobc ‒proacroc y sibu`hcroc‒ y ai-hoc, pi`schc, hosióchc y krgc`ozchc pcrc innks hi cbuirhk bk` sus`ibisohchis skbocnis, sobknògobcs y bunturcnis, sus scliris cbuaunc-hks i` nc ixpiroi`boc, sus o`tirisis y csporcbok`is, enixolni y hi bkrtc
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 37
hurcboò` pkrqui in bkstk hi kpkrtu`ohch hi su toiapk is auy cntk pirkbk` nc bucn si prkauivc` sus bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs, nclkrcnis y bouhc-hc`cs, tcaloï` i` in acrbk hi cpri`hir c cpri`hir y cpri`hir c vovor
du`tks bkak `ôbniks aihuncris hi u`c ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc.
Zkr isk, hishi su bkaoi`zk i` in <::6, in prkyibtk oapnobò trc`sekracrprkgrisovcai`ti nc trchobok`cn Ihubcboò` @kbtur`c pcrc Chuntks puisi` innc in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi si vi`ác hiscrrknnc`hk, cnogucn qui i` bcso tkhk in pcás, bkak u`c ixti`soò` hi nc ihubcboò` pcrc`oócs, `oóks y chknisbi`tis, i` sus cspibtks burrobuncris, pihcgògobks,hkbi`tis y hi ribursks, hisbk`kboi`hk grcviai`ti ncs bcrcbtirástobcshi istks grupks skbocnis. Bk` isi eo`, nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` pripc-rò sus o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs pcrc ribolor c istc pklncboò` y bk` incpkyk hin Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` y pkr ribkai`hcboò` suyc, o`oboò bk`nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks nc bk`strubboò`hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk.
Nc Eu`hcboò` vi`ác oapniai`tc`hk isti sostiac i` cngu`cs ktrcs i`-tohchis tirrotkrocnis hã`hkni hiscrrknnk cn Hibritk 2:33 hi 3??7, ix-pihohk hurc`ti ao ao`ostirok pcrc pk`ir i` acrbfc u`c uivc ihubcboò`hi chuntks pcrc in pcás qui ribkgoirc ncs i`sióc`zcs hi auy hoeiri`-tis cbbok`is ricnozchcs i` ncs hïbchcs c`tirokris= ispibocnai`ti hi ncbcapcóc hi Cneclitozcboò` „Roaò` Lknávcr‑, hi bkaoi`zks hi nks cóks6:s, y qui ogucnai`ti horogá pirk buyc erustrcboò` pkr nc trc`soboò` i`-tri u` gkloir`k y ktrk, oapohoò cnbc`zcr in sigu`hk hi sus tris kldito-vks4 „Keribir cn pcás ncs pknátobcs hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc hi chuntks ynks iniai`tks bk`stotutovks y krgc`ozctovks hi u` Grc` Zrkgrcac @c-bok`cn hi Ihubcboò` Lãsobc hi Chuntks‑.
Isc `kractovc istclniboò, pkr bk`soguoi`ti, nks pro`bopoks hi nc ihubc-boò` hi chuntks y su krgc`ozcboò` pkr Bobnks Nibtovks Ispibocnis O`ti-grchks qui ni piraoti` c bucnquoir pirsk`c onitrchc acykr hi 32 cókscneclitozcrsi y bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks fcstc grchk 33 i` 9 cóks y pkrktrc pcrti, i` in acrbk hi nc hisbi`trcnozcboò` ihubctovc vogi`ti i`isks cóks, ecbuntò c nks hipcrtcai`tks y hostrotks c istclnibir nksbrotiroks y kroi`tcbok`is pcrc su buapnoaoi`tk y nc hieo`oboò` i` suspnc`is hi hiscrrknnk hi prkgrcacs y prkyibtks pcrc nc cti`boò` ihubc-tovc hi istc pklncboò`.
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36 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Hi cbuirhk bk` isks pcrãaitrks, in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekrai-aks Ihubc`hk si prkpusk nnivcr c bclk u` `uivk i`tkr`k hi i`si-óc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, kroi`tchk pkr in o`tirïs i` nc bk`strubboò` cbtovchin bk`kboaoi`tk pkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis pcrc nkgrcr cpri`hozc-
dis sog`oeobctovks, cpkychks i` tixtks cprkpochks bk` bcnohch hi bk`-
ti`ohk, i` cuncs o`tircbtovcs bk` sketwcri ihubctovk y guochks pkracistrks ispibáeobcai`ti bcpcbotchks pcrc ecbonotcr i` istks grupkshi istuhoc`tis prkbisks bkapnidks bk` hovirscs istrctigocs hi i`-sióc`zc.
Fky, chiaãs hi nks 2<.<96 cneclitozchks, sk` auy vcrochks nks ri-suntchks hi istc o`oboctovc hi nks bucnis hc` bui`tc nks o`ekrais yisti nolrk qui si i`trigc c nc bouhchc`ác bcrtcgi`irc y cn pcás. Zirkquosoirc histcbcr in Zrkyibtk Zihcgògobk Cntir`ctovk qui sulycbic nc @uivc Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks hi nc Bouhch y ncs o``kvcbok`ispihcgògobcs i` nc inclkrcboò` hi tixtks pirto`i`tis y bk`tix-tucnozchks pcrc nc pklncboò` hi onitrchks, fkalris y audiris hi auyhovirsc trchoboò` bunturcn y bkapksoboò` ït`obc y nc ekracboò` ispi-báeobc hi acistrks pcrc nc prãbtobc pihcgògobc bk` istks dòvi`is ychuntks. Ru bk`to`uohch y bk`sknohcboò` i` nc pròxoac chao`ostrc-boò` sirã hibosovc pcrc in prkgrisk hi nc bouhch, pcrc istcr rio`bkr-pkrc`hk c nc pklncboò` qui `k cbbihi k clc`hk`c nc isbuinc,i`eri`tc`hk csá ncs o`iquohchis fostòrobcs bkak u`c bk`troluboò`c nc nubfc bk`trc nc hosbroao`cboò` y nc pklrizc, fcstc qui in ei`ò-ai`k si vi`zc, grcbocs c u`c ihubcboò` pôlnobc hi bcnohch quiogucnai`ti hili siguorsi bk`struyi`hk bk` o`quilrc`tclni vknu`-tch pknátobc.
Zirk `k puihk bk`bnuor istc `ktc so` ribk`kbir y binilrcr bk` i`tu-socsak bouhchc`k nc cpcroboò` i` in isbi`crok rigok`cn y `cbok`cn hi u`ekraohclni iquopk hi trclcdk pkr nc ihubcboò`, bk`ekrachk pkr nc Cn-bcnhisc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` DunokCnc`hiti, bcpcbis hi nkgrcr nc bk`eoc`zc hi nks ihubchkris, sus cnua-`ks, pchris hi ecaonoc y nc skboihch i` gi`ircn pcrc hirrktcr nc cpctácy supircrsi, bk`vi`bohks hi qui in acykr li`ieobok pcrc tkhks is ncihubcboò` hi bcnohch y bk` tc`tc euirzc o`tirokr y nohirczgk pcrc riak-vir klstãbunks y scbcr chinc`ti sus prkpòsotks pkrqui so cngk is`ibiscrok…toi`i qui sir pksolni!
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?
Zrisi`tcboò`
\khknek Crhonc Buistc
Horibtkr Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks
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<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Nks istuhoc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c binilrc`hknc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.
Riptoialri << hi <:33.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <3
In sultátunk hi isti nolrk is4 Aiakroc hi u`c Fczcóc. Zcrcaubfks, puihi sir priti`boksk pkrqui istcaks cbkstua-lrchks c fclncr hi fczcócs buc`hk si rkapi u` rïbkrh au`-
hocn, buc`hk rieiroaks qui Bknò` hisbulroò Caïrobc, buc`hk ribkrhcaksnc proairc viz qui in fkalri nnigò c nc Nu`c, buc`hk riscntcaks ncekrac bkak si bk`quostò nc boac hin Ivirist… I` bcalok, nc nubfcpirac`i`ti y bktohoc`c hin sir fuac`k y nks nkgrks qui piraotorã`bk`struor u` bcao`k pcrc aidkrcr nc bcnohch hi vohc hi nks aãs pklris,bcso soiapri si og`krc` k si hispriboc`, hi nc aosac ekrac bkak in`cboaoi`tk hi u` `uivk sir, yc `k si bk`sohirc in aoncgrk proaogi`okhi nc vohc, so`k u` cbtk bktohoc`k.
Aubfks si prigu`tcrã`4 »quï topk hi fczcóc is qui 2<.<96 pirsk`csacykris hi 39 cóks fcyc` cpri`hohk c niir y isbrolor; Sui i` u` pcásiairgi`ti bkak Bknkaloc y i` ispibocn, i` u`c bouhch bkak Bcrtcgi-`c hi O`hocs (pkr aubfk toiapk, sáalknk hi nc hisogucnhch skbocn yidiapnk hin closak ixosti`ti i`tri nks aãs pklris y nks aãs robks),bk`to`ôi` sus istuhoks hi proacroc y sibu`hcroc i` ekrac grctuotc,»buã`hk isti fibfk hilirác sir u`c ricnohch y `k u` nkgrk;
I` virhch, nk qui bk`voirti isti fibfk i` u`c fczcóc, is bk`sohircrqui puhoi`hk nkgrcr istc aitc i` ekrac u`ovirscn, pkr sir tcn viz ncai`ks bkstksc y aãs ieibtovc hi ncs hi`kao`chcs aitcs hin Aoni`ok,
»Zkr quï is u`c fczcóc;
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<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
ncs skboihchis akhir`cs trctc` hi ao`oaozcr, o`vosolonozcr i og`krcrnc, rc-zò` pkr nc bucn quoirk prisi`tcrnis u`c lrivi vosoò` hi nc hoai`soò` ricnhin prklniac qui bk` rispk`sclonohch y bkfiri`boc pknátobc y skbocn csu-aoò nc Chao`ostrcboò` hi nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c i` bclizc hi nc Cnbcnhi-sc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` Dunok Cnc`hiti Crrkykbk` in cpkyk hin Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn y nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc inHiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.
Hishi in pro`bopok hi nks toiapks, in sir fuac`k si fclotuò c aorcr yskócr bk` ncs istrinncs y tkhk nk qui ni fc pcribohk linnk i o`cnbc`zclni, so`eodcrsi qui nk fc fibfk pcrchk i` in lcrrk y i` aubfks bcsks, knvohã`hksihi su prkpoc bk`hoboò`, nk bucn cu`qui pcrizbc pcrchòdobk, is nk qui `ksfc piraotohk hiscrrknncr`ks bkak skboihch y cn aosak toiapk, `ks fcgi`irchk i`krais bk`trcstis, o`iquohchis y hisogucnhchis.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <2
I` ieibtk, so nks igopboks si fuloirc` quihchk aitohks i` nc cri`c, klsir-vc`hk nc o`ai`sohch hin hisoirtk y `k fuloirc` aorchk fcboc in boink, `u`-bc fuloirc` nivc`tchk su acrcvonnksk oapirok= so nks dcpk`isis `k fuloirc`trcsbi`hohk bk` in pi`scaoi`tk, nc piquióiz hi su tirrotkrok, `k fuloirc`brichk in oapirok hin Rkn `cboi`ti. Nk aosak kburroò i` aubfks ktrksbcsks, pcsc`hk pkr \kac, nks ak`gknis, nks Istchks Y`ohks, Iurkpc ytkhc `cboò` y pirsk`c qui fcyc` nkgrchk trcsbi`hir i` nc fostkroc. Xkhkstoi`i` i` bkaô`, fclir aorchk aãs cnnã hi sus noaotcbok`is qui i` cpc-roi`boc ncs trcsbi`hoirk`. Ro` ialcrgk, istcs noaotcbok`is bk`to`ôc` vovcsy bchc hác sk` aãs pischcs, y cu`qui fcgcaks tkhk nk pksolni pkr og`k-rcrncs, `k fc` hiscpcribohk.
Fky, c bkaoi`zks hi nc sigu`hc hïbchc hin sognk VVO, buc`hk fiaks bk`-quostchk nc Nu`c y pkhiaks bk`trkncr in ãtkak i` boirtc aihohc, nc O`tir`it`ks prkpkrbok`c u`c rih gnklcn hi o`ekracboò`, nks binuncris sk` pcrtivotcn hi `uistrc bktohoc`ohch, ncs ixpibtctovcs hi vohc cuai`tc` hác c hác,bk`tcaks bk` cracs hi histrubboò` acsovc qui `ks puihi` histruor i`
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<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
sigu`hks, si vknvoò bktohoc`k fclncr hi vocdis cn ispcbok yin bk`kboaoi`tk fuac`k clcrbc ãrics qui fcbi 3:: cóksirc` o`oacgo`clnis, cô` ixosti` aãs hi 7:: aonnk`is hi fka-lris y audiris acykris hi 39 cóks qui `k scli` niir `oisbrolor3 y pkr nk ai`ks, < aon aonnk`is hi pirsk`cs qui fc`
hisirtchk k `u`bc o`griscrk` i` in sostiac ihubctovk, nkbucn bk`voirti c istcs pirsk`cs i` nks ixbnuohks hin sognk,nks o`vosolnis, nks qui sònk eogurc` i` ncs istchástobcs.
I` in bcsk bknkaloc`k, nc sotucboò` is ogucnai`ti hrcaãto-bc. Hi cbuirhk bk` nks istuhoks chinc`tchks pkr nc Eu`hc-boò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hi Xkhks<, hi bchc bo`bk `oóksqui i`trc` i` in sostiac ihubctovk c burscr su proair grc-hk, sònk u`k bunao`c in grchk 33 ò lcbfonnirctk, y nks hiaãssi quihc` pkr in bcao`k, sotucboò` soaoncr c nc hin ristk hiCaïrobc Ncto`c, hk`hi hi cbuirhk bk` nk pnc`tichk pkr ncY@IRBK y nc BIZCN i` in hkbuai`tk Hisceáks pcrc u`c
Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli 2, sònku`k hi bchc bo`bk dòvi`is i`tri nks <: y <8 cóks, pirti`i-boi`tis c ncs bncsis aãs pklris, nkgrc bunao`cr sus istu-hoks sibu`hcroks.
Ro cpnobcaks istcs boercs c ncs tris ôntoacs hïbchcs, pkhi-aks ceoracr qui i` Bknkaloc fcy aãs hi hoiz aonnk`is hipirsk`cs i`tri nks 39 y 89 cóks qui fc` hisirtchk k fc`sohk ixpunschks hin sostiac ihubctovk, hi nks bucnis fcybirbc hi 3.7::.::: dòvi`is y chuntks hi 39 cóks qui cô``k scli` niir `o isbrolor, bk` in cgrcvc`ti hi qui nc acykráchi istks bknkaloc`ks y bknkaloc`cs pirti`ibi cn 8:.<% hin
3. Y@IRBK (<:33). O`ekrai hoeu`hohk i` bk`aiakrcboò` hin Hác O`tir`cbok`cnhi nc Cneclitozcboò`.
<. RC\AOI@XK, N. C. (<:3:). Rotucboò` hi nc ihubcboò` i` Bknkaloc ‒ Zriisbk- ncr, lãsobc, aihoc y supirokr. Lkgktã4 Eu`hcboò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hiXkhks. Eu`hcboò` Bkrk`c, Eu`hcboò` C`tk`ok \istripk Lcrbk, Y@OBIE, Eu`-hcboò` Rcnhcrrocgc Bk`bfc, Y`ovirsohch hi nks C`his y nc Y`ovirsohch hin@krti.
2. Y@IRBK, BIZCN (<:33). Hisceáks pcrc u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch i` Caï- robc Ncto`c y in Bcroli . I`bui`trk Zripcrctkrok \igok`cn <:33. K@Y - Bk`-sidk Ibk`òaobk y Rkbocn. \ivosoò` Ao`ostirocn C`ucn IBKRKB ‒ \AC. Lui`ksCoris.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <9
Binilrcboò` hi nks istuhoc`tisi` nc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c
nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.Riptoialri << hi <:33.
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<5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
tktcn hi nc pklncboò`, y istã bncsoeobchc bkak pklri pkr in Hipcrtcai`tk @cbok`cnhi Znc`icboò`8.
Boercs hrcaãtobcs pcrc quoi` ti`gc si`solonohch skbocn pirk `k noaotc` nc ricnohch, yhi cbuirhk bk` nc BIZCN (<:33), pcrc ti`ir ai`ks prklclonohch hi pklrizc qui inprkaihok, u` bknkaloc`k k bknkaloc`c hili` ribolor k cprklcr bkak aá`oak 3<cóks hi istuhok, puistk qui i` in aosak hkbuai`tk, nc BIZCN ceorac4 „bk`bnuor nc
i`sióc`zc sibu`hcroc i` nc rigoò` bk`stotuyi in ualrcn ihubctovk aá`oak pcrc csi-
gurcr in euturk hi ncs pirsk`cs euirc hi nc pklrizc‑ 9.
G\CEOBK 3. BIZCN (<:33).- CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C (36 ZCÁRIR)4 CÓKR HI IRXYHOK \ISYI\O-
HKR ZC\C XI@I\ Y@C Z\KLCLONOHCH O@EI\OK\ HI BCI\ I@ NC ZKL\ITC K O@G\I-RKR NCLK\CNIR AC_K\IR CN Z\KAIHOK HI NKR KBYZCHKR HI <: C <? CÓKR HI
IHCH, CN\IHIHK\ HI <::6C /L (I@ @ÔAI\K HI CÓKR HI IRXYHOK). HKBY-AI@XK H IRCEÁKR ZC\C Y@C IHYBCBOÒ@ HI BCNOHCH I@ CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C.
8. HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (H@Z). Horibboò` hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn (HHR). Rulhoribboò`hi Zrkakboò` Rkbocn y Bcnohch hi Uohc (RZRBU). (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zklrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc) 3??7-<:3: y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38 . Lkgktã.
9. BIZCN (<:33). Kp. Bot.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <7
Istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks
csosti` c nc i`trigc hi cuncso`tircbtovcs i` Bcrtcgi`cDu`ok hi <:33
Ro c tkhk nk c`tirokr ni cgrigcaks qui sigô` in aosakistuhok, „u` `oók pirti`iboi`ti c u` fkgcr bk` lcdk
bnoac ihubctovk toi`i 3: vibis acykr prklclonohch hi
rizcgcrsi qui u`k prkvi`oi`ti hi u` fkgcr bk` lui`
bnoac ihubctovk‑ , istk sog`oeobc qui u` fodk hi u`c ec-aonoc bk` lcdk `ovin isbkncr, is aubfk aãs prkpi`sk cbk`to`ucr soi`hk pklri qui quoi` vovi i` u`c ecaonocbk` u` pkhir ihubctovk aãs cntk. I` istc ekrac, pkhi-aks bkai`zcr c i`ti`hir pkr quï nk qui fozk nc Cnbcn-hác hi Bcrtcgi`c bk` in cpkyk hin Ao`ostirok hiIhubcboò` y nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks pkr nc Bou-hch Firkobc, is u` prkbisk skbocn qui si hili bk`so-hircr bk` nc acg`otuh hi u`c fczcóc, puistk qui fclirnkgrchk o`sirtcr i` in sostiac ihubctovk keobocn c 2<.<96
dòvi`is y chuntks acykris hi 39 cóks i` tc` sònk buc-trk cóks, is hktcrnks hi ncs firrcaoi`tcs aá`oacs pcrcaidkrcr su bcnohch hi vohc y pkhir hirrktcr nc pklrizc.
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<6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ktrk cspibtk qui si hili ti`ir i` bui`tc pcrc aihor nc hoai`soò` hi nk nkgrchk i`Bcrtcgi`c, is nk rieiri`ti c nc rincboò` i`tri in `ovin hi istuhoks y nc bk`sibuboò`hi u` trclcdk ekracn y sigurohch skbocn, hidc`hk hiakstrchk bk` bncrohch, qui ncacykr o`ekracnohch si prisi`tc i`tri quoi`is toi`i` u` ai`kr `ovin hi istuhoks, tcnbkak nk pnc`tic nc BIZCN i` in hkbuai`tk botchk4
In cuai`tk hi nks nkgrks ihubctovks toi`i u`c rincboò` o`virsc bk` nc
o`sirboò` i` in sibtkr o`ekracn k hi lcdc prkhubtovohch (grãeobk <), nk
qui tcaloï` istã, i` cngu`c aihohc, rincbok`chk bk` nc pksolonohch hi
o`sirtcrsi bkak cscncrochk. Hi istc ekrac, so i` nc pklncboò` kbupchc
hi 39 cóks y aãs nc grcvotcboò` hin sibtkr o`ekracn is hin 87%, i`tri cquinnks qui `k bkapnitcrk` nc ihubcboò` proacroc is hin 78%, i`tri
quoi`is nc bkapnitcrk` hosao`uyi cn 58%, i`tri quoi`is bkapnitcrk`
nc ihubcboò` sibu`hcroc si rihubi cn 2<% y i`tri quoi`is bkapnitcrk`
nc ihubcboò` u`ovirsotcroc sknk nnigc cn 38%. Nc euirzc hi trclcdk chuntc
toi`hi, i` acykr prkpkrboò` qui nks dòvi`is, c o`sirtcrsi i` sibtkris
hi lcdc prkhubtovohch (u` 86,8% eri`ti cn 2?,7% hi nks kbupchks chun-
tks y dòvi`is, rispibtovcai`ti). Nk c`tirokr tcaloï` toi`i u`c istri-
bfc rincboò` bk` in cbbisk c nks sostiacs hi prktibboò` skbocn cskbochks
cn iapnik4 c acykr `ovin ihubctovk hi nks kbupchks, cuai`tc nc prk- pkrboò` hi ceonochks y bktozc`tis c nc sigurohch skbocn.
Zkr ôntoak, y bkak irc hi ispircr, ixosti u`c istribfc cskbocboò` i`-
tri in `ovin ihubctovk cnbc`zchk y nks o`grisks nclkrcnis. In grãeobk <
onustrc in pu`tk hi o`enixoò` i` o`grisks nclkrcnis ai`sucnis hi nc pk-
lncboò`, cn chquoror `ovinis hi ihubcboò` supirokr, ispibocnai`ti cn
bkapnitcr nc ekracboò` u`ovirsotcroc. Ri pk`i bkak rieiri`boc in náaoti
hi pklrizc cskbochk c nks cóks hi ihubcboò` riquirohks pcrc ti`ir
u`c prklclonohch ai`kr cn prkaihok hi istcr i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc (qui iquovcni 3< cóks ihubctovks prkaihok pcrc nc rigoò`) .
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?
Bk` lcsi i` istks istuhoks y boercs prkhubtk hi ncs aãs sirocs o`vistogcbok`is,pkhiaks hoai`sok`cr nk fibfk pkr Bcrtcgi`c, puistk qui i` u` ncpsk ai`kr hibuctrk cóks, nis istcaks lro`hc`hk c aonis hi ecaonocs vun`irclnis, ncs firrcaoi`-tcs pcrc bk`struor u` euturk aidkr, nc kpkrtu`ohch hi sir pcrtábopis hin hiscrrknnk y`k sir nks ai`hogks hi nk qui nis sklri c nks aãs robks. Fc quihchk bncrk qui nisistcaks i`sióc`hk c pisbcr y `k nis istcaks rigcnc`hk in pisbchk.
I` isti si`tohk, nc Chao`ostrcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c fc i`ti`hohk y cbiptchk c bclcnohch,tkhks nks pro`bopoks pnc`tichks pkr nc Y@IRBK y sus pcásis aoialrks i`
BK@EO@XIC UO5
, sklri nc ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc, puis cneclitozcr soapniai`ti
G\CEOBK <. BIZCN (<:33). CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C (ZCÁRIR RINIBBOK@CHKR)4 XCRCR HIO@EK\ACNOHCH I O@G\IRKR NCLK\CNIR AI@RYCNIR HI NC ZKLNCBOÒ@ KBY-ZCHC HI 39 C <? CÓKR, HI 2: C 58 CÓKR _ HI 39 CÓKR _ AÃR, RIGÔ@IN @OUIN IHYBCXOUK CNBC@TCHK C. XCRCR HI O@EK\ACNOHCH ZK\ @OUINIHYBCXOUK (I@ ZK\BI@XCDIR).
5. Nc Rixtc Bk`eiri`boc O`tir`cbok`cn hi Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks (BK@EO@XIC UO), qui in Gkloir`k hi Lrcsoncbkgoò i` Linï`, hin 3º cn 8 hi hoboialri hi <::?, eui u`c oapkrtc`ti pnctcekrac pcrc ncs cbtovohchis hisi`solonozcboò` y in hoãnkgk sklri pknátobcs rincbok`chks bk` in cpri`hozcdi y nc ihubcboò` au`hocn `k ekracn hinks chuntks. Istc riu`oò` bk`grigò c riprisi`tc`tis hi nks Istchks Aoialrks hi nc Y@IRBK, nks krgc`osakshi ncs @cbok`is Y`ohcs, ncs krgc`ozcbok`is hi bkkpircboò` lonctircnis y auntonctircnis, csá bkak i`tohchis hinc skboihch bovon, in sibtkr provchk y cskbocbok`is hi cnua`ks hi tkhcs ncs rigok`is hin Au`hk.
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2: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
c dòvi`is y chuntks `k is nc sknuboò`, pkrqui hieo`otovcai`ti nc rispuistc y u`k hinks acykris cpkrtis hi u` Istchk c nc irrchobcboò` hi nc pklrizc, is o`bnuor `uivc-ai`ti c nks dòvi`is y chuntks acykris hi 39 cóks i` in Rostiac Ihubctovk KeobocnEkracn, bk` ihubcboò` pirto`i`ti y hi bcnohch qui rispk`hc c su ricnohch ibk`òao-bc, skbocn y bunturcn, y c nc viz, nks o`bnuyc i` nc irc hi nc o`ekraãtobc y nks hkti hi
firrcaoi`tcs prãbtobcs y bkapiti`bocs pcrc i`eri`tcr su bkapnidc y hoeábon vovi`bochocroc, piraotoï`hknis `k sònk cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, so`k c bunao`cr nks 3< cókshi ihubcboò` qui istclnibi nc BIZCN, bkak riquosotk aá`oak pcrc rihubor ncs prk-lclonohchis hi bk`to`ucr k bcir i` nc pklrizc.
Bk` istks crguai`tks, pkhiaks i`ti`hir u` pkbk aãs, pkr quï hiboaks qui sinkgrò u`c fczcóc, y bkak tkhk i` nc vohc, fclirnc nkgrchk `k eui nc aitc so`k inpro`bopok hin bcao`k. Cfkrc fcy qui bk`to`ucr in prkbisk, ekrtcnibir in sostiac,clror kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc istks aonis hi fkalris y audiris qui toi`i` ktrcs ixpib-tctovcs, y siguor trclcdc`hk pcrc qui nks dòvi`is y chuntks ti`gc` u`c ihubcboò`bk` nc aidkr bcnohch pksolni, pkrqui is bncrk qui nc skboihch toi`i u`c hiuhc auy
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 23
In << hi hoboialri hi <::?, i` in Istchok hi Lïoslknhi Bcrtcgi`c si grchucrk` 39.::: istuhoc`tis,i` u` cbtk qui si hi`kao`ò „Nc @kbfi Lnc`bc‑.
grc`hi bk` tkhcs istcs pirsk`cs qui pkr u`c u ktrc rczò`, fc` hisirtchk hin sosti-ac ihubctovk keobocn.
Bcrtcgi`c hiakstrò qui sá si puihi pcscr hin hosbursk c nks fibfks, y qui hi u`cu ktrc ekrac, istã bk`vortoi`hk i` ricnohch, nk pnc`tichk i` in hkbuai`tk hi nc
BIZCN, tc`tcs vibis botchk i` isti isbrotk4
Grc` pcrti hi nks bkaprkaosks o`tir`cbok`cnis rincbok`chks bk` nks
cvc`bis ihubctovks supk`i` qui nc ihubcboò` is u` idi bncvi hin hisc-
rrknnk. Grcbocs c innc is pksolni aidkrcr ncs bk`hobok`is skbocnis, ibk-
`òaobcs y bunturcnis hi nks pcásis. In cuai`tk hi nks ovinis ihubctovks
hi nc pklncboò` si cskboc cn aidkrcaoi`tk hi ktrks ecbtkris bncvis hi
hiscrrknnk y loi`istcr, bkak nc prkhubtovohch, nc akvonohch skbocn, nc
rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc, nc bk`strubboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác y nc ohi`tohch
skbocn y, i` hieo`otovc, in ekrtcniboaoi`tk hi nc bkfisoò` skbocn.
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2< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Hishi nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn, X\C@REK\AIAKR,quiriaks hibor qui fc sohk u` fk`kr y u` krgunnk fclir pkhohk cbka-pcócr c nks ribtkris hi ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs Keobocnis hi Bcr-tcgi`c qui csuaoirk` in ritk bk` grc` i`tirizc y rispk`sclonohch= cnks boi`tks hi hkbi`tis qui lusbcrk` puirtc c puirtc c nks istuhoc`-tis y pkr i`boac hi nks hknkrksks y trostis hrcacs qui gi`irc nc pk-lrizc, nkgrcrk` qui si ac`tuvoirc` i` in prkbisk= c nks aonis hiistuhoc`tis qui hibohoirk` hcrsi u`c `uivc kpkrtu`ohch y lusbcri` ncs pãgo`cs hi nks nolrks hi X\C@REK\AIAKR y ncs pc`tcnncs hi
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 22
Ctonok Zozcrrk (Y`isbk),\khknek Crhonc (Xrc`sekraiaks),
Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk
(Ao`ostrc hi Ihubcboò`),Dunok Cnc`hiti (Ribritcrok hiIhubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c),
Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz (Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c),\ulï` Rkitksi`kdk (Ao`ihubcboò` Ruro`cai)
y Bknni` Fkrsekrh (Ao`ihubcboò` C`guonnc)i` nc hibncrctkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c
bkak bouhch nolri hi c`cneclitosak.Riptoialri << hi <:33.
nks bkaputchkris, ncs rispuistcs qui hu-rc`ti gi`ircbok`is nis fclác` `igchk ncbcnni y nc skboihch, pirk sklri tkhk, quiri-aks cgrchibirnis c nc Cnbcnhisc DuhotfZo`ihk Enòriz, in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`,
Dunok Cnc`hiti y cn Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò`qui briyirk` i` u`c prkpuistc ihubctovcqui si lcsc i` in bk`kboaoi`tk hi nc bun-turc, ncs ixpibtctovcs y `ibisohchis hinistuhoc`ti, i` in cpkrti hi aihocbok`is ho-hãbtobcs hi bcnohch, i` in rispitk cn ktrk,i` ribk`kbir nks scliris hi nks ixbnuohks,i` nnivcrnis bkaputchkris y sketwcri bk`nc ôntoac tib`knkgác, y i` ispibocn, qui i`-toi`hc nks toiapks qui hobtc nc pklrizc pcrcpkhir bk`struor csá, i`tri tkhks, aihoc`tiu` sostiac ihubctovk bkapuistk pkr in hk-bi`ti, ncs aihocbok`is hohãbtobcs oapriscsi o`tircbtovcs, nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc y ncbkau`ohch.
Ncs i`sióc`zcs hi isi bkapnidk prkbiskhi o`bnusoò` acsovc hi dòvi`is y chuntks,su pirac`i`boc i` in sostiac isbkncr y ncsixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hi istcpklncboò` vun`irclni, fc` sohk klditk hirienixoò` i` o`vistogcbok`is ricnozchcs pkrnc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks y bk` nks rinc-tks cutklokgrãeobks hi nks pro`bopcnis cbtk-ris hi isti prkbisk, nks ribtkris, nkshkbi`tis y nks istuhoc`tis. Fky prisi`tc-aks i` isti hkbuai`tk, nks cpri`hozcdissog`oeobctovks qui fiaks klti`ohk grcbocsc istc ixpiroi`boc, bkak u` cpkrti c nc bk`s-trubboò` hi euturcs pknátobcs pôlnobcs pcrcihubcr c nks aãs hi 3: aonnk`is hi bknka-loc`ks qui cô` `k fc` o`obochk k eo`cnozchksu ihubcboò` lãsobc.
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28 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Isti hkbuai`tk bk`stc hi soiti bcpátunks qui hiscrrknnc` ncs so-guoi`tis tiaãtobcs4 nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-boò` Hostrotcn qui piraotoò isti prkbisk= nc o`vistogcboò` lcsi quipiraotoò in bk`kboaoi`tk bk`tixtucn privok cn hosiók hi u` prkyib-tk ihubctovk pirto`i`ti pcrc ncs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis= in hosi-ók burrobuncr lãsobk pirto`i`ti, bk` sus bkapk`i`tis y idiscrtobunchkris= nc o`vistogcboò` pcrc bk`kbir nks ecbtkris cskboc-hks c nc pirac`i`boc, nc bk`to`uohch y nc hisirboò` hi istcs pk-lncbok`is vun`irclnis i` prkbisks ihubctovks= nc o`vistogcboò` quipiraotoò bkapri`hir ncs ixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hi nksistuhoc`tis= in oapcbtk hi nc o`bnusoò` hi istcs bkau`ohchis vun-`irclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis, aihoc`ti in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk= y pkr ôntoak, nc vosolonozcboò` hi istks
fkalris y audiris, dòvi`is y chuntks i` in Zcás, akstrc`hk krgu-nnksks sus scliris, su bkaprkaosk y sus suióks i` nc pri`sc `c-bok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cn, i` nc tinivosoò`, siao`croks y bk`grisks,hi`trk y euirc hi Bknkaloc.
Ncs rienixok`is qui cquá prisi`tcaks, `ks nnivc` c bk`bnuor qui`uistrcs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis riquoiri` prkbisks bk`to`ukshi ihubcboò` pcrc scnor hi ncs prãbtobcs hisogucnis i o`iquotctovcsi` ncs bucnis vovi`. Hi ogucn ekrac, istcs pirsk`cs `k quoiri`
sir sònk cneclitozchcs, quoiri` ekracr pcrti hi prkbisks ihubc-tovks bk`to`uks qui nks nnivi` c istuhocr u`c bcrrirc tïb`obc kprkeisok`cn k hisiapiócr u`ks keoboks qui nis piraotc`prkyibtcrsi i` tkhcs ncs hoai`sok`is fuac`cs qui nis ecbonoti`nc pksolonohch hi bcalocr hi vohc, pcrc hidcr ctrãs nks bárbunks hipklrizc pirsosti`ti hk`hi sus ecaonocris y vibo`ks fc` fclotchkpkr gi`ircbok`is. Ru prkyibtk hi vohc o`bnuyi hog`oeobcr sus prãb-tobcs skbocnis, bkak u` cpkrti c nc bk`strubboò` hi u` aidkr Zcáspcrc tkhks. In bkaprkaosk bk` in bucn csuai` su vohc isbkncr, is
u`c auistrc bncrc hi su hibosoò` hi bcalocr pcrc aidkrcr i`loi` hi tkhks. Zkr istc rczò`, pcrc nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksis u` krgunnk bk`troluor pcrc cyuhcrnks c cbbihir c sus hiribfksy buapnor sus suióks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 29
Nc ihubcboò`
bkak aktkr hinc ho`ãaobc skbocn
Dunok Cnc`hiti CrrkykRibritcrok hi Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c
(<::6-<:33)
Bcpátu nk 3
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25 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
B Zroairc Zrkakboò`
hi nks Bi`trks \igok`cnis hiIhubcboò` Rupirokr, BI\IR,
prkgrcac bk`kbohk pkpuncrai`-ti i` Bcrtcgi`c bkak
‑Ncs u`ovirsohchisi` nks lcrroks‑
Znczc hi Nc Chuc`c
k`virtor nc ihubcboò` i` in aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobcskbocn hi u`c bouhch bk` tc`tk pkti`bocn pirk cnaosak toiapk tc` nni`c hi o`iquohchis y hiso-
gucnhchis bkak Bcrtcgi`c, eui in ritk qui si prkpusk ncCnbcnhisc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz hurc`ti su gkloir`k bk`bilo-hk i` in pnc` „Zkr u`c Rknc Bcrtcgi`c <::6-<:33‑, y cu`qui
`k fc sohk u` trclcdk eãbon, fclrác qui chaotor qui sá istuvknni`k hi sctosecbbok`is y grc`his nkgrks, ecntc cô` aubfk pkrribkrrir, pirk si fc fibfk nc tcric y fky nc bouhch bui`tc bk`u` Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn bk` pcrãaitrks hi bcnohch, bk-lirturc, akhir`ozcboò` y sklri tkhk hi o`tigrcnohch skbocn,lro`hã`hkni kpkrtu`ohchis c bouhchc`ks y bouhchc`cs quic`tis `k istclc` vosolonozchks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 27
Zroairc Zrkakboò` hi nks Bi`trks \igok`cnis hi Ihubcboò`Rupirokr, BI\IR, prkgrcac bk`kbohk pkpuncrai`ti i`Bcrtcgi`c bkak „Ncs u`ovirsohchis i` nks lcrroks‑.
Nk proairk is cbncrcr qui `k si fc` hobtchk `uivcs `kracs, qui `k si fc` prkpuis-tk `uivcs niyis, qui `k si fc o`vi`tchk `chc, soapniai`ti si fc` iapnichk ncsqui ixostác` aidkrc`hk su kpirctovohch y bcnohch, fcboi`hk buapnor ncs `kracs ixos-ti`tis, o`vortoi`hk nks ribursks bk` pro`bopoks hi trc`spcri`boc y iquohch, riboloi`-hk bk` li`ipnãbotk tkhks nks cpkyks qui `ks fc` quirohk lro`hcr, cskboã`hk`ks bk`nks aidkris y briyi`hk so` ripcrks i` `uistrc gi`ti, i` nks ribtkris, i` nks hkbi`-tis, i` nks istuhoc`tis, i` in iquopk chao`ostrctovk bk` qui bui`tc nc Ribritcrác, i`nks iapriscroks qui trclcdc` pkr nc bouhch, i` nks bk`bidcnis, i` nks krgc`osaks hibk`trkn y sklri tkhk i` isc o`ai`sc bcpcbohch pcrc aidkrcr y bribir qui toi`i tkhc
`uistrc bkau`ohch.
Nk bk`siguohk si hili c qui si fc bk`tchk bk` nc gi`ti y trclcdchk pcrc nc gi`ti,bk` nc bncrohch hi qui nc ihubcboò` pôlnobc is u` sostiac y bkak tcn bchc u`c hi suspcrtis ekrtcnibi k hilonotc c nc ktrc, qui `k puihi fclir o`stotubok`is ieoboi`tis sonks prkbihoaoi`tks qui chinc`tc nc Ribritcrác sk` hieoboi`tis, qui `k si puihirihubor nc hisirboò` so `k si ctcbc` sus bcuscs eu`hcai`tcnis, qui `k puihi` ekr-acrsi istuhoc`tis bkapitotovks i` cuncs siaohistruohcs y so` cbbisk c ncs `uivcstib`knkgács, qui `k puihi fclir bncsis hi bcnohch so `k si bui`tc bk` hkbi`tis
bcpcbotchks y pkr ôntoak, pirk `k ai`ks oapkrtc`ti, qui `k puihi ixostor u` prkbi-sk ihubctovk bkapnitk so `k si bui`tc bk` nks aibc`osaks pcrc qui nks dòvi`is ychuntks qui i` cngô` akai`tk hisirtcrk` hin sostiac ihubctovk puihc` vknvir c ïny nis lro`hiaks u`c ihubcboò` hi bcnohch, pirto`i`ti y cbkrhi c sus `ibisohchis,hchk qui istks fkalris y audiris sk` nks pchris y firac`ks acykris hi nks `oóksqui istcaks trctc`hk hi qui `k hisirti` hin sostiac. Xkhk istk is pcrti hi u`cpknátobc hi gcrc`tozcr nc ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc.
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26 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Is bncrk qui `k fiaks nkgrchk risknvir tkhks nks o`bk`vi`oi`tis, cô` si hostc au-bfk hin sostiac pireibtk, pirk si istã trc`sotc`hk pkr in bcao`k bkrribtk y qui sosi ni hc bk`to`uohch cn prkbisk o`obochk, i` pkbks cóks si virã` nks risuntchks.
I` isti krhi` hi ohics, nks poncris qui fc` piraotohk i`trigcrni c nc bouhch u`Rostiac hi Ihubcboò` Keobocn cbkrhi bk` ncs `ibisohchis hi nc bouhchc`ác y quisic in pro`bopcn ho`caozchkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn, sk`4
Uknu`tch Zknátobc
Nc acykr y aidkr hiakstrcboò` hi nc vknu`tch pknátobc hi nc Riókrc Cnbcnhisc DuhotfZo`ihk Enòriz y su bk`vi`boaoi`tk hi qui nc ihubcboò` is in grc` ho`caozchkr qui`ks piraotorã bk`struor u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c, is in pksotovk cuai`tk i` nc o`virsoò`pcrc in sibtkr bk` ribursks prkpoks, pcsc`hk hi 9.2<7 aonnk`is pisks hurc`ti inbuctroi`ok <::8 c <::7 c u` prisupuistk hi aãs hi 337.::: aonnk`is hi pisksi`tri in <::6 y <:33, risuntchk hi nc vknu`tch pknátobc hi nc Cnbcnhác y su bkaprkao-sk bk` in prkgrcac hi gkloir`k pkr in qui vktcrk` nks bcrtcgi`irks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 2?
O`virsoò` ribursks prkpoks hin Hostrotk i` ihubcboò`
Zirk nk aãs oapkrtc`ti `k is nc o`virsoò` pirsi, so`k i` nkqui si o`voirti` hobfks ribursks y is cfá hk`hi istã invcnkr cgrigchk hi nc chao`ostrcboò`. In ï`ecsos fc istchki` acykr pirto`i`boc hi nc ihubcboò`, i` nc grctuohch, bc-nohch y bklirturc pcrc isc grc` erc`dc hi dòvi`is y chuntksqui `u`bc puhoirk` cbbihir c nc isbuinc k euirk` hisirtk-ris hi nc aosac pkr aôntopnis rczk`is, i` ispibocn nks c`cn-eclitks.
Zirk pcrc pkhir idibutcr istks ribursks eui `ibiscrok ho-siócr u` ixogi`ti pnc` hi trclcdk qui `ks piraotoirc bua-pnor bk` in klditovk hin Znc` hi Hiscrrknnk hi bk`virtor c ncihubcboò` i` in ho`caozchkr skbocn ti`oi`hk c nc isbuincbkak in bi`trk hi tkhk isti prkbisk y in risuntchk hi istitrclcdk si ixpnobc i` in soguoi`ti buchrk y i` ekrac pcrbocni` nks soguoi`tis pu`tks hin hkbuai`tk4
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8: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Zcrc buapnor bk` istks lui`ks prkpòsotks istrctïgobks hi u`c ac`irc ieoboi`ti ybk` trc`spcri`boc irc `ibiscrok qui nc Ribritcrác i`trcrc i` nc bunturc hi nc ieoboi`-boc y bk` in cpkyk hi tkhks nks eu`bok`croks, quoi`is fc` hiakstrchk grc`his `ovi-nis hi i`trigc c nc o`stotuboò` y su bouhch, nkgrcaks bk`virtor`ks i` nc proaircRibritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi Bknkaloc birtoeobchc pkr in OBK@XIB pkr oapniai`tcru` prkbisk hi gistoò` hi bcnohch i` tkhks sus prkbisks lcdk nc krac ORK ?::34<::6
Csá aosak, si fc nkgrchk qui nc bunturc hi nc bcnohch trcsboi`hc c ncs O`stotubok`isIhubctovcs y yc si bui`tc bk` `uivi O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs keobocnis bk` Rosti-acs hi Gistoò` hi Bcnohch birtoeobchks, bctkrbi aãs si birtoeobc` i` `kvoialri hi<:33 y 5? i` prkbisk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi u` Rostiac hi Gistoò` hi Bcnohch.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 83
Zcrc pkhirni hcr bk`to`uohch c tkhk isti prkbisk si nkgrò ekracr aãs hi 39: hk-bi`tis y horibtovks hkbi`tis i` nc `krac ORK ?::3 y bk`virtornks i` cuhotkris o`tir-`ks hi bcnohch, hi tcn ekrac qui nc bunturc hi nc bcnohch `k si quihi ô`obcai`ti i`nks i`tis chao`ostrctovks hi nc Ribritcrác.
Ktrk pro`bopok eu`hcai`tcn is in i`ti`hir c nc ihubcboò` bkak u` hiribfk y bkaktcn si fc csuaohk i` isti gkloir`k, pkr i`hi i` nc aosoò` hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihu-bcboò` si pnc`tic nk soguoi`ti4 „Gcrc`tozcaks in hiribfk c nc ihubcboò` bk` iquo-
hch, bcnohch, ieibtovohch y pirto`i`boc, prkpkrbok`c`hk u`c cti`boò` o`tigrcn qui
bk`troluyc cn aidkrcaoi`tk hi nc bcnohch hi vohc y bkapitotovohch hi nc bkau`ohch
hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c ‑.
Ihubcboò` hishi nc bu`c
Zroairc o`ec`boc
»C quoï`is cti`hiaks y bòak nk fcbiaks;
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8< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Zroairc itcpc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcAchri Ncurc, sihi C`hcnubác,
Zoihrc hi Lknávcr
Y`c ispibocn cti`boò` airibi` nks `oóks i`tri hks ybo`bk cóks hi ncs ecaonocs aãs vun`irclnis, pcrc nc bou-hch is bncrk qui nc o`virsoò` i` istc tiaprc`c ihch`ks vc c gcrc`tozcr `k sònk u`c hosao`uboò` hi nc hi-sirboò` hin sostiac ihubctovk so`k acykr bcnohch hivohc y scnuh pcrc istks `oóks.
Nc ná`ic lcsi i` in <::7 irc u` tktcn hi <.769 `oóksi`tri hks y bo`bk cóks cti`hohks y nkgrcaks lro`hcrcti`boò` o`tigrcn (cti`boò` i` buohchk, utroboò` y ihu-bcboò` o`obocn) c 7<28 oóks y oócs qui ctoi`hi in OBLEi` sus fkgcris bkau`otcroks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 82
Cuncs Hogotcnis i` nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc @uistrc Riókrchin Bcrai` Isbcnnò` Uonnc.
Zcrc nkgrcrnk si istclniboò u`c cnoc`zc bk` in ek`hk„EKAI@XK C NC CXI@BOÒ@ O@XIG\CN HI NC Z\O-AI\C O@EC@BOC‑ bk`ekrachk pkr in AI@ y inOBIXIV, pkr nk qui si nkgrò o`virtor aãs hi $2.556aonnk`is pcrc sulsohocr nc cti`boò` o`tigrcn hi nks `o-óks y `oócs ai`kris hi bo`bk (9) cóks y/k fcstc su
o`grisk cn grchk klnogctkrok hi trc`soboò`.
Ro` ialcrgk, in ritk is grc`hi i` isti bcapk puistkqui nc bklirturc pcrc isti grupk pklncbok`cn soguisoi`hk o`sueoboi`ti.
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88 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Akhir`ozcboò` istrctïgobc, pihcgògobc y hohãbtobc
Nks bouhchc`ks hili` i`eri`tcrsi hác c hác bk` nc tib`knkgác volrc`ti, bcaloc`ti yhi skrpri`hi`ti trc`sekracboò` qui bk`ekrac in i`tkr`k hin sognk VVO y `k pkhi-aks pripcrcrnks pcrc bkapitor i` isti caloi`ti so nks bk`to`ucaks ekrac`hk i`cuncs y bk` pihcgkgác hi pro`bopoks hin sognk VV.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 89
Cuncs hogotcnisO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc\ipôlnobc
hin Nálc`k.
Zcrc hcr in scntk bucnotctovk y nkgrcr u`c vir-hchirc akhir`ozcboò` istrctïgobc hi nc pihc-gkgác y nc hohãbtobc fiaks chquorohk aãs hi?:: cuncs hogotcnis bk` tclnirks hogotcnis ybkaputchkris, bk` nks bucnis fiaks nkgrchkqui tkhcs ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs hi ncbouhch bui`ti` bk` ncs XOB‖s bkak firrcaoi`tcpihcgògobc.
Zirk `k sònk si istã trclcdc`hk i` ncs cuncs,tcaloï` is `ibiscrok cbirbcr c nks istuhoc`-tis bk` ncs `uivcs tib`knkgács i` in caloi`tinclkrcn y i` isti si`tohk y grcbocs cn cpkyk hiIbkpitrkn y \ieobcr fky bk`tcaks bk` buctrkcuncs aòvonis qui eu`bok`c` i` cskbok bk` inRI@C.
Istcs cuncs istã` ulobchcs i` eurgk`is quipuihi` trcsnchcrsi c hk`hi si i`bui`tri ingrupk hi istuhoc`tis y istã` hktchcs hio`tir`it sctinotcn, sostiacs hi i`tri`caoi`tki` eásobc, inibtrò`obc, soaunchkris, ribknibtk-ris hi hctks, istcbok`is aitikrknògobcs, bka-putchkris pkrtãtonis y u` sketwcri ispibocn hibcpcbotcboò` hin RI@C, bk` nk bucn `uistrksistuhoc`tis i`trc` i` bk`tcbtk horibtk bk` ncekracboò` tïb`obc y ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.
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85 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cunc hogotcn hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc
Airbihis ÃlrigkRc` Eir`c`hk.
Zcrc bkapniai`tcr tkhk isti prkbisk yc bk`-tcaks bk` 9:: hkbi`tis ekrachks i` ecsio`trkhubtkroc i` in usk hi @uivcs Xib`knkgács,ti`iaks i` eu`bok`caoi`tk 35? scncs hi O`ekr-aãtobc i` nks Istclniboaoi`tks ihubctovks Keo-bocnis bk` 8.9<9 iquopks y si nkgrò bk`Aobrksket nc bricboò` hi bkrriks inibtrò`obks ctkhks nks istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tis hi ncs O.I, bk`nk bucn nnigcaks c nc boerc hi <5 istuhoc`tis pkrbkaputchkr.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 87
O`cugurcboò` proairc itcpcO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Crrkyk
hi Zoihrc, sihi Zu`tc Bc`kc,Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Zu`tc Bc`kc.
Zrkyibtks hi pirac`i`boc
Y`k hi nks aãs grcvis prklniacs hi nc ihubc-
boò` i` Bknkaloc is nc hisirboò` hi nks istu-hoc`tis, nc bucn hi cbuirhk bk` nc o`vistogcboò`hi nc Eu`hcboò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hi Xk-hks, is hi tcn acg`otuh qui hi bchc bo`bk `o-óks qui i`trc` c proair grchk sònk u`k sigrchôc bkak lcbfonnir y Bcrtcgi`c `k is cdi`cc isti ei`òai`k.
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86 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Binilrcboò` hi
nks 876 cóks hi
Bcrtcgi`c, bk` nc
pcrtobopcboò` hi
istuhoc`tis hi
hoeiri`tis o`stotubok-`is ihubctovcs.
Znczc hi Nc Zcz.
Hi cbuirhk bk` nks istuhoks ricnozchks pkr nc aosac Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` nks
pro`bopcnis prklniacs qui ceibtc` nc pirac`i`boc hi nks istuhoc`tis sk` nc vokni`-boc o`trcecaonocr, ialcrczks y prklniacs sixucnis hi nks istuhoc`tis, vokni`boc i`-tri nks istuhoc`tis, prklniacs hi cpri`hozcdi, ecntc hi o`tirïs hi nks pchris pkr inistuhok hi sus fodks y nc sotucboò` ibk`òaobc y skbocn hi nc ecaonoc.
Zcrc i`eri`tcr istc sotucboò` si iapnicrk` vcrocs istrctigocs, qui `k fc` sknubok-`chk tktcnai`ti in prklniac pirk qui sá `ks fc` piraotohk ulobcr nc hisirboò` i`ncs o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs keobocnis i` in <.7%, u` nkgrk qui supirc nc aihoc `cbok-`cn qui is hin 9% y istã pkr hilcdk hi nc ná`ic lcsi i` in <::7 hin 9.9%.
Nc proairc aihohc c tkacr i` bk`bkrhc`boc bk` ncs pknátobcs y cpkyk hin Ao`ostirokhi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn eui nc hi gcrc`tozcr nc grctuohch hi nc ihubcboò` lro`hchcpkr nc O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs Keobocnis. Hishi in <::? hi priisbkncr cn grchk 33i` Bcrtcgi`c, is tktcnai`ti grctuotc. Csá aosak nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` csuaoòin vcnkr tktcn hin sigurk hi cbbohi`tis hi tkhks nks istuhoc`tis hi ncs O`stotubok`isIhubctovcs Keobocnis.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 8?
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9: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Bk` ribursks hin O`stotutk Bknkaloc`k hi Loi`istcr Ecaonocr y in Hostrotk si nisistã lro`hc`hk hiscyu`k y cnauirzk c 55.69< `oóks.
Cnoai`tcboò`
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 93
Bi`trk Ihubctovk Gustcvk
Zunibok GòaizBknkaloctò`.
Ktrk cspibtk c ti`ir i` bui`tc is nc hktcboò`
hi nolrks y lolnoktibcs, in cnoai`tk hi nc ai`ti
y i` isti si`tohk si chquoroirk` aãs hi 376
aon nolrks pcrc ncs O`stotubok`is ihubctovcs keo-
bocnis hi tkhc Bcrtcgi`c pkr vcnkr hi $6.:::
aonnk`is, bk` nks bucnis si bk`stotuyirk` nks
lolnoklc`bks hc`hk buapnoaoi`tk c nc Niy 339
hi 3??8.
Ri eoraò bk` in Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` in bk`-
vi`ok nc Isbuinc lusbc cn @oók, bk` in bucn si
ispirc vknvir c o`tigrcr cn sostiac ihubctovk
keobocn c pkr nk ai`ks aon `oóks qui pkr hovir-
scs borbu`stc`bocs si fc` vostk klnogchks c
clc`hk`cr in bknigok y si fc nkgrchk gcrc`to-
zcr in trc`spkrti isbkncr pcrc ?.::7 `oóks qui
hili` hispnczcrsi hi su bcsc c ncs O`stotubok-
`is Ihubctovcs.
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9< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc
Bniai`ti
Ac`uin Tclcnc hi
Enkr hin Bcapk.
Zroair aigcbknigok
pôlnobk hi Bcrtcgi`c.
O`ercistrubturc ihubctovc hog`c
Ktrk cspibtk cn qui ni hihobcaks grc`his iseuirzks y ri-
bursks is hktcr c nc bouhch bk` u`c o`ercistrubturc ihubcto-
vc hog`c qui nis ecbonoti c nks istuhoc`tis bk`tcr bk` u`
i`tkr`k qui nis piraotc pi`scr i` nc pksolonohch hi u`c aidkr
bcnohch hi vohc y nis lro`hi u` ispcbok pcrc hiscrrknncrsi y
bkapitor cn aosak `ovin k so is pksolni i` aidkris bk`hobok-
`is qui quoi`is toi`i` nc kpkrtu`ohch hi pcgcr ihubcboò`
provchc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 92
O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc
Dkrgi Crtin.
Aigcbknigok hi nc
Boï`cgc hi nc Uorgi`,
vác piroaitrcn.
C trcvïs hin ROBOIH si hitirao`ò qui i` in <::7, in
3<% hi ncs o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs keobocnis istclc` tk-
tcnai`ti hitirokrchcs y in 9:% bk`tclc bk` o`stcncbok-
`is lui`cs y chibuchcs pcrc buapnor bk` nc eu`boò`
ihubctovc.
Bk` u`c o`virsoò` hi aãs hi $3::.::: aonnk`is, isti
Gkloir`k ni hidc c nc bouhch <3 bknigoks `uivks y 6: OIK
richibuchcs y/k capnochcs, nk qui riprisi`tc in 7<%
hi cuncs chibuchcs y lui`cs y sònk u` 9% hi o`ercis-
trubturc brátobc.
Zcrc i`ti`hir nc hoai`soò` hi isti prkbisk y nc ekrac
bkak in sostiac ihubctovk puihi o`enuor i` nc bcnohch hi
vohc y in i`tkr`k hi istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y nc bkau`o-
hch ihubctovc nks o`votk c vir ncs soguoi`tis oaãgi`is,
i` ncs qui `k istã` tkhks pirk nis hc` u` idiapnk hi nk
qui fiaks nkgrchk trclcdc`hk u`ohks nc Chao`ostrcboò`
hostrotcn, nc iaprisc provchc, in sibtkr sknohcrok, nc bk-
au`ohch, ncs o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs y pkr supuistk in
Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn.
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98 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
„Hihobcaks grc`his iseuirzks y ribursks pcrc hktcr c nc
bouhch bk` u`c o`ercistrubturc ihubctovc hog`c qui nis
kerizbc c nks istuhoc`tis u` bk`tixtk qui nis piraotc pi`scr
i` nc pksolonohch hi u`c aidkr bcnohch hi vohc y nis lro`hi u`
ispcbok pcrc hiscrrknncrsi y bkapitor cn aosak `ovin k so ispksolni i` aidkris bk`hobok`is qui quoi`is toi`i` nc
kpkrtu`ohch hi pcgcr ihubcboò` provchc‑.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 99
O`stotuboò` IhubctovcC`c Acrác Uiniz hi Xrudonnk, Rc`tc \otc.
O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc hi Ac`zc`onnk hin Acr,Uirihc Ac`zc`onnk (Lkquonnc).
@uivk lnkqui bk`struohk i` nc
O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rknihch
Cbkstc hi Rcapir,Lncs hi Nizk.
Bi`trk Ihubctovk @uistrcRiókrc hin Lui` Cori,
Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Zcscbclcnnks.
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95 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc hi Osnc Euirti,Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Osnc Euirti
Hi`trk hin Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn fiaks bk`sohirchk oa-
pkrtc`ti qui nks istuhoc`tis puihc` bk`to`ucr bk` sus istu-
hoks tïb`obks c pcrtor hi nc aihoc y i` isti si`tohk fiaks
nkgrchk qui 7.6:7 istuhoc`tis si o`bkrpkri` i` ãrics bkak
turosak, tinio`ekraãtobc, in sibtkr pitrkquáaobk, nkgástobc y
puirtks, cgrko`hustroc, bk` in cpkyk hi ncs o`stotubok`is hi
ihubcboò` supirokr, o`hustrocs hi Acak`cn, nc Rkboihch Zkr-
tucroc, in RI@C y i` gi`ircn nc iaprisc provchc bcrtcgi`irc,nkgrc`hk hi istc ac`irc pripcrcr nc ac`k hi klrc bcnoeobchc
qui riquoiri in briboaoi`tk hi nc bouhch y clroi`hk `uivks pc-
`krcacs hi iapnik c ncs `uivcs gi`ircbok`is hi istuhoc`tis.
I` bk`sibui`boc istc keirtc ihubctovc istã crak`ozchc bk` nc
cgi`hc hi bkapitotovohch hi nc bouhch.
Ihubcboò` pirto`i`tiIhubcboò` pirto`i`ti
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 97
@khks hi ekracboò` aihoc tïb`obc
HCXKR HI AIHOC XÏB@OBC <:3: - <:33 - @KHKR IRXCLNIBOHKR
ZIX\KSYÁAOBK ZNÃRXOBK4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc BCRH Ac`uinc Lintrã` <:33
IRZIBOCNOHCHIR
XÏB@OBK I@ KZI\CBOÒ@ HI Z\KBIRKR O@HYRX\OCNIR 9:7
XÏB@OBK I@ AC@XI@OAOI@XK INIBX\Ò@OBK O@HYRX\OCN 73:
XÏB@OBK I@ C@ÃNOROR HI AYIRX\CR SYÁAOBCR ?6:
XÏB@OBK AIBÃ@OBK HI ACSYO@CR O@HYRX\OCNIR 636
XÏB@OBK KEOBOCN HI BK@RX\YBBOK@IR 8:7XKXCN 2.8<<
@KHK XY\ORAK4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc @uistrc Riókrc hin Bcrai` <:33
IRZIBOCNOHCHIR
XÏB@OBK I@ AIRC _ LC\ 87<
XÏB@OBK I@ K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI IUI@XKR \IB\ICXOUKR _ XY\ÁRXOBKR 5?5
XÏB@OBK I@ CNKDCAOI@XK 353
XÏB@OBK I@ BKBO@C 592
XÏB@OBK I@ KZI\CBOK@IR XY\ÁRXOBCR 925
XKXCN <.936
@KHK NKGÁRXOBC _ ZYI\XKR4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Cnlirtk Inács Eir`ã`hiz Lci`c <:33
IRZIBOCNOHCHIRXÏB@OBK I@ BKAI\BOK O@XI\@CBOK@CN 2<9
XÏB@OBK I@ NKGÁRXOBC ZK\XYC\OC 8:3
XÏB@OBK I@ BKAZ\CR _ RYAO@ORX\KR 35?
XÏB@OBK I@ RORXIACR 2:5
XKXCN 3.<:3
@KHK CG\KO@HYRX\OC4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïb`obc hi Lcyu`bc <:33
IRZIBOCNOHCHIR
XÏB@OBK I@ Z\KBIRCAOI@XK HI E\YXCR _ UI\HY\CR 3<:
XÏB@OBK I@ Z\KBIRCAOI@XK HI NÃBXIKR 3<:
XÏB@OBK I@ CG\KZIBYC\OC 3:9
XKXCN 289
@KHK XINIAÃXOBC ‒ XINIO@EK\AÃXOBC4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Nobik hi Lknávcr <:33
IRZIBOCNOHCHIR
XÏB@OBK I@ RORXIACR 2<3
XÏB@OBK AC@IDK HI FI\\CAOI@XCR ZC\C RORXIAC HI HCXKR
XKXCN 2<3
G\C@ XKXCN @KHKR XÏB@OBKR 7.6:7
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96 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` nk rieiri`ti c nc ihubcboò` supirokr, nc pro`bopcn istrctigoc fc sohk nnivcr ncs
u`ovirsohchis c nks lcrroks c trcvïs hi nks BI\IR, i` bk`vi`ok bk` in OBIXIV,
CBBIR, ncs O`stotubok`is hi Ihubcboò` Rupirokr bkak nc Y`ovirsohch tib`knògobc
hi Lknávcr, in Bknigok Acykr hi Lknávcr, Y`ovirsohch hi Bcrtcgi`c, Nks nolirtchkris,
Xib`cr y Y`obknkalk, y in sibtkr iapriscrocn y griaocn hi Bcrtcgi`c fcboi`hk is-
pibocn ï`ecsos i` nc ihubcboò` tïb`obc prkeisok`cn y nc tib`knògobc.
Cbtucnai`ti bk`tcaks bk` 3: BI\IR eu`bok`c`hk i` 39 O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs
qui hi hác sk` bknigoks y i` nc `kbfi si bk`voirti` i` u`ovirsohchis, cti`hoi`hk c
aãs hi 9.::: dòvi`is bcrtcgi`irks hi lcdks ribursks.
Nks BI\IR aãs nks bk`vi`oks bk` nc Y@CH y nc crtobuncboò` hi nc aihoc tïb`obc
bk` ncs o`stotubok`is hi ihubcboò` supirokr y in RI@C, fc` fibfk pksolni qui i` nc
cbtucnohch istï` bursc`hk istuhoks hi ihubcboò` supirokr aãs hi 39.::: dòvi`is
bcrtcgi`irks.
Y`ovirsohchis
i` nks lcrroks
Y`ovirsohchis
i` nks lcrroks
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 9?
Y`k hi nks cspibtks aãs oapkrtc`tis hi isti prkbisk is in qui toi`i qui vir bk` nc
eo`c`bocboò` hchk qui nc Cnbcnhác hi Bcrtcgi`c pcgc u` <9% hin vcnkr hin siaistri
c trcvïs hi u` brïhotk bk`hk`clni so in istuhoc`ti tirao`c sctosecbtkrocai`ti sus
istuhoks, in OBIXIV ni lro`hc ktrk brïhotk bk`hk`clni pkr in <9% y ncs O`stotubok`is
ihubctovcs nis hisbui`tc` in <9% hin vcnkr hin siaistri, hi tcn ekrac qui u` istu-
hoc`ti qui tirao`i sctosecbtkrocai`ti su siaistri sknk ti`hrã qui pcgcr in <9%
hin vcnkr hin aosak.
Bk` isti prkbisk in Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn ni istã piraotoi`hk c nks istuhoc`tis
o`griscr c nc ihubcboò` supirokr y cu`qui si hili fcbir u` iseuirzk pkr cuai`tcr nks
bupks hospk`olnis, yc si bui`tc bk` u` bcao`k trczchk.
Ktrk fibfk oapkrtc`ti hi riscntcr is nc capnocboò` hin pkrtceknok hi nc keirtc ihubc-
tovc riprisi`tchk i` aãs hi 8: `uivks prkgrcacs cbrihotchks pkr in Ao`ostirok hi
Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn, hi nks bucnis si hiscrrknnc` i` nks BI\IR nks soguoi`tis4
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5: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 53
Riri`ctc c Bcrtcgi`c
i` sus 876 cóks,
pkr nc Aigclc`hc
Hostrotcn Istuhoc`ton,Znczc hi Nc Zcz.
Ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc
Zcrc bkapnitcr in Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn `k pkhi-
aks knvohcr nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks, ribk`k-
bohc pkr nc Y@IRBK bkak ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc,nc bucn vc aubfk aãs cnnã hi i`siócr c niir y isbrolor
pcrc bk`virtorsi i` u` prkbisk skbocn qui piraotc qui
ncs pirsk`cs acykris hi quo`bi cóks qui i` cngô` ak-
ai`tk fc` hisirtchk hin sostiac ihubctovk puihc` vkn-
vir c rio`tigrcsi pirk bk` u`c ihubcboò` cbkrhi c sus
o`tirisis, su bunturc y bk` nc pirto`i`boc sueoboi`ti pcrc
qui si bk`voirtc i` nc firrcaoi`tc lãsobc pcrc scnor hi
nc pklrizc.
I` isti bkak i` ktrks aubfks bcsks hin Rostiac Ihu-
bctovk Keobocn, ncs kracs yc ixostác` y hishi 3??7 buc`-
hk in i`tk`bis Ao`ostrk hi Ihubcboò` Dcoai @oók Háiz
ixpohoò in Hibritk 2:33 c trcvïs hin bucn si rigncai`tc
tkhk nc ihubcboò` ekracn hi dòvi`is y chuntks c trcvïs
hi nks Bobnks Nibtovks Ispibocnis O`tigrchks, BNIO, qui
ni piraoti` c bucnquoir bknkaloc`k onitrchk acykr hi
tribi cóks rio`obocr sus istuhoks i` u`c o`stotuboò` keo-
bocn hilohcai`ti birtoeobchc y bunao`cr fcstc in grchk
k`bi i` cprkxoachcai`ti bo`bk
cóks.
Xi`oi`hk i` bui`tc qui u`k hi
nks grc`his ercbcsks hi nc ihu-
bcboò` `kbtur`c eui in fibfk hi
o`ti`tcr trcsnchcr nc ihubcboò` ri-
guncr c nks dòvi`is y chuntks, so`
bk`tcr bk` nolrks cprkpochks `o
cbkrhis bk` sus bkapiti`bocs
ricnis y hisbk`kboi`hk nks scliris hi bchc u`c hi is-
tcs pirsk`cs qui yc i` su acykrác irc` bclizcs hi ec-
aonoc, sknobotcaks in cpkyk hin Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò`
@cbok`cn quoi` `ks i`voò c nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hisc-
rrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.
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5< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cn <::7 Bcrtcgi`c cti`hác i` prkaihok <.::: c`cneclitcs cn
cók y bk`tclc sigô` in bi`sk hin HC@I bk` 28.?32 pirsk`cs
acykris hi 39 cóks qui irc` onitrchcs, c isti rotak si riqui-
rác` 37 cóks pcrc cbclcr bk` isti encgink, nk bucn `k irc bk`si-
bui`ti bk` nks Klditovks hin Aoni`ok, in bkaprkaosk Bcroli y
irc o`cbiptclni eri`ti c nc bk`aiakrcboò` hin lobi`ti`crok hi
nc o`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c, in 33 hi `kvoialri hi <:33.
Istcs rczk`is nnivcrk` c nc Chao`ostrcboò` c idibutcr in prkyib-
tk „@ibisotk cpri`hir‑ buyc aitc irc cneclitozcr 2<.?95 dòvi-
`is y chuntks, i` in buctroi`ok <::6-<:33 y nk nkgrcaks bk` in
hibohohk cpkyk hin AI@ y nc ieibtovohch hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`s-
ekraiaks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 52
Zcrcnink cn trclcdk qui o`oboò nc Eu`hcboò`, nc Ribritcrác prkbihoò c pripcrcr sus
O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs pcrc ribolor c nks dòvi`is y chuntks bk` nc priaosc hi qui
`k sònk si nis i`siócrác c niir y isbrolor so`k qui si nis lro`hcrác nc kpkrtu`ohch hi
bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks fcstc bunao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, prkbisk i` in bucn tcaloï` si
bk`tò bk` nc pcrtobopcboò` hi nc Y`ovirsohch @cbok`cn Cloirtc y c Hostc`boc Y@CH y
ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs qui cô` ti`ác` istuhoc`tis i` dkr`chc `kbtur`c.
I` u` pro`bopok `k eui eãbon, ixostác aubfk isbiptobosak pkr pcrti hi tkhk in au`hk,
si hibác qui istcs pirsk`cs yc `k quirác` vknvir c istuhocr, qui bòak ncs i`bk`trc-
rácaks, qui ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs `k sirác` bcpcbis hi clskrlirnks, qui `k
fclác hkbi`tis pcrc cti`hirnks, i` eo` tkhcs ncs trclcs qui in oacgo`crok bknibtovk
puihi bricr pcrc `k o`obocr u` prkbisk skbocn.
Nc ricnohch y rczò` hi sir hi isti nolrk is qui nc ricnohch supirò tkhcs ncs ixpibtc-tovcs y fky grcbocs cn iseuirzk hi tkhks, Bcrtcgi`c is nc proair bouhch bknkaloc`c
nolri hi c`cneclitosak, pirk `k sknk pkr i`siócr c niir y isbrolor c 2<.<96 dòvi`is y
chuntks so`k pkrqui nc grc` acykrác hi innks bk`to`ôc` sus istuhoks i` in Rostiac
Ihubctovk Keobocn qui nc bouhch fc puistk i` acrbfc y si fc` bk`virtohk i` nc acykr
gcrc`tác hi qui nc ihubcboò` so is in aãs ieibtovk ho`caozchkr skbocn, hchk qui
innks sk` nks pchris y firac`ks acykris hi nks `oóks y dòvi`is bk` aãs prkpi`soò`
c clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, hi tcn ekrac qui cn o`bnuornks i` in sostiac istcaks hi
u`c u ktrc ac`irc birrc`hk in bobnk.
Rk` aubfks nks cspibtks hi isti prkbisk qui si quihc` pkr euirc hi istcs pãgo-
`cs, aubfcs aãs ncs pirsk`cs i o`stotubok`is qui `k si fc` `kalrchk, pirk hieo`o-
tovcai`ti is auy pkbk ispcbok pcrc pkhir ixpnobcr i` hitcnni bkak si nkgrò pk`ir
i` eu`bok`caoi`tk tkhk isti Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn qui is fky nc Ribritcrác hi
Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c, cn bucn cô` ni ecntc aubfk, `k puihi hiborsi qui is pir-
eibtk, pirk sá qui fc nkgrchk pk`ir c eu`bok`cr i` ekrac pcrcninc y rátaobc bchc u`k
hi sus bkapk`i`tis y bk` istk ispircaks qui quoi`is csuac` nks histo`ks hi nc
bouhch bui`ti` bk` ïn pcrc bk`to`ucr ho`caozc`hk in hiscrrknnk hi tkhks nks qui
ti`iaks in fk`kr y in krgunnk hi vovor i` Bcrtcgi`c.
C bk`to`ucboò` riprkhuboaks in hibritk aihoc`ti in bucn si istclnibi nc hibncrctk-
roc hi Bcrtcgi`c bkak tirrotkrok nolri hi C`cneclitosak, in bucn si prkbncaò i` u`
fostòrobk cbtk pôlnobk i` nc Znczc hi nc Zcz y Bcainnò` hi nks Aãrtoris, ti`oi`hk
bkak tistogks hi fk`kr c hinigchks hi nc Y@IRBK, nc Y@OBIE, nc Ao`ostrc hi
Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn y cn puilnk bcrtcgi`irk.
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Nc Cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz, niyi`hk in hibritk qui hibncròc Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak. Riptoialri << hi <:33.
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HIB\IXK @k. 3<22 hi <:33
Zkr aihok hin bucn si hibncrc c nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocstirrotkrok nolri hi c`cneclitosak
NC CNBCNHIRC AC_K\ HI BC\XCGI@C HI O@HOCR
I` usk hi sus ecbuntchis nigcnis, y i` ispibocn ncs qui ni bk`eoirinc Niy 339 hi 3??8, nc Niy 739 hi <::3 y in Hibritk 2:33 hi 3??7 y
BK@ROHI\C@HK4
Sui hi cbuirhk bk` ncs boercs istclnibohcs i` in bi`sk HC@I y cdustchcs pkr nc BIZCN cn <::7 ai`ks nks istuhoc`tis rigostrchks i` in Rostiac hi O`ekracboò` hi Actrábunc hin Ao`ostirok, nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c fc cnbc`zchk u`c tcsc hi c`cneclitosak ai`kr hin 3%c 23 hi cgkstk hi <:33, bk` nk bucn si nkgrc ‒buctrk cóks c`tis hi nk privostk‒ buapnor inbkaprkaosk chquorohk `cbok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cnai`ti hi irrchobcr isi encgink i` in cók <.:39.
Sui grcbocs cn iseuirzk bk`du`tk hi nks gkloir`ks `cbok`cn y nkbcn, csá bkak hi nc ie obcztcric hi nc Eu`hcboò` X\C@REK\AIAKR y c nc hosbopno`c, bcpcbohch y i`tusocsak hinks histo`ctcroks hin prkgrcac, Bcrtcgi`c ni cpkrtc c Bknkaloc nk qui ni bkrrispk`hi pcrc buapnor bk` in bkaprkaosk chquorohk i` nc VV Bualri Olirkcairobc`c i` Acr hin
Znctc i` Crgi`to`c, hk`hi << dieis hi istchks si bkaprkaitoirk` c irrchobcr in c`cnecli-tosak pcrc in <:39 i` tkhks nks pcásis hi nc rigoò`.
Sui i`tri <::6 y <:33, 2<.<96 dòvi`is y chuntks fclotc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c cnbc`zcrk` ncbcpcbohch hi niir y isbrolor, bkapri`hoi`hk u`c lrivi y si`bonnc ixpksoboò` hi fibfksrinctovks c su vohc bktohoc`c, bk` nk qui supircrk` nc lcrrirc hin c`cneclitosak qui nisoapihác cbtucr ie obczai`ti i` su grupk y bkau`ohch. Cfkrc puihi` pk`ir nc nibturc, ncisbroturc y nc crotaïtobc cn sirvobok hi su prkpok hiscrrknnk y hin hiscrrknnk hi nc bkau`o-hch y bk`to`ucr ‒bkak nk istã` fcboi`hk‒ su prkbisk hi ekracboò` i` in sostiac ihubcto-vk pôlnobk y grctuotk.
Sui nks akhinks ihubctovks cpnobchks, cvcnchks pkr in Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` `cbok`cn,
piraotoò rihubor hi 9,:9%, nc tcsc hi c`cneclitosak bcnbunchc, qui iquovcnác c 28.?32 dòvi-`is y chuntks acykris c`cneclitcs, c ai`ks hin :.9%, bk` nk qui Bcrtcgi`c si bk`voirtii` nc proairc i`tohch tirrotkrocn hi Bknkaloc i` cnbc`zcr isc boerc.
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55 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Sui isti nkgrk pk`i c Bcrtcgi`c c tk`k bk` nks ac`hctks hi ncs @cbok`is Y`ohcs, qui e odcrk` bkak u` prkpòsotk ïtobk in buapnoaoi`tk hi nks hi`kao`chks Klditovks hi Hisc-rrknnk Hin Aoni`ok, KHA, hi`trk hi nks bucnis nc fuac`ohch si e odò bkak aitc nkgrcr nci`sióc`zc proacroc u`ovirscn, qui bkapri`hi qui tkhks y tkhcs ncs pirsk`cs i`tri 39 y <8cóks nkgri` nc bk`hoboò` hi cneclitcs.
Sui cn fclir supirchk in c`cneclitosak, Bcrtcgi`c buapni su bkaprkaosk bk` nc \igoò`Bcroli bknkaloc`c, bk`sog`chk i` in BKAZ\KAORK BC\OLI , qui eodò isi klditovk pcrcnc \igoò`, i oapusk in hilir hi hcrni prokrohch c nc ihubcboò` sklri tkhcs ncs ktrcs o`vir-sok`is qui ricnozc` nks gkloir`ks nkbcnis hi nc rigoò`.
Sui hchk qui in pròxoak 33 hi @kvoialri hi <.:33 Bcrtcgi`c binilrc in sigu`hk bi`ti`c-rok hi su o`hipi`hi`boc, in Gkloir`k nkbcn si prkpusk hishi fcbi buctrk cóks nolrcr nclctcnnc pkr nc ogucnhch y nc hog`ohch, qui is u`c tcric qui istc gi`ircboò` toi`i pi`hoi`ti pcrc bkapnitcr nc hi nc nolirtch qui hoirk` `uistrks fïrkis fcbi <:: cóks.
Sui bkak crac isbkgoò nc ihubcboò`, pkr nk qui hurc`ti istks cóks si fc hiscrrknnchk inaãs caloboksk Znc` hi aidkrcaoi`tk hi nc ihubcboò` i` nc bouhch y bkak sáalknk sinib-bok`ò in hi nc irrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak qui is u`c hi ncs aãs brui`tcs bk`hobok`isi` qui u` sir fuac`k puihi i`bk`trcrsi i`trchk in sognk VVO.
Sui hksboi`tks cóks hispuïs, in Gkloir`k hi nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c hibohoò hcr bclcnbuapnoaoi`tk c nks ac`hctks hi nc proairc Bk`stotuboò` hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc prkbncachc
i` 3.63<, nc bucn, i` su Xátunk VOO qui si rieoiri c nc o`strubboò` pôlnobc, siócnc qui «nchoeusoò` hi ncs nubis y hi nks bk`kboaoi`tks ôtonis pkr tkhcs ncs bncsis hin Istchk is u`k hinks proairks iniai`tks hi su bk`sosti`boc y einobohch½.
Sui isti nkgrk soalknozc in buapnoaoi`tk hi u`k hi nks klditovks bi`trcnis hin Znc` hiHiscrrknnk ZK\ Y@C RKNC BC\XCGI@C bk`sosti`ti i` fcbir ieibtovk in hiribfk eu`-hcai`tcn hi nc ihubcboò` bkak o`cnoi`clni, isi`bocn i o`firi`ti c nc hog`ohch hin sir fu-ac`k.
Sui is aktovk hi krgunnk hi nc cbboò` bknibtovc hi bcrtcgi`irks y bcrtcgi`ircs fclirnolrchk c 2<.<96 dòvi`is y chuntks hin c`cneclitosak y qui cfkrc ti`iaks in hilir hi oapi-hor qui ktrcs pirsk`cs istï` i` isc bk`hoboò` y hi csigurcr qui ïstks puihi` cprkvibfcr
pcrc su hiscrrknnk in `ovin hi bk`kboaoi`tk cnbc`zchk pcrc qui nis sorvc hi pnctcekrac pcrc cvc`zcr i` ekracbok`is tïb`obc, tib`knògobc k prkeisok`cn qui nis piraotc` hisc-rrknncr su prkyibtk hi vohc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 57
Sui c pcrtor hi cfkrc, in << hi Riptoialri sirã ti`ohk bkak in hác hi nc cneclitozcboò` i`Bcrtcgi`c y si prkakvirã` cbtovohchis horogohcs c gcrc`tozcr in bkaprkaosk hi nks gk-loir`ks pkr ac`ti`ir in nkgrk cnbc`zchk y pkr csigurcr nc prokrohch hi nc ihubcboò` i` ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nc bouhch bk`vi`bohks, bkak istcaks, qui cn hibor hin Gi`ircn Erc`-bosbk hi Zcunc Rc`tc`hir, ncs cracs `ks hoirk` nc o`hipi`hi`boc, ncs niyis nc nolirtch y ncihubcboò` `ks hcrã nc hog`ohch.
Sui cn sir inigohc Bcrtcgi`c bkak sihi hin siao`crok «Hiribfk c u`c ihubcboò` hi bcno-hch pcrc tkhks i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli½ fky bk`tcaks bkak tistogks hi fk`kr hiisti ivi`tk, qui acrbcrc nc fostkroc skbocn hi `uistrc bouhch, bk` nks riprisi`tc`tis hi ncY@IRBK, Y@OBIE y ncs `cbok`is hi Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli, csá bkak nc siókrc
Ao`ostrc hi Ihubcboò` hi Bknkaloc.
Zkr nk c`tirokrai`ti ixpuistk,
HIB\IXC
C\XOBYNK Z\OAI\K. Hibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs bkak tirrotkrok nolri hi c`cnec-litosak
C\XÁBYNK RIGY@HK. Hibncrcr in << hi Riptoialri bkak in hác hi nc cneclitozcboò` i`Bcrtcgi`c, pkr nk qui ncs i`tohchis pôlnobcs hostrotcnis ricnozcrã` c`ucnai`ti ivi`tksbk`aiakrctovks y prkburcrã` nc rienixoò` bknibtovc qui csiguri qui nc ihubcboò` sirã
soiapri nc prokrohch hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nc bouhch.
ZYLNÁSYIRI _ BÔAZNCRI
DYHOXF ZO@IHK ENÒ\IT Cnbcnhisc Acykr Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs HX y B.
XIRXOGKR HI FK@K\4
Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk Ao`ostrc hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn
Aoialrks hi Y@IRBK, Y@OBIE y hi nks 2: pcásis hi Caïrobc Ncto c y hin Bcroli, csosti`tis
cn Riao`crok „Hiribfk c u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch pcrc tkhks i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli‑.
_ in puilnk hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs.
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56 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Nc Cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz, binilrc`hk bk` nks istuhoc`tis bcrtcgi`irks nc hibncrctkroc
„Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑. Riptoialri << hi <:33.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 5?
Csá `cboò y si bk`sknohòin Akhink IhubctovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hki` Bcrtcgi`c
Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz
@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
Bcpátu nk <
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<.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 bouhch guirrircy vcnoi`ti qui cpuistc c nc
irrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak
c fostkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs fc istchk nni`c hi
euirtis pknïaobcs y bk`trkvirsocs qui fc` pksobok-
`chk c istc bouhch, bkak u`c hi ncs pok`ircs i` au-
bfks tòpobks i` ncs ãrics skbocnis, ibk`òaobcs y pknátobcs. Zcrc
in sognk VUO, Bcrtcgi`c irc bk`sohirchc u`c bouhch pròspirc
bk` o`bk`tclnis roquizcs, i` ispibocn, hi bcrãbtir bunturcn, ri-prisi`tchcs i` firakscs bk`strubbok`is rinogokscs y bovonis.
Irc hi`kao`chc nc Zuirtc hin \io`k hi Grc`chc bk` u` prk-
aitihkr puirtk `igrirk qui trcdk bk`sogk o``uairclnis voknc-
bok`is c nks hiribfks fuac`ks pkr in trctk o`fuac`k c nks
isbncvks, y nc oapksoboò` hi nks rigohkris hin sc`tk keobok hi nc
o`quosoboò`.
Zkr su acg`áeobc pksoboò` gikgrãeobc, nc Bkrk`c ispcóknc ric-
nozò grc`his o`virsok`is pcrc eo`c`bocr su ekrtoeobcboò` y prk-tigirnc hi nc bkhoboc y ctcquis bkrscroks qui bk` eribui`boc
o`ti`tclc` pksiirnc. I` isi i`tk`bis, euirk` aubfks nks
ctcquis qui tuvk qui risostor in puilnk bcrtcgi`irk.
I`tri ná`ics, nc fostkroc bcrtcgi`irc rigostrc
nc o`bcsclni nubfc hi Lncs hi Nisk
qui tuvk c su bcrgk, nc hiei`-
sc hi nc bouhch c`ti nks
ctcquis hi Uir`k`,
in bkrscrok o`-gnïs qui
N
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pohoò pirhò` trcs su hirrktc y si ritorò, nnivã`hksi sus
firohks y u` rkscrok hi cnacs o`gniscs.
Ktrk cspibtk hin capnok c`ibhktcrok qui bkapk`i nc fos-
tkroc hi nc Bouhch Firkobc, pirk qui rienidc nc oapkrtc`boc
y bko`bohi`boc fostòrobc hi qui hksboi`tks cóks hispuïs
hin grotk y ceoracboò` hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c in
33 hi `kvoialri hi 3633, istc bouhch nkgri in tátunk hi
proairc bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak, cbtk qui
aubfks yc totunc` bkak nc sigu`hc o`hipi`hi`boc hi nc
bouhch y `ks `crrc nc aosac Cnbcnhisc qui Zihrk \kairk
in aunctk bulc`k qui eclrobò vcrocs hi ncs aãs grc`his y
sk`krcs bcapc`cs hi nc bouhch, o`bnuohcs ncs hin Bk`vi`-
tk hi nc Zkpc, y u`k hi nks náhiris hi nks nc`birks hi
Gitsiac`á, quosk qui u`k hi sus fodks puhoirc i`trcr c
istuhocr, pirk istk `k eui piraotohk pkr nks ispcóknis pkr
sir `igrk y `k ti`ir purizc hi sc`gri y eui isti fibfk
rincbok`chk bk` nc ihubcboò` u`k hi nks pro`bopncis crgu-
ai`tks pcrc qui Zihrk \kairk si bk`vortoirc i` u` náhir
hi isks broknnks, aunctks y `igrks qui nkgrcrk` qui in 33
hi `kvoialri si eoracrc in cbtc hi o`hipi`hi`boc i` Bcr-
tcgi`c.
Aubfcs lctcnncs si soguoirk` nolrc`hk. I` nc ïpkbc ripu-
lnobc`c, pkr idiapnk4 Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs pisi c sus
o`vcnuclnis iseuirzks, vknvoò c bcir lcdk in yugk ispcókn
i` ac`ks hin gi`ircn Akronnk, quoi` o`oboò u` prkbisk hi
ixtirao`ok, bk`hi`cs y eusoncaoi`tks bk`trc nks pro`bopc-
nis náhiris bcrtcgi`irks, cbtk qui si bk`kbi y ribuirhc
bk` trostizc bkak nc „idibuboò` hi nks `uivi aãrtoris‑. Nc
nolircboò` hin yugk ispcókn si hok grcbocs cn gi`ircn pc-
troktc Acroc`k Ak`tonnc.
Hisknchc nc bouhch, vok hibcir su iapkrok ibk`òaobk. Nc
linnizc y histinnk hin pro`bopcn puirtk hi nc @uivc Grc`c-
hc fclác subualohk cn fcalri, in histoirrk y nc o`dustoboc
pkr pcrti hi nks ispcóknis. @k quihclc so`k in ribuirhk,
pirk isk lcstò pcrc qui nks bcrtcgi`irks bk`to`ucrc`
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7< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Bcrtcgi`c tkaò
nc hibosoò` hi hiscrrknncr prkbisks ihubctovks hi
bcnohch, qui gi`ircrc`
u` euirti oapcbtk skbocn
i` ncs bkau`ohchis
vun`irclnis.
I` <::6, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks pkr
o`votcboò` hin Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` si
vo`bunò cn sostiac ihubctovk ekracn hi ncRibritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c.
cókrc`hk nc grc`hizc hi su bouhch y quosoirk`
ribk`struornc hi i`tri ncs bi`ozcs. _ is csá, bkak
\cecin @ôóiz, fodk onustri hi nc bouhch, oapunsò
nc ribk`strubboò` hin Bc`cn hin Hoqui pcrc bk-
`ibtcr nc bouhch bk` in o`tirokr hin Zcás, nc bk`s-
trubboò` hin eirrkbcrron i`tri Bcrtcgi`c y in
Zuirtk hi Bcncacr, y ricbtovò su ibk`kaác.
Bk` tkhk, Bcrtcgi`c sogui nolrc`hk sus prk-
pocs lctcnncs. Cu`qui is bk`sohirchc bkak
u`c hi ncs bouhchis aãs firakscs hi Bknka-
loc, i` hk`hi nks turostcs y nc inoti bcrtcgi`irc
si hiniotc` bk` ncs vcroihchis hi czun qui vos-
ti` hi gcnc tkhks nks hács, isi o`ai`sk acr
qui ribkrri ncs aurcnncs, nks bcstonnks y sus
pro`bopcnis osncs. Isc acdistuksohch y inigc`-
boc `k hc` bui`tc hi tkhcs ncs ricnohchis qui
vovi „nc ktrc Bcrtcgi`c‑, nc bouhch caurcnnchc
pkr in fcalri, nc pklrizc, in hisiapnik y sk-
lri tkhk, pkr in c`cneclitosak.
I` istc ná`ic, si o`sbroli in cbtucn Znc` hi Hi-
scrrknnk hin Hostrotk „Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑,
Znc` qui bk`boli nc ihubcboò` bkak in aktkr
qui oapunsc in hiscrrknnk skbocn sksti`olni hi
nc rigoò`, cti`hoi`hk ncs `ibisohchis y
prokrozc`hk ncs pro`bopcnis prklniaãtobcs hi nc
bouhch. Nc isbuinc is in bi`trk , is u`c hi ncs
pro`bopcnis istrctigocs qui istrubturc nks
no`icaoi`tks hi ihubcboò` i` Bcrtcgi`c, i`-
bcao`chks c risog`oeobcr nc isbuinc bkak idi hi
nc ekracboò` cbchïaobc, bunturcn, skbocn y bk-
au`otcroc, fcboi`hk usk hi tkhk in iquopcaoi`tk
hi nks lcrroks y li`ieoboc`hk c nks bcrtcgi`irks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 72
Xkhks istks prkgrcacs bk`bilohks hishi nc pirs-
pibtovc sostïaobc, lusbc` cu`cr iseuirzks pcrc
ho`caozcr in pcpin hi nc isbuinc i` nc o`sirboò` sk-
bocn chibuchc. I` isti si`tohk, in Ao`ostirok hi Ihu-
bcboò` @cbok`cn (AI@), prkpusk hurc`ti in cók
<::6, vo`buncr cn sostiac ihubctovk ekracn, nc Eu`-
hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks
bkak kpirchkr pkr ixbini`boc i` in ac`idk hi nc
ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi`is y chuntks, c eo` hi crtobuncr
c nks pchris hi ecaonoc, cluinks, firac`ks acyk-
ris, táks hi nks istuhoc`tis hi nc dkr`chc riguncr c
nc isbuinc, lusbc`hk oapcbtcr i` nks buctrks idis
eu`hcai`tcnis, c sclir4 bcnohch, bklirturc, pirto-
`i`boc y enixolonohch.
Zcrc rispk`hir istcs ixogi`bocs hin i`tkr`k, Bcr-
tcgi`c tkaò nc hibosoò` hi hiscrrknncr prkbisks ihu-
bctovks hi bcnohch, qui gi`ircrc` u` euirti oapcbtk
skbocn i` ncs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis, y si trczò
aitcs calobokscs i` actiroc ihubctovc, c sclir4
bkak nc tcsc hi c`cneclitosak pcrc pirsk`cs ac-
ykris hi 39 cóks irc hi 6.59%, fozk u`c prkyibboò`
hi risuntchks hin buctroi`ok pcrc in cók <:33,
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78 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
hi 2.98%, aitc qui fc sohk supirchc bk` bribis cn nkgrcr rihubor in c`cneclitosak
c ai`ks hin u`k pkr boi`tk, pirk nk aãs oapkrtc`ti is qui nc acykrác hi istks dòvi-
`is y chuntks c pkhohk bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks i` in Rostiac hi Ihubcboò` Keobocn.
Nc rihubboò` hin c`cneclitosak prkpusk hishi nc pknátobc ibk`òaobc, skbocn y prk-
hubtovc, in cuai`tk hi nc o`bnusoò` i` ihubcboò`, kpkrtu`ohchis hi iapnik y hiri-
bfks hi prkpoihch hi ncs bncsis ai`ks ecvkribohcs. Is cfá hk`hi bklrc suac
oapkrtc`boc nc hovirsohch hi cgi`tis skbocnis qui hishi su eonkskeác y klditovks,
puihi` piraicr nc pknátobc o`bnusovc hi nc cbtucn Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs. Nk boirtk is
qui nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks cti`hoò in nncachk hi u` puilnk akvohk pkr in
hisik hi supircboò` lcdk nks pro`bopoks hi ncs nolirtchis fuac`cs.
In klditovk pro`bopcn hi isti bcpátunk, is fcbir u`c sá`tisos hin prkbisk hi oapni-
ai`tcboò` hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, hishi nc pirspibtovc
hin rczk`caoi`tk cbirbc hi ohi`toeobcr nks pro`bopcnis iniai`tks qui si`tcrk` ncs
lcsis pcrc bk`sknohcr in prkgrcac y nkgrcr in ïxotk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 79
<.<
B
Xrc`sekraiaksis Bcrtcgi`c
k` in niac Xrc`sekraiaks is Bcrtcgi`c , crrc`bò in
prkgrcac hi cneclitozcboò` y ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi-
`is y chuntks i` nc bouhch caurcnnchc.
I` <::6, si o`oboò bk` nc cti`boò` hi 9.838 istuhoc`tis actro-
bunchks i` in bobnk 3, hostroluohks i` 5: o`stotubok`is ihubcto-
vcs keobocnis hin Hostrotk. Hurc`ti <::?, si cti`hoirk` 39.6:3
istuhoc`tis i` 56 o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs. I` <:3:, euirk`
cti`hohks <2.565 istuhoc`tis i` 6: O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs
y pcrc nc cbtucn vogi`boc, 36.725 istã` actrobunchks i` in
ROACX y csosti` c 78 o`stotubok`is.
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75 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In prkbisk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi`is ychuntks i` in bobnk 3, o`oboò ekracnai`ti i` in ais hi siptoia-
lri hi <::6. Nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` Hostrotcn hi Bcrtcgi-
`c hi O`hocs fozk nc bk`vkbctkroc, o`votc`hk c tkhc nc bouhchc`ác
c bk`kbir in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, i`
u`c riu`oò` qui bk`tò bk` nc prisi`boc hi aãs hi <:: hkbi`-
tis o`tirischks.
Y`c viz ricnozchk isti proair i`bui`trk hi si`solonozcboò` y
bk`kboaoi`tk hi nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc pkr pcrti nks hkbi`-tis, bkai`zò nc lôsquihc hi istuhoc`tis i` bchc u`k hi nks
lcrroks qui bk`ekrac` ncs tris nkbcnohchis gikgrãeobcs hi nc
Bouhch, y in risuntchk eui nc rispuistc hi aãs hi 9.::: pirsk-
`cs qui sknobotcrk` su o`sirboò` i` nc ihubcboò` lãsobc ekracn.
C pcrtor hi nc ixpiroi`boc hi <::6 sklri nc puistc i` acrbfc
hin prkbisk, i` <::? si fozk u`c bk`vkbctkroc pcrc hkbi`tis
o`tirischks i` oapniai`tcr nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc, c nc bucn
rispk`hoirk` 8:: hkbi`tis o`tirischks i` vo`buncrsi bk` istcixpiroi`boc. Xoiapk hispuïs, si ricnozò in prkbisk hi sinib-
boò` y bk`trctcboò` pcrc vo`buncr 9<5 hkbi`tis qui i` su ac-
ykrác, irc` nobi`bochks qui pkr hovirscs borbu`stc`bocs k fclác`
pkhohk idirbir su prkeisoò` y voirk` i` isti prkyibtk, u`c kp-
boò` hi trclcdk pcrc aidkrcr sus bk`hobok`is hi vohc y ncs hi
ncs bkau`ohchis hk`hi vovi`.
I` <::? si fozk u`c
bk`vkbctkroc pcrc hkbi`tis
o`tirischks i` oapniai`tcr
nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc,c nc bucn rispk`hoirk 8::
fkalris y audiris hospuistks
c csuaor in bkaprkaosk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 77
In <8 hi clron hin aosak cók, euirk` prkakvohks aãs hi 9.::: istuhoc`tis i` ncZnczc hi nc Chuc`c i` u` auntotuho`crok ivi`tk qui sorvoò bkak priãalunk hi au-
bfks aãs qui ni soguoirk`.
Bk` nc oapniai`tcboò` hi istc prkpuistc ihubctovc, si foboirk` vosolnis nks aonis
hi bcrtcgi`irks qui pirac`ibác` kbuntks i` nc bouhch caurcnnchc. C pcrtor hi isi
akai`tk, si fc` prisi`tchk auntotuho`crocs akvonozcbok`is qui `k fc` ti`ohk pri-
bihi`tis i` Bcrtcgi`c `o i` in Zcás, i` buc`tk c ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks si
rieoiri. Hi fibfk, Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz, bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn pcrc in Hostrotk hi
Bcrtcgi`c, ceorac qui4
In ribkrrohk fostòrobk hin Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekr-
aiaks Ihubc`hk si fc vostk piraichk pkr aôntopnis
akvonozcbok`is i` Bcrtcgi`c, csá4 <8 hi clron hi <::?,
Znczc hi nc Chuc`c 9.::: istuhoc`tis si grchôc`= ho-
boialri hi <::?, nc Y@IRBK histcbc prkbisk hi cn-
eclitozcboò` i` Bcrtcgi`c bk` aãs hi 2.:::
csosti`tis= hoboialri << hi <::?, i` in Istchok hi
Lïoslkn 39.::: istuhoc`tis si grchôc`= 3´ hi dunok hi
<:3:, i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c 3:.::: istuhoc`tis
aãs si grchôc`= <5 hi dunok hi <:3:, <9.::: istuhoc`-
tis si prisi`tc` pcrc scnuhcr cn gkloir`k hi tur`k y
kbtulri hi <:3:, <:.::: pirsk`cs si grchôc` i` pri-
si`boc hi tkhks nks sibritcroks hi nc Bkstc Bcroli.
Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz,
bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn pcrcin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c.
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76 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In <8 hi clron hi <::? i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c sigrchucrk` 9.::: istuhoc`tis qui cpri`hoirk` c niir y
isbrolor bk` Xrc`sekraiaks, nc acykrác hi ncs bucnis cn
eo`cnozcr in cók <:33, tirao`clc` `kvi`k grchk.
In <8 hi clron hi <::? i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c si
grchucrk` 9.::: istuhoc`tis qui cpri`hoirk` c niir y
isbrolor bk` Xrc`sekraiaks, nc acykrác hi ncs bucnis cn
eo`cnozcr in cók <:33, tirao`clc` `kvi`k grchk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 7?
Isti acrcvonnksk risuntchk is erutk hi u` trc-
lcdk i` iquopk y u`ks prkbisks skbocnis qui
si fc` gi`irchk hi ac`irc ispk`tc`ic hi`-
trk hi nc bkau`ohch istuhoc`ton cti`hohc pkr
`uistrk sostiac y klihibi` pro`bopcnai`ti
c aktovcbok`is prkpocs, nc sctosecbboò` hi
nk qui si istã fcboi`hk y c u` grc` si`tohk
hi pirti`i`boc bk` rincboò` cn istuhok qui
hibohoirk` vknu`tcroc y bkaprkaitohcai`ti
c iapri`hir.
I` istks ivi`tks nks dòvi`is y chuntks
onitrchks fc` sohk soiapri nks prktcgk`os-
tcs y istk si nis trc`saoti c nks hkbi`tis
i`bcrgchks hi nks grupks, quoi`is sk` nks
rispk`sclnis horibtks hin prkbisk hi o`ekr-
acboò`, hovungcboò` y cbkapcócaoi`tk i`
istks cbk`tiboaoi`tks, nk qui pcsc i` in
bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi ac`irc o`briálni y
ixotksc soiapri fc` sohk bk`vkbctkrocs cbk-
gohcs y riprisi`tchcs acsovcai`ti.
Nks ribtkris y hkbi`tis fc` dugchk u` pcpin proakrhocn pcrc nkgrcr in cuai`tk i` nc
bklirturc pcrc isti topk hi pklncboò`. Nk qui i` u` pro`bopok si briyò qui olc c
cbclcr bk` ncs `kbtur`cs hin Hostrotk, hiakstrò tkhk nk bk`trcrok, in Rostiac Xrc`s-
ekraiaks i`trò c ekrtcnibir nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks, y nks istuhoc`tis
sogui` soi`hk hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc, bk` ogucn k acykr si`tohk hi pirti`i`boc
qui nks istuhoc`tis hi nc dkr`chc riguncr.
Nc rczò` pcrc qui tkhc nc skboihch bcrtcgi`irc, cpkycrc skbocnai`ti nc ixpc`soò`
hi nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks, si hili c nks crguai`tks i` ecvkr hi nc
rispk`sclonohch qui ni csosti c bchc u`k hi nks cbtkris qui pcrtobopc` i` nc ribk`s-
trubboò` hin tidohk skbocn bknkaloc`k. Hchk in pcpin qui hili hisiapiócr bchc u`k
hi nks o`vknubrchks, Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò pcrc quihcrsi , o`oboò u` prkbisk hi cs-
bi`sk fcboc nc boac aãs bkhobochc i` hk`hi sialrò nc siaonnc hi nc hiakbrcboc, nks
hiribfks fuac`ks y nc bcnohch ihubctovc, y si quihò pcrc buohcr isi ãrlkn erk`hksk
bk` euirtis rcábis y erutks ixòtobks cn bucn toi`i` hiribfk tkhks y tkhcs i` nc bou-
hch hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs.
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6: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In <5 hi dunok hi <:3:, <9.::: istuhoc`tis bknacrk` in Istchok hiEôtlkn „Dcoai Akrò`‑ pcrc scnuhcr cn Zrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 63
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6< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
kgrcr qui scnoirc` hi su bk`tixtk y vohc bktohoc`c
<2.565 pirsk`cs pcrc o`sirtcrsi i` in sostiac ihubc-
tovk hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, `k eui u`c tcric eãbon.
Buc`hk aubfks ni tiaác` c nc rispk`sclonohch bkapcrtohc pcrc
ekrtcnibir u` sostiac ihubctovk ekracn, Xrc`sekraiaks csuaoò
in ritk bk` nolirtch hi inibboò` y in pirac`i`ti cbkapcócaoi`tk
hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`, ribtkris, hkbi`tis y nc bkau`o-
hch. Boirtcai`ti, in bcao`k qui si inogi, i` kbcsok`is si tkr-
`c ãspirk y sknotcrok, pirk nc euirzc hi nc gi`ti, sus aktovcbok`is,
si`toaoi`tks y hisiks hi supircboò`, euirk` nc bcrtc hi `cvi-
gcboò` pkr ixbini`boc hi isti grupk hi fkalris y audiris qui
fcbi pcrti hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks.
Hishi nuigk, qui pcrc pkhir idirbir `uistrc rispk`sclonohch
eri`ti c nc skboihch, eui `ibiscrok rienixok`cr sklri in hklni
si`tohk qui rivosti su vcnkr. Lcdk nc òptobc hi Ri` (<:::), si
pkhrác crguai`tcr qui sònk nc pirsk`c buc`hk bui`tc bk` ncs
bcpcbohchis y nc nolirtch eu`hcai`tcn, ni csosti in bkaprkao-
sk hi csuaor k `k, nks ritks qui nc vohc ni oapk`i. I` isti
bk`tixtk, Xrc`sekraiaks bui`tc bk` bcpcbohchis hishi nc
bk`strubboò` hi u` akhink pihcgògobk pirto`i`ti y enixolni,
qui suachk c nc nolirtch pcrc cbtucr qui ni eui bk`eirohc pkr
ncs cutkrohchis nkbcnis, puihi y hili bkchyuvcr i` in hisc-
rrknnk ihubctovk hi nc pklncboò` lcdk brotiroks hi bcnohch.
Y` iniai`tk eu`hcai`tcn qui lro`hò ncs firrcaoi`tcs y nc
sknohiz `ibiscroc pcrc i`eri`tcr istks ritks, euirk` nc csporc-
boò` hi grc`his acg`otuhis qui soiapri hiakstrò nc cbtucn
chao`ostrcboò`, bk` nc ohic hi hosao`uor nks á`hobis hi c`cnec-
litosak i` su buctroi`ok. Zkr istc rczò`, kptò pkr nc prkpuistc
<.2
N
»Bòak eui inprkbisk hi cuai`tk
hi bklirturc;
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 62
ihubctovc hi Xrc`sekraiaks. Bk` sus crguai`tks,
bk`vi`boirk` c tkhks y tkhcs pcrc qui cpkycrc` su
gistoò` y iapri`hoò nc `uivc lctcnnc, bk`vkbc`hk c
nks pro`bopcnis sknhchks qui fc ti`ohk nc ihubcboò`
i` Bknkaloc, nks ribtkris qui c su viz, bk`vi`boi-
rk` c sus bknigcs hkbi`tis.
I` isti si`tohk, hurc`ti in cók <::6 in iseuirzk
hi ribtkris, hkbi`tis y nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-
boò` qui lusbcrk` puirtc puirtc c nks istuhoc`-
tis, `ks piraotok riu`or c nks proairks 9.838
fkalris y audiris qui acrbcrk` nc si`hc hi istc
fczcóc skbocn, bk`virtor c Bcrtcgi`c i` nc proairc
bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak. Hi fi-bfk, nc aosoò` hi Xrc`sekraiaks si trchudk i` `k
hivknvir c nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` Hostrotcn, nks
aosaks istuhoc`tis ribolohks i` nks cnlkris hin
Zrkgrcac i` nc bouhch, so`k pkhir hiakstrcrni cn
au`hk i`tirk qui u` trclcdk sostïaobk, bk` vknu`-
tch pknátobc, iseuirzk pirac`i`ti hi ncs o`stotu-
bok`is ihubctovcs pôlnobcs, y nc pcrtobopcboò` cbtovc
hi hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis, bk`hubi c pkti`bocr nks risuntchks klti`ohks i` <:3:,
hivknvoi`hk c nc bouhch <7.::: pirsk`cs o`bnuohcs y vosolnis.
Zcrc rkapir ncs bchi`cs hin c`cneclitosak i` Bcrtcgi`c, si hoirk` botc tkhcs ncs
pirsk`cs qui briyirk` qui sá si pkhác. Y`c hi inncs, eui nc hkbi`ti trc`sekrachkrc
Gonhc Nncacs, quoi` ixprisc bk` grc` iakboò`4
Istky bk` Xrc`sekraiaks hishi qui bkai`zò i` in cók <::6, buc`-
hk nks hkbi`tis olc` hi bcsc i` bcsc tkbc`hk puirtcs, hilcdk hin
skn, nc nnuvoc y c piscr hi nks prklniacs hi krhi` pôlnobk i o`siguro-
hch, pcrc ricnozcr ncs i`buistcs y hi isti akhk sclir4 »Buã`tcs pir-
sk`cs `k fclác` pkhohk tirao`cr su proacroc; Zirk cn aosak toiapk,
c`oacrnks pcrc qui tirao`crc` sus istuhoks.
Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk.
Bcrtcgi`c.
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68 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cngu`ks si`tác` tiakr hi vknvir c istuhocr y hclc` ixbuscs bkak nc
ihch, in trclcdk, nks fodks. Bkak hkbi`ti ai tkbò o`sostor aubfcs vibis fcstc nkgrcr qui nc pirsk`c si c`oacrc, akstrã`hkni qui Xrc`s-
ekraiaks is u` prkgrcac bk` siroihch, rispk`sclonohch y bkaprk-
aosk. Sui nc Eu`hcboò` ni i`trigclc tkhk su actirocn hohãbtobk
bkapnitcai`ti grctos csá bkak nc actrábunc hi nc RIH.
Y`c viz ti`ácaks u` grupk hi <9 pirsk`cs o`tirischcs, `ks tkbclc or
hk`hi in ribtkr pcrc qui `ks hoirc su cvcn hi actrobuncr nks istuhoc`-
tis i` nc OI, y csá pkhir o`griscr bkak hkbi`ti hi nc Eu`hcboò` hk`hi
bk`kbá c sus horibtkris y riprisi`tc`tis i` isi i`tk`bis, Cnlc Gk`zãniz y Hoc`c Lcrrczc.
Hks pirsk`cs auy bk`kbihkrcs hi nc Eu`hcboò` y quoi`is soiapri
`ks istclc` c`oac`hk i` in prkbisk. \ibuirhk qui `k ti`ácaks keo-
bo`cs y `ks botclc` i` nc Isbuinc Rc` Duc` hi Hcacsbk y pcrc bucn-
quoir riu`oò` k \ih Zihcgògobc ks tkbclc or c hoeiri`tis O`stotubok`is
Ihubctovcs.
Nk aãs oapkrtc`ti hi tkhk isti prkbisk is qui in hkbi`ti is in pro- air trc`sekrachk, puis is pripcrchk privocai`ti i` nc oapniai`tc-
boò` hin akhink hi ac`irc o`tigrcn, bk` hovirscs istrctigocs qui hili
trclcdcr bk` sus istuhoc`tis, i` ispcboks chibuchks pcrc aktovcr c
nks istuhoc`tis c nc brictovohch, o`gi`ok y sklri tkhk c nc crak`ác i`
sus bncsis.
Xkhks nks qui o`obocaks i` in <::6, pkhiaks hibor qui i` Bcrtcgi`c
si fc fibfk u` ixbini`ti trclcdk pkr pcrti hi u` grc` iquopk fuac`k
qui aãs qui u` bkaprkaosk bk`trcbtucn toi`i u`c rispk`sclonohch
skbocn. Xrc`sekraiaks chiaãs toi`i nk qui yk nncacrác su „firká`c
soni`boksc‑ nncachc Hoc`c Lcrrczc, quoi` bkak bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn
si fc ac`ti`ohk i` u`c cbtotuh pksotovc, bk` u` nohirczgk horogohk
prkcbtovcai`ti c nc lôsquihc bk`birtchc hi sknuboò` hi prklniacs
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 69
hi nc bkau`ohch istuhoc`ton y fc ekbcnozchk su trclcdk i` nc cti`boò`
hi nks hkbi`tis.
Fiaks i`ti`hohk qui Xrc`sekraiaks aãs qui u`c eu`hcboò` is u`
akhink pihcgògobk qui lusbc in bcalok hi vohc hi ncs pirsk`c, i`-
sióã`hknis qui nc ihch `k oapkrtc so`k ncs gc`cs.
Hi u`c ac`irc u ktrc Xrc`sekraiaks fc hidchk y istã hidc`hk fui-
nncs qui soiapri sirã` ribkrhchcs, fcbiaks pcrti hi u` bcalok fos-
tòrobk i` istc bouhch, yc qui tkhks fiaks cpkrtchk `uistrk iseuirzk
y hihobcboò` pcrc qui sic nk qui fky is ZCX\OAK@OK NOL\I HI C@CNECLIXORAK. Zkr innk hiliaks hcrni ncs grcbocs c nc Cnbcnhisc
pkr piraotor isti prkbisk ihubctovk, tcaloï` cn Ribritcrok Hr.
Cnc`hiti, c nks horibtovks Hr. \khknek Crhonc y Hrc. Curkrc Bcronnk pkr
su birbc`ác bk` nks hkbi`tis y pkr i`trigcr sus vohcs c istc ixbini`-
ti nclkr sk` innks, quoi`is bk` su bkaprkaosk y rispcnhk, fc` ac`ti-
`ohk in nohirczgk i` tkhks nks si`tohks hi isti prkgrcac.
Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks
pirti`iboi`tis cn bclonhk o`hági`c
Aialronncn i` nc zk`c rurcn hi Bcrtcgi`c.
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65 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ncs hoeiri`tis vkbis hin puilnk bcrtcgi`irk si vc` inivc`hk pcrc bk`tcr su fostk-
roc= i`tri inncs si puihi ai`bok`cr, nc hi nc ribtkrc hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rkni-
hch \kaã` hi @ôóiz, Nobi`bochc Nuz Acro`c \knhã` hi Biraiók, quoi` rinctò su
ixpiroi`boc hi bòak iapizò in prkyibtk Xrc`sekraiaks i` nc OI qui horogi4
Zkr su pcrti, Eir`c`hk Crhonc Bcrronnk, ribtkr hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`tk`ok
@croók, tidi su prkpoc fostkroc, aoi`trcs vc isbuhroóc`hk sus ribuirhks4
Bk` nks istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks, yk soi`tk u`c sc-
tosecbboò` pkrqui sk` pirsk`cs qui pkr idiapnk, yk fi
lro`hchk nc kpkrtu`ohch hi clrornis ncs puirtcs hi nc o`s-
totuboò` pcrc qui innks puhoirc` sir ihubchks, tuvi au-
bfc risosti`boc bk` nks ktrks bkapcóirks pkrqui hibác`
qui Xrc`sekraiaks vi`ác irc bkak u`c `kbtur`c y qui
innks `k pkhác` hcrnis tc`tk ispcbok y i` nc cbtucnohch,
`ksktrks bkai`zcaks i` in <::6 brik qui bk` 8:: istu-
hoc`tis y cbtucnai`ti ti`iaks 623 istuhoc`tis cquá hi
Xrc`sekraiaks, is u`c buistoò` grc`hi pkrqui sk` pir-
sk`cs c ncs qui fcy qui lro`hcrnis nc kpkrtu`ohch pcrc
qui cpri`hc`.
Lui`k, isti akhink fc sohk sog`oeobctovk pkrqui nni`cr u`
bupk grc`hi qui nc aitc sk` 3:.::: pirsk`cs cneclitozchcs
is u`c aitc grc`hi, chiaãs vik fcrtc gi`ti lusbc`hk
istuhoc`tis, pkrqui bk` ktrcs aitkhknkgács in istuhoc`ti
olc y `k irc aktovchk, aoi`trcs qui cquá si lusbc, nks
aosaks istuhoc`tis qui istã` hi`trk hi Xrc`sekraiaks,
bk`vohc` c ktrks bkapcóirks, k sic nc acsc grc`hi hi
istc istrctigoc enixolni.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 67
<.8
I
»Bòak si crak`ozò in prkgrcachi dòvi`is y chuntks i` ncs
o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs;
n prkbisk hi crak`ozcboò` hin prkgrcac hi dòvi`is
y chuntks fc sohk sostiaãtobk. I` proair nugcr, nc grc`
vi`tcdc qui si toi`i cn rispibtk, is qui i` su acyk-
rác, nks dòvi`is y chuntks istã` vo`bunchks c nc isbuinc hi cn-
gu`c ac`irc. Rk` pchris, táks, cluinks k ecaonocr birbc`k hi
ncs `oócs, `oóks y dòvi`is qui istuhoc` i` nc dkr`chc riguncr.
Nc proairc riu`oò` ekracn hi crak`ozcboò` hin ZIO, si nnivò c
bclk in 5 hi hoboialri hi <::6 i` nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc
Rc` Duc` hi Hcacsbk, ivi`tk cn bucn csostoò u` sog`oeobctovk
`ôairk hi ribtkris. Nc Eu`hcboò` i`trigò in actirocn bk`
nks bk`ti`ohks aá`oaks hi cpkyk pcrc isti prkbisk, y si
bk`tò bk` nc prisi`boc hi nc Hkbtkrc Ihinaorc Rcngchk pkr
pcrti hi RIH, pcrc csisk-
rcr ncs o`quoituhis i` rinc-
boò` bk` nc ekracnohch hi
isti prkbisk.
I` pro`bopok, si bricrk` au-
bfcs ixpibtctovcs eri`ti cn
fibfk hi qui u` `uivk prk-
grcac i`vochk pkr in Ao`os-
tirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn
vi`ác c trclcdcr i` Bcrtcgi-
`c. Bk` in ribink bcrcbtirás-
tobk hilohk c ncs o`bk`tclnis
vibis qui nis fc` quihchk
acn, nks ribtkris sknobotcrk`
siroihch y bkaprkaosk pkr
pcrti hi nc Eu`hcboò`.
Nks dòvi`is y chuntks istã`
vo`bunchks c nc isbuinc hi
cngu`c ac`irc. Rk` pchris,
táks, cluinks k ecaonocr
birbc`k hi ncs `oócs, `oóks y dòvi`is qui istuhoc` i` nc
dkr`chc riguncr.
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66 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Hi`trk hi nks pro`bopcnis o`tirrkgc`tis y pitobok`is qui foboirk` nks ribtkris, si
i`bui`trc`4
Hi ogucn ekrac, foboirk` cngu`cs pitobok`is4
• O`ekracboò` hi actrábuncs hi akhinks pihcgògobks enixolnis, bk`
toiapk pkr pcrti hi nc RIH.
• Xi`ir Mot hi Xrc`sekraiaks /ktrks akhinks i` ncs lolnoktibcs hi
ncs hoeiri`tis OI. Rknobotcr isti cpkyk c Eu`hcboò` Lkgktã.
• \icnozcr riu`ok`is bk`du`tcs i`tri ribtkris, bkkrho`chkris i`bcr-gchks, hkbi`tis y RIH (pkr Y@CNHIR), bk` riprisi`tcboò` hi nks
istuhoc`tis pcrc ivcnucr in prkbisk y nks cvc`bis.
• Hurcboò` y toiapks hi Bobnk O /Xirao`cboò` hi bobnks.
• I` nc bk`trctcboò`/bcpcbotcboò` y ekracboò`, ti`ir i` bui`tc in pireon
hin hkbi`ti.
• Nks ribursks pcrc ncs OI pkr pcrti hi Xrc`sekraiaks sk` u` cpkykvcnoksk pcrc inncs.
Xkhcs ncs huhcs euirk` hosopã`hksi i` nc aihohc i` qui pcsò in toiapk y nc Eu`hc-
boò` Xrc`sekraiaks eui buapnoi`hk bk` tkhks nks bkaprkaosks chquorohks. In tis-
toak`ok hi nks ribtkris csá nk bk`eorac`4
• »Suï hoeiri`boc fcy i`tri ktrks akhinks enixolnis y Xrc`sekrai-
aks;
• »Bòak gcrc`tozcr in siguoaoi`tk y nc rispk`sclonohch; »Ncs OI pui-
hi` cpkrtcr cn siguoaoi`tk ricnozchk;
• In siguoaoi`tk `kbtur`k is oapkrtc`ti »Suï si fcbi i` isti cs-
pibtk; »Bòak birtoeobcr ncs fkrcs; »Xrc`sekraiaks pksii ekractks
hi siguoaoi`tk pcrc OI;
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 6?
Ri hili riscntcr in pcpin hin hkbi`ti bkak u`k
hi nks idis bi`trcnis hin prkbisk ihubctovk
Nuz Acro`c \knhã`, ribtkrc hi nc OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz, ixprisò4
Bk` in hivi`or hi nks toiapks, nks ribtkris fc` `ktchk bòak nks dòvi`is y chuntks
qui istuhoc` lcdk in Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, si fc` vi`ohk crtobunc`hk c nc OI.Xcaloï` riscntc` in pcpin hin hkbi`ti bkak u`k hi nks idis bi`trcnis hin prkbisk
ihubctovk= Eir`c`hk Crhonc Bcrronnk, \ibtkr hi nc OI C`tk`ok @croók, nk bkrrklkrc
buc`hk ceorac4
Isi is u` trclcdk pirsk`cnozchk, y i`tri
ktrcs u`c hi ncs istrctigocs is nc ribu-
pircboò` hin hkbi`ti, pkrqui i`tri ktrcs bkscs nks hkbi`tis pkr bkaprkaosk pir-
sk`cn hc` u` pkquotk aãs qui hi nk qui
si nis bk`trctc, pkrqui innks tirao`c`
u` bobnk y innks bk`to`ôc` vcroks hács u`c
k hks siac`cs aãs trclcdc`hk pcrc `o-
vincr cquinncs pirsk`cs qui toi`i` isi
prklniac qui si cusi`tcrk`, qui rigri-
scrk` qui nis ecntk trctcr cngu`ks tiacs,
i`tk`bis si fcbi bkak istrctigoc nc bk`to`uohch pkr in hkbi`ti.
Fc pcribohk u`c ixpiroi`boc acrcvonnksc qui `k ti`ácaks,
proairk nks istuhoc`tis y nks hkbi`tis ti vc` c lusbcr, k sic isc prikbupcboò` hi qui nc pirsk`c chuntc si bcpcboti
ai fc pcribohk acrcvonnksk, sigu`hk nks aòhunks cfkrrc`
toiapk, bk` istc istrctigoc enixolni, qui in Ao`ostirok k nc
Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`, u`bc nnigclc` nks aòhunks c toia-
pk, y nk qui fc` prkaitohk nk fc` buapnohk.
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?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Klsirvcbok`iseo`cnis
` isti bcpátunk, si fc trctchk hi fcbir u`c risióc fostòrobc hi nks cspib-
tks hi acykr rinivc`boc i` nc oapniai`tcboò` hin Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`s-
ekraiaks Ihubc`hk, riscntc`hk nc pcrtobopcboò` hi ribtkris, hkbi`tis y
ktrks cgi`tis qui foboirk` pcrti o`firi`ti i` in aosak.
I` isti si`tohk, si c`cnozc in vcnkr hi nc rispk`sclonohch bkapcrtohc, hilohk c qui
skaks bk`sboi`tis hi qui u` sknk cgi`ti hin prkbisk `k puihi cnbc`zcr nks kldito-vks qui ni bkrrispk`hi` c u`c bknibtovohch, ti`oi`hk i` bui`tc qui nc bk`sknohcboò`
hi u` prkgrcac, prkpuistc k prkyibtk ihubctovk istã i` nc risog`oeobcboò` hi ncs
rihis skbocnis qui si bk`struyi` sklri u`c bcusc bkaô`. I` proair nugcr, si ri-
quoiri qui `k sònk in Istchk csuac su pcpin prktibbok`ostc y li`iecbtkr, so`k qui
istclnizbc vá`bunks hi bkkpircboò` bk` cgi`tis hi nc skboihch bovon, i` crcs hi
pksobok`cr nc pknátobc pôlnobc ihubctovc pcrc in bcsk qui `ks csosti.
I` sigu`hk nugcr, nc skboihch bovon hili istcr krgc`ozchc y bk` hiscrrknnk pni`k hi
sus bcpcbohchis, pcrc qui hishi istc pirspibtovc puihc o`tircbtucr i` ekrac ecvk-
rclni bk` nks ktrks, y bk`struor bk`tixtks craò`obks qui pkti`boi` in hiscrrknnk
fuac`k y skbocn qui c`finc` tkhks y bchc u`k hi nks o`tigrc`tis hi u`c skboihch.
In tirbir isbi`crok hi hilcti istuvk rincbok`chk bk` in o`vknubrcaoi`tk cbtovk hi
nks horibtcai`ti rispk`sclnis, is hibor, ribtkris, hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis. Ro` nugcr
c iquávkbks, istc tráchc ixcao`ò in rczk`caoi`tk `ibiscrok pcrc acxoaozcr ncs pk-
solonohchis hi ïxotk k ercbcsk i` u`c gistoò` ihubctovc. I` isti si`tohk, si puihi
csivircr qui nc aãxoac pcrtobopcboò` hi tkhks istks cbtkris istã istribfcai`ti
rincbok`chc bk` in ïxotk hi nks prkgrcacs.
Bkak siris bkapiti`tis, `ks csosti nc tcric hi vcnkrcr bk`to`ucai`ti `uistrcs
cbbok`is= i` bk`sibui`boc, hi`trk hi ncs bk`hobok`is lãsobcs pcrc inclkrcr u` hosi-
ók burrobuncr bk`tixtucnozchk, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks prkpusk nc o`vistogcboò`
bkak lcsi hi nc pklncboò` pkr o`tirvi`or. Hi ogucn ac`irc, in pnc` hi aidkrcaoi`tk
hi isti Zrkgrcac i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, bkaprkaitoò nc o`vistogcboò` pirac-
`i`ti bkak istrctigoc hi bk`sknohcboò` y pirac`i`boc.
<.9
I
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?3
@ibisohchishi cpri`hozcdipcrc nc vohc
Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk
@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
Bcpátu nk 2
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?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
2.3
N
Bcrtcgi`c4 proair i`bui`trk bk` nksu`ovirsks hi si`tohk hi nks ktrks y ncs
`crrctovcs hin puilnk bcrtcgi`irk
In Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk toi-
`i bkak bcrcbtirástobc eu`hcai`tcn, nc bk`tixtuc-
nozcboò` hin sclir, cti`hoi`hk nks pro`bopcnis iniai`-
tks hi nc bunturc y ncs `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc nc vohc
qui riquoiri` nks dòvi`is y chuntks hi bchc rigoò` hk`hi si
oapniai`tc. Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs `k eui nc ixbipboò` y cn ogucnqui i` tkhcs ncs rigok`is i` hk`hi fc fibfk prisi`boc in
Rostiac O`tircbtovk, si ricnozò u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hi
bkrti it`kgrãeobk, qui si bkalo`ò bk` u`c o`vistogcboò` hi
`cturcnizc buc`totctovc y hi rivosoò` sostiaãtobc hi eui`tis
sibu`hcrocs, bk` in eo` hi klti`ir nks o`suaks `ibiscroks pcrc
cdustcr nks hosióks burrobuncris pirto`i`tis y enixolnis.
Istuhoc`ti hin
bclonhk o`hági`c
hi Aialronncn
riboli ncs aihoc-
bok`is hohãbtobcs
rigok`cnozchcs
pcrc proair bobnki` Bcrtcgi`c.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?2
C soapni vostc, pcriboirc u`c tcric eãbon, inclk-
rcr u` actirocn hohãbtobk qui rispk`hc c ncs ixo-
gi`bocs y `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hi u`c
pklncboò` i` pcrtobuncr. @k klstc`ti, pcrc nc Eu`-
hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, si fc bk`virtohk i` u`
ritk qui hisceác nk si`bonnk, nk trchobok`cn y in
bcao`k i` u`c sknc vác. Nc Eu`hcboò` fc hiboho-
hk oapniai`tcr u` sostiac hi o`vistogcboò` y
bkau`obcboò` qui si auistri bkfiri`ti bk` nks
prkbisks ihubctovks, qui ribkdc `crrctovcs y nc
vosoò` hi hoeiri`tis sibtkris hi ncs rigok`is o`-
bnuohcs, qui trcbi aôntopnis rutcs hin sclir tido-
hcs hishi nc pirspibtovc hi bchc u`k hi nks
cgi`tis hin prkbisk, qui si bk`voirtc i` nc is-
bubfc pirac`i`ti hi nks ktrks, pkti`boc`hk nks
iniai`tks `ibiscroks pcrc lro`hcr u`c ihubc-
boò` hi bcnohch, pirto`i`ti y cbkrhi bk` in u`o-
virsk hi si`tohk hi quoi`is bk`ekrac` ncs bkau`ohchis cbchïaobcs.
Lcdk istks pro`bopoks, eui `ibiscrok bkapri`hir cn dkvi` y cn chuntk bcrtcgi`irks
hishi su prkpoc fostkroc y ixpiroi`boc, y isbubfc`hk sus vkbis, si`toris i oacgo`c-
roks skbocnis qui ni hc` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c. Rònk hishi istc pirspibtovc, si
puhk bkapri`hir in bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk y nks aobrkbk`tixtks qui hinoaotc`
nks iniai`tks lãsobks hi su bunturc, pkti`boc`-
hk su ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y bunturcn qui soi`tc`
ncs lcsis pcrc cnbc`zcr in hiscrrknnk fuac`k i`
bkau`ohch. Istks fcnnczgks si bk`vortoirk` i`
iniai`tks o`tigrchkris qui hoirk` vohc c nks idis
burrobuncris y trc`svirscnis hin Akhink Ihubc-
tovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk bk` nc oaprk`tc
bcrtcgi`irc.
Ktrk hi nks iniai`tks qui bcrcbtirozc nks prk-
bisks o`vistogctovks hi Xrc`sekraiaks, is nc si-
nibboò` hi su iquopk hi o`vistogchkris. Zcrc in
bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, si bk`tò bk` nc vcnoksc pcr-
tobopcboò` hi o`vistogchkris bcrtcgi`irks, bk`
grc`his cpkrtis c nc nibturc y risog`oeobcboò` hi
Eui `ibiscrok bkapri`hir
cn dkvi` y cn chuntk
bcrtcgi`irks hishi
su prkpoc fostkroc
y ixpiroi`boc,
y isbubfc`hk sus vkbis,
si`toris i oacgo`croks
skbocnis qui ni hc` si`tohk
c su vohc bktohoc`c.
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?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
prkbisks hi it`kihubcboò`, bk` u`c vcstc ixpiroi`boc i` in bcapk ihubctovk. Zkr
su pcrti, nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c cbkapcóò pirac-
`i`tiai`ti isti prkbisk, cpkrtc`hk hishi in ãric hi gistoò` hi aidkrcaoi`tk hi
nc Gistoò` Isbkncr, nc vosoò` hi nc gistoò` pôlnobc y nc chao`ostrcboò` nkbcn.
I` isti krhi` hi ohics, `k si trctò hi fcbir u` c`ãnosos ixfcustovk hi istcs bctigk-
rács. Nc prisi`ti hosbusoò` si kroi`tò c lro`hcr iniai`tks hi duobok pcrc in hosiók
burrobuncr i oapniai`tcboò` hi u` prkgrcac ihubctovk bk`tixtucnozchk. I` proair
nugcr, in prkpòsotk is ribk`struor in trcyibtk aitkhknògobk y it`kgrãeobk qui c grc`-
his rcsgks, bui`tc bòak si istclniboirk` nks o`struai`tks y tïb`obcs hi ribknib-
boò`, krgc`ozcboò` y c`ãnosos hi nc o`ekracboò`, siócnc`hk nks qui c brotirok hi nc
Eu`hcboò`, si rivostoirk` hi acykr rinivc`boc.
Y` sigu`hk akai`tk is ctroluolni c nc risog`oeobcboò` hin bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk
hi nks pcrtobopc`tis, vostk hishi in prkpok suditk i` buistoò`, bknkbc`hk in cbi`tk
i` cquinnks cspibtks qui fc` sohk hi grc` oapcbtk i` nc bksakvosoò` hin dkvi` y
chuntk bcrtcgi`irks. Y`c tirbirc pcrti so`titozc nk qui brii, soi`ti y csporc` nks
suditks i` istuhok, qui ni fc` piraotohk pirbolorsi bkak suditks o`airsks i` u`c
bunturc ispibáeobc, bk` brii`bocs, trchobok`is y bkstualris cskbochcs c su ohokso`-
brcsoc y ekracs hi vohc. Zkr ôntoak, si prisi`tc in hoãnkgk o`tirbunturcn i`tri nk aák,
nk tuyk y nk `uistrk hishi nc pirspibtovc bunturcn, bk` buyks risuntchks si priti`hi
kroi`tcr in trctcaoi`tk hin soguoi`ti bcpátunk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?9
2.<
In bcao`k qui si ribkrroò pcrc klti`ir nc o`ekracboò`
riquirohc bkak o`suak pcrc hosiócr ncs aihocbok-
`is hohãbtobcs bcrtcgi`ircs, o`oboò bk` nc hinoaotc-
boò` hin u`ovirsk qui si istclniboò i` 3‟:5?.799 pirsk`cs,
sigô` hctks suao`ostrchks pkr nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`
Hostrotcn hi Bcrtcgi`c (<::?). Isti hctk piraotoò hitirao`cr
in `ôairk hi i`buistcs qui si hilác cpnobcr i` in Hostrotk hi
Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs, y i` 3.::: pirsk`cs in `ôairk hi nc
auistrc hi istuhok. Nc ihch aá`oac pcrc pcrtobopcr i` isti
istuhok, eui hi 39 cóks. Hi ogucn ekrac, si cti`hoirk` broti-
roks hi rc`gks hi ihch, gï`irk, zk`cs rurcnis y urlc`cs, is-
trctks y it`ocs.
Nks o`struai`tks euirk` cpnobchks pkr i`buistchkris bcpcbo-
tchks privocai`ti pkr nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, y si
Xrcyibtkit`kgrãeobk
Ri lusbò ohi`toe obcr y bkapri`hir nks
o`tirisis, aktovcbok`is, prãbtobcs skbocnis,
u`ovirsks akrcnis y ïtobks, pkti`bocnohchis
bunturcnis y vkbcbok`is hishi nks bucnis
csog`c` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c,
nks fclotc`tis hi pklncbok`is vun`irclnis
i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, bkak
ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc cerkbknkaloc`c
i` su bk`tixtk cbtucn.
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?5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
istclniboirk` nks brotiroks hi vircbohch i` nc ribknibboò` y krgc`ozcboò` hi nks hc-
tks klti`ohks, pcrc ivotcr pksolnis sisgks i` nc o`vistogcboò`. Zkr ktrc pcrti, si
ricnozcrk` <3 i`trivostcs siaoistrubturchcs i` ncs bucnis si lusbò ohi`toeobcr y
bkapri`hir nks o`tirisis, aktovcbok`is, prãbtobcs skbocnis, u`ovirsks akrcnis y
ïtobks, pkti`bocnohchis bunturcnis y vkbcbok`is hishi
nks bucnis csog`c` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c, nks fc-
lotc`tis hi pklncbok`is vun`irclnis i` in Hostrotk hi
Bcrtcgi`c, bkak ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc cerkbknka-
loc`c i` su bk`tixtk cbtucn.
Nc o`tirpritcboò` hi nc o`ekracboò` si nnivò c bclk
aihoc`ti nc tïb`obc hi nc troc`guncboò` aôntopni,
tkhc viz qui nks hctks ribknibtchks si troc`-
guncrk` bk` ncs pirspibtovcs tiòrobcs ixosti`-
tis y istuhoks ricnozchks i` istc aosac ná`ic
hi trclcdk qui c su viz, euirk` vcnohchks pkr
in c`ãnosos hin Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, y si
ribk`struyò in bk`kboaoi`tk i` u` hoãnkgk
hi scliris i`tri nks hovirsks suditks pcr-
tobopc`tis.
Lcdk istc pirspibtovc, si nkgrò istclnibir
hks hosbursks `crrctovks= pkr u`c pcrti, in
hisbroptovk i` in bucn si bk`sknohc` ncs vkbis
qui nncac` c nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc ohi`tohch
bunturcn i` hk`hi o`tirvoi`i` nks pirsk`cdis sog-
`oeobctovks i`trivostchks, nks i`buistchks y nc
o`ekracboò` sostiactozchc prkhubtk hi nc rivosoò`
hi ncs eui`tis sibu`hcrocs. Y` sigu`hk hosbursk
fozk cnusoò` cn o`tirpritctovk, qui si`tò ncs lcsis pcrc in hoãnkgk i`tri nks rieiri`-
tis bk`biptucnis y ncs priaoscs lãsobcs qui hitirao`crk` nc pirspibtovc
ipostiaknògobc qui sorvoò pcrc kroi`tcr nc bkapri`soò` hin si`tohk hi u`ovirsk hi
bchc pcrtobopc`ti.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?7
2.2
2.2.3 In bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk
Ncs bk`hobok`is hi vohc o`enuyi` i` ncs kpkrtu`ohchis, rois-
gks y ixpibtctovcs hi ncs pirsk`cs. Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi
Mnomslirg (<::7), pirti`ibir c u`c bncsi, rigoò`, istrctk y
bunturc, pkti`boc k hosao`uyi ncs pksolonohchis qui toi`i in
suditk hi trc`sekracr su ixosti`boc, hchk qui nc pirsk`c pui-
hi ti`ir cbbisk k `k, c ncs istrctigocs hi vohc y ncs kpbok`is
`ibiscrocs pcrc i`eri`tcr nks hisceáks qui nc vohc ni prisi`tc.
Nks soguoi`tis hctks clri` ispcboks hi rienixoò` cbirbc hi ncs
ricnohchis qui cbkapcóc` c nks dòvi`is y chuntks bcrtcgi`irks
qui hi cngu`c ekrac, fc` vi`ohk bk`troluyi`hk i` nc tkac hi
hibosok`is sklri in euturk y nc hinoaotcboò` hi nks bcao`ks hi
istc pklncboò` fostòrobcai`ti ixbnuohc.
Hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcsy ncs vkbis hi nks bcrtcgi`irks
bk` in bk`tixtk skbokihubctovk
Nks hctks ribknibtchksclri` ispcboks hi rienixoò`
cbirbc hi ncs ricnohchis qui
cbkapcóc` c nks dòvi`is
y chuntks bcrtcgi`irks.
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?6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
XCLNC 3. BC\CBXI\ÁRXOBCR RKBOKIBK@ÒAOBCR HI NKR DÒUI@IR
_ CHYNXKR HI NC BOYHCH HI BC\XCGI@C - LKNÁUC\, <::?
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
Zkrbi`tcdiIhch
39 ‒ 3? cóks 39%<: ‒ <? cóks 2:%
2: ‒ 2? cóks 2:%8: ‒ 8? cóks <:%
Acykr c 9: cóks 9%
Rixk
Eiai`o`k 5:%
Acsbuno`k 8:%
Istrctk
3 58%< <3%
2 7%8 2%
9 8%
5 3%
Bk`hoboò` nclkrcn
Iapnichk <2%Hisiapnichk 77%
O`grisks ai`sucnis
> cn RANAU 5:%
Ogucn cn RANAU <9%
0cn RANAU 39%
Bk`hobok`is ispibocnis
Bclizc hi fkgcr 25%Hosbcpcbotchk pirac`i`ti :.?5%
I` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk :.7<%
Bulroaoi`tk i` scnuh
\ïgoai` Rulsohochk 57%\ïgoai` bk`trolutovk 23%
Uo`bunchk <%
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ??
Nc ihch, sixk, istrctk, bk`hoboò` nclkrcn, o`grisks
ai`sucnis, bk`hobok`is ispibocnis y bulroaoi`tk i`
scnuh, si rienidc` i` u` bk`tixtk acrbchk pkr nc
hisogucnhch, bk` grc`his roisgks y pkbcs k `uncs
kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc nks suditks, hilohk c qui nks
acykris rc`gks hi ihch si i`bui`trc` bk`bi`trc-
hks i` nc pklncboò` ibk`òaobcai`ti cbtovc, pcrc
quoi`is si ispirc qui istï` ulobchks i` trclcdks
ekracnis qui nis gcrc`tobi` nc sulsosti`boc. C`tis
pkr in bk`trcrok, istc pklncboò` bk` pkti`bocn pcrc
in trclcdk, si i`bui`trc i` su acykrác, hisiapnichc
y bk` o`grisks o`eirokris cn scncrok aá`oak nigcn vo-
gi`ti, sotucboò` horibtcai`ti prkpkrbok`cn cn `ovin
ihubctovk, qui si bk`voirti i` u` ecbtkr hi o`iquohch
pcrc in cbbisk c nc pnctcekrac nclkrcn hi istc pk-
lncboò`.
Rigô` nc Y@IRBK (<:33), ncs bk`hobok`is sk-
bokbunturcnis, istrubturc ecaonocr y nc pcri`tinc
oapirc`ti i` u` bk`tixtk ispibáeobk, hitirao`c` ncs
kpkrtu`ohchis c ncs bucnis nks o`hovohuks ti`hrã`
cbbisk hurc`ti su bobnk hi vohc. Kpkrtu`ohchis bchc
viz aãs nidc`cs, buc`hk si trctc hin gï`irk eiai`o-
`k, tkhc viz, qui sir u`c audir qui vovi i` sotuc-
bok`is hi pklrizc, pirti`ibi c u`c it`oc ao`krotcroc
y pksii u` `ovin ihubctovk lcdk, prkeu`hozc` ncs lri-
bfcs i`tri u` gï`irk y ktrk, bk` cbi`tuchks sog`ks
hi hisogucnhch i o`iquohch.
I` isti krhi` hi ohics, nc audir bcrtcgi`irc bua-
pni bk` tkhks nks riquosotks ixpuistks c`tirokrai`-
ti pcrc vovor i` u` bk`tixtk qui nc noaotc, qui `k ni
piraoti pkti`bocr cn aãxoak sus bcpcbohchis, y hi-
scrrknncr ncs bkapiti`bocs `ibiscrocs pcrc trcsekr-
acr k bcalocr su u`ovirsk. Y`c audir qui is pkr nk
gi`ircn bclizc hi fkgcr, pirti`ibi c nks istrctks 3
y < hi nc bouhch, bcribi hi ekracboò` cbchïaobc
qui ni prkpkrbok`i nks aihoks pcrc hisiapiócrsi
Nc istuhoc`ti
Xrc`sekraiaks hiBcrtcgi`c is pkr nk
gi`ircn bclizc hi fkgcr,
pirti`ibi c nks istrctks 3
y < hi nc bouhch, bcribi hi
ekracboò` cbchïaobc qui
ni prkpkrbok`i nks aihoks
pcrc hisiapiócrsi i` u`
trclcdk ekracn y hivi`gcru` scncrok hog`k pcrc innc
y su ecaonoc.
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3:: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
i` u`c trclcdk ekracn y hivi`gcr u` sc-
ncrok hog`k pcrc innc y su ecaonoc, y qui
chiaãs, ni prkpkrbok`i in cbbisk c nks
prkgrcacs hi bkapi`scboò` y sigurohch
skbocn pkr pcrti hin Istchk.
Rk` aubfcs ncs ixpiroi`bocs hi vohc qui
hc` bui`tc hi nc hospcrohch hi gï`irk
qui si cbi`tôc i` `uistrc \igoò`, tcn
is in bcsk qui ixprisc nc hkbi`ti Osclinnc
Lintrã` \kbfc hi nc OI Dfk` E. Mi``ihy
hi nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c4 „ti`gk u`c
istuhoc`ti qui k istuhoò pkrqui sus pc-
hris hibác` qui ncs audiris si hilác`
pripcrcr ô`obcai`ti pcrc cti`hir nc
bcsc‑. Istc ti`hi`boc acbfostc qui pri-
hkao`ò i` nc rigoò` Bcroli, bk`troluyò
i` grc` aihohc pcrc qui nc pklncboò`
eiai`o`c tuvoirc ai`ks cbbisk c nc ihu-
bcboò`, y clroò cô` aãs, nc lribfc ixos-
ti`ti i`tri fkalris y audiris.
Nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi
o`bnusoò` prkhubtovc ricnzc
nc oapkrtc`boc hi hovirsoe obcr
ncs kpkrtu`ohchis pcrco`bnuor c nc pklncboò`
vun`irclni i` in airbchk
nclkrcn, bk`bilohk `k bkak
in aihok qui prkpkrbok`c
u`c ri`tc, so`k hishi nc
pksturc hi cuai tcr ncs
bcpcbohchis hi ncs pirsk`cs
pcrc sir aãs prkhubtovcs,
ti`oi`hk bkak pu`tk hi
pcrtohc, ihubcr cn puilnk
bcrtcgi`irk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:3
Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi ncs bcpcbohchis, istclnibir crguai`-tks qui ixpnoqui` ncs oapnobcbok`is hi nc pklrizc i` nks sirisfuac`ks, o`votc fcboc u`c `uivc bk``ktcboò` hi nc aosac, i` ncbucn nc pklrizc is aãs qui nc provcboò` hi o`grisks. Nc pklrizchishi nc òptobc hi Ri` (<:::), is nc provcboò` hi bcpcbohchislãsobcs qui sk` o`firi`tis cn sir, i`tri tc`tk nks o`grisks sk`bk`bilohks „o`struai`tcnai`ti oapkrtc`tis‑ i` nc sctosecbboò`hi `ibisohchis. Zkr nk tc`tk, i`ti`hir nc o`bohi`boc hin bk`tix-tk bcrtcgi`irk i` in hiscrrknnk hi ncs bcpcbohchis fuac`cs, isbi`trcr nc cti`boò` hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nks eo`is y `k i`nks aihoks pcrc nkgrcrnks.
I` isti si`tohk, si auistrc bkfiri`ti nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi o`-bnusoò` prkhubtovc i` nc bouhch (<::?), buc`hk ricnzc nc oapkr-tc`boc hi hovirsoeobcr ncs kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc o`bnuor c nc pklncboò`vun`irclni i` in airbchk nclkrcn, bk`bilohk `k bkak in aihokqui prkpkrbok`c u`c ri`tc, so`k hishi nc pksturc hi cuai`tcrncs bcpcbohchis hi ncs pirsk`cs pcrc sir aãs prkhubtovcs, ti-`oi`hk bkak pu`tk hi pcrtohc, ihubcr cn puilnk bcrtcgi`irk.
Nks `oóks
y chknisbi`tis
qui hisirtc` hin
sostiac isbkncr,
fcbi` qui birbc
hi 3: aonnk`is
hi bknkaloc`ksti`gc` ihubcboò`
lãsobc o`bk`bnusc.
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3:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In 3´ hi dunok hi <:3:, i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c,
si grchucrk` 3:.::: istuhoc`tis aãs, qui bunao`crk`
sus istuhoks hi proacroc bk` Xrc`sekraiaks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:2
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3:8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
2.2.< Nc ihubcboò` bkak iniai`tk eu`hc`ti hin hiscrrknnk fuac`k
I` aubfcs skboihchis, nc ihubcboò` lãsobc y aihoc ekrac pcrti hi nc vohc bktohoc`chi nks `oóks y dòvi`is, bkak itcpc o`obocn klnogctkroc. I` istks bcsks, is in pu`tk hipcrtohc pcrc iapri`hir in bcao`k fcboc ncs rispk`sclonohchis chuntcs euturcs. I`isi bursk, si ispirc qui nks istuhoc`tis o`grisi` y eo`cnobi` u`c ihubcboò` lãsobc,cnbc`zchk pirac`i`boc y bk`to`uohch. Hi fibfk, i` in bk`tixtk au`hocn, ncs istc-hástobcs hiauistrc` qui pcrc <::6, 78 aonnk`is hi dòvi`is prisi`tclc` nc bk`ho-boò` hi so` isbkncrozcr i` in sostiac hi ihubcboò` ekracn, qui sigô` nc Y@IRBK(<:33), istcrác` ekrzchks hurc`ti tkhc su vohc c hisiapiócrsi i` nc ibk`kaáco`ekracn, iapniks pribcroks y bk` lcdks o`grisks ai`sucnis qui ceibtcrác` so` nu-gcr c huhcs, su hiscrrknnk.
I` Bknkaloc, ncs `ibisohchis lãsobcs o`sctoseibfcs hi ncs bkau`ohchis qui vovi`i` bk`tixtks acrgo`cnis, ceibtchks pkr hoeiri`tis ecbtkris hi vun`irclonohch, istcihubcboò` lãsobc y aihoc is u` hiribfk bk`stotubok`cn pirk `k u`c ricnohch qui sivovc bktohoc`cai`ti. Nks `oóks y chknisbi`tis qui hisirtc` hin sostiac isbkncr,fcbi` qui birbc hi 3: aonnk`is hi bknkaloc`ks ti`gc` ihubcboò` lãsobc o`bk`bnu-sc. I`tri tc`tk, nc ihubcboò` aihoc auistrc qui aãs hin 29% hi nks dòvi`is `kcbbihi` c istc ihubcboò` buc`hk hilirác`, nk bucn riprisi`tc u`c pïrhohc hi ribur-sks y kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc siguor isbcnc`hk fcboc nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Is ivohi`tiqui pi`scr i` u`c trcyibtkroc isbkncr ô`obc pcrc nks dòvi`is y chuntks hi ncs pklnc-bok`is vun`irclnis, nks hidc pkr euirc hin sostiac ihubctovk c auy tiaprc`c ihch.
Istc pc`krãaobc au`hocn y `cbok`cn, si rienidc i` nc bkau`ohch bcrtcgi`irc, tcn ybkak si hitcnnc i` nc tclnc <, csá4
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:9
XCLNC <. ROXYCBOÒ@ CBCHÏAOBC HI NKR DÒUI@IR _ CHYNXKRHI NC BOYHCH HI BC\XCGI@C- LKNÁUC\, <::?
Zkrbi`tcdi
»Istuhoc i` nc cbtucnohch;
@k 77%
Rá <2%
Bcuscs pcrc i`bk`trcrsipkr euirc hin sostiac isbkncr
Aktovks nclkrcnis 29%Ialcrczk <9%
Ecntc hi ribursks 3:%
Ktrks aktovks hi ai`kr prkpkrboò` 2:%
»Ni gustcrác siguor istuhoc`hk;
Rá 79%@k <9%
Ôntoak `ovin burschk
Ribu`hcroc bkapnitc 2:%Zroacroc bkapnitc <2%
Xïb`obk 7%
Xib`knògobk 3%Rupirokr 5%
@k fc` bk`bnuohk sus istuhoks 22%
»Rcli niir pcnclrcs;
Rá ?7%@k 2%
»Rcli niir `ôairks;
Rá ?7@k 2%
Xoiapk hospk`olni pcrc istuhocr
Nks hács hi nc siac`c i` dkr`chc kbtur`c 98%Eo`is hi siac`c 23%
@k toi`i toiapk pcrc istuhocr 3%Ktrcs rispuistcs i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` 38%
Bctigkrác
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
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3:5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcs hin bcrtcgi`irk y in bk`tixtk, pir-aoti c`cnozcr qui nks aktovks hi su hisirboò` isbkncr `k istã`nogchks c nc `igctovc hi ekracrsi, so`k qui istã` cskbochks cbcuscs ixtir`cs qui vovi`boc i` su i`tkr`k o`aihoctk. Istc so-tucboò` bkrrklkrc in hosbursk c`tirokr sklri ncs pribcrocs bk`ho-bok`is skbokibk`òaobcs i` ncs bucnis si hisi`vuinvi`, y noaotc`ncs pksolonohchis hi cbbisk cn sostiac ihubctovk.
Hosto`tks o`vistogchkris (BIZCN, <::<= Gcdcrhk, <::2 i O`ec`ti,<:33), nnigc` c bk`bnusok`is soaoncris buc`hk ac`oeoistc` qui nchisirboò` isbkncr si ixpnobc hishi ncs hoeobuntchis ibk`òaobcs,ecntc hi istclniboaoi`tks ihubctovks, prklniacs ecaonocris y ktrcs.Ecbtkris qui ixpnobc` qui nks `oóks, `oócs y dòvi`is si vi` klno-gchks c hisirtcr hin sostiac ihubctovk pcrc bk`troluor bk` sueuirzc nclkrcn cn susti`tk hi nc ecaonoc. Cgrigc` chiaãs, qui i`ncs zk`cs rurcnis, in hoeábon cbbisk pk`i u`c lcrrirc i`tri nc is-buinc y ncs pirsk`cs qui i` kbcsok`is, vi`bi in hisik y ncs gc-`cs hi supircboò` qui pksic`. Ktrk hi nks ecbtkris qui akstròbk`virgi`boc bk` in istuhok hi Xrc`sekraiaks, bkrrispk`hoò cnks prklniacs ecaonocris qui si ixpnobc` hishi in ialcrczk pri-bkz fcstc in trcsnchk hi rknis hi ncs achris c sus fodcs acykris,sklri in buohchk hi nks firac`ks.
Nc cutk`kaác
y in si`tohk hi nc
rispk`sclonohch,
sk` poizcs quieu`hcai`tc`
in quifcbir hi nc
pirsk`c, nc ecaonoc
y ncs bkau`ohchis.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:7
In O`ekrai \igok`cn sklri Hiscrrknnk Fuac`k pcrc
Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli <:3: (Z@YH, <:3:),o`bnuyi i` su hilcti, nc hosbusoò` hi nks hitirao-`c`tis qui bk`hobok`c` nks lcdks `ovinis hi is-bkncrohch i` nc \igoò` hi ncs Caïrobcs, nks bucnissi c`cnozc` hishi nc òptobc hi nks o`grisks ecao-nocris y ncs hoeobuntchis hi cbbisk c brïhotks, quinoaotc` ncs pksolonohchis hi nks `oóks y dòvi`is hicnbc`zcr u`c aidkr bcnohch hi vohc i` su itcpc hichuntks. C`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, si acxoaozc` suspksolonohchis hi hisirtcr hin sostiac ihubctovk.
Eri`ti c istks ecbtkris qui cbu-sc` hisogucnhch i` nc pklncboò`istuhochc, fc` surgohk c aônto-pnis prk`u`bocaoi`tks au`hoc-nis, rigok`cnis y `cbok`cnissklri nc ohi`toeobcboò` hi istrc-tigocs qui bk`huzbc` c hosao-`uor su oapcbtk i` in hiscrrknnky i` nc vohc bktohoc`c hi ncs pir-sk`cs. I` isti bk`tixtk, si ri-vosti hi oapkrtc`boc nc pksturchi nc Bk`eiri`boc O`tir`cbok-`cn hi Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks(Bk`eo`tic), qui so`titozc nkspro`bopcnis ritks qui toi`i ncihubcboò` eri`ti c isti topk hibkau`ohchis skbocnai`ti ix-bnuohcs, y ac`oeoistc qui in hi-scrrknnk hi nc cutk`kaác y insi`tohk hi nc rispk`sclonohch,sk` poizcs qui eu`hcai`tc` inquifcbir hi nc pirsk`c, nc ec-aonoc y ncs bkau`ohchis cbirbchi ncs trc`sekracbok`is qui sigistc` i` nc ibk`kaác hi nkspuilnks (Bk`eo`tic U, 3??7).
Ncs skboihchis hi
cpri`hozcdi hin sognk VVO
bk`boli` c nks fkalris
y audiris bkak siris i`
pirac`i`ti bk`strubboò`,
qui `ibisotc` cpri`hir
hurc`ti tkhc su vohc.
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3:6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` isti krhi` hi ohics, is oapkrtc`ti hosto`guor qui pcrc ncs skboihchis hi cpri`-hozcdi hin sognk VVO, in klditovk proakrhocn is prkakvir in cpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhcnc vohc. Is csá, bkak si bk`boli c nks fkalris y audiris bkak siris i` pirac`i`tibk`strubboò`, qui `ibisotc` cpri`hir hurc`ti tkhc su vohc. Lcdk istcs priaoscs, sieu`hcai`tc nc ekracboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks qui o`vknubrc cngk aãs qui cnbc`zcrnks `ovinis hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc, tkhc viz qui prkpi`hi pkr keribir ncs firrc-aoi`tcs y istrctigocs `ibiscrocs pcrc qui nks siris fuac`ks puihc` i`eri`tcrsi cu` au`hk hisceoc`ti qui o`botc c trc`sekracrsi hi ekrac bk`to`uc.
I` istc ná`ic, is o`tirisc`ti qui nks dòvi`is y chuntks bcrtcgi`irks sipc` niir`ôairks y pcnclrcs, quosoirc` bk`to`ucr bk` sus istuhoks y auistri` prieiri`bocspkr ncs dkr`chcs `kbtur`cs y sclcto`cs. Bkapiti`bocs y csporcbok`is qui si pui-hi` pkti`bocnozcr hishi in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk qui sio`sirtc i` nc ihubcboò` ekracn aihoc`ti nc ihubcboò` pkr bobnks qui istclniboò inHibritk 2:33 hi 3??7, ti`oi`hk bkak klditovk lãsobk, uscr nc ihubcboò` bkak u`cfirrcaoi`tc pcrc gi`ircr hiscrrknnk y prkbisks ricnis hi bk`vovi`boc i` ncs pklnc-bok`is vun`irclnis li`ieobocrocs.
In prkpok fibfk hi qui ixostc u` akhink ihubctovk qui sorvc hi idi pcrc ho`caozcrnc o`bnusoò` skbocn hi istc pklncboò`, cti`hoi`hk sus `ibisohchis y bcrcbtirástobcsispibocnis, is ecvkrclni `k sònk pcrcbkchyuvcr nc bk`briboò` hi nc pknátobcpôlnobc ihubctovc, so`k pcrc ristclni-bir in hoãnkgk i`tri nks suditks y sui`tkr`k i` hk`hi isc rih hi rincbok-`is qui si vc tidoi`hk, ecvkrizbc inhiscrrknnk hi nc pirsk`c hishi ncpirspibtovc hin sir y in hiscrrknnk sk-bocn sksti`olni y susti`tclni.
Nk oapkrtc`ti hi Bcrtcgi`c `k is
qui sic nc proairc bouhch bknkaloc`c
nolri hi c`cneclitosak so`k qui ni fcpiraotohk c istks aonis hi fkalris y
audiris bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks i` in
sostiac ihubctovk keobocn.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:?
2.8Bcrtcgi`c bouhch hovirsc bk``uivcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis
2.8.3 Ohi`tohch bcrtcgi`irc
Rir bcrtcgi`irk/c fky, is fclotcr u`c bouhch hovirsc bk` ui-vcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis. I` in bk`tixtk bcrtcgi`irk, bk`enu-yi u`c grc` vcroihch hi scliris, brii`bocs y trchobok`is quihieo`i` c sus fclotc`tis bkak pirsk`cs hi euirtis rcábisc`bistrcnis, prkvi`oi`tis hi puilnks hin Bcroli, hisbi`hoi`-tis hi pcni`quirks qui hidcrk` Rc` Lcsonok fcbi pkbcs hïbc-hcs, du`tk c bknkaloc`ks hi ktrcs rigok`is, chkptchks pkr ncbouhch fcbi vcrocs gi`ircbok`is. Chiaãs, si bk`vovi tca-loï` bk` ncs pirsk`cs qui voi`i` y vc` bkak pcrti hi ncsho`ãaobcs hin turosak, nc bunturc, nc ibk`kaác, nc pknátobc, ncscbtovohchis pkrtucrocs, i`tri aubfks ktrks, qui gi`irc` bk`-trcstis i`tri nks fclotc`tis.
Istc o`tigrcboò` skbocn hivinc nc ibisohch hi ripi`scr nc ihu-bcboò`, bk` aorcs c qui chquoirc nc bk``ktcboò` hi „o`bnuyi`-ti‑, qui ti`gc i` bui`tc `k sònk u`c pcrti hi isc skboihchhovirsc, so`k qui piraotc in cbbisk hi tkhks y tkhcs bk` susrispibtovks cbirvks bunturcnis y skbocnis, y qui pkti`boi` nksprkbisks ihubctovks. Nc o`bnusoò` oapnobc prkbisks hi bcnohchqui ti`gc` i` bui`tc nc hovirsohch, hilohk c qui nc isbuinc sibk`voirti i` in isbi`crok hk`hi tkhks trci` sus scliris y nksbkapcrti`, y hk`hi cquinnks qui istclc` pkr euirc, qui irc`o`vosolnis pcrc in ristk hi nc fuac`ohch, si bk`voirti` i` su-
ditks vosolnis bk` suióks y ixpibtctovcs pkr buapnor (Y@IRBK,<::6).
Nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn hi nks istuhoc`tis hi nks lcrrokshi Bcrtcgi`c, si fc bk`ekrachk bk` ncs vovi`bocs qui
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33: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
hiscrrknnc` i` ekrac bktohoc`c, i` u` bk`tixtk skbok-bunturcn qui fc suerohk grc`-his bcaloks i` in bkrtk pnczk, `k sònk pkr nks prkbisks urlc`ks c nks bucnis sifc` vostk cvkbchks nks cluinks y pchris hi aubfks hi nks fclotc`tis hi nks lc-rroks, so`k pkr nks prkbisks hi hispnczcaoi`tk ekrzksk k vknu`tcrok, gi`irchkspkr ncs `ibisohchis ispibáeobcs hi bcalocr hi nugcr hi risohi`boc hi aubfcs hiistcs pirsk`cs.
In ispcbok qui nks cbkgoò, is hoeiri`ti i` sus ekracs hi prkhubboò` y pksolonohchishi akvonohch= pkr su pcrti, in Hostrotk Xurástobk hi Bcrtcgi`c fc suerohk bcaloksrchobcnis i` in bkrtk pnczk. Xkhks istks iniai`tks o`enuyi` i` nc bk`strubboò` hiu`c bouhchc`ác cbtovc, bk` ohi`tohch pirsk`cn bk`sboi`ti hi nc hovirsohch ït`obc,puistk qui nc skbocnozcboò` proacroc y sibu`hcroc bcribi hi rieiri`tis pròxoaksqui cyuhi` c bk`sknohcr nc bunturc bouhchc`c cbkrhi bk` ncs ibisohchis bk`tixtucnisqui vovi nc Bcrtcgi`c cbtucn.
I` aihok hi nc hovirsohch, nks bcrtcgi`irks si soi`ti` einobis hi sir `ctovks y hivovor i` Bcrtcgi`c. Rus crguai`tks i` ecvkr hi isc ceoracboò`, euirk`4 „cquá `cbá ycquá fi vovohk‑, „is u`c bouhch firaksc‑, „pkr tkhk nk qui toi`i‑, „cquá `cbá, `cboi-rk` aos fodks, cquá istã ao ecaonoc‑, „su gi`ti is cbkgihkrc, bãnohc, lui`c, caclni ycnigri‑, „is u`c bouhch trc`quonc‑, „pkr sus aurcnncs, ak`uai`tks y trchobok`is‑.
XCLNC 2. RI@XOAOI@XKR HI EINOBOHCH _ ZI\XI@I@BOCHIN ZYILNK BC\XCGI@I\K, <::?
Zkrbi`tcdi
»Ri soi`ti einoz hi sirbcrtcgi`irk;
Rá ?2%
@k 7%
»Ri soi`ti einoz hi vovori` Bcrtcgi`c;
Rá ?9%
@k 9%
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 333
XCLNC 8. Z\O@BOZCNIR RI@XOAOI@XKR HI K\GYNNKHI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KR. <::?
I` bunturcs tc` hovirscs, pkhrác supk`irsi in hiscrrcogk y nc pïrhohc hi ohi`tohchbunturcn. Ro` ialcrgk, istks fcnnczgks hiauistrc` qui nks bcrtcgi`irks ivcnôc` i`ekrac pksotovc su ohi`tohch rigok`cn, puistk qui si soi`ti` krgunnksks, einobis y bk`grc` si`tohk hi pirti`i`boc pkr su rigoò`, ni hc` sog`oeobchk c sus loi`is actiroc-nis y soalknkgác c tkhk nk qui nks rkhic, ecbtkris qui sigô` Goaï`iz (<:::), sk`hitirao`c`tis pcrc gi`ircr aibc`osaks prktibtkris eri`ti c nks prkbisks hicbunturcboò` c bucnis si i`bui`trc` ixpuistks hi ekrac pirac`i`ti.
Nks iniai`tks qui fcbi` pcrti hin krgunnkbcrtcgi`irk, istã` cskbochks bk` su bunturc,pkr isk ixprisc` krgunnk pkr nc audir, su gi`-ti, in bknkr hi su poin, ncs pncycs, y i` ispi-bocn, hi su fostkroc. Nc bunturc nks ulobc bkaksuditks hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk robk i` trcho-bok`is y bkstualris, bk` u` ibksostiac i`istribfc rincboò` bk`sogk aosak y bk` nkshiaãs ibksostiacs, o`airsks i` u` so`eá` hiu`ovirsks hi si`tohks. Istcs bcrcbtirástobcskeribi` nks iniai`tks tiòrobks/bk`biptucnispcrc o`tigrcr nc prkpuistc ihubctovc qui hilioapniai`tcrsi i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c.
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
Bòak bcrtcgi`irk, »hi quï si soi`ti krgunnksk;
Audiris, in caloi`ti, sc`gri, rczc y su bknkr <3%
Hi tkhk nk qui ai rkhic 39%
Fostkroc 33%
Ru gi`ti 3:%
Ncs pncycs 6%
Bouhch turástobc 7%
Ktrcs rispuistcs i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` <6%
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33< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In krgunnk qui ixprisc` nks bcrtcgi`irks pkr sus vcnkris bunturcnis, si i`bui`trcistribfcai`ti rincbok`chk bk` nk qui aãs nis gustc hi vovor i` Bcrtcgi`c. I` ieib-tk, i` su acykrác, nks i`buistchks rispk`hoirk`4 „su gi`ti‑, „nc trc`quonohch‑ y„tkhk nk qui riprisi`tc nc bouhch‑. Istcs ixprisok`is hin si`tor hi nks dòvi`is ychuntks, ecvkribirã` nc risog`oeobcboò` hi nc prãbtobc ihubctovc i` istc rigoò` hinZcás, i` hk`hi hili proacr in hoãnkgk i`tri nks scliris pkpuncris y nks bk`kboaoi`-tks boi`táeobks, iairgoi`hk nc aiakroc fostòrobc, notircroc y ausobcn hin puilnk bkakeui`ti o`cgktclni i` nc bk`strubboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk.
2.8.< Hoãnkgk i`tri nk aák, nk tuyk y nk `uistrk
Rir bcrtcgi`irk is cpri`hir c `chcr i`u` kbïc`k hk`hi o`tircbtôc` bkrroi`tishi cguc hunbi, cgrohunbi y scnchc. Isbkapri`hir cn ktrk, hishi su u`ovirskhi si`tohk. Zirk tcaloï`, is vcnkrcrsibkak siris bcpcbis, nni`ks hi tcni`tksy bk` grc`his pkti`bocnis.
Rir bcrtcgi`irk is vcnkrcrsibkak pirsk`cs bcpcbis, nni`cs hi
tcni`tks y bk` grc`his pkti`bocnis.
Nk aák
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 332
XCLNC 9. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HIN BC\XCGI@I\K E\I@XI C RY BYNXY\C,\CRGKR EÁROBKR _ HI RÁ AORAK, <::?
Bkaprklcr qui in 7:% hi nks suditks i` istuhok si i`bui`trc pkr euirc hin sostiacihubctovk, bcusò bk`akboò` cn bk`kbir y riceoracr qui ncs hisogucnhchis ihubcto-vcs proac` i` Bknkaloc. Zirk ti`ir qui ribk`kbir fky, qui hi`trk hi isi cntkpkrbi`tcdi hi fkalris y audiris, i` su grc` acykrác si ribk`kbi` bkak cerk-hisbi`hoi`tis, `igrk, aistozk, aunctk, o`hági`c, pcni`quirk y rka, is bk`hubor ncprklniaãtobc fcboc nc hosbroao`cboò` y ecntc hi kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc ncs ao`krácsït`obcs.
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
Hi cbuirhk bk` su bunturc, puilnks k rcsgks eásobks, is k siribk`kbi4
@igrk, aunctk k cerkhisbi`hoi`ti 2?%
Aistozk <?%
Lnc`bk 38%
Zcni`quirk 5%
O`hági`c <%
\cozcn :,8?%
\ka :,<9%
Ktrcs bncsoeobcbok`is i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` ?%
»Bòak pirboli ustih c nks bcrtcgi`irks;
Loi` 9<%
Xrclcdchkris- iapri`hihkris 39%
I` su ekrac hi fclncr 33%
Ktrcs bctigkrács hi ai`kr prkpkrboò` <<%
»Suï ni gustcrác qui in Zcás bk`kboirc hi nc bunturc
bcrtcgi`irc;
Xkhc nc bunturc 88%
Ru gi`ti <8%
Ru ohokso`brcsoc 39%
Ktrcs bctigkrács i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` 33%
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338 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Nks fcnnczgks bkrrklkrc` ncs rienixok-`is hi \ovirk (<:3:), eri`ti cn hoãnk-gk hi bunturcs i` in bucn ac`oeoistcqui pisi c qui nks bk`tixtks ncto`kc-airobc`ks sk` tc` hovirsks, nc o`tir-bunturcnohch si fcnnc nidc`c hi nkscaloi`tis ihubctovks. @igcr iscricnohch, is `igcr qui nks burrábunkshi `uistrcs isbuincs sk` rágohks,isquiactozchks y qui riprkhubi` nksisquiacs y istiriktopks hi u`c sk-boihch hk`hi nc o`hoeiri`boc y in ri-bfczk pkr ncs ao`krács acrbc` ncsti`hi`bocs.
Zcrc fcbir eri`ti c istcs hisogucnhchis, `k sònk fcy qui brotobcr-ncs k trctcr hi riaihocrncs hishi nc pknátobc pôlnobc bkak nitrcauirtc i` u` pcpin. Is `ibiscrok qui hi`trk hi nc `kractovohch,si i`toi`hc qui in bk`biptk hi ihubcboò` trcsbi`hoò ncs cuncs ihu-bctovcs, nks pnc`is hi istuhok trchobok`cnis y in prkbisk hi i`si-óc`zc-cpri`hozcdi bkak cquin qui hiscrrknnc u` hkbi`ti nni`k hibk`kboaoi`tks eri`ti c u` grupk hi istuhoc`tis vcbáks. Fc hihieo`orsi hishi in cpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhc nc vohc, i` nc bucn bchccbboò` qui ricnobi in suditk i` u` bk`tixtk hitirao`chk, puihipkti`bocr su cpri`hozcdi.
Buc`hk nks bcrtcgi`irks si pirboli` c sá aosaks bkak pirsk`cshi loi`, trclcdchkrcs y iapri`hihkrcs, cac`tis hi su bunturc, sugi`ti y qui vcnkrc` su ohokso`brcsoc, fcbi` u` nncachk pcrc qui sinis ribk`kzbc bkak u` grupk skbocn bk` pkti`bocn ihubctovk, hinbucn pkhiaks cpri`hir quoi`is `ks fcnncaks pkr euirc hi isibk`tixtk y cn bucn pkhiaks cpkrtcr hishi uistrcs o`hovohucnohchis,i` u` bk`tixtk hi hiakbrcboc y rispitk pkr ncs hoeiri`bocs.
Nc rczò` pcrc chkptcr u` akhink pihcgògobk capnok, pnurcnostc io`tirbunturcn i` in bucn bk`enuyc` tkhks nks iniai`tks vovks hi u`crigoò`, vc nogchk c nc pirspibtovc hi Hiwiy rispibtk hi qui ncihubcboò` is in aktkr qui oapunsc ncs riekracs y bcaloks qui
Nks bcrtcgi`irks
si pirboli` c sá
aosaks bkak
pirsk`cs hi loi`,trclcdchkrcs y
iapri`hihkrcs.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 339
cairotc` nc skboihch bk` aorcs c u`c bk`vovi`boc hiakbrãtobc. Isti supuistk pk`i
hostc`boc c`ti nc pksolonohch hi u`c ihubcboò` qui riprkhuzbc nc skboihch y nc vohc
i` bk`hobok`is hi vun`irclonohch i` hk`hi si hisi`vuinvi` bktohoc`cai`ti `uis-
trks istuhoc`tis. Zcrc Hiwiy, nc hiakbrcboc trcsboi`hi ncs prkpuistcs gulir`c-
ai`tcnis, si cpnobc c nc vohc y toi`i ieibtks i` nc ïtobc y nc akrcn hi nks siris
fuac`ks. Nc hiakbrcboc si vovi, bkak nk pnc`tic Monpctrobm (3?93), buycs priaoscs
sk` bk`virgi`tis bk` Hiwiy, i`ti`hoï`hksi pkr hiakbrcboc „u` akhk hi vohc, u`
topk y u`c bcnohch hi rincbok`is i` buyk acrbk u`ks pro`bopoks akrcnis si`solnis
ceorac` in hiribfk c bk`trkncr nc bk`hubtc o`hovohucn y hin grupk‑.
Bkak pcrti hi nc bunturc bcrtcgi`irc, nks suditks i`buistchks si pirboli` bk`
euirtis vcnkris skbocnis y bunturcnis= `k klstc`ti, buc`hk nc prigu`tc si o`voirti y
si o`votc c rienixok`cr cbirbc hi nc pirbipboò` qui toi`i in ktrk suditk bcrtcgi`irk
eri`ti cn cerkbknkaloc`k, i` su acykrác auistrc soaonotuhis buc`hk ohi`toeobc nks
aosaks vcnkris pirsk`cnis y si`toaoi`tks hi ogucnhch. Zirk nncac nc cti`boò`, qui
sutonai`ti vc` iairgoi`hk si`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`cboò`, o`hoeiri`boc y hisogucn-
hch qui oapksolonotc` hi cngu`c ekrac, qui si tidc` rincbok`is skbocnis qui prk-
auivc` in ribk`kboaoi`tk hi nks vcnkris hiakbrãtobks hishi in nigchk hi su bunturc.
XCLNC 5. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HIN BC\XCGI@I\K E\I@XI
C NKR CE\KR BKNKALOC@KR, <::?
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
»Bòak pirboli` nks ktrks bcrtcgi`irks c nks cerkbk-
nkaloc`ks;
Cgrchclnis, so`birks, nubfchkris,
rispituksks y caclnis 8:%
Ogucn qui `ksktrks 3?%
Bk` hosbroao`cboò` 6%
Bkrrk`bfks, enkdks 5%
Hoeiri`tis 5%
Hi lcdks ribursks 3%
Bk` o`hoeiri`boc 3%
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335 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
XCLNC 7. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KRE\I@XI C NKR XY\ORXCR, <::?
@k fcy rczò` cngu`c qui bk`huzbc c pi`scr qui istks priduoboks qui si fc` trc`s-aotohk hi gi`ircboò` i` gi`ircboò`, y qui hivinc` si`toaoi`tks kbuntks hi istcpklncboò` eri`ti cn acntrctk y ribfczk qui fc` ixpiroai`tchk hurc`ti ncrgks cóks,fcyc` sohk euirtis lcrrircs pcrc pkti`bocr bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs hi cpri`hozcdiqui nis piraotc bk`struor bk`kboaoi`tks lcschks i` in ribk`kboaoi`tks hi sus vc-nkris bunturcnis y hi ncs ktrcs bunturcs, risog`oeobcr in rkn hi nc audir cerkbknkaloc`c,ribk`kbir qui ixosti` `uivcs ekracs pcrc rincbok`crsi bk` in Istchk y fcbir bk`-boi`boc eri`ti c nc so`guncrohch hi su prkpoc bunturc.
Ro` nugcr c iquávkbks, istks iniai`tks qui pkti`boc` u`c bunturc bouhchc`c yauntoït`obc sirvorã` hi pnctcekrac pcrc nc vosolonozcboò` hi istc pklncboò` c`ti inAu`hk i`tirk. Rk` rczk`is qui pkhrác` dustoeobcr nc o`bnusoò` hi istks bk`biptksi` in hosiók i oapniai`tcboò` hi u` akhink ihubctovk lcdk nc pirspibtovc hi sctos-ecbir ncs `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc tkhc nc vohc.
C isti rispibtk, nc bk`sknohcboò` hin akhink pihcgògobk bcrtcgi`irk ixogoò bk`du-gcr nc pirbipboò` qui toi`i` nks suditks hi sá aosaks, hin ktrk qui tcaloï` fclotcsu bk`tixtk, pirk qui pirti`ibi c ktrc bunturc bk` nc aorchc qui fcbi hin ktrk. Zirk`k bucnquoir ktrk, is isi ktrk qui voi`i y vc, qui hidc su oaprk`tc, su oacgi` y vco`enui`boc`hk, so` pi`scrnk k quirirnk, nks iniai`tks bunturcnis vovks hi istc rigoò`hin Bcroli bknkaloc`k.
»Bòak pirboli ustih c nks turostcs;
Lui`cs pirsk`cs, caclnis, trc`quonks,
rispituksks y ihubchks 82%
Zirsk`cs bk` pnctc, gi`irchkrcs hi iapnik, cyuhc`
c nc ibk`kaác y susti`tk pcrc aubfcs ecaonocs 22%
Zirsk`cs qui quoiri` bk`kbir nc bouhch, nc fostkroc
y nc ibk`kaác <2%
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 337
In turostc is pirbolohk bkak u` lui` iniai`tk hi`trk hi nc vohc bktohoc`c hi nksbcrtcgi`irks= istc pirbipboò` pkhrác ixpnobcrsi hishi nc rincboò` istribfc qui ixostii`tri turosak-iapnik. @k bcli huhc, hi qui in turosak piraoti qui nks `ctovkspcrtobopi` hi`trk hi nc ibk`kaác nkbcn= pisi c qui nc ekrac bkak si fcnnc` o`sirtks`k is nc chibuchc, hilohk c qui sus cbtovohchis si o`sbroli` i` in airbchk hi nco`ekracnohch, is bncrk i`ti`hir pkr quï hi`trk hi sus si`tohks hi u`ovirsk, sk`vostks hi istc ac`irc, pkrqui in ktrk hi`kao`chk „turostc‑, istã riprisi`tc`hksus isbcscs kpkrtu`ohchis hi supirvovi`boc.
Xcaloï` bcli in o`tirrkgc`ti, cbirbc hi pkr quï nks bcrtcgi`irks, pisi c qui toi-`i` u` grc` pkti`bocn prkhubtovk i` nc rcac hin turosak, `cvigcboò`, pisbc i o`hus-troc i`tri ktrks, in 77% hi nc pklncboò` ceoraò istcr hisiapnichc y hiscprkvibfci` istc ekrac, ncs kpkrtu`ohchis ibk`òaobcs qui ni keribi in i`tkr`k. Ncs rispuis-tcs pkhrác` klihibir c aôntopnis bcuscs= bk`sohirc`hk nc pirspibtovc hi Ri` (<:::),si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui ncs kpkrtu`ohchis ibk`òaobcs `k sk` cptcs pcrc tkhcs
In turostc is pirbolohk bkak
u` lui` iniai`tk hi`trk
hi nc vohc bktohoc`c hi
nks bcrtcgi`irks.
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336 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
ncs bkau`ohchis buc`hk `k si pnc`tic hi ekrac pcrcninc, u`c lui`c pnctcekrac hisirvoboks skbocnis.
Y`c skboihch hisogucn i` hk`hi nc acykrác hi sus aoialrks `k toi`i` cbbisk cu`c ihubcboò` hi bcnohch y lui`c csosti`boc i` scnuh, is u`c skboihch bk`hi`chc`k sònk c nc pklrizc hi ri`tc so`k c nc pklrizc hi bcpcbohchis, c nc bucn si ni suacnc oapksolonohch qui toi`i` nks suditks hi idirbir ncs nolirtchis fuac`cs qui nksnnivi` c sctosecbir nks eo`is qui pirsogui` pcrc nkgrcr in hiscrrknnk fuac`k. I`bk`sibui`boc, hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk ãrohk y hisknchk, girao`c nc ohic qui bkapcr-ti nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks y ncs cutkrohchis nkbcnis hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi ekrtcni-bir nc ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi`is y chuntks bkak u` eo` qui pkti`boi ncs pksolonohchishi kptcr pkr u`c vohc hog`c.
Nk qui brii` nks suditksqui pirboli` nks ktrks hi ïn,is hi ogucn oapkrtc`boc quink qui brii` cbirbc hi innksaosaks. Isc aorchc hishichi`trk y fcboc ceuirc, pir-aoti klti`ir nc o`tigrcnohchqui si riquoiri i` nc bka-pri`soò` hi ncs cbtotuhis ybkapkrtcaoi`tks fuac`ks.Zcrc ixcao`cr istc bctigk-rác, si c`cnozcrã nk qui brii`nks bcrtcgi`irks qui pirbo-li` nks ktrks hi innks, nkssi`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`c-boò` qui puhoirc` ixostor pkrsu rczc y in trctk qui ribo-li` hi nks aihoks hi bkau-`obcboò`.
Nk tuyk
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 33?
XCLNC 6. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HI NKR KX\KR E\I@XIC NC BYNXY\C HI BC\XCGI@C, <::?
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
»Bòak soi`ti ustih qui pirboli` nks bknkaloc`ks c Bcrtcgi`c;
Bkak u`c bouhch turástobc, bunturcn, rkaã`tobc,lkfiaoc y bkak u` pctroak`ok 2?%
Fclnc` pksotovk, nc bk`sohirc` u`c bouhchoapkrtc`ti hi Bknkaloc 29%
Bouhch no`hc, firaksc y trc`quonc <5%
»Nk fc` hosbroao`chk pkr sir cerkhisbi`hoi`ti;
@k 69%Rá 39%
»Bòak trctc` nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò` c Bcrtcgi`c y susfclotc`tis;
Loi` 56%Acn 2<%
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3<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` proair nugcr, nks bcrtcgi`irks brii` qui nks ktrks toi`i` u`c auy lui`c pirbip-boò` sklri nc bouhch. In fibfk hi qui Bcrtcgi`c sic bk`sohirchc pkr tkhks nksbknkaloc`ks bkak u`c bouhch fostòrobc, rkaã`tobc, aãgobc y cbkgihkrc, si o`sbrolii` nc pirspibtovc hi Acturc`c (3???), buc`hk skstoi`i qui ncs bunturcs sk`„loknògobcai`ti iquovcni`tis‑, buc`hk nks vcnkris bunturcnis qui si vc` bk`stru-yi`hk i` ekrac bknibtovc, sònk chquoiri` su vcnohiz i` in bk`si`sk bunturcn qui nkshitirao`ò. I` isti si`tohk, Bcrtcgi`c is y sirã pcrc tkhks nks bknkaloc`ks, ncbouhch fostòrobc y linnc pkr ixbini`boc, `k oapkrtc hishi nc pirspibtovc bkak sic`cnobi.
Eri`ti c istc pksturc, si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntksi` Bcrtcgi`c, `k si puihi hisnogcr hin bk`tixtk fostòrobk y turástobk qui nc hitirao-`c`. Isks rieiri`tis bunturcnis tc` crrcogchks, si i`bui`trc` nogchks bk` sus `ibi-sohchis hi cpri`hozcdi qui fc` hi c`cnozcr y pkti`bocrsi hishi nc prkpuistcihubctovc.
Zkr ktrc pcrti, nks risuntchks eri`ti c nks si`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`cboò` fcboc inpuilnk cerkbknkaloc`k, puihi` hcr u`c ohic irrchc eri`ti cn 69% qui `k si fcsi`tohk hosbroao`chk, so loi` is u` pkrbi`tcdi o`tirisc`ti= hishi in i`ekqui skbok-fuac`ostc hin Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, is o`bk`bilolni qui cô` i` in sognk VVO, sibk`sirvi` prãbtobcs hi u`c bunturc qui si hidò ctrãs i` nks sognks pcschks y qui sibcrcbtirozò pkr sir piykrctovc bk` ncs ao`krács ït`obcs.
Bcrtcgi`c is bk`sohirchc
pkr tkhks nks bknkaloc`ks
bkak u`c bouhch fostòrobc,
rkaã`tobc, aãgobc y cbkgihkrc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<3
Hishi nc `kractovc y ncs prcxos hkbi`tis, si o`votc cnpuilnk bknkaloc`k c fcbir u`c rienixoò` ricn sklriisti cspibtk. @k is isti in akai`tk hi c`cnozcr bk`ao`uboc, ixprisok`is hin puilnk bk`suntchk, buc`hkceorac4 „fiaks ribolohk kei`scs bk` pcnclrcs pkr insoapni fibfk hi sir `igrks‑, „i` aubfcs kbcsok`is`ks fc` igchk ncs kpkrtu`ohchis hi iapnik pkr `uis-trk bknkr‑, „y fcstc `ks prkfáli` i`trcr i` cngu`kssotoks pôlnobks‑. Is in akai`tk hi rkapir ncs bchi`cs hin c`cneclitosak, ncs ctchu-rcs qui `ks u`i c `uistrk pcschk. Nc ihubcboò` i`tk`bis, fc hi pkti`bocr i` nkssuditks, nc bcpcbohch brátobc pcrc qui hi u`c viz pkr tkhcs, si puihc i`ti`hir insi`tohk hi nc hoeiri`boc y in rispitk pkr nks si`toaoi`tks hin ktrk.
Nc ihubcboò`hi dòvi`is y chuntks
i` Bcrtcgi`c,
`k si puihi hisnogcr
hin bk`tixtk fostòrobk
y turástobk qui nc
hitirao`c`.
Istuhoc`tis hi bobnk 2 hi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc Lirtfc Gihiò` hi Lcncho.
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3<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` istc aosac ná`ic hi bk`hubtc, si cbusc nc risog`oeobcboò` hin pcpin hi nks aihokshi bkau`obcboò`. I`bk`trcr qui u` 2<% hi u`c pklncboò` bk`ekrachc i` su acyk-rác pkr `igrks, aunctks, pcni`quirks, o`hoks, \KA y rcozcnis, bk`bolc qui is acn-trctchc, qui auistrc sònk nk acnk y qui c vibis hobi ai`torcs, puihi nnigcr c ti`irvcnohiz pkr in bk`si`sk bunturcn, hin bucn si fozk cnusoò` i` pãrrceks c`tirokris. Hicnná, qui nc rienixoò` o`votc c si`tcr ncs lcsis pcrc ribk`struor nc oacgi` hi nks ai-hoks acsovks hi bkau`obcboò`, c eo` hi or bcaloc`hk ncs `crrctovcs hi u` puilnk.Ixosti u`c bncrc ti`hi`boc i` in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekraiaks, hi trclcdcr i`ekrac ac`bkau`chc bk` nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò`, `k hishi nc òptobc pulnobotc-roc, so`k bkak firrcaoi`tcs pcrc pkti`bocr in cpri`hozcdi pkr aihok hi ncs XOB, y i`isti si`tohk, si prkauivi su oapniai`tcboò` c grc` isbcnc.
Rigô` Acturc`c (<::8), bchc grupk sk-bocn vc tidoi`hk u`c rih hi rincbok`is ô`o-bcs qui nk hoeiri`boc hi ktrcs skboihchis.Csá, i` nc aihohc i` qui nks aoialrksqui nc bk`ekrac` chkptc` cbtotuhis ybkapkrtcaoi`tks cbkrhis bk` isc rih hirincbok`is, si hobi qui pirti`ibi c iscbkau`ohch. Lcdk istks crguai`tks, sibk`boli qui nc bk`eogurcboò` hin au`hksi hï i` nc bk`vovi`boc bk` in ktrk, y nksiniai`tks hi u` hitirao`chk sostiac sk-bocn puihc` sir pcrtábopis hi ktrcso`tircbbok`is i` bk`tixtks hoeiri`tis cnsuyk. I` isti krhi` hi ohics, ixosti ncpksolonohch hi qui nc istrubturc hin sos-tiac si trc`sekrai bkak erutk hi iscs`uivcs o`tircbbok`is, so` ceibtcr su kr-gc`ozcboò` hi vcnkris y pctrk`is hi bka-pkrtcaoi`tks, cn iairgir rihis bk`hub-tucnis hovirscs hi`trk hin aosak sos-tiac.
Dkrgi Nuos \caks „Otk‑, bc`tc`ti hi bfcapitc
istuhoc bk` Xrc`sekraiaks i` Bcrtcgi`c.
Nk `uistrk
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<2
Lcdk istc òptobc, chiaãs hi ribk`kbir`ksbkak suditks bunturcnis, is `ibiscrok ribk`k-bir y ti`ir nc bcpcbohch hi cbiptcr nc bunturchin ktrk, so` tiakr c pirhir nc `uistrc. In hos-eruti hi nc aôsobc, nc pkisác, nc gcstrk`kaác yktrcs ac`oeistcbok`is bunturcnis qui fcbi`pcrti o`firi`ti hi u`c bkau`ohch i` ispi-bocn, `k hili sir tiac hi ribfczk `o virgþi`-zc pcrc nks aoialrks hi ktrk grupk skbocn.C`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, nc bkau`obcboò`o`tirbunturcn duigc u` pcpin oapkrtc`ti i` ncohi`toeobcboò` hi isks iniai`tks qui ecvkri-bi` nc bk`strubboò` hi isbi`croks bkau`is i`hk`hi proai in o`tirbcalok hi scliris i`trisus aoialrks.
In hoseruti hi nc aôsobc,
nc pkisác, nc gcstrk`kaác
y ktrcs ac`oeistcbok`is
bunturcnis qui fcbi`
pcrti o`firi`ti hi u`c
bkau`ohch i` ispibocn,
`k hili sir tiac
hi ribfczk `o virgþi`zc pcrc nks aoialrks
hi ktrk grupk skbocn.
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3<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.
XCLNC ?. INIAI@XKR BYNXY\CNIR UOUKRHI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KR, <::?
»Buãn is in topk hi aôsobc qui aãs ni gustc;
Ucnni`ctk 83%
Rcnsc 35%
Bfcapitc 35%Bualoc 3%
»Buãn is su hipkrti ecvkrotk;
Eôtlkn 26%
Lïoslkn <:%
Ukniolkn ?%Motlknn 6%
Lcnk`bistk 9%
I` su toiapk nolri, »quï cbtovohchis hiscrrknnc;
Uir tinivosoò` <:%
Nibturc 32%Isbubfcr aôsobc ?%
Zrcbtobcr hipkrti 6%
»Buãn is nc eoistc pkpuncr qui aãs ni gustc;
Eoistcs kvialro`cs/rio`chk hi linnizc/ 86%
Oapksoboò` hin lc`hk 35%
»Buãn is nc bkaohc tápobc hi Bcrtcgi`c;
Crrkz bk` bkbk, pisbchk erotk, yubc, pctcbò` y i`scnchc 82%
Cripc hi fuivk <3%Crrkz bk` erádknis 39%
»Buãn is su bkaohc ecvkrotc;
Crrkz bk` bkbk y pisbchk erotk 86%Crrkz lnc`bk bk` bcr`i guoschc 39%
Crrkz bk` erodknotks ?%Cripc hi fuivk ?%
Crrkz bk` pknnk 6%
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<9
Nks risuntchks hi isti istuhok piraotoirk`bkrrklkrcr qui in bcrtcgi`irk fc chkptchk yhoserutc hi iniai`tks bunturcnis hi ktrcs ri-gok`is bknkaloc`cs. Iniai`tks qui hi`trkhi nc rih hi rincbok`is hin acbrk bk`tixtk,si fc` bk`virtohk i` `uivcs rihis bk`hub-tucnis qui acrbc` nks prktktopks hi hovirscsbunturcs.
I` in bcsk hin vcnni`ctk, topk hi aôsobc quikltuvk nks acykris pkrbi`tcdis i` nc pklnc-boò` i`buistchc, si hobi qui is krou`hk hiUcnnihupcr, bcpotcn hin hipcrtcai`tk hin Bï-scr= so` ialcrgk, fc sohk tcn su ixpc`soò`,qui fky si isbubfc y hoserutc `k sònk i` ncbkstc Bcroli bknkaloc`c, so`k i` aubfcs ri-gok`is hin Au`hk. Ogucn ei`òai`k kburri bk`nc scnsc qui sigô` aubfks o`vistogchkrisskbokbunturcnis, surgoò bkak u`c aizbnc hihovirsks gï`irks hi aôsobc bulc`c bk` ktrksgï`irks hin Bcroli, y si bk`sohirc qui istitopk hi aôsobc si hoserutc y chkptc pro`bopcn-ai`ti, pkr in aunctk Bcroli. Istks hctks pk-`i` hi ac`oeoistk, qui in soapni fibfk hiqui in bcrtcgi`irk hoseruti hi iniai`tks bun-turcnis qui si fc` gi`ircnozchk y qui i`trc`i` in pnc`k hi nk `uistrk, bk`sirvc iniai`-tks prkpoks qui pcrc in bcsk hi nc aôsobc, sirieoiri` c nc bfcapitc qui bkak gï`irk au-sobcn, si bk`kbi bkak tircpoc broknnc, hoeu`ho-hc i` sus o`oboks pkr cutkris bcrtcgi`irkscerkhisbi`hoi`tis y pcni`quirks hi Rc`Lcsonok.
I` in tiac hi nks hipkrtis, si puihi fclncrhi „bunturcs loknògobcai`ti iquovcni`tis‑,pkrqui nks vcnkris bunturcnis si bk`eogurc`y si chkptc` hi`trk hi nc bknibtovohch y
Dustk Ucnhïs, bkapksotkr pcni`quirk
y u`k hi nks gistkris hi nc bfcapitc,
cpri`hoò c niir, isbrolor y bk`to`uò susistuhoks bk` in akhink Xrc`sekraiaks.
Nc bfcapitc bkak
gï`irk ausobcn,
si bk`kbi bkak tircpoc
broknnc, hoeu`hohci` sus o`oboks pkr
cutkris bcrtcgi`irks
cerkhisbi`hoi`tis
y pcni`quirks
hi Rc` Lcsonok.
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3<5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
gi`irc` u` si`tohk hi pirti`i`boc i` nks bk`tixtks gnklcnis. In eôtlkn is u`c o`sog-`oc= nc grc` acykrác hi nc pklncboò` au`hocn si soi`ti ohi`toeobchc bk` istc prãbtobc=nk aosak kburri bk` in lïoslkn y in vkniolkn i`tri ktrks. In c`ãnosos hi istc sotucboò`hiauistrc qui i` in sognk pcschk, ncs prieiri`bocs hi nc bkstc Bcroli bknkaloc`csi kroi`tclc` aãs fcboc nc prãbtobc hin lïoslkn y in lkxik, hipkrtis i` nks bucnishistcbcrk` aubfks pirsk`cdis hi istc zk`c hin Zcás, nk bucn si pkhrác ixpnobcrhishi nc pirspibtovc Acturc`c, chuboi`hk qui si bricrk` uivcs rihis bk`hubtucnisaihochcs pkr hospksotovks aihoãtobks qui krogo`crk` nc trc`sekracboò` hi isc is-trubturc, so` pirhir su krgc`ozcboò` hi bkapkrtcaoi`tk, tkhc viz, qui in lïoslknsogui prihkao`c`hk i` sus u`ovirsks hi si`tohks.
I` in pnc`k hi nk `uistrk, si histcbc ncs cbtovohchis hiscrrknnchcs i` in toiapknolri= vir tinivosoò` is u`c prãbtobc gi`ircnozchc i` tkhk in Zcás. Ixpnobchc hishihoeiri`tis pirspibtovcs, si pkhrác i`ti`hir qui is nc pro`bopcn eui`ti hi ribricboò`c nc bucn toi`i` cbbisk ncs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis, qui nc bk`voirti` i` u` ini-ai`tk vovk hi hovirscs bunturcs. Hi fibfk, i` istks fcnnczgks nncac nc cti`boò` inpkrbi`tcdi sog`oeobctovk hi pirsk`cs qui nis gustc nc nibturc, bnoac cni`tchkr quipiraoti supk`ir qui pisi c ncs noaotcbok`is skbokibk`òaobcs y hi acrgo`cnohch hinc pklncboò`, si ivohi`boc in hisik hi ekracboò`. Istks rieiri`tis sk` oapkrtc`tishi`trk hin acrbk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi ncs XOB qui keribi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekrai-aks, tkhc viz qui istcrác` i` bk`bkrhc`boc bk` nks gustks y prieiri`bocs hi ncpklncboò` suditk.
Nncac nc cti`boò` in
pkrbi`tcdi sog`oeobctovk hi
pirsk`cs qui nis gustc nc
nibturc, bnoac cni`tchkr qui
piraoti supk`ir qui pisi c
ncs noaotcbok`is skbokibk-
`òaobcs y hi acrgo`cnohch
hi nc pklncboò`, si ivohi`boc
in hisik hi ekracboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<7
I` buc`tk si rieoiri c nc gcstrk`kaác, Bcrtcgi`cbk`sirvc rcsgks hi u`c bunturc Bcroli aubfk aãscapnoc= ncs rcábis bunturcnis hin crrkz bk` bkbk y inpisbchk erotk si o`sbroli` i` ncs kpkrtu`ohchis hisulsosti`boc qui keribi in bk`tixtk i` hk`hi sihiscrrknnc` istcs pirsk`cs. Istks fãlotks cnoai`-toboks cn ogucn qui in gustk pkr nc cripc hi fuivk,fc` sohk trc`saotohks hi gi`ircboò` i` gi`ircboò`,ixti`hoï`hksi i` u`c rih hi rincbok`is qui trcs-pcsc ncs erk`tircs hi isc nkbcnohch. Isti cspibtk
dustoeobcrác prkyibtks hi hiscrrknnk skbocn kroi`tc-hks c bk`sirvcr istks pctrk`is bunturcnis tc` sog-`oeobctovks i` nc pklncboò` Bcroli.
Nc rincboò` o`tirbunturcn si voi`i tidoi`hk hi ceuircfcboc chi`trk. Zirk in iquonolrok si hc i` nc aihohcbkak nks bcrtcgi`irks fc` cpkrtchk cn bk`tixtk bun-turcn gnklcn, vcnkris qui fc` sohk gi`ircnozchks ycprkpochks pkr nks ktrks. I` isti bcsk, si prisi`tcin \io`chk @cbok`cn hi nc Linnizc y ncs Eoistcs`kvialro`cs hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c,eoistcs pkpuncris prkpocs hi isti bk`tixtk, y quisk` hi o`tirïs y gustk pkr aoialrks pirti`iboi`-tis c ktrcs bunturcs y c nc skboihch i` gi`ircn.
Nks fãlotks cnoai`toboks
cn ogucn qui in gustk pkr nc
cripc hi fuivk, fc` sohk
trc`saotohks hi gi`ircboò`
i` gi`ircboò`,
ixti`hoï`hksi i` u`c
rih hi rincbok`is qui
trcspcsc ncs erk`tircs
hi isc nkbcnohch.
C`c Xunoc Gòaiz, nc „\io`c
hi nks Erotks‑ is istuhoc`ti
hi Xrc`sekraiaks
i` Bcrtcgi`c.
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3<6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<?
Nc Cnbcnhisc
Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz
bk` nks istuhoc`tis
hi Xrc`sekraiaks prisi`tc`hk
nks pnctks tápobks hi Bcrtcgi`c
pcrc in nolrk „Bkbo`c Broknnc
Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑.
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32: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
2.9
B
Bkai`tcrokseo`cnis
crtcgi`c keribi grc`his pksolonohchis pcrc pkti`-bocr nks scliris auntohosbopno`croks hishi nc òptobchi nc o`tirhosbopno`croihch qui ribkdc` nks scliris
pkpuncris, nc aiakroc fostòrobc, bunturcn y notircroc y si crtobu-ni` c nks bk`ti`ohks lãsobks. Ktrc ná`ic qui riscntc` istks
risuntchks, is in ekrtcniboaoi`tk hi nc bunturc bouhchc`c yauntoït`obc i` nc bucn iairgi` iniai`tks bunturcnis qui pkso-lonotc` in hoãnkgk o`tirbunturcn i`tri nk prkpok y nk ktrk, pcrcbk`sknohcr u` `uivk isbi`crok pcrc nk `uistrk. Ktrk o`tirïsrisuntc`ti, is in qui bk`trcstc ncs acg`áeobcs kpkrtu`ohchisqui keribi u` bk`tixtk turástobk qui cbusc pirsk`cn bcnoeobchki` gcstrk`kaác, ribricboò`, sotoks hi ispcrboaoi`tk y bk`boi`-boc fostòrobc, bk` u` puilnk vun`irclni, acrgo`cn, bk` grc`hishisiks hi supircboò` pirsk`cn, buyc istrctigoc so` nugcr c
hosbusoò`, is nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks.
Bcrtcgi`c keribi grc`his pksolonohchis pcrc pkti`bocrnks scliris auntohosbopno`croks qui ribkdc` nks scliris pkpuncris,
nc aiakroc fostòrobc, bunturcn y notircroc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 323
CNBCNHÁC HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?). Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c. Zknátobc
hi o`bnusoò` prkhubtovc pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc y vun-
`irclonohch . Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs Hostrotk Xurástobk y Bunturcn4 Cutkris.
RIB\IXC\ÁC HI IHYBCBOÒ@ HORX\OXCN HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?).
\ipkrti pklncbok`cn hi Bcrtcgi`c H.X. Bcrtcgi`c4 Cutkris.
GOAÏ@IT, G. (<:::). Xirrotkrok, bunturc i ohi`tohchis. Nc rigoò`
skbokbunturcn. I`4 AC\XÁ@ LC\LI\K D., NÒZIT HI NC \KBFI E., y\KLNIHK, C. Bunturc y \igoò` . Lkgktã4 Y`ovirsohch @cbok`cn hi Bk-nkaloc.
O@EC@XI CBIUIHK, \., y ZC\\C IRZOXOC, N. (<:3:). Hisirboò` is-
bkncr y hiscrrknnk skbocn4 Y`c aorchc sklri in prkgrcac ‖vknvir c nc
isbuinc‟. I`4 Ihubcboò` y Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn <, pp. 79-65. Acrcbcolk.
MONZCX\OBM, W.F. (3?93). Nc eonkskeác hi nc ihubcboò` . @uivc _krm4Acbaonnc`.
ACXY\C@C, F. (3???). Hishi nc loknkgác c nc psobknkgác. Bkaponcboò`y prònkgk hi Dkrgi Nuzkrk Gcrbác. Rc`tocgk4 Ihotkrocn Y`ovirsotcroc.
[[[[[[[[. (<::8). Xrc`sekracboò` i` nc bk`vovi`boc . Rc`tocgk4 Bkau-`obcbok`is @kristi.
K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C NC IHYBC-BOÒ@, NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C (Y@IRBK). (3??7). U Bk`eiri`-boc O`tir`cbok`cn sklri Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks (BK@EOXIC U). I`4 fttp4/
/www.u`isbk.krg/ihubctok`/uoi/bk`eo`tic/hibncspc.fta (2 hi sip-toialri hi <:33).
Lolnokgrceác
Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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32< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
[[[[[[[[. (<::6). Bk`vovi`boc Hiakbrãtobc, o`bnusoò` y bunturc hi pcz4
nibbok`is hishi nc prãbtobc ihubctovc i o``kvchkrc i` Caïrobc Ncto`c .O``kviaks. I`4 fttp4//ossuu.bka/hfpihoc/hkbs/bk`vovi`boc[hiakbr[tobc[o`bnuso[`[y[bunturc[hi[pcz (< hi siptoialri hi <:33).
[[[[[[[[. (<:33). Bkapi`hok au`hocn hi nc Ihubcboò` <:3: . Bkapc-rcboò` hi ncs istchástobcs hi ihubcboò` i` in Au`hk. Bc`chã4 O`stotutkhi Istchástobcs.
Z\KG\CAC HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C IN HIRC\\KNNK(Z@YH). (<:3:). O`ekrai \igok`cn sklri Hiscrrknnk Fuac`k pcrc Caï-
robc Ncto`c y in Bcroli <:3:4 Cbtucr sklri in euturk4 rkapir nc trc`sao-
soò` o`tirgi`ircbok`cn hi nc hisogucnhch . I`4 fttp4//fhr.u`hp.krg/is/o`ekrais/rigok`cn/histcbchk/\FH\-<:3:-\LNCB.phe (3º hi siptoia-lri hi <:33).
\OUI\K, D. (<:3:). Cpri`hir c nk ncrgk hi nc vohc i` bk`tixtks
hi o`iquohch . I`4 Zi`scaoi`tk Olirkcairobc`k . I`4 fttp4//www.pi`scaoi`tkolirkcairobc`k.krg/x`uairks/Zi`scaoi`tkOlirk7.phe(2 hi siptoialri hi <:33).
RI@, C., y MNOMRLI\G, L. (<::7). Zroairk nc gi`ti. Y`c Aorchc his-
hi nc ïtobc hin hiscrrknnk c nks pro`bopcnis prklniacs hin au`hk
gnklcnozchk . Achroh4 Hiustk.
RI@, C. (<:::). Hiscrrknnk y nolirtch . Lkgktã4 Znc`itc.
Lolnokgrceác
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 322
Istrubturc Burrobuncr Lãsobc pcrcBcrtcgi`c, H. X y B.
Bcpátu nk 8
Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk
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328 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
»Ihubcr pcrc quï;
ks iniai`tks c`cnozchks cn o`tirpritcr nc o`vistogc-boò` risióchc i` in bcpátunk c`tirokr, piraotoirk`ohi`toeobcr y bkapri`hir nks o`tirisis, ncs aktovc-
bok`is, ncs prãbtobcs skbocnis, nks u`ovirsks akrcnis y ïtobks,
ncs pkti`bocnohchis bunturcnis y vkbcbok`is, hishi nks bucnishc` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c, nks fclotc`tis hi pklncbok-`is vun`irclnis bkak ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc i` su bk`tixtk
cbtucn. Bk` nks risuntchks hi nco`vistogcboò`, si cdustcrk` nksbkapk`i`tis lãsobks y nks idisburrobuncris crtobunchkris pcrcfcbir in hosiók eo`cn hi nc istrub-turc burrobuncr lãsobc pcrc nc ihu-
bcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks i`Bcrtcgi`c H.X.
Nc riistrubturcboò` hi nc prkpuis-tc burrobuncr o`obocn, piraotoò o`ti-grcr iniai`tks pcrc c`cnozcr nksprkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi hishiu`c pirspibtovc bk` nks iniai`-tks eu`hc`tis hi nc ohi`tohch hinks istuhoc`tis hi ncs bkau`ohc-his vun`irclnis hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi-eo`oi`hk u`c istrctigoc burrobuncrbk` sus bkapk`i`tis y idiscrtobunchkris, i` lusbc hi si`to-hk c nc o`ti`boò` ihubctovc.
N
8.3
Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz
hi Xrudonnk. Bcrtcgi`c.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 329
Nc istrctigoc burrobuncr hieo`ohc bk` lcsi i`nc o`vistogcboò`, lusbc o`bnuor c nks istuhoc`-tis i` u` prkyibtk hi bouhchc`ác cbtovc, ekr-tcniboi`hk nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y pnuroït`obc,ribupirc`hk iniai`tks hi u`c bunturc hovir-sc qui fclotc i` u` bk`tixtk provonigochk pkrsus borbu`stc`bocs fostòrobcs, notircrocs, au-sobcnis y turástobcs, pcrc ho`caozcr hishi cnná,u`c bunturc bouhchc`c, brichkrc y prkhubto-vc i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hinks istuhoc`tis y sus bkau`ohchis.
Y`k hi nks pro`bopcnis klditovks hin hosiókburrobuncr, is bk`troluor hishi nc ihubcboò`pirto`i`ti y enixolni c nc o`bnusoò` skbocn i` Bcrtcgi`c y cn idirbobok hi u`c bouhchc-`ác cbtovc. I`tri nks klditovks ispibáeobks, pkhiaks riscntcr nc krgc`ozcboò` hi prk-bisks ihubctovks qui ecbonoti` cpri`hozcdis sog`oeobctovks hishi in bk`tixtk y ncbunturc i` hk`hi si hiscrrknnc y utonozc in bk`kboaoi`tk, pcrc c pcrtor hi innks, prk-akvir u`c bunturc brichkrc y prkhubtovc, bk` nc risog`oeobcboò` hi ncs prãbtobcsbktohoc`cs hi nks bcrtcgi`irks hi istcs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis.
Y`k hi nks pro`bopcnis
klditovks hin hosiók
burrobuncr, is bk`troluor
hishi nc ihubcboò`
pirto`i ti y enixolni
c nc o`bnusoò` skbocn i`
Bcrtcgi`c y cn idirbobok
hi u`c bouhchc`ác cbtovc.
Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz
hi Xrudonnk. Bcrtcgi`c.
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325 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Bkapk`i`tis burrobuncris8.<
8.<.3 Rcliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks
Zcrc piraotor in cbbisk hi nks istuhoc`tis hi istcs bkau`o-hchis c prkbisks ihubctovks hi bcnohch i` nc ihubcboò` ekr-acn, si o`bnuyirk` ncs csog`cturcs klnogctkrocs hi nc ihubcboò`lãsobc y aihoc, o`tigrchcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs= i` u` bkapk-
`i`ti burrobuncr qui nis ecbonotcrc csog`cr si`tohk c nks bk`k-boaoi`tks aihoc`ti scliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks. Istkpiraotoò qui si trctcrc hi ekrac sog`oeobctovc, sus bk`ti`ohksburrobuncris y nks istã`hcris hi bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs, bk`toiapks hieo`ohks, bk`tixtks hi cpri`hozcdi, cbtovohchis yprkbisks bk`stc`tis hi ivcnucboò`, pcrc keribir is-pcboks hi aitcbkg`oboò` y cutk`kaác hin cpri`ho-zcdi. In idirbobok aãs o`tirisc`ti hi istibkapk`i`ti, eui nc o`tigrcboò` hi iscs
csog`cturcs, rispitc`hk nc ekrtcnizchosbopno`cr. Nks ï`ecsos hi ncsãrics tiaãtobcs hiscrrknnc-hcs sk`4 actiaãtobcs,ni`gucdi y bkau`o-bcboò`, boi`bocs sk-bocnis y `cturcnis,o`gnïs y tib`knkgác.Nc o`tigrcboò` hi
csog`cturcs piraoti
Hkbi`ti Xrc`sekraiaks i` u`c sisoò`
hi Bkau`obcboò` y Ni`gucdi hi bobnk 5,bk` in cpkyk hin nolrk y in bkaputchkr.
Nks ï`ecsos hi ncsãrics tiaãtobcs
hiscrrknnchcs sk`4
actiaãtobcs,
ni`gucdi
y bkau`obcboò`,
boi`bocs skbocnis
y `cturcnis, o`gnïs
y tib`knkgác.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 327
Nc o`tigrcboò` hi
csog`cturcs piraoti
hiscrrknncr in
bk`kboaoi`tk bk`biptucn
y in bk`kboaoi`tk
prkbihoai`tcn, csá bkak
ncs ecbitcs prãbtobc
y ekracn hi ncs csog`cturcs
o`tigrchcs.
hiscrrknncr in bk`kboaoi`tk bk`biptucn yin bk`kboaoi`tk prkbihoai`tcn, csá bkakncs ecbitcs prãbtobc y ekracn hi ncs csog-`cturcs o`tigrchcs.
I` isti hosiók burrobuncr, nc o`tigrcboò` hicsog`cturcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs tcaloï` o`-bnuyi prkbisks gi`ircnis qui istã` pri-si`tis i` ncs cbtovohchis bk` ncs bucnissi trctc hi bk`struor bk`kboaoi`tks i` ekr-ac bknibtovc k o`hovohucn4 ekrauncr y riskn-vir prklniacs, akhincr prkbisks yei`òai`ks hi nc ricnohch, bkau`obcr, rc-zk`cr, ekrauncr, bkapcrcr y idirbotcr prk-bihoaoi`tks rincbok`chks bk` nc hosbopno`cqui si cpri`hi y i`sióc.
I` isti bkapk`i`ti, nks bk`tixtks hi hiscrrknnk hi ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics hin sclir,si prisi`tc` nogchks cn bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn y ncs prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, cloirtks cnhilcti y c nc bk`strubboò`, c nc isbubfc hi ncs `crrctovcs hi nks istuhoc`tis y susbkau`ohchis, i` lusbc hi nc rienixoò` brátobc bk`stc`ti. Nc o`tigrcboò` hi csog`ctu-rcs rispitc i` tkhk akai`tk, in krhi` nògobk hi nks bk`biptks, buohc`hk nc i`si-óc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi pribk`biptks i o`bnuyi`hk nks scliris privoks, i` lusbc hisog`oeobchk, c`bncdis ieibtovks y pksolonohchis hi bk`strubboò` cbtovc hin bk`kbo-aoi`tk.
Nc o`vistogcboò` lcschc i` eui`tis proacrocs y nc rivosoò` hi eui`tis sibu`hcrocspkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, sk` nc pksolonohch hi cpri`hozcdi i` i`tkr`ks `k isbk-ncris, hchk in bkrtk pnczk pcrc ricnozcr nks pnc`is hi istuhok, y nc `ibisohch hiaktovcr cpri`hozcdis cutò`kaks aihoc`ti istrctigocs hohãbtobcs hi cutkekracboò`,bkalo`chcs bk` nks cpri`hozcdis bknibtovks, i` nc sisok`is prisi`bocnis y nks trclc-
dks sulgrupcnis.
Nc bkapri`soò` hi nibturc y nc prkhubboò` hi tixtks i` hovirsks ekractks, istã`prisi`tis hi`trk hi ncs cbtovohchis prkpuistcs, csá bkak nc ixprisoò` krcn y ncisbubfc cbtovc. Nc i`sióc`zc hi ncs actiaãtobcs is proakrhocn hi`trk hi isti bka-pk`i`ti, y istã cbkapcóchc hi nc ekracboò` y cbkapcócaoi`tk c nks hkbi`tis qui`k toi`i` istc ãric tiaãtobc bkak ekrtcnizc hosbopno`cr.
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326 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
8.<.< Bkau ohch bunturcn
Nc bkau`ohch bunturcn is u` bk`biptk lãsobk pcrcnc ohi`tohch hi nks istuhoc`tis. Isti bkapk`i`tio`bnuyi nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc ohi`tohch pirsk-`cn, bk` nc risog`oeobcboò` hi ncs prãbtobcs skboc-nis qui bk`stotuyi` c nks istuhoc`tis bkakbcrtcgi`irks i` in ispcbok hi cbtucboò` bktohoc-`c, i` in bk`tixtk hi nc aitcbunturc hi nc rigoò`Bcroli hin Zcás, bk` su fostkroc, sus trchobok`is,sus rcábis c`bistrcnis y nc vovi`boc hi inncs i` inaihok cbtucn.
Cbtovohch bunturcn hi nks istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks i` Bcrtcgi`c
o`tirpritc`hk lconis tápobks hi
nc rigoò` hurc`ti nc proairc
grchucboò` i` nc Znczc hi
nc Chuc`c. Clron << hi <::?.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 32?
»Suoï` sky; »Hi hò`hi prkvi`gk; »Suïprãbtobcs skbocnis ai bk`stotuyi` bkaksir, fkalri k audir; »Buãnis sk` aospksolonohchis bkak suditk hi hiribfk;»Buãnis sk` ncs pksolonohchis hi ao bk-au`ohch; »Bòak is in ispcbok skbokbun-turcn, pknátobk, ibk`òaobk qui fclotk;»Buãnis sk` aos ixpibtctovcs euturcs;Istcs y aubfcs ktrcs prigu`tcs qui sur-gi` cn hiscrrknncr isti bkapk`i`ti,kroi`tc` nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc bkau`o-hch bunturcn bkak ispcbok hi bk`strub-boò` hi ohi`tohch pirsk`cn.
In cpri`hozcdi i` bk`tixtk, qui prkaui-vi in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk, tkac sus lcsis hi nc pirs-pibtovc skbokbunturcn k bk`strubtovosakhocnïbtobk, cbiptc`hk qui in bk`kboaoi`-tk si bk`struyi hi`trk hi u` prkbisk bk`ribursovohch3 borbuncr, grcbocs c nc ixpi-roi`boc o`hovohucn aihochc pkr ncso`tircbbok`is skbocnis pcschcs y prisi`-tis, i` u` bk`tixtk bunturcn hk`hi inni`gucdi piraoti nc rincboò` bk` nks ktrks,bkapcóirks, acistrks, bkau`ohchis,aihocbok`is o`tircbtovcs hishi nc bkau-`obcboò` y nc o`ekraãtobc, i`tri aubfksktrks, y, c su viz, nks istuhoc`tis trc`s-ekrac` isti bk`tixtk bk` su cbbok`cr,aihoc`ti in cbkpncaoi`tk istrubturcn bk`to`gi`ti qui prkpk`i FualirtkActurc`c<.
3. Zrkbisks i` nks bucnis nks ieibtks bcusc` y prkhubi` c su viz, in prkbisk aosak. Zkr innk, nks istchks eo`cnissk` `ibiscroks pcrc nks istchks o`obocnis, bk` cnoai`tcboò` ixtirokr bkak bk`hoboò` `ibiscroc. AK\O@, I.(3??:). O`trkhubboò` cn Zi`scaoi`tk Bkapnidk. Lcrbink`c4 GIHORC.
<. ACXY\C@C, F. (3??5 ). In si`tohk hi nk fuac`k. Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.
In cpri`hozcdi i` bk`tixtk,
qui prkauivi in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, tkac sus
lcsis hi nc pirspibtovc skbokbunturcn
k bk`strubtovosak hocnïbtobk
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38: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cn cbiptcr istc pirspibtovc, i` isti bkapk`i`-ti si provonigoc nc o`tircbboò` skbocn bk` in trc-lcdk i` sulgrupks, ncs pni`crocs pcrc o`tir-bcalocr sog`oeobchks y risog`oeobcr prãbtobcsbunturcnis k bucnoeobcrncs cn prkeu`hozcr bk`bip-tks. Chiaãs, si o`bnuyi` cbtovohchis pcrc nni-vcr c ncs bkau`ohchis, prãbtobcs risog`oeobchcsi` in cunc k trcir cn i`tkr`k isbkncr, nc aiak-roc, ncs trchobok`is bunturcnis y ncs prãbtobcs bk-tohoc`cs, bkak pu`tk hi pcrtohc hi `uivkscpri`hozcdis.
Ncs cbtovohchis hiscrrknnchcs bk` hovirscs ai-hocbok`is hohãbtobcs pcrc qui nc o`tircbboò` sk-bocn o`bnuyc rienixok`is hishi in ni`gucdi ioapcbti` nc ricnohch bkapnidc i` hk`hi trcsbu-
Nks hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis
hili` o`vistogcr pcrc
bkapri`hir y bk`kbir
in bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn,
i o`hcgcr privocai`ti
sklri nks u`ovirsks hi
si`tohk hi ncs bkau`ohchis
hk`hi si oapniai`tc
in burrábunk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 383
rri su vohc bktohoc`c, i`eri`tc` boirtcs prklniaãtobcshi nc pklncboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks c quoi`is si ho-rogi in prkyibtk ihubctovk. Istk klnogc c hkbi`tis y cistuhoc`tis c o`vistogcr pcrc bkapri`hir y bk`kbirin bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn, y c o`hcgcr privocai`ti sk-lri nks u`ovirsks hi si`tohk hi ncs bkau`ohchis hk`-hi si oapniai`tc in burrábunk.
I` isti bkapk`i`ti, in ni`gucdi is in aihok bk` inbucn si ricnozc in o`tirbcalok hi sog`oeobchks y si kr-gc`ozc in bk`kboaoi`tk. Chiaãs, in ni`gucdi piraotincs rincbok`is o`tirpirsk`cnis, pkr sir u` iniai`tkbrichkr hi ixpiroi`boc. I`tk`bis, cbiptcaks in ni`-gucdi bkak u`c ekrac hi aihocboò` siaoòtobc hi grc`oapkrtc`boc pcrc in cpri`hozcdi, bkak nk ribk`kbiUogktsmy i` nc ekracboò` hin bk`biptk, sigô` nk pnc`-tichk pkr Lru`ir2 buc`hk hieo`i „in cpri`hozcdi bk`-biptucn‑ bkak u`c cbboò` ricnozchc aihoc`ti u`c o`ti-rcbboò` bk`virscbok`cn i`tri acistrk y istuhoc`ti.
Hishi istc pirspibtovc, cbiptcaks qui in ni`gucdiecbonotc nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi aihoc`ti in o`-tirbcalok hi sog`oeobchks y, bkak nk pnc`tic nc k`tk-nkgác hin ni`gucdi, bric k prkpoboc nc ixpiroi`boc, ishibor, bk`struyi sog`oeobchks, pirk tcaloï` nks ris-tro`gi.
2. Dirkai Lru`ir, hishi nc psobknkgác gi`ïtobk-bkg`otovc, ritkac c Zocgit y c Uygktsmo, i o bnuyi i` su tikrác,cpkrtis hi nc c`trkpknkgác skbocn y bunturcn, csá bkak hi nc tikrác ivknutovc. Zrkpk`i in burrábunk i` isporcn, bk`nc ixpksoboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis c u` tiac gi`ircn i` akai`tks hoeiri`tis, hi akhk grchucn y clstrcbtk.
Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks
i` Bcrtcgi`c hurc`ti u`c hi
ncs i`trigcs hi Cuncs O`tircbtovcs
i` in cók <:3:.
8.<.2 Bouhchc`ác cbtovc
Aihoc`ti bk`biptucnozcbok`is y rienixok`is brátobcs, isti bkapk`i`ti cpkrtc c nc
ekracboò` hi bouhchc`ks/cs cbtovks, nc o`tirokrozcboò` hi vcnkris bávobks, hiribfksfuac`ks y hiribfks bknibtovks, cbbok`is ceoractovcs pcrc nc it`oc cerkhisbi`hoi`ti
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38< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
(pcni`quirc y Bcroli), y hiribfks hi nc audir y hi nks `oóks y `oócs, cspibtkslãsobks i` nc bk`hoboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác. Zirk, ribkrhiaks, bkak pnc`tic` FualirtkActurc`c, Ïhgcr Akro` y nc aosac Uobtkroc Bcaps, qui nks vcnkris `k si i`sióc`,nks vcnkris si vovi`, y pkr innk, istc „ïtobc ncobc hi aá`oaks qui bkapcrtoaks cnpcrtobopcr i` `uistrc vohc bknibtovc‑, si cpri`hi prcbtobã`hknc y voi`hk bòak siprcbtobc. Bk` idiapnks hi bovosak `uistrks y hi ncs o`stotubok`is hiakbrãtobcs,i`siócaks c sir bouhchc`ks, c `uistrks fodks, caogks y vibo`ks.
Ri scli qui ncs pklncbok`is ceibtchcs pkr ecbtkris hovirsks hi vun`irclonohch, bkaknks istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, fc` vovohk ixpiroi`bocs `igctovcs i`su rincboò` bk` cngu`cs o`stotubok`is hiakbrãtobcs qui i` nugcr hi „hcr ei hi sului` fcbir hiakbrãtobk bk` sus cbbok`is‑, bkak pnc`tic Bcaps, fc` voknchk sushiribfks, bkak is in bcsk hi nc o`cti`boò` c pklncbok`is hispnczchcs, nc o`cbbiso-lonohch c nks hiribfks hi ncs bkau`ohchis cerkbknkaloc`cs i o`hági`cs, i`tri ktrcs,
Dòvi`is y Chuntks Xrc`sekraiaks si tkacrk`
ncs aurcnncs hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc binilrcr qui
cpri`hoirk` c niir y isbrolor. Riptoialri hi <::?.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 382
nk aosak qui nc bkrrupboò` qui hisvác nks ho`irks pô-lnobks i oapohi ricnozcr prkyibtks y prkgrcacs c nksbucnis toi`i` hiribfk.
Zkr istc rczò`, ekrtcnibir nc hiakbrcboc riquoiri pkru`c pcrti, hi nc ekracboò` y ihubcboò` bouhchc`c, pirkpkr nc ktrc, hi u`c `uivc rincboò` bk` ncs o`stotubok-`is hiakbrãtobcs, i` nc bucn `uistrks istuhoc`tisbkapri`hc` nc eu`boò` hi bchc u`c, hi sus prkgrc-acs prktibtkris hi nks hiribfks fuac`ks y hi nkshiribfks bknibtovks, y aãs qui viihkris hi prkbi-sks, si bk`voirtc` i` ho`caozchkris hin prkpok hisc-rrknnk skbocn, aihoc`ti nc pcrtobopcboò` krgc`ozchc ykpkrtu`c. Rònk csá, pkhriaks cpkrtcr i` nc bk`strub-boò` hin „bárbunk vortuksk qui fcy qui bk`quostcr ycpri`hir cbtovcai`ti bkak ‖ixprisoò` sknohcroc hincakr prkpok‟ qui pk`gc náaotis c nks ixbiskso`hovohucnostcs‑, bkak `ks i`sióc Bcaps, y csá cpkr-tcr c nc bk`strubboò` hi ncs skboihchis hiakbrãtobcseuturcs.
Zirk, »quï topk hi bouhchc`ks quiriaks sir; »Suïtopk hi bouhchc`ks quiriaks qui sic` nks ktrks; Chi-nc Bkrto`c8 `ks o`sporc hishi su ïtobc hi nc bouhchc`ác,bk` su cpuistc pkr nc ekracboò` hin bcrãbtir hi isksbouhchc`ks qui skaks y siriaks, i` lusbc hi nc „bovo-nohch‑ y hi nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u`c „skboihch bovon‑ prk-tcgk`ostc. Chinc Bkrto`c prisi`tc u`c ibisohch cbtucnhi bovonohch, i`ti`hohk isti tïrao`k bkak „nc bcpcbo-hch hi scbroeobcrsi, hi cngu`c ac`irc, nc bcpcbohch hio`vknubrcrsi i` ncs tcrics pôlnobcs, nc bcpcbohch hio`vknubrcrsi i` ncs tcrics hi nc skboihch i` su bk`du`-tk‑, hidc`hk hi nchk nc lôsquihc hin pncbir y in fihk-`osak i` in u`ovirsk pròxoak.
Y`k hi nks klditovks hi isti bkapk`i`ti, is nc ihu-bcboò` pcrc nc hiakbrcboc, nc ekracboò` hi o`hovohuksbuyc ïtobc si cnidi hin „o`hovohucnosak fihk`ostc y pk-
Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks qui
pcrtobopcrk` i` nc inclkrcboò`
hi ncs ribitcs pcrc in nolrk„Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgi`irc hi
Uihhã Uihhã‑.
»Suï topk
hi bouhchc`ks
quiriaks sir; »Suï topk hi
bouhchc`ks
quiriaks qui
sic` nks ktrks;
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388 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
sisovk‑, y si cbirqui c ncs vortuhis bávo-bcs, bk` hospksoboò` hi pcrtobopcr y trclc-
dcr i` nc vohc pôln obc, hi`trk hi u`cbkau`ohch c nc bucn soi`ti qui pirti`ibi,y bkak siócnc Bkrto`c, soi`ti qui is u`cbkau`ohch dustc, hk`hi istã` prktigohksnks hiribfks hi proairc, sigu`hc y tirbi-rc gi`ircboò`.
I` isc bkau`ohch dustc k i` bcao`k hisirnk, c nc bucn pirti`ibi in bouhchc`k kbouhchc`c qui is `uistrk istuhoc`ti, sifcbi `ibiscroc nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u`c sk-boihch bovon krgc`ozchc, aihoc`ti rihis sk-bocnis qui bkapk`i` nc trcac hi ncskboihch bovon, y qui pcrc u` puilnk ripri-si`tc` su pro`bopcn bcpotcn skbocn, bkak siócnc Bkrto`c, buyk pnc`ticaoi`tk cbkgi-aks capnocai`ti4 „C aá ai pcribi qui is eu`hcai`tcn qui nc skboihch bovon csuac su prktcgk`osak, y qui `k si istï ispirc`hk soiapri qui sic in pkhir pknátobk in qui risuinvc nks prklniacs‑ . Chiaãs, in idirbobok hi bouhchc`ác qui prkpk`i ChincBkrto`c, nk ricnozc` bouhchc`ks ogucnis nk bucn is ispibocnai`ti, u`c bk`hoboò` pcrcsu bouhchc`ác.
Zkr ôntoak, cbkgiaks nc hieo`oboò` hi bouhchc`k/c qui prkpk`i Bkrto`c9, i` nc bucnribkgi nks bk`biptks groigk y ncto`k4 „Bouhchc`k `k sònk is cquin c quoi` prktigi nc niy, so`k qui is cquin qui pcrtobopc i` ncs buistok`is pôlnobcs. _ i` isi si`tohk,brik qui fcy qui fcbir tcaloï` cngô` topk hi rivknuboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác pcrc pcrtobopcr i` ncs buistok`is pôlnobcs, pkrqui ‒bkak si fc hobfk hi ktrcs actirocs‒ nc pknátobc is hiacsochk oapkrtc`ti pcrc hidãrsinc sònk c nks pknátobks‑. Istc bouhc-hc`ác si idirbi i` u` bk`tixtk auntobunturcn y auntoït`obk, puistk qui ncs skboihc-his bknkaloc`cs nk sk`. Zkr innk, si fc pnc`tichk isti bkapk`i`ti bkak pcrti hiu` burrábunk pirto`i`ti, bk`tixtucnozchk, qui o`bnuyi nks iniai`tks bunturcnispksolonotchkris hi si`tohk, hi pirti`i`boc, cbkrhis bk` nc bkapnidohch qui oapnobcihubcr pcrc o`bnuor nc hovirsohch.
„C aá ai pcribi qui is
eu`hcai`tcn qui nc
skboihch bovon csuac su
prktcgk`osak, y qui `k
si istï ispirc`hk soia-
pri qui sic in pkhir
pknátobk in qui risuinvc
nks prklniacs‑.
Chinc Bkrto`c.
8. BK\XO@C, Chinc. Bouhchc`ks hin au`hk. Achroh4 Cnoc`zc, 3??7.9. Oláh.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 389
8.2Idis burrobuncriscrtobunchkris
ishi nc pirspibtovc sostïaobc hi nc Eu`hc-boò` Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, in burrábunkprkpuistk toi`i tris bkapk`i`tis y isti
grupk hi bkapk`i`tis burrobuncris bui`tc bk` u`ksidis burrobuncris crtobunchkris, is hibor, u`c ispiboi
hi `khks hi`trk hi nc grc` rih hi rincbok`is qui isin burrábunk. Istks idis burrobuncris crtobunc` nks bk`-ti`ohks, ncs cbbok`is, nks bk`tixtks, ncs sotucbok`ishi cpri`hozcdi, ncs aitkhknkgács, ncs cbtovohchis gru-pcnis i o`hovohucnis. Nks idis crtobunchkris hin burrá-bunk sk`4 pi`scaoi`tk brátobk y brictovk, hiscrrknnksusti`tclni y sksti`olni, tib`knkgács hi nc o`ekrac-boò` y ncs bkau`obcbok`is= y bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.
8.2.3 Zi`scaoi`tk brátobk, brictovk ysostïaobk
Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc qui nksistã`hcris y histrizcs hin pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, sio`bnuyc` i` ncs sotucbok`is hi cpri`hozcdi, i`i`tkr`ks isbkncris y `k isbkncris, pcrc fcbir hiinnks u`c prãbtobc bk`stc`ti qui nnivi c prkbiskso`bk`sboi`tis qui kpiri` cutkaãtobcai`ti, aoi`-trcs nks istuhoc`tis y acistrks/cs ricnozc` cbtovo-hchis grupcnis k o`hovohucnis sklri ncs ãricstiaãtobcs o`tigrchcs. I`tri nks istã`hcris, si pui-hi botcr bncrohch, ixcbtotuh, pribosoò`, pirto`i`boc,prkeu`hohch, capnotuh, nògobc i o`tirpritcboò`. Bchcu`k hi istks istã`hcris si hiscrrknnc pkr aihok hisulhistrizcs bkak4 bctigkrozcboò`, hibkhoeobcboò`
H
Nikvogonhk Bcstonnk Ruãriz,
istuhoc`ti Xrc`sekraiaks y náhir
hin bclonhk o`hági`c Aialronncni` Bcrtcgi`c.
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385 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
y bncroeobcboò` hi sog`oeobchks= ixcao`crohics, ohi`toeobcr, viroeobcr y vcnkrcr cr-guai`tks= buistok`cr ncs ivohi`bocs yprkpk`ir cntir`ctovcs, i`tri aubfksktrks.
In/nc acistrk/c guác, in/nc kroi`tchkr/chi isc trc`sekracboò` hi nc pcrtobopcboò`,hili prkakvir i` sus istuhoc`tis, u`pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, puis sònk csá ti`-hrã` brotirok pcrc hieo`or quï o`ekracboò`tkac` k hidc` i`tri nc grc` hoai`soò`hi bk`kboaoi`tk qui ti`iaks c `uistrchospksoboò` fky, y buãn sirã su pksoboò`ïtobc, so riquoiri` hovirsoeobcr nc o`ekrac-boò` pcrc nkgrcr sus klditovks bkg`otovks,i`tri aubfks ktrks cspibtks.
In pi`scaoi`tk brátobk is u` prkbisk o`-tinibtucn qui si bcrcbtirozc pkr o`bnuor i`nc bk`strubboò` hin pi`scaoi`tk (bk`bip-tks, pksobok`is ïtobcs k boi`táeobcs, cbbok-`is cpnobclnis c nc vohc bktohoc`c, pu`tks
hi vostc, itb.), sus histrizcs o`tinibtucnis prkpocs bkak nc o`-tirpritcboò`, in c`ãnosos, nc ivcnucboò`, nc o`eiri`boc, nc ixpnobc-boò` y nc cutkrriguncboò`, i`tri ktrcs pksolnis.
Is `ibiscrok qui hishi isti idi crtobunchkr hin burrábunk, sio`bnuyc i` ncs sotucbok`is hi cpri`hozcdi, bk`tixtks y cbtovohc-his, nks istã`hcris y ncs histrizcs o`tinibtucnis pcrc hiscrrk-nncr in pi`scaoi`tk brátobk. I`tri nc grc` vcroihch hi istã`hcrisprkpuistks, si fc` prokrozchk soiti istã`hcris bk` nks bucnisin acistrk/c puihi bk`troluor pcrc qui nks istuhoc`tis hisc-rrknni` u` pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, pnc`tic`hk prigu`tcs qui ix-pnkri` in pi`scaoi`tk hi nks istuhoc`tis y cn o`tirokrozcrncs,innks ncs pnc`ticrã` pcrc cpnobcrncs i` nks iniai`tks hin pi`sc-aoi`tk, tcnis bkak4 prkpòsotks, prigu`tcs, o`ekracboò`, supuis-tks, bk`biptks, o`eiri`bocs, pu`tks hi vostc, oapnobcbok`is, itb.
In acistrk/c puihi
bk`troluor pcrc qui
nks istuhoc`tis
hiscrrknni` u`
pi`scaoi`tk brátobk,
pnc`tic`hk prigu`tcsqui ixpnkri`
in pi`scaoi`tk
hi nks istuhoc`tis.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 387
Chiaãs, isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc quihishi nc pirspibtovc hin pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk, nksacistrks/cs y istuhoc`tis ti`gc` i` bui`tc ncso`tircbbok`is qui bk`ekrac` nks ei`òai`ks hin au`hk. Hishi isti i`ekqui, nks
ei`òai`ks si prisi`tc` bkak rihis ekrachcs pkr `khks, i`tri nks bucnis fcy vá`-bunks. Rigô` nc tikrác hi sostiacs, bchc `khk istã ekrachk pkr u`c i`tohch y ncsrincbok`is si bk`eogurc` bkak bk`ixok`is i`tri ncs bucnis borbunc` actiroc y i`ir-gác. Csá, u`c rih hi rincbok`is hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk, is u` sostiac y in au`hk isu`c grc` trcac hi rincbok`is bk`to`ucs i`tri hovirsks iniai`tks i` aôntopnis is-bcncs. Nks istuhoc`tis y nks acistrks csuai` tkhc cbboò` bkak pcrti hi u` sosti-ac hi rincbok`is qui ekrac` pcrti hi u` bk`tixtk acykr.
Hishi isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr, sostiac is „u` bk`du`tk hi iniai`tks qui
ac`toi`i` u`c rincboò` i`tri innks y qui o`tircbbok`c` hi ekrac bk`du`tc bk` su i`tkr`k. Bchc iniai`tk qui ekrac in sostiac hiscrrknnc hi ekrac o`hovohucn u` ripirtkrok hi iairgi`bocs qui gcrc`tozc` su bk`to`uohch y c nc viz prisi`tc noaotc- bok`is i` su bkapkrtcaoi`tk‑ 5 .
5. LI\XCNC@EE_, N. Xikrác Gi`ircn hi Rostiacs. Achroh4 Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc, 3?56.
Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz
hi Xrudonnk. Bcrtcgi`c.
Ri lusbc qui hishi
nc pirspibtovc hin
pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk
nks acistrks/cs y istuhoc`tis
ti`gc` i` bui`tc ncs
o`tircbbok`is qui bk`ekrac`nks ei`òai`ks hin au`hk.
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386 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Zkr ôntoak, isti idi crtobunchkr tcaloï` si kbupc hin pi`scaoi`tk brictovk k o``k-vchkr qui is in topk hi pi`scaoi`tk qui nnivc c i`bk`trcr `uivcs sknubok`is, pri-gu`tcr pkr hoai`sok`is qui capnác` k prkeu`hozc` in bk`kboaoi`tk, bricr crti, pkisác,`uivcs tib`knkgács, `uivcs pksolonohchis. Is in pi`scaoi`tk qui surgi hurc`ti nccbboò` brictovc, i`ti`hohc bkak nc bcpcbohch psobknògobc y skbocn qui ti`iaks nkssiris fuac`ks pcrc rispk`hir hi ekrac o``kvchkrc c nks ritks k prklniacs qui
i`eri`tcaks i` u`c sotucboò` hitirao`chc.
Hishi isti idi crtobunchkr, si csuai qui isti pi`scaoi`tk surgi bkak u`c bk`si-bui`boc hin pi`scaoi`tk brátobk y hin pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk, is hibor, is u`c „iair-gi`boc‑ hi nks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi qui toi`i` i` bui`tc nc rienixoò` brátobc y ncbkapnidohch hi nks ei`òai`ks istuhochks. Rigô` Fc`s Dkcs, „nc skboihch is in risuntchk hi u` prkbisk hi o`stotubok`cnozcboò`, y isti prkbisk, pkrqui crrc`bc hi nk oacgo`crok, hi nc bcpcbohch fuac`c hi prkyibtcr si`tohk, toi`i u`c hoai`soò` brictovc orrihubtolni‑ 7 . Hishi in burrábunk, in pi`scaoi`tk brátobk si prkauivi bk`
ncs cbtovohchis y sotucbok`is hi cpri`hozcdi, u`c rivosoò` hi ncs ruto`cs y nks fãlotksy ncs bkstualris i`rcozchcs i` cngu`cs prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, qui oapunsc` nc bric-tovohch bkak pksolonohch hi vir in au`hk hi ac`irc oacgo`ctovc y hoeiri`ti.
7. DKCR, F. Nc o`stotubok`cnozcboò` bkak prkbisk brictovk. Cbirbc hi nc eonkskeác pknátobc hi Bkr`inous Bcsktkrochos.I`4 In prcgactosak y nc tikrác skbocn. Achroh4 Rognk VVO, 3?66.
In Rostiac O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk prkauivi
u`c pcrtobopcboò`
bkau`otcroc krgc`ozchc
y rispcnhchc pkr
in Istchk skbocn hi
hiribfk, i` idirbobok
hi nc bouhchc`ác,cnidchk hi pknátobcs
hi „ac`k ti`hohc‑
y „csosti`bocnosak‑.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 38?
8.2.< Hiscrrknnk susti`tclni y sksti`olni
Isti hosiók burrobuncr fcbi pcrti hi nks prkbisks qui ricnozc in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` ncs hoeiri`tis rigok`is y, bkak vc horogohk c pklncbok-`is ceibtchcs pkr hovirscs bk`hobok`is hi vun`irclonohch, is `ibiscrok o`bnuor u`idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr qui piraotc qui tkhks nks bk`ti`ohks ‒bk`biptucnis, hiprkbihoaoi`tk k hi cbtotuh‒ o`bnuyc` i` sus sotucbok`is y cbtovohchis hi cpri`hozc-
di, i`sióc`zc y rienixoò`, in hiscrrknnk skbocn susti`tclni y sksti olni, bkak pcrtihin hiscrrknnk fuac`k, lcdk nc pirspibtovc hin loi` bkaô`.
Cn lusbcr o`bohor i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis, in Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk si i`bui`trc bk` ncs `ibisohchis lãsobcso`sctoseibfcs hi nc zk`c hk`hi si oapniai`tc. Xkac`hk bkak lcsi nks rieiri`tisixpuistks c`tirokrai`ti, orácaks i` bk`trcvác so ivotcaks fcbir hi istcs `ibiso-hchis, kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc cpri`hir, hosbutor y bkapri`hir `k sònk bk`biptucno-zcbok`is, so`k `uivcs ekracs hi csuaor nc vohc bktohoc`c, aihoc`ti nc cbboò` bk`-
du`tc hi nc bkau`ohch pcrcprkburcrsi u` loi` bkaô`,prkhubtk hin iseuirzk hitkhks nks cbtkris skbocnis.In Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hkprkauivi u`c pcrtobopcboò`bkau`otcroc krgc`ozchc yrispcnhchc pkr in Istchkskbocn hi hiribfk, i` idir-bobok hi nc bouhchc`ác, cni-
dchk hi pknátobcs hi „ac`kti`hohc‑ y „csosti`bocnosak‑.
Zcrc tcn eo`, is `ibiscrocu`c vosoò` hin hiscrrknnk sk-bocn bk` lcsi i` nohircz-gks6, qui fcyc rincbok`ishiakbrãtobcs i` bkau`ohc-his o`ekrachcs, bcpcbishi rienixok`cr brátobcai`-ti, bk` fclonohchis pcrc
Uábtkr Roacrrc yc si bkau`obc pkr o`tir`it
bk` tkhks nks ispibocnostcs ixtrc`dirks
qui quoiri` o`ekracboò` sklri Zcni`qui.
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39: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
prokrozcr sus `ibiso-hchis, tkac`hk bkakrieiri`ti in loi` hi nc bk-au`ohch y nc pksolonohchhi nnigcr c bk`si`sks sk-lri inncs. In RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekrai-aks Ihubc`hk hiscrrknncistcs fclonohchis pcrc ec-bonotcr nks prkbisks hi hi-scrrknnk skbocn qui sigi`iri` i` nc zk`c hi o`enui`boc, csá bkak nc pcrtobopcboò` cbtovc i` nc gistoò` hi nksaosaks.
Zkr ktrc pcrti, si fcbi `ibiscroc u`c pcrtobopcboò` bkau`otcroc qui bk`kzbc y vcnkrinc `uivc krgc`ozcboò` hin Istchk, nc eu`boò` hi sus o`stotubok`is y nks aibc`osaks hipcrtobopcboò` pcrc cbbihir c nks ribursks histo`chks pcrc supircr sus `ibisohchislãsobcs o`sctoseibfcs. Hi ogucn ac`irc, sclir sklri ncs eu`bok`is hi nks náhiris inigo-hks i` ekrac hiakbrãtobc i` hoeiri`tis o`stc`bocs hi pkhir, sus hiliris y hiribfksbkak inibtkris y nc ïtobc qui sulycbi c ncs prãbtobcs pknátobcs, pcrc gi`ircr u`caorchc viihkrc prkcbtovc qui rihu`hi i` li`ieobok hi ncs bkau`ohchis.
Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunc ncs cbbok`is ihubctovcs qui gi`irc` ispcboks hi i`-bui`trk, qui ekai`tc` ohi`tohchis bunturcnis, qui risog`oeobc` in vcnkr hi nc rigoò`,
6. \ibkrhiaks c Lcuac` i` su klrc, Nc skboihch sotochc, i`tri in náhir y in áhknk4 „Nks náhiris nis hc` u` `kalripôlnobk (gi`ïrobk), c prklniacs o`hovohucnis, bk` nk qui soi`tc` ncs lcsis pcrc u` ac`idk bknibtovk hi prklni-acs qui `k pkhrác` sir pirbolohks hishi in o`tirokr hi nc ixpiroi`boc o`hovohucn, `o i`eri`tchks pkr su bui`tcpkr nks o`hovohuks‑, p. <:?.
In Rostiac O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk
prkauivi u`c pcrtobopcboò`
bkau`otcroc krgc`ozchc
y rispcnhchc pkr in Istchk
skbocn hi hiribfk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 393
sus ribursks, sus pksolonohchis, sus fotks y i` ôntoak, cquá si i`bui`trc` ncs sotuc-bok`is y cbtovohchis hi cpri`hozcdi bk`tixtucnozchcs pcrc gi`ircr ispcboks hi is-pirc`zc, pcrc bk`struor `uivcs ekracs hi istcr du`tks i` in akai`tk buc`hk sivovi, pcrc rinogcr ncs erãgonis rincbok`is qui bcrcbtirozc` cngu`ks hi nks ispcboksqui fc` sohk czktchks pkr nc vokni`boc y nc pklrizc.
Zkr ôntoak, u` cspibtk trcsbi`hi`tcn pcrc i`eri`tcr nks prkbisks hi hiscrrknnk sk-bocn y krgc`ozcboò` bkau`otcroc, is in ekai`tk hi nc bk`eoc`zc i` in Istchk, puis sitrctc hi bkau`ohchis qui fc` suerohk clc`hk`k istctcn, cusi`boc hi ncs o`stotubok-`is qui hili` cbkapcócrnks i` ekrac bkkrho`chc y qui si fc cgrcvchk sklri tkhk,pkr ncs sibuincs hi nc vokni`boc qui fc` skpkrtchk. Zkr innk, isti idi burrobuncr isauy oapkrtc`ti pcrc in hiscrrknnk hi istcs pklncbok`is.
@k knvohcr qui in Rostiac O tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk nnigc c rigok`is hi ncpiroeiroc `cbok`cn, hk`hi fc pirsostohk nc pklrizc pkr vcrocs gi`ircbok`is, pkr sir zk`cshk`hi ncs `ibisohchis lãsobcs o sctoseibfcs si i`bui`trc i nks lcdks á hobis hi bklir-turc hishi fcbi aãs hi <: cóks i o bnusk, cô sulycbi in clc`hk`k bknk ocnostc qui sònkhiscrrknnò nks o tirisis hi grc`his fcbi`hchks i ïpkbcs riaktcs, i rigok`is hi Bcubc,@croók, ncs bkstcs Bcroli y Zcbáeobc, y nc ri-goò` hi nc Caczk`ác, hk`hi bkixosti` o -iquohchis qui sònk li`ieoboc c u`ks pkbks.Nc pirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucnhchis i``uistrk Zcás, fc sohk klditk hi istuhok i`nks ôntoaks toiapks?, y i`tri ncs bk`bnusok-`is hi sus bcuscs istã in „ieibtk vibo hc-rok‑ qui bric trcapcs hi pklrizc quioapohi qui istcs zk`cs cvc`bi fcboc inhiscrrknnk, bk`vortoi`hk ncs hisogucnhchistirrotkrocnis i cngk pirac`i`ti. Nc rigoò`Bcroli rigostrò in aãs cntk á hobi hi pklri-zc auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA), i in Zcás, 9<,5%i` <::63:.
?. GCNUOR, Nuos Crac`hk y AIORIN, Chknek. Zirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucnhchis rigok`cnis i` Bknkaloc4 Y` c`ãnososispcbocn. Lkgktã4 Lc`bk hi nc \ipôlnobc. I`4 fttp4//www.lc`rip.gkv.bk/pulnobcbok`is/pul[ib[rig8.fta (<:3:).
3:. HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zklrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc)3??7-<::6 y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38. Lkgktã.
In Rostiac O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk nnigc c
rigok`is hi nc piroeiroc
`cbok`cn, hk`hi
fc pirsostohk nc
pklrizc pkr vcrocs
gi`ircbok`is.
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39< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
8.2.2 Xib`knkgác hi nc o`ekracboò` y ncs bkau`obcbok`is, pcrc
hiscrrknncr in burrábunk hi hovirscs ãrics tiaãtobcs
»Bòak ecbonotcr nc rincboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis hi pklncbok`is vun`irclnis hi Bcrtc-gi`c bk` nks hctks hi su ricnohch, bk` nks ixpirtks, bk` ncs firrcaoi`tcs qui siutonozc` fky pcrc sknubok`cr ieobczai`ti sus prklniacs cbtucnis; Nc rispuistc quifc` i`bk`trchk ixpirtks bkak nks cgrupchks i` In bk`skrbok hi fclonohchis o`hos-pi`sclnis pcrc in sognk VVO33, eui o`bnuor ncs tib`knkgács hi nc o`ekracboò` y ncs
bkau`obcbok`is i` in burrábunk hi ncs ãrics lãsobcs hin sclir, bk` nc o`ti`boò` hibirrcr nc lribfc i`tri nc isbuinc y in au`hk ricn .
In Rostiac o`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk istã nnivc`hk c ncs cuncs i` ncszk`cs urlc`k-acrgo`cnis y rurcnis hi hoeábon cbbisk, u`c pnctcekrac tib`knògobc quipiraoti hiscrrknncr in burrábunk bk` aihocbok`is hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs, vohiks, cb-bisk c pãgo`cs Wil y c i`bobnkpihocs i` ná`ic, sigô` in `ovin hi sirvoboks hi ncsrigok`is. Istc o`tircbtovohch si bkapniai`tc bk` in/nc hkbi`ti bk` ekrtcnizc hosbo-pno`cr, nks tixtks oaprisks y nc o`tircbboò` bk`stc`ti bk` nc bkau`ohch, tkhk nk bucn
Cuncs hin Rostiac
O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaks
Ihubc`hk
i` Bcrtcgi`c.
33. Istc cskbocboò` hi Istchks Y`ohks riô`i c u` grupk hi ixpirtks, i`tri innks in Hipcrtcai tk hi Ihubcboò` quiribk`kbi nc lribfc i`tri nc isbuinc cbtucn y ncs `ibisohchis hi nc skboihch hin sognk VVO, bkak ncs hin bcapknclkrcn y hiscrrknnc` istrctigocs pcrc utonozcr ncs XOB hi ac`irc ieibtovc i` nc isbuinc. Aãs o`ekracboò` i` fttp4/ //www.<3stbi`turysmonns.krg/, pcrc bk`kbir nks acpcs hi cneclitozcboò` i` in usk hi ncs XOB i` in burrábunk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 392
fc piraotohk prkeu`hozcr i` ncs bk`biptucnozcbok`is y capnocr nc pirspibtovc hi nksistuhoc`tis hi istcs bkau`ohchis cnidchcs. Hi ogucn ac`irc, klnogc c nks hkbi`tisc utonozcr nc o`tircbtovohch i` sus prkbisks hi pnc`icboò` hi nc prãbtobc hkbi`ti= pkristc rczò`, in siguoaoi`tk cn trclcdk hi cunc is bk`stc`ti. I` Bcrtcgi`c, in oapcbtkhi nc o`bnusoò` hi istcs bkau`ohchis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis is pksotovk i` hovir-sks cspibtks, nks bucnis prisi`tcaks i` in bcpátunk soguoi`ti hi isti hkbuai`tk.
Hchcs ncs bk`hobok`is hi vun`irclonohch hi istcs bkau`ohchis, nc isbuinc si bk`-
voirti i` in ispcbok ecbonotchkr hin cbbisk c ncs `uivcs tib`knkgác hi nc o`ekrac-boò` y ncs bkau`obcbok`is. Ro nc isbuinc prkvii nc pnctcekrac tib`knògobc aá`oac,ncs pksolonohchis hi bk`to`ucr cpri`hoi`hk y utonozc`hk nc tib`knkgác i` in bcapknclkrcn si capnác` pcrc `uistrks istuhoc`tis, pkrqui si supirc nc lcrrirc hinc`cneclitosak hogotcn. Nks oapcbtks si prisi`tc` i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc ycpri`hozcdi, y i` nc pirac`i`boc y bk`to`uohch, i` ncrisog`oeobcboò` hi su bunturc, i`tri ktrks. Zirk in oapcbtkpro`bopcn istã i` nc bk`troluboò` c caloi`tis hi cpri`ho-zcdi cgrchclnis, cai`ks, ecbonotchkris hi cpri`hozcdis
cbtovks y grcbocs c innks, `uistrks istuhoc`tis bk`s-truyi` aidkris bk`hobok`is hi vohc, pkr aihok hi u`cihubcboò` cbkrhi bk` in tirbir aoni`ok.
I` Bcrtcgi`c, in oapcbtk hi nc o`bnusoò` hi ncs
bkau`ohchis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis is pksotovk.
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398 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
8.2.8 Bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs
Isti hosiók burrobuncr lusbc nc rincboò` bk`stc`ti i`tri tikrác y prãbtobc, ecbonotc`hknc trc`seiri`boc hi nks scliris cbchïaobks c bk`tixtks, c hovirscs sotucbok`is hi ncvohc bktohoc`c, i` lusbc hin hiscrrknnk hi u`c pirsk`cnohch qui piraotc u`c ekrac-boò` i` in sclir, i` in sclir fcbir y i` in sclir sir, bkak nk pnc`tic nc eu`hcai`tcboò`hi ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs. Istc pirspibtovc si i`acrbc hi`trk hi nks pnc`tic-aoi`tks burrobuncris hi vcroks isbi`croks au`hocnis, hishi Iurkpc fcstc CaïrobcNcto`c y in Bcroli, hk`hi fky si i`bui`trc` rigncai`tchcs ncs bkapiti`bocs lãso-bcs qui bchc pcás prkauivi bkak kroi`tcboò` pcrc nks eo`is ihubctovks.
I` in aihok bknkaloc`k, is bkaô` i`bk`trcr ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs cskbochcs cncs ãrics tiaãtobcs. I` `uistrk bcsk, su hiscrrknnk kroi`tc istrctigocs ihubctovcso`tigrchkrcs qui si ixprisc` i` nc aorchc o`tirhosbopno`cr, cu`qui ribk`kbiaksãrics tiaãtobcs hk`hi in ãalotk burrobuncr piraoti u` acykr hiscrrknnk, pkr idia-pnk4 in pi`scaoi`tk nògobk actiaãtobk i` in ãric hi actiaãtobcs, cu`qui i` ncsktrcs ãrics tiaãtobcs si prisi`tc` kpkrtu`ohchis pcrc hiscrrknncr nc eu`bok`cnohchhi istc bkapiti`boc.
Hishi in hkao`ok hi nc psobknkgác, ncs bkapiti`bocs sk` u` topk hi bcpcbohch hipkhir pcrc hiscrrknncr cbbok`is. I` in ãalotk ihubctovk, ncs bcpcbohchis istã` ri-
In hosiók burrobuncrXrc`sekraiaks lusbc nc
rincboò` bk`stc`ti i`tri
tikrác y prãbtobc, ecbonotc`hk
nc trc`seiri`boc hi nks
scliris cbchïaobks
c hovirscs sotucbok`is
hi nc vohc bktohoc`c.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 399
ncbok`chcs bk` in sclir fcbir, nk bucn `ks nnivc c bk`sohircr qui in pcsk privok pcrcsclir fcbir is sclir y sclir sir= is hibor, sclir fcbir oapnobc u`c hoai`soò` bk`-biptucn qui o`bnuyi nc bkapri`soò` y u`c hoai`soò` qui piraoti nc cbboò`, nc tkachi hibosok`is i` in acrbk hi u`c pirspibtovc ïtobc.
Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc capnocr ncs pksolonohchis hi trc`seiror nks sclirisisbkncris c hoeiri`tis bk`tixtks y sotucbok`is4 nclkrcnis, cbchïaobks y skbokbunturcnis,i`tri aubfks ktrks. Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc o`tigrchkr, tcaloï` lusbc cpkrtcr c ncbk`strubboò` hi bk`kboaoi`tks bkapnidks, pkrqui nc pro`bopcn rieiri`boc hi nks prkbi-sks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, is nc vohc bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis i` nks bk`tix-tks nclkrcnis, bunturcnis, hosbopno`croks (ekrtcnizcs hosbopno`cris), y caloi`tcnis.
Cn o`bnuor ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs bkak u`k hi nks idis burrobuncris crtobunchkris,in trclcdk ihubctovk si i`ekbc i` nc prãbtobc, pcrc istoauncr in o`tirïs y prkakvir nccpnobcboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk i` in bk`tixtk hi vohc hi nks istuhoc`tis, i` su aihoknclkrcn y skbocn. Zkr supuistk, istcaks prkakvoi`hk in usk hin bk`kboaoi`tk hi u`ãric i` ktrcs ãrics tiaãtobcs, i` u`c ekrac o`tigrchkrc fcboc scliris sostïaobks ybkapnidks, lusbc`hk in vcnkr hi nc cpnobcboò` hi nk cpri`hohk bkak pcrti hi ncbkapri`soò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr, bkak pcrti hin cpri`hozcdi sog`oeobctovk.
Xrc`sekraiaks lusbc
in hiscrrknnk hi u`c
pirsk`cnohch qui
piraotc u`c ekracboò`
i` in sclir, i` in
sclir fcbir y i` in
sclir sir.
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395 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Bk`ti`ohks
ks bk`ti`ohks isbkncris ekrac` pcrti hin bk`du`tkhi scliris cbuaunchks pkr nc fuac`ohch y rispk`-hi` c nc prigu`tc »quï i`siócr; Istks bk`ti`ohks
si krgc`ozc` y istrubturc` aihoc`ti nc pnc`icboò` hi nc i`si-óc`zc, pcrc ecvkribir nc bk`strubboò` o`hovohucn k bknibtovc hin
bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr. Hi cbuirhk bk` ncs kroi`tcbok`isburrobuncris vogi`tis, ixosti` tris topks4 bk`biptucnis khibncrctovks (bk`biptks, o`ekracboò` y pro`bopoks sklri tiacsispibáeobks)= hi prkbihoaoi`tk (idibuboò` hi fclonohchis, is-trctigocs, cngkrotaks, tïb`obcs k aïtkhks bk`hobok`chks c ncsaitcs y sotucbok`is pnc`tichcs)= y hi cbtotuh, rincbok`chkshoribtcai`ti bk` in sclir sir.
Chiaãs hi istks tris topks hi bk`ti`ohk, i` in hosiók burro-
buncr qui hiscrrknncaks, o`bnuoaks u` bucrtk bk`ti`ohk, nksscliris privoks hi nks istuhoc`tis qui sk`in pu`tk hi pcrtohc hi nks prkbisks hi i`-sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, istã` prisi`tis i`nc bk`strubboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr yprkvoi`i` hin bk`kboaoi`tk bktohoc`k bkakscliris oapnábotks. O`bnusk, ekrac` pcrti hincs lui`cs prãbtobcs hkbi`tis bkak ispc-bok pksolonotchkr hi bk`strubboò` bknibtovc
hi scliris y hi sog`oeobchk.
Nks bk`ti`ohks istã` krgc`ozchks hishinks hovirsks bkapk`i`tis, hi cbuirhk bk`nc hostroluboò` qui si prisi`tc c bk`to-`ucboò`.
8.8
...In trclcdk ihubctovk
si i`ekbc i` nc prãbtobc,
pcrc istoauncr in o`tirïs
y prkakvir nc cpnobcboò`
hin bk`kboaoi`tk i` in
bk`tixtk hi vohc hi nks
istuhoc`tis, i` su aihok
nclkrcn y skbocn.
N
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 397
8.8.3 Bk`ti`ohks hin bkapk`i`ti Rcliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks
Nks bk`ti`ohks hi isti bkapk`i`ti trctc` ncs csog`cturcs klnogctkrocs3<, o`tigrc-hcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs4 bkau`obcboò` y ni`gucdi, actiaãtobcs, boi`bocs `cturcnis,y boi`bocs skbocnis, chiaãs hi o`gnïs y sostiacs, i` ihubcboò` lãsobc sibu`hcroc yaihoc.
Ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs rignc-ai`tchcs pkr in AI@, si hiscrrk-nnc` i` isti bkapk`i`ti y sk` inidi crtobunchkr i` tkhk in burrábunk.
Euirc hi nks bk`ti`ohks klnogctk-roks i` in Zcás, tcaloï` si hisc-rrknnc` bk`ti`ohks rincbok`chks bk`nc ribupircboò` hi nc aiakroc fos-tòrobc, notircroc y ausobcn, bkak pcr-ti hi nc bk`tixtucnozcboò` hi nksscliris. Nks rotks y ncs eistovohc-his bkak ixprisok`is bunturcnisrigok`cnis, sk` pcrti o`tigrcn hinks bk`ti`ohks hi isti bkapk`i`-ti, hishi u`c pirspibtovc hi o`ti-grcboò` bkau`otcroc, bkak pcrtobo-pcboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis i` cbto-vohchis burrobuncrozchcs, pnc`ic-hcs pcrc cpkrtcr cn hiscrrknnk hihovirscs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.
Nc risog`oeobcboò` hi nc fostkroc tca-loï` si o`bnuyi bkak bk`ti`ohk bk`-biptucn, kroi`tchkr hi rienixok`is ypi`scaoi`tk brátobk, ispcbok gi`i-rchkr hi prkhubboò` tixtucn krcn y
3<. HIB\IXK 2:33 HI 3??7, crtábunk <:4 „Ncs ãrics eu`hcai`tcnis y klnogctkrocs istclnibohcs i` in crtábunk <2 hinc Niy 339 hi 3??8, y nks tiacs klnogctkroks bk`tiapnchks i` in crtábunk 38 hi nc aosac niy, pkhrã krgc`ozcrsii` ekrac o`tirhosbopno`croc k o`tigrchc, sigô` ncs pcrtobuncrohchis hi hobfks ihubc`hks‑.
Euirc hi nks bk`ti`ohks klnogctkroks i` in Zcás,
tcaloï` si hiscrrknnc` bk`ti`ohks rincbok`chksbk` nc ribupircboò` hi nc aiakroc fostòrobc,
notircroc y ausobcn, bkak pcrti hi ncbk`tixtucnozcboò` hi nks scliris.
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396 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
isbrotc= istã cbkapcóchc hin idirbobok cbtovk hi pcrtobopcboò` bkau`otcroc, hi o`-vistogcboò` bk` eui`tis proacrocs y sibu`hcrocs. Ktrc pirspibtovc hi istks bk`ti-`ohks, is nc vo`buncboò` hi nc hoai`soò` psobkceibtovc hi nks istuhoc`tis c`ti ncinclkrcboò` hi huinks, bk` nc bricboò` hi ispcboks pcrc o`tirbcalocr si`toaoi`tks,rotks hi pirhò` y knvohk, i`tri aubfcs ktrcs pksolnis csog`cbok`is hi si`tohk c nksfibfks fostòrobks hi su bkau`ohch.
Ktrks bk`ti`ohks qui si hiscrrknnc` i` isti bkapk`i`ti, sk` ncs tib`knkgács hi nco`ekracboò` y ncs bkau`obcbok`is i o`gnïs.
8.8.< Bk`ti`ohks hin bkapk`i`ti Bkau`ohch bunturcn
Nks bk`ti`ohks hi isti bkapk`i`ti lusbc` ribk`struor in bk`biptk hi bunturc prkpocpkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, ncs pksolonohchis hi su bk`tixtk pcrc in hiscrrknnk fuac-`k y pcrc in loi` bkaô`. Xiacs bkak nc rurcnohch, in ispárotu cerk y hin Bcroli, ncsprãbtobcs bktohoc`cs qui si vovi` i` nc bkau`ohch i` in bk`tixtk ecaonocr, virihcny urlc`k, bk` nc risog`oeobcboò` hi nks vcnkris bunturcnis qui sulycbi` i` inncs=ncs prãbtobcs prkhubtovcs qui privcnibi`, sus pksolonohchis y ritks. I`tri istksbk`ti`ohks, pkhiaks botcr4 nc notircturc, nc aôsobc, nc gcstrk`kaác y ncs pksolonohchishin turosak, i` in acrbk hin vcnkr cgrigchk qui nis hc nc bunturc hi su rigoò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 39?
Istks bk`ti`ohks sk` klditk hi prkeu`hozcboò` bk`biptucn, rienixoò` brátobc aihochcpkr in pi`scaoi`tk brictovk i` nc lôsquihc hi sknubok`is y nc ricnozcboò` hi cbbok`isqui oapcbti` nc bktohoc`ohch, cpkrtc`hk cn proair klditovk hi hiscrrknnk hin aoni`ok4irrchobcr nc pklrizc ixtriac y in fcalri.
Ktrk bk`ti`ohk eu`hcai`tcn hi isti bkapk`i`ti, is nc risog`oeobcboò` hin rkn hi ncaudir, sus cpkrtis c ncs bunturcs Bcroli y cerk, c nc prkhubtovohch, y nks vcnkris quicpkrtc c nc skboihch, i` in acrbk hi u`c rienixoò` brátobc hi nc trchoboò`, bk` ncpirspibtovc hi nks hiribfks hi ncs `oócs y audiris i` nks prkbisks hi bkihubcboò`fcboc nc iquohch hi gï`irk, y bkak u` cpkrti bk`biptucn lãsobk cn tirbir klditovkhi hiscrrknnk hin aoni`ok4 prkakvir nc ogucnhch i`tri nks gï`irks y nc cutk`kaác hinc audir.
8.8.2 Bk`ti`ohks hin bkapk`i`ti Bouhchc`ác cbtovc
_c si pnc`tiò qui isti bkapk`i`ti cpkrtc c nc ekracboò` hi bouhchc`ks/cs cbto-vks, ecbonotc`hk i` bk`biptucnozcbok`is y rienixok`is brátobcs, nc o`tirokrozcboò` hivcnkris bávobks, hiribfks fuac`ks y hiribfks bknibtovks, cbbok`is ceoractovcs pcrcncs it`ocs o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`tis, hiribfks hi nc audir y nks `oóks y ncs`oócs, cspibtks lãsobks bkak bk`hoboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác.
Bk`ti`ohks hin
bkapk`i`ti hi bouhc-
hc`ác cbtovc bkak nc
notircturc, nc aôsobc, nc
gcstrk`kaác y ncs
pksolonohchis hin turos-
ak, lusbc` ribk`struor
in bk`biptk hi bunturc
prkpoc pkr pcrti hi nks
istuhoc`tis, i` in acr-
bk hin vcnkr cgrigchk
qui nis hc nc bunturc
hi su rigoò`.
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35: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ktrks bk`ti`ohks
hi isti bkapk`i`ti,
sk` nks prkyibtks
bkau`otcroks hi
o`tigrcboò` skbocn,
o`hovohucnis
k bknibtovks.
I`tk`bis, nks bk`ti`ohks lãsobks sk` ncs cbbok`is ceoractovcs pcrc ncs it`ocs, hiri-bfks fuac`ks, vcnkris hiakbrãtobks i` nc vohc bktohoc`c, bk` su rispibtovc ri-enixoò` prklniactozchkrc= hiscrrknnk fuac`k, loi` bkaô`, krgc`ozcboò` bkau`otcrocbk` sus rispibtovks idirboboks hi pcrtobopcboò` i` su bkau`ohch. Ktrks bk`ti`ohkspcrc capnocr in bk`tixtk hi cpnobcboò` hi istcs bk`biptucnozcbok`is, sk` nc istrub-turc hin Istchk, ncs krgc`ozcbok`is, o`stotubok`is, i`tohchis hin ispcbok nkbcn, ri-gok`cn, `cbok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cn qui cpkrtc` i` nc lôsquihc hin loi` bkaô`.
Hi`trk hi isti bkapk`i`ti, si trctc` u`ks bk`ti`ohks qui cpkrtc` c nc eu`hcai`-tcboò` lãsobc pcrc buapnor nks klditovks hi hiscrrknnk hin aoni`ok, rincbok`chks bk`nc scnuh sixucn y riprkhubtovc, in buohchk hi ncs achris chknisbi`tis gistc`tis ysus `oóks= nc privi`boò` hi i`eiraihchis hi trc`saosoò` sixucn, in UOF ROHC= ncprivi`boò` hi nc akrtcnohch o`ec`ton bk` bk`kboaoi`tks lãsobks hi privi`boò` y trc-tcaoi`tk hi ncs I\C y ncs IHC= cguc pktclni, oapkrtc`boc hin sc`icaoi`tk lãsobk,`utroboò`, vcbu`cboò`, pisk y tcnnc, bk` sus rispibtovcs dkr`chcs bkau`otcrocs krgc-`ozchcs pkr nks istuhoc`tis, hishi ncs cbtovohchis pnc`ichcs y ricnozchcs i` in cunc.
Ktrks bk`ti`ohks hi isti bkapk`i`ti, sk` nks prkyibtks bkau`otcroks hi o`tigrc-boò` skbocn, o`hovohucnis k bknibtovks, i` nc pirspibtovc hin hiscrrknnk fuac`k sksti-`olni y susti`tclni i` bkau`ohch, nks bucnis tcaloï` cpkrtc` cn buapnoaoi`tk hinproair klditovk hi hiscrrknnk hin aoni`ok.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 353
Rá`tisos hi nks iniai`tkslãsobks pcrc u` burrábunk
pirto`i`ti
8.9
Istrctigoc burrobuncr4 o`bnuor c nks istuhoc`tis i` u` prkyibtk hi bouhchc`ác cbtovc aihoc`ti in ekrtcniboaoi`-tk hi nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y pnuroït`obc, ribupirc`hk iniai`tks hi u`c bunturc hovirsc qui fclotc i` u` bk`tixtkprovonigochk pkr sus borbu`stc`bocs fostòrobcs, notircrocs, ausobcnis, turástobcs= pcrc ho`caozcr hishi cnná bunturcbouhchc`c, brichkrc y prkhubtovc i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis y sus bkau`ohchis.
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35< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
LI\XCNC@EE_, N. (3?56). Xikrác Gi`ircn hi Rostiacs . Achroh4 Ek`hkhi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.
BK\XO@C, C. (3??7). Bouhchc`ks hin au`hk . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.
HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zk- lrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc), 3??7-<::6 y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38. Lkgktã.
GCNUOR, N.C. y AIORIN, C. (<:3:) Zirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucn- hchis rigok`cnis i` Bknkaloc4 Y` c`ãnosos ispcbocn. Lkgktã4 Lc`bk hinc \ipôlnobc. I`4 fttp4//www.lc`rip.gkv.bk/pulnobcbok`is/pul[ib[rig8.fta).
DKCR, F. (3?66). Nc o`stotubok`cnozcboò` bkak prkbisk brictovk. Cbir- bc hi nc eonkskeác pknátobc hi Bkr`inous Bcsktkrochos. I`4 In prcgactosak
y nc tikrác skbocn. Achroh4 Rognk VVO.
ACXY\C@C, F. (3??5). In si`tohk hi nk fuac`k . Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.
AK\O@, Ï. (3??:). O`trkhubboò` cn Zi`scaoi`tk Bkapnidk . Achroh4GIHORC.
Lolnokgrceác
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 352
Bk`to`uohch, Zirac`i`boc
y Ixpibtctovcs IhubctovcsEuturcs hi nks istuhoc`tistrc`sekrachkris/cs
Bcpátu nk 9
@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaï`iz
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358 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
9.3O`trkhubboò`
` isti o`ekrai, si prisi`tc` nks risuntchks hi u`co`vistogcboò` qui si fozk sklri nks prkbisks hicpri`hozcdi y i`sióc`zc hin Zrkgrcac hi Cneclito-
zcboò` hi Dòvi`is y Chuntks qui si istã oapniai`tc`hk i`nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, lcdk in i`ekqui hin RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk hishi in cók <::6. Ho-bfc o`vistogcboò` fcbi pcrti hi ncs istrctigocs aitkhknògo-bcs bk`tiapnchcs pkr isti akhink burrobuncr i` su ecsi hisiguoaoi`tk y ivcnucboò`, bk` in eo` hi bkapri`hir ncs ixpi-roi`bocs hi nks istuhoc`tis eri`ti c su o`bnusoò` i` in i`tkr-`k isbkncr y ncs hoeobuntchis prisi`tchcs i` in proair cók hi
idibuboò`, pcrc ricnozcr nks cdustis y bkrribtovkspirto`i`tis c pcrtor hi nc riekrauncboò` hi ho-
bfcs ixpiroi`bocs.
In istuhok trctc hi rispk`hir nks soguoi`-tis o`tirrkgc`tis4 »quï si`tohk toi`i
pcrc nks istuhoc`tis, nc csosti`boc cncunc hi bncsis, nc pirac`i`boc i`
nc ihubcboò`, in buapnoaoi`tk hisus trclcdks ixtrc-bncsi pcrc
nkgrcr nks istã`hcris lãso-bks hi bkapiti`bocs y nc
cpnobcboò` hi istksscliris i` su vohc bk-
I
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 359
tohoc`c; »Suï si`tohk toi`i pcrc innks, vknvir c istuhocr k o`obocr sus istuhoks;»Suï cpkrtis fc` ribolohk hi istc ihubcboò`; »Suï sog`oeobc ekracr pcrti hi istiprkbisk ihubctovk qui kroi`tc in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk;
I`tri nks klditovks ispibáeobks qui si prkpk`i nkgrcr, si puihi` siócncr nks so-guoi`tis4
• Ohi`toeobcr ecbtkris hi nc vohc isbkncr pcschc y prisi`ti hi nksistuhoc`tis, pcrc bkapri`hir nks prkbisks hi ixbnusoò`, hisir-boò` y cusi`tosak, y gi`ircr hishi cnná prkbisks hi o`bnusoò`qui rihuzbc` su o`bohi`boc i` euturcs gi`ircbok`is.
• Ohi`toeobcr ecbtkris hi nc vohc isbkncr pcschc y prisi`ti hi nks
istuhoc`tis, pcrc istclnibir bk`hobok`is ecvkrclnis pcrc nc pir-ac`i`boc, nc csosti`boc y nc bk`to`uohch i` in sostiac ihubctovk.
• Bk`kbir y bkapri`hir buãnis aktovcbok`is i o`tirisis ekai`-tc` i` nks dòvi`is y chuntks, prkbisks qui pksolonoti` nc pirac-`i`boc y bk`to`uohch i` in sostiac ihubctovk.
• Bk`kbir y bkapri`hir ncs ixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hinks dòvi`is y chuntks, pcrc ecbonotcr rincbok`is y cbbok`is
o`tiro`stotubok`cnis bkkrho`chcs qui nis piraotc` cbbihir c inncs.
• Hitirao`cr in `ovin hi sctosecbboò` hi sus ixpibtctovcs o`obocnisbk` nc ixpiroi`boc vovohc i` nks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi, pcrcprkakvir su pirto`i`boc.
• Ohi`toeobcr ncs istrctigocs hi cutkcpri`hozcdi y nks prkbisks hicutkekracboò` pcrc bkapi`scr nks cpri`hozcdis qui `k ricnozc`i` nc akhcnohch prisi`bocn, hilohk c sus cusi`bocs i` in cunc hi
bncsis, y prkakvir ncs aitkhknkgács pirto`i`tis y enixolnis.
• Ohi`toeobcr ncs vcnkrcbok`is qui nks istuhoc`tis fcbi` sklri ncsbk`sibui`bocs hin cusi`tosak y nc prisi`bocnohch bk`stc`ti i`sus prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi, pcrc qui bkapri`hc` nc o`bohi`bochi nc prisi`bocnohch bk`stc`ti i` sus prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi.
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355 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cpu`ti aitkhknògobk
stc o`vistogcboò` si ricnozò bk` lcsi i` in i`ekquik`tknògobk hin ni`gucdi, buyks pkstunchks si cpkyc`i` boirtks pro`bopoks sigô` nks bucnis in usk hin ni`-
gucdi is cbboò` y gi`ircboò` hi cbboò`, is hibor, qui in ni`guc- di `k sònk hitirao`c nc cbtucboò` hin sir bkak is so`k tcaloï`bkak cbtôc.
Hishi isti i`ekqui, in ni`gucdi is u` iniai`tk o`tigrc`ti hinc pirsk`c y hitirao`c`ti pcrc bkapri`hir cn ktrk i` sus o`-quoituhis, duoboks y pirbipbok`is. Bkak tcn, is u` ecbtkr oa-
9.<
I
Istuhoc`tishi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc Lirtfc
Gihiò` hi Lcnchoi` u`c sisoò` hi
Bkau`obcboò`
y Ni`gucdi.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 357
pkrtc`ti qui si hili pkti`bocr bkak u`c fclonohch pcrcsclir isbubfcr y bk`virscr i` nc pirspibtovc hi hiscrrk-nncr bc`cnis bkau`obcbok`cnis qui cuai`ti` nc ieobcboc hincs cbbok`is.
Zkr nk c`tirokr, nc tïb`obc hi nks rinctks si bk`stotuyò i`isti prkyibtk, i` u`c hi ncs firrcaoi`tcs provonigochcs pcrcribkgir o`ekracboò`. Ncs aihocbok`is i`tri nks o`vistogc-hkris y ncs `crrcbok`is hi nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis, ho-ribtovks, pirsk`cs hi nc bkau`ohch, aihoc`ti i`trivostcssiaoistrubturchcs o`hovohucnis, rinctks cutklokgrãeobks,hocroks hi bcapk y vcroks grupks hi hosbusoò`, piraotoirk`u` ribk`kboaoi`tk y cbirbcaoi`tk hi nks ãalotks y rihishi bk`virscboò` i` hk`hi nks fclotc`tis hiscrrknnc` suvohc bktohoc`c isbkncr. Hobfc tïb`obc si bkapniai`tò bk`nc i`buistc siaoistrub- turchc pcrc ribkgir nks hctks buc`-totctovks.
I` bk`sibui`boc, is u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hibkrti it`kgrãeobk, i` nc bucn in tcacók hi nc auistrc `k is
In ni`gucdi is u`
iniai`tk o`tigrc`ti
hi nc pirsk`c
y hitirao`c`ti
pcrc bkapri`hir
cn ktrk i` sus
o`quoituhis, duoboks
y pirbipbok`is.
Istuhoc`tis
Xrc`sekraiaks qui
cpri`hoirk` c niir y
isbrolor y si grchucrk`
i` nc Znczc hi ncChuc`c in 3´ hi dunok
hi <:3:.
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356 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
rinivc`ti i` bkapcrcboò` bk` nc bcnohch hi ncaosac, hilohk c qui istã hchc pkr nks broti-roks hi sinibboò` hi nks o`ekrac`tis bncvi.
Nc auistrc si ixtrcdk hi u` u`ovirskpklncbok`cn bkapuistk pkr nks hosto`tksaoialrks hi nc bkau`ohch isbkncr, utonozc`-
hk nks soguoi`tis aïtkhks hi auistrik4 u` gru-pk hi hkbi`tis si o tigrò pkr bcsks ixotksks i`
pirac`i`boc y bk`to`uohch= y ktrk grupk pkro hobchkris hi hisirboò`. Nks aoialrks hi ecaonoc
si sinibbok`crk` bk` u` riprisi`tc`ti hi bchcY@CNHI hi
ncs rispibtovcs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs bk`acykr `ôairk hi istuhoc`tis cti`hohks. Nkaosak kburroò bk` nks caogks k vibo ks hinks istuhoc`tis. Xkhks istks aoialrks sisinibbok`crk` bk` in auistrik `k prklc-lonástobk hi topk o`ti`bok`cn, aoi`trcs qui nksistuhoc`tis si sinibbok`crk` pkr auistrikprklclonástobk pknoitãpobk. Hks pkr bchc O`s-totuboò` y su rispibtovc Y@CNHI, i` krhi`
dirãrquobk sigô` in `ôairk hi istuhoc`tiscti`hohks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 35?
9.2
R
Rupuistks
i csuaoirk` nks soguoi`tis supuistks lãsobks4
Ro si ecbonotc in cbbisk c nc ihubcboò`hogotcn bk` u`cs istrctigocs aitkhknò-gobcs pirto`i`tis y enixolnis, cbkrhi bk`nks `uivks bk`biptks hi nc „ihubcboò`ixpc`hohc‑, is pksolni qui si nkgricpri`hozcdis sog`oeobctovks.
Ro si o`bnuyi in grupk bkak ispcbok hiistáaunk pcrc trclcdcr y cpri`hir bk-
nibtovcai`ti, is pksolni qui aidkri`in rotak hi cpri`hozcdi y nc o`tircbboò`bk` in hkbi`ti.
Ro si o`bnuyi in trclcdk ixtrc-bncsis yin trclcdk cutò`kak, is pksolni hisc-rrknncr nc bcpcbohch hi rienixoò` y fclo-nohchis hi bkau`obcboò`.
Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosakBcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Grchucboò`
hi istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks
i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c
Dunok hi <:3:.
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37< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
\isuntchks y hosbusoò`9.8
9.8.3 Aktovcbok`is pcrc iapizcr c istuhocr k
bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks
In 23.83% hi nks istuhoc`tis i`buistchks siócnò bkak pro`bo-pcn aktovcboò`, in hisik hi scnor chinc`ti, siguohk pkr in
3?.<6% qui o`hobò nc ixpibtctovc hi tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk yu` 3<.?8% o`hobò qui is u`c lui`c kpkrtu`ohch hi supirc-boò`= ktrks pkrbi`tcdis hi ai`kr bk`bi`trcboò` o`hobcrk` nkshisiks hi cyuhcr c fodks y ecaonocris, sir prkeisok`cnis, aidk-rcr nc bcnohch hi vohc, hisiks hi supircboò`, cpri`hir c niir yisbrolor, i`tri ktrks.
Suoirk scnor chinc`ti, cpri`hir 23,83%
Zcrc tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk 3?,<6%
Is u`c lui`c kpkrtu`ohch 3<,?8%
Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò c ao bcsc y ai hok nc kpkrtu`ohch 6,72%
Zcrc cyuhcr c aos fodks / c aos pchris 9,76%
Suoirk sir prkeisok`cn 9,39%
Zcrc ti`ir aidkr bcnohch hi vohc, aidkr euturk 9,:2%
Hisik supircrai 2,77%
Zcrc cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor 2,58%
Ai c`oacrk` (fodks, caogks, vibo`ks, hkbi`tis, itb.) 2,38%Suoirk tirao`cr nc proacroc :,5?%
I` in trclcdk ai nk ixogi` :,88%
Xktcn gi`ircn 3::,::%
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 372
Ncs pribcrocs bk`hobok`is hi vohc, nc sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk y ncs chvirso-hchis qui fc` ti`ohk qui i`eri`tcr istcs pirsk`cs, si fc` bk`virtohk i` inpro`bopcn oapunsk hi quirir scnor hi ncs bk`hobok`is hi acrgo`cnohch i` ncs buc-nis fc` istchk klnogchks c vovor hïbchcs trcs hïbchc, gi`ircboò` trcs gi`irc-boò`. Nks hctks fclnc` pkr sá sknks. Nks chuntks y dòvi`is bcrtcgi`irks sogui`nolrc`hk sus prkpocs lctcnncs hi o`hipi`hi`boc, yc `k bk`trc ncs bchi`cs hi ncisbncvotuh, so`k bk`trc in c`cneclitosak qui nks bk`hi`c c ripitor nc fostkroc hisus c`tibiskris.
\kgirs (<::8), ohi`toeobò vcroks grupks hi aktovcbok`is qui surgi` hin suditk cnakai`tk hi tkacr nc hibosoò` hi o`obocr sus istuhoks k hi bk`to`ucrnks. Y`k hiistks istã cskbochk bk` ncs kpkrtu`ohchis qui nc cneclitozcboò` nis lro`hc i` ineuturk o`aihoctk pcrc cpri`hir u` keobok. I` istc ná`ic, si o`sbroli nks bkai`tcrokshi Eonhinvir Suoóò`iz, istuhoc`ti Xrc`sekachkr hin bobnk 2, quoi` ac`oeistò4 „yk yc ti`ác u` c`tibihi`ti, pkrqui yk quoirk istuhocr akhostirác, pirk pcrc istuhocr akhostirác `ibisotk sclir ncs actiaãtobcs, i`tk`bis isk eui nk qui aãs ai akto- vò, cpri`hir ncs actiaãtobcs‑.
Ogucn kburri bk` Dksï Zcrrc, istuhoc`ti hin bobnk 3, quoi` c piscr hi ti`ir bk`kbo-aoi`tks privoks sklri u` keobok, fc si`tohk nc `ibisohch hi cpri`hir c niir y isbro-lor pcrc cbbihir c u` bursk u` pkbk aãs ispibocnozchk hi su crti4
In trclcdk aák is rierogircboò`, yk po`tk, nctk`ikyk cpri`há isk c trcvïs hi u` tcnnir qui yk huribkak hoiz cóks i` isi tcnnir, hishi auy `oók, yki`tri c isi tcnnir pò`gcni qui yk fcyc i`trchk hinks 3< cóks y yc buc`hk Rcná hi cfá yc irc u` fka-lri, pirk cpcrti hi isk `ibisotk fcbir u` burski` in RI@C, pkr quï, pkrqui cfkrc ncs `ivircs
voi`i` inibtrò`obcs, i`tk`bis yk quoirk fcbir u`bursk hi inibtrò`obc y tcaloï` in hi rierogircboò`,pcrc scbcrni in birtoeobchk c nks hks y chiaãs pkr-qui cfkrc buc`hk si hcóc`, in qui `k scli inib-trò`obc `k nc crrignc.
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378 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ktrk topk hi aktovcbok`is istã nogchk cn istctus skbocn. Nks suditks bk`sohirc`qui `k sclir niir `o isbrolor, nks ulobc i` u`c pksoboò` skbocn hisvi`tcdksc i`rincboò` bk` nks nitrchks4 Ncs ceoracbok`is hi Ac`uin \khráguiz, istuhoc`ti hinbobnk <, nk bkrrklkrc4 „in aktovk is u`k, ai cyuhc` aos fodcs qui yc i` isti ak- ai`tk istã` trctc`hk hi sir prkeisok`cnis y aãs chinc`ti nc gi`ti hogc, ncs fodcs
prkeisok`cnis pirk in pcpã `k scli `chc‑. Zkr su pcrti, Lnios Bcstonnc istuhoc`titrc`sekrachkrc, csá nk ixprisc4 „so yk istuhok, so yk fcgk bcrrirc puis aos fodks vc` c ti`ir u` aidkr euturk‑. Nc ihubcboò` si bk`voirti pcrc aubfks bcrtcgi`irks,i` nc ekrac aãs ãgon y ieobcz pcrc trc`sekracr su vohc y nc pirbipboò` qui hi innkspuihc ti`ir nc skboihch.
Istcs pirspibtovcs aktovcbok`cnis si i`bui`trc` nogchcs bk` nks suióks y ispirc`-zcs qui istcs pirsk`cs ti`ác` cn o`obocr k bk`to`ucr bk` sus istuhoks, nks bucnis siborbu`sbroloirk` hi`trk hi ncs bctigkrács hi quirir tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, sirprkeisok`cn y hisiapiócrsi i` hovirsks keoboks. Is hibor, ncs aktovcbok`is si bk`so-hirc` bkak oapunsks k pcnc`bcs qui bk`hubi` c nc cbboò`, y isi cbtucr pkr nc vohc`ks nnivc c nc bk`briboò` hi `uistrks suióks.
Nc ihubcboò` si bk`voirti pcrc aubfks bcrtcgi`irks, i` nc ekrac aãs ãgon y ieobcz
pcrc trc`sekracr su vohc y nc pirbipboò` qui hi innks puihc ti`ir nc skboihch.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 379
Is cquá priboscai`ti, hk`hi in Istchk hili lro`hcr ncs kpkrtu`ohchis hi hiscrrk-nnk c tkhks istks chuntks qui tkacrk` nc hibosoò` hi siguor istuhoc`hk. Chuntks quibuc`hk `oóks y dòvi`is nis eui `igchc nc pksolonohch hi bk`to`ucr fonvc`c`hk sussuióks. Fky i` hác, nc ihubcboò` pcrc chuntks fc hi bk`bilorsi hishi nc òptobc hincpri`hozcdi pcrc tkhc nc vohc y `k hishi nc òptobc skbocn bkapi`sctkroc qui hicngu`c ac`irc, i`trc c aotogcr sus bk`hobok`is hi pribcroihch y pklrizc. Nc ihubc-boò` hili bk`virtorsi i` in idi crtobunchkr hi tkhcs ncs pknátobcs qui virsi` sklrinks suditks skbocnis, prkpoboc`hk ispcboks hi briboaoi`tk y hiscrrknnk.
9.8.< Zirac`i`boc i` in Zrkgrcac hi Ihubcboò` pcrc Dòvi`is y
Chuntks
Fostòrobcai`ti, c nc isbuinc si ni fc bk`eirohk nc klnogcboò` hi ihubcr y ekracrfkalris y audiris qui si o`sirti` i` nc ibk`kaác, i` ncs iseircs skbocnis y i` ncspknátobcs hi u`c rigoò`. I` bk`sibui`boc, nkgrcr nc pirac`i`boc hin dkvi` y chuntki` ncs cuncs, hili i`acrbcrsi hi`trk hi ncs pro`bopcnis ná`ics hi cbboò` hi ncscgi`hcs pôlnobcs, ncs bucnis hilirã` hosiócr istrctigocs hi pirac`i`boc y bk`to-`uohch pcrc gcrc`tozcr nc ekracboò` o`tigrcn hi istc pklncboò`.
Y`c hi iscs istrctigocs is bk`kbir ncs ixpibtctovcs, aktovcbok`is y suióks hi ncspirsk`cs sklri nc ihubcboò`. Zkr tcn rczò`, Xrc`sekraiaks bk`suntc c tkhks nkscgi`tis qui o`tirvoi`i` i` in prkbisk ihubctovk hi dòvi`is y chuntks. Nc aorchc hi
In Istchk hili lro`hcr ncs kpkrtu`ohchis
hi hiscrrknnk c tkhks istks dòvi`is
y chuntks qui tkacrk` nc hibosoò`
hi siguor istuhoc`hk.
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375 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
nks horibtovks hkbi`tis si puihi risuaor i` ncs pcnclrcs hi Eir`c`hk Crhonc, \ibtkrhi nc OI C`tk`ok @croók hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, quoi` ac`oeistò4
I` istc ná`ic, si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui i` su acykrác, in chuntk qui tkac nc hibo-soò` hi vknvir c nc isbuinc, nk fcbi pcrc quihcrsi. Istc hibosoò` istã suditc c nkssuióks y ixpibtctovcs hi supircboò` qui ti`gc eri`ti c nc cneclitozcboò`. In chuntkqui pirac`ibi nk fcbi bk` iapiók y bkaprkaosk, si o`vknubrc i` ncs cbtovohchishi nc isbuinc y pcrtobopc cbtovcai`ti i` ncs hibosok`is hi nc bkau`ohch ihubctovc.
I` isti krhi` hi ohics, si bk`suntò c nks istuhoc`tis, so i` cngô` akai`tk fclác`bk`tiapnchk clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, y si i`bk`trò qui in ?8.<6% hodk qui `k= ysònk nc ao`krác bkrrispk`hoi`ti c u` 9.7<%, ac`oeistò qui sá. Nc acykrác cbncrò quincs pro`bopcnis bcuscs pcrc `k clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, klihibác` c quirir sir cn-guoi` i` nc vohc, cnbc`zcr suióks, tirao`cr sus istuhoks y in lcbfonnirctk, y quirirqui nc vohc nis bcaloi i`tri ktrcs. Istcs rispuistcs gucrhc` rincboò` bk` nc pirs-pibtovc hi nks ribtkris qui csigurc` qui in grc` pkrbi`tcdi hi nks chuntks, pirac-`ibi hilohk c qui hisic supircr sus bk`hobok`is hi vun`irclonohch y pklrizc.
Ri` (<:::), bk`sohirc qui „buc`tk acykr sic nc bklirturc hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc y hi nc csosti`boc sc`otcroc, aãs prklclni is qui o`bnusk ncs pirsk`cs pkti`bocnai`ti pklris ti`gc` aãs kpkrtu`ohchis hi vi`bir nc aosiroc‑. Istc òptobc hieo`i nc pirs-
Zuis `kracnai`ti in qui vc quihc`hk is in qui istã o`tirischk, i`tk`bis isi qui vc quihc`hk is u`c pirsk`c hi bcrcbtirástobcs hogcaks is u`c pir- sk`c bk` lui`c vknu`tch bk` gc`cs hi ibfcr pcrc chinc`ti, k sic pkr isk is qui i` istks prkbisks skbocnis in qui si quihc, in qui pirac`ibi is in qui toi`i in lui` bkapkrtcaoi`tk, scni hi sá aosak
y nc `ibisohch bkak pirsk`c hi supircrsi, i`tk`-
bis `kracnai`ti istc is nc gi`ti qui bknclkrc qui quoiri cn prkgrcac, qui quoiri c nc o`stotuboò` qui istã cn hác i` so bk` su prkbisk hi vohc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 377
pibtovc hi nc pklncboò` pklri i` nks pcásis hi nc \igoò` hi ncsCaïrobcs, hchk qui trchobok`cnai`ti si fc bk`bilohk nc ihu-bcboò` bkak in vifábunk qui pkti`boc in hiscrrknnk. Hi cnná quincs pro`bopcnis rczk`is qui dustoeobc` nc ekracboò` ihubctovci` tkhks nks sibtkris, is supircr ncs ná`ics hi pklrizc.
Ro` ialcrgk, iscs aosacs bk`hobok`is hi vun`irclonohch sk`ncs qui noaotc` nks hisiks y csporcbok`is hi ncs pirsk`cs. Nksi`buistchks qui ac`oeistcrk` qui sá quirác` clc`hk`cr susistuhoks, crguai`tcrk` ti`ir qui trclcdcr y sus fkrcroks `knis piraoti` nnigcr c toiapk c nc isbuinc. Ac`uin \khráguiz,istuhoc`ti hin bobnk 3, c nc prigu`tc sklri buãnis sk` ncs bcu-scs qui i` kbcsok`is ni klnogc` c `k or c nc isbuinc, rispk`hoò4„pkr bcuscs hi trclcdk pkrqui bkak hobi u`k, toi`i qui isekr- zcrsi u` pkquotk aãs fcstc hk`hi hc` ncs bkscs pkrqui yk vovk cnquonchk sky bclizc hi fkgcr‑.
Zkr su pcrti, nks horibtovks hkbi`tis brii` qui sk` vcroks nksecbtkris qui o`bohi` i` nc hisirboò` hi istks chuntks, y fcbi`ï`ecsos i` nks prklniacs hi trc`spkrti, i`eiraihch y sotuc-boò` ibk`òaobc. I` in bcsk hi nc OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz,nc ribtkrc Nuz Acro`c \knhã` ixprisò4
In dkvi` k in chuntk qui
tkac nc hibosoò` hi vknvir
c nc isbuinc, nk fcbi` pcrc
quihcrsi. soiapri ybuc`hk si rispiti` sus
o`tirisis y sus toiapks.
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376 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
@k is qui innks `k quoirc` so`k pkrqui `k puihi`, yk yc ti hodi ai hodirk`, prkeiskrc
bkak i` nks lcrroks `k fcy trc`spkrti so `k pcrc nc cvi- `ohc Zihrk hi Firihoc, i`tk`- bis is hoeábon i` nks nugcris qui innks istã`, pkr idiapnk i` ncs Lroscs, Nc Nkac, k fcy trc`spkrti, so`k i` nc cvi`ohc Zihrk hi Firihoc k nc cvi`o- hc hin Bk`sunchk y `k fcy u`
trc`spkrti qui si akvonobi pkr idiapnk hi nks Bcncacris fcstc cquá c nc o`stotuboò`, ktrk is, in qui yk nk vik ai`ks pkrqui innks ai hobi` is nc so- tucboò` ibk`òaobc.
Zkr ktrc pcrti, in c`ãnosos hi nks hctks klti-`ohks rienidc qui nc acykrác hi nks aktovksqui toi`i` nks chuntks pcrc pirsivircr i` susistuhoks, rchobc i` nc pkti`bocboò` hin sirpkr i`boac hin ti`ir4 u` <?.6<% hisic sir inidiapnk hi sus fodks y sus ecaonocris= siguo-hk pkr u` 3?,<2% qui o`hobò ncs gc`cs hisupircboò` pirsk`cn= u` 3:.?3% bk`sohiròqui hisic sir ktrc pirsk`c y aidkrcr su vohc,y u` ?.:6% o`hobò nc aktovcboò` y cyuhc hinks prkeiskris= nc ao`krác ixprisò qui pcrcbuapnor aitcs, tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, bk`-siguor u` aidkr iapnik, cpri`hir c niir yisbrolor y sir prkeisok`cn, i`tri ktrks.
Nks aktovks qui toi`i` nks dòvi`isy chuntks pcrc pirsivircr i` sus
istuhoks, rchobc` i` nc pkti`bocboò`
hin sir pkr i`boac hin ti`ir, pkr
idiapnk, hisic` sir in akhink c
siguor pcrc sus fodks y sus ecaonocris.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 37?
»Buãnis aktovks nk fc` fibfk pirac`ibir i` sus istuhoks;
Zkr aos fodks, ao ecaonoc, sir idiapnk pcrc innks <?,6<%
Ncs gc`cs hi supircrai, scnor chinc`ti, grchucrai 3?,<2%Rir ktrc pirsk`c, aidkrcr ao vohc 3:,?3%
Nc aktovcboò` y cyuhc hi nks prkeiskris ?,:6%
Aos aitcs y aos suióks 9,<2%
In cpkyk hi ao ecaonoc 8,?6%
Xrc`sekraiaks is lui`c kpkrtu`ohch, ecbonotc ncs bkscs 8,35%
Xirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk 8,3:%
Grchucrai y ribolor ao hopnkac 2,<6%
Bk`siguor u` aidkr iapnik <,9<%
In cpkyk hi aos bkapcóirks, nc caostch <,38%
Cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor 3,58%
Rir prkeisok`cn (o`gi`oirk, aïhobk, khk`tònkgk,
bk`tchkr, crquotibtk, clkgchk, vitiro`crok) 3,2?%
Ai gustc istuhocr 3,<:%
Xirao`cr nc proacroc :,2<%
Xktcn gi`ircn 3::,::%
Is nkclni qui istks chuntks ixprisi` sushisiks hi trc`sekracrsi, hi bk`virtorsii` aidkris pirsk`cs aihoc`ti su ekrac-boò`. Nc oapkrtc`boc qui rivosti nc ihubc-boò` pcrc in dkvi` y in chuntk bcrtcgi`irk,si i`bui`trc i` bkrrincboò` bk` nks ohic-nis hi nc cbtucn chao`ostrcboò` hin Hostro-
tk, qui si fc bk`scgrchk hurc`ti nksôntoaks buctrk cóks, c nc nubfc bk`trc ncirrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak.
Hisbropboò` @k. istuhoc`tis
Istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò`
Ihubctovc Lirtfc Gihiò`
hi Lcncho.
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36: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Lctcnncr bk`trc in c`cneclitosak fc sohk nc lc`hirc qui i`cr-lknc` aubfcs pknátobcs `cbok`cnis i o`tir`cbok`cnis. Ro` ia-
lcrgk, `k bcli huhc hi qui nc lctcnnc bcrtcgi`irc fc sohk u`grotk pkr in bcalok. Is u` grotk qui `cbi i` ncs i`trcócs hi u`
puilnk qui quoiri bcalocr. Y` puilnk qui quoiri sir hoeiri`ti. Y`puilnk qui ribkgi ncs aogcdcs qui crrkdc i` ncs pncycs, nc acykrác hi
sus turostcs qui voi`i hi ktrks au`hks, hi ktrks hiscrrknnks.
Nnigò nc fkrc hin puilnk, hin `igrk, hin aistozk y hin aunctk.Nnigò nc fkrc hi trc`sekracrsi y hi trc`sekracr su bk`tixtk.
Fcbi` istc trc`sekracboò` i` bkapcóác hi sus hkbi`tis,hi pirsk`cs qui bkak innks, fc` vovohk i` nc aosiroc, sk`
sus vibo`ks qui tuvoirk` nc kpkrtu`ohch hi istuhocr y quifky vuinvi` cn lcrrok c ihubcr c sus bkapcóirks hi duigk. Cquinnks bkapcóirks qui sulác` c nks tidchks
vibo`ks pcrc isbk`hirsi k hoserutcr du`tks u` ac`-gk i` bksibfc.
Xrc`sekraiaks hiscrrknnc u` prkyibtk hi o`bnusoò` i` Bcr-tcgi`c, grcbocs c nc chao`ostrcboò` cbtucn y i` ispibocn, cisks hkbi`tis bk` ispárotu nolirtchkr, qui fc` ohk hi bcsci` bcsc, c lusbcr isks dòvi`is y chuntks qui `k fc` pk-hohk bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks. \kxc`c Bcstinnc`ks, istu-hoc`ti hin bobnk <, nk bk`eorac buc`hk ac`oeoistc qui inncpirac`ibi i` in cunc pkr4 „in trctk hi nc gi`ti, ncs prkei- skrcs istã` pi`hoi`tis hi u`k, nncac` i` bucnquoir bksc qui pcsi, istã` auy pi`hoi`tis buc`hk u`k `k csosti,innks tcaloï` nk vosotc` c u`k‑. Zkr su pcrti, Lnios Bcstonncriscntc c Xrc`sekraiaks pcrc sir bchc hác aidkr4 „Sui bk`to`ôi` csá, nc virhch is qui u` prkgrcac auy firak- sk, aktovc` hi virhch, ncs prkeiskrcs aktovc` c u`k c istuhocr, c siguor chinc`ti, c qui so pkhiaks, qui so sk- aks oapkrtc`tis, nk fcbi` si`tor c u`k oapkrtc`ti, qui so vcni nc pi`c siguor‑. Istks tistoak`oks si bk`voirti` i`pro`bopoks pcrc in hosiók hi istrctigocs hi pirac`i`bocy bk`to`uohch qui hili` ti`ir i` bui`tc, tkhks nks prk-grcacs hihobchks c nc ekracboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks.
Lctcnncr bk`trc in c`cn- eclitosak fc sohk nc
lc`hirc qui i`crlknc
aubfcs pknátobcs `cbok-
`cnis i o`tir`cbok`cnis.
Ro` ialcrgk, `k bcli
huhc hi qui nc lctcnnc
bcrtcgi`irc fcyc sohk
u` grotk pkr in bcalok,
cn piraotor y ecbonotcr
qui quoi`is cpri`hi` c
niir y isbrolor puihc`
bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 363
I`tri tc`tk, ncs vkbis hi nks hkbi`tis tcaloï` fcbi` pcrtivovc hi istc o`vistogcboò`. Osclinnc Lintrã`, hkbi`ti hi nc OIDfk` E. Mi``ihy hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, cgrigò cn rispibtk4„ai gustcrác riscntcr ktrks cspibtks qui piraoti` nc bk`to`uo- hch hi aos istuhoc`tis is in cakr, bcroók, rispitk cn i`trigcr- ai c innks y soi`tk qui is ribáprkbk, nnkrk bk` in hknkr hi innks y `k bk` sus akai`tks hi einobohch. Ai fi gc`chk su bk`eoc`zc bk`kzbk c sus ecaonocris yc qui ai quirác` bk`kbir y briï isks ispcboks‑. In hkbi`ti qui si hihobc c ekracr chuntks, pksiibcrcbtirástobcs o`vcnuclnis. Rk` hkbi`tis qui si rivosti` hipcboi`boc, cakr y sirvobok cn pròdoak. Zisi c `k pirti`ibir c nc`òao`c `cbok`cn y sir ixbnuohks hi bucnquoir topk hi riau`irc-boò` ixtrc pkr pcrti hin Gkloir`k, sk` pirsk`cs si`solnis quibk`eác` i` qui inivcr nks `ovinis ihubctovks hi nc pklncboò`,bk`troluyi c hosao`uor nks á`hobis hi pklrizc.
I` isti krhi`, irc `ibiscrok bk`kbir, so nks istuhoc`tis gucr-hclc` ixpibtctovcs eri`ti c bk`to`ucr k `k bk` sus istuhoks.Ri i`bk`trò i`tk`bis, qui u` ??,36% hodk qui sá y u` :,6<%,ac`oeistò qui `k.
Bcrtcgi`c is nc proairc
bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi
c`cneclitosak, grcbocs c su
Cnbcnhác, Ribritcrác
hi Ihubcboò` y i` ispibocn c
isks hkbi`tis qui euirk` hibcsc i` bcsc, bk` ispárotu
nolirtchkr, lusbc`hk isks
dòvi`is y chuntks qui
`k fclác` pkhohk bk`to`ucr
sus istuhoks.
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36< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Istks fcnnczgks sk` auy riprisi`tctovks pcrc nc tkac hi hibosok`is i` buc`tk cbk`to`uohch hin Zrkgrcac i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c. Rclir hi c`tiac`k qui i`su acykrác, istcs pirsk`cs hisic` bk`to`ucr istuhoc`hk, is u` bk`hobok`c`ti i` ineuturk o`aihoctk. \kapir bk` ncs onusok`is y nks c`finks hi aãs hi 39.::: pirsk-`cs, is u` cti`tchk bk`trc nc hiakbrcboc y nc nolirtch.
Nc bcnohch hi u` prkgrcac si istclnibi pkr nc sctosecbboò` hi sus li`ieobocroks.I` isti si`tohk, Nc Y@IRBK (<::9), ripkrtc qui in 6:% hi nks chuntks qui fcbi`pcrti hi prkgrcacs istrubturchks qui hi`ktc` krgc`ozcboò` y pnc`oeobcboò` hi suscbtovohchis, pirac`ibi fcstc eo`cnozcr in bobnk. Istks hctks crtobunchks bk` nks ak-tovks hi pirac`i`boc qui ripkrtc` nks bcrtcgi`irks, pkhrác` sir nc eòraunc quibkchyuvi cn rklustiboaoi`tk hin prkgrcac hi chuntks hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, ycn hiscrrknnk skbocn hi istc \igoò` hin Bcroli bknkaloc`k.
Ro` ialcrgk, bk`kbir nks gustks kbupcbok`cnis hi nks istuhoc`tis, si bk`vortoò i`u`k hi nks idis bi`trcnis hi istc o`vistogcboò`. Ri kltuvk qui u` 35.5?% hisictrclcdcr i` u` `igkbok prkpok, u`c viz eo`cnobi sus istuhoks= ni soguoò in 33.:<% quicsporc c trclcdcr i` u`c iaprisc= in 7.5<% o`hobò u`c bná`obc, fkspotcn y i` in bkair-bok= ncs ao`krács si bk`bi`trcrk` i` csporcbok`is bkak akhostcs, hkbi`tis, sibtkrfktinirk, hisiapiók i` nc bcrrirc qui istuhoi, i`eirairác, aibã`obc, sostiacs,sibritcrács, cnacbï`, bknigoks y scncs hi linnizcs, i`tri ktrks.
Rclir hi c`tiac`k qui i` su acykrác,istcs pirsk`cs hisic` bk`to`ucr
istuhoc`hk, is u` bk`hobok`c`ti
i` in euturk o`aihoctk.
»Zoi`sc bk`to`ucr i` in pròxoak bobnk;
Hisbropboò` @k. istuhoc`tis
@k :,6<%
Rá ??,36%
Xktcn gi`ircn 3::,::%
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 362
Y`c viz eo`cnozchks sus istuhoks, »i` quï ni gustcrác trclcdcr;
Hisbropboò` @k. istuhoc`tis
I` u` `igkbok prkpok 35,5?%
I` u`c iaprisc 33,:<%
I` u`c bná`obc / fkspotcn / bi`trk scnuh 7,5<%
I` akhostirác 5,2:%
Bkak hkbi`ti 8,69%
I` ao bkau`ohch 2,7<%
I` u` fktin 2,7<%
Bkak bfie 2,85%
I` nc bcrrirc qui istuhoi 2,39%
I` nk qui si prisi`ti <,?5%
I`eirairác <,?:%
Bkak aibã`obk <,9<%
I` sostiacs <,85%
Bkak sibritcroc <,:6%
I` u` cnacbï` <,:<%
I` u` bknigok 3,?9%
I` u` scnò` hi linnizc 3,6?%
Bkak inibtrobostc 3,89%
I` nk qui ai gusti 3,2<%
I` u`c keobo`c 3,2<%
I` bk`strubboò` 3,<:%
I` vi`tcs 3,<:%
Bkak clkgchk 3,<:%
Guác turástobk 3,32%
Crtisc`ács 3,:7%
I` u` ristcurc`ti 3,:7%
Ac`ti`oaoi`tk bkaputchkris :,66%
I` aihobo`c :,6<%
Bkak vogonc`ti :,75%
Bkak bkairboc`ti :,75%
@k scli :,5?%
I` nc Rkboihch Zkrtucroc :,5?%
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368 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
\ovirk (<::7), crguyi qui nc eu`boò`pkscneclitozchkrc rivosti ogucn k ac-ykr oapkrtc`boc qui nc cneclitozcboò`aosac. Istc priaosc eu`hcai`tcnixogi nc voclonohch hi prkgrcacs ihu-bctovks cbkrhis bk` ncs `ibisohchishi ekracboò` hi nks chuntks, i` nksbucnis si tkai` ncs ixpibtctovcs hinks istuhoc`tis bkak lcsis isi`boc-nis i` nc ekracboò` pirac`i`ti hinks aosaks.
I` Ibkpitrkn :,5?%
I` nc Zknobác :,52%
I` u`c eãlrobc hi zcpctks :,52%
I` psobknkgác :,9:%
Bkak sknhchkr :,88%
I` nc zk`c o`hustrocn :,26%
Bk`hubtkr :,26%
Bkak bk`tchkr :,26%
@k quoirk trclcdcr :,<9%
Keoboks hkaïstobks :,<9%
Broao`cnástobc :,3?%
Bkak crquotibtk :,32%
I` trc`sekraiaks :,32%
Keoboks hkaïstobks :,:5%
Chao`ostrchkr :,:5%
Bkak kpirchkr hi aãquo`cs :,:5%
Xktcn gi`ircn 3::,::%
Bk`to`ucboò` buchrk4 Y`c viz eo`cnozchks sus istuhoks, »i` quï ni gustcrác trclcdcr;
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 369
9.8.2 Zrieiri`bocs hi akhcnohch hi ihubcboò`
Bk`trcrok c nk qui si pi`sclc sklri ncs akhcnohchis qui aãs prieoiri` nks dòvi`isy chuntks, si i`bk`trò qui u` 97.87% hi nks istuhoc`tis, kptc pkr nc akhcnohchprisi`bocn= u` <?,<7% o`hobò nc akhcnohch siaoprisi`bocn, y u`c ao`krác bkrrispk`-hoi`ti cn <%, kptc pkr nc vortucnohch.
Istks fcnnczgks piraoti` o`eiror qui nks chuntks bk`boli` nks caloi`tis hi cpri`ho-zcdi bkak cquinnks nugcris hk`hi si nis piraoti `k sònk cpri`hir c niir, isbrolor yhiscrrknncr ktrcs bkapiti`bocs, so`k qui si bk`voirti` i` ispcboks hi o`tircbboò`pcrc capnocr y aidkrcr su bárbunk skbocn, ivotc`hk nc ruto`c hin trclcdk y ncs nclkrishin fkgcr.
Hisbropboò` Bobnk 3 Bobnk < Bobnk 2 Xktcn
C hostc`boc-prisi`bocn 23,<?% <6,??% <7,6<% <?,<7%
C hostc`boc-vortucn 3,92% 3,53% <,?<% <,:3%
Zrisi`bocn 93,58% 96,76% 53,:?% 97,87%
@R / @\ 39,98% 3:,52% 6,37% 33,<8%
Xktcn 3::,::% 3::,::% 3::,::% 3::,::%
In 97.87% hi nks
istuhoc`tis, kptc pkr
nc akhcnohch prisi`bocn.
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365 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` istc ná`ic hi c`ãnosos, nc pks-turc hi nks horibtovks hkbi`tisbko`bohi bk` istks fcnnczgksbuc`hk ac`oeoistc`4 „cquá `k fcy u`c bunturc hin cutkcpri`- hozcdi, `k nc fcy i` Bcrtcgi`c,
y `k nc fcy i` `uistrk pcás, hi ogucn ac`irc qui innks si cbks- tualrc` c ac`idcr nk qui toi- `i` hi`trk hi nc isbuinc, nk qui isbubfc` cn hkbi`ti hibor‑ (Eir`c`hk Crhonc OI C`tk`ok
@croók)= is hibor, nks istuhoc`tis chuntks prieoiri` nc prisi`bocnohch pkrqui hi cn-gu`c ac`irc, in caloi`ti isbkncr nis gi`irc in cbkapcócaoi`tk y nc aktovcboò`qui riquoiri` pcrc siguor chinc`ti.
Zkr su pcrti nks istuhoc`tis hc` sus tistoak`oks bkrrklkrc`hk nk loi` qui si soi`tiin trclcdcr i` iquopk bk` nc cyuhc hi ktrks istuhoc`tis y in prkeiskr, tistoak`okstcnis bkak4 „Lui`k nks bkapcóirks fc` sohk auy loi` bk`aogk, bucnquoirc bksc qui c vibis `k scliaks cngu`k hi innks voi`i y `ks ixpnobc y csá istcaks pcrc cyuhcr`ks u`ks bk` nks ktrks y nc prkeiskrc tcaloï` qui `ks cyuhc aubfk‑ (@ontk`Fir`ã`hiz, istuhoc`ti bobnk O, OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz), piraoti` supk`ir quiin trclcdk prisi`bocn si ekrtcnibi i` nc aihohc i` qui istks chuntks o`tircbtôc` bk`sus siaidc`tis4 @k si hili knvohcr qui nc irc hin bk`kboaoi`tk y ncs tinibkau`obc-bok`is pkr sá sknc, `k surti ieibtk i` isti topk hi pklncboò` buycs histrizcs yfclonohchis istã` i` ekracboò`.
In hilcti cbtucn surgi c`ti in honiac hi nks ihubchkris cbirbc hi nc bcnohch hinks prkgrcacs ihubctovks. Is auy bkaô` i`bk`trcr pirbipbok`is qui brii` qui
nks prkgrcacs hi chuntks siaoprisi`bocnis `k nni`c` ncs ixpibtctovcs hi bcnohchi` nc ihubcboò`. Ktrcs ná`ics pirbiptucnis ribkgi` in honiac sklri buãn is in topkhi ihubcboò` is aãs bk`vi`oi`ti pcrc nks chuntks, y ksbonc i`tri nc ihubcboò`ekracn y nc ihubcboò` `k ekracn. I` isti si`tohk, Xkrris (<::9), i`ectozc i` nc`ibisohch hi crtobuncr akhcnohchis, istrctigocs y bc`cnis qui bk`huzbc` c sctos-ecbir ncs `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hin suditk, pirk qui c su viz, sorvc` hi lcsipcrc su hiscrrknnk.
Nks chuntks hisic` pcrtobopcr i`
prkgrcacs prisi`bocnis, enixolnis
y pirto`i`tis qui nis gcrc`tobi
u`c ihubcboò` ekracn.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 367
Eri`ti c nks fcnnczgks klti`ohks y soi`hk bkfiri`tis bk` ncs o`vistogcbok`is hiXkrris (<::9), is bncrk qui nks chuntks hisic` pcrtobopcr i` prkgrcacs prisi`boc-nis, enixolnis y pirto`i`tis qui nis gcrc`tobi u`c ihubcboò` ekracn, pirk bk` vcroi-hch hi istrctigocs y akhcnohchis bk` ncs bucnis `k sònk cnbc`bi` u` pinhcók hi ncihubcboò` ekracn, so`k qui istc kpkrtu`ohch ihubctovc nis lro`hi ncs bk`hobok`ishi supircboò` y aihoks pcrc irrchobcr nc pklrizc.
9.8.8 Aitcs ihubctovcs
Is sctosecbtkrok i`bk`trcr qui nc acykrác hi nks istuhoc`tis i`trivostchks (9<.7%),ac`oeistò qui hisic o`griscr i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr= ni sogui u` 8:.?9% quio`hobò su prieiri`boc pkr tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk= y nc ao`krác ripkrtò nc lãsobcproacroc y nc lãsobc sibu`hcroc, rispibtovcai`ti.
Istks fcnnczgks susti`tc` ncs pksturcs tiòro-bcs hi Aiho`c y ktrks (3?6<), qui bk`sohirc`qui ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs ihubctovcs `k sònkhili` rispk`hir pkr ncs hiac`hcs hi cnecli-tozcboò` hi nc pklncboò` chuntc, so`k qui hili`gcrc`tozcr nc pkscneclitozcboò`. I` isti si`to-hk, is `ibiscrok qui nks gkloir`ks istclniz-bc` prkgrcacs hi ekracboò` pirac`i`ti i` nksbucnis ncs pirsk`cs puihc` pkti`bocr su hisc-rrknnk y in hi tkhc u`c rigoò` i` gi`ircn.
Hisbropboò` Istuhoc`tis
Lcbfonnirctk 8:,?9%
Lãsobc proacroc <,:7%
Lãsobc sibu`hcroc :,6<%
Ihubcboò` supirokr 9<,7:%
@R / @\ 2,89%
Xktcn gi`ircn 3::,::%
Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks hi bobnk < i` Bcrtcg
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366 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Uorgi` y Xurástobc 3,3?% :,9:% 33,63% 3?,?3% :,6<% 28,<2%
Bku`try :,::% :,:5% 8,39% 5,:?% :,:5% 3:,25%
O`h. y hi nc Lcfác :,79% :,:5% 32,::% 3:,??% 3,75% <5,97%
\urcn :,::% :,::% 7,<<% 7,55% :,23% 39,<:%
Rc`tc \otc :,32% :,3?% 8,77% 6,:8% :,9:% 32,52%
Xktcn gi`ircn <,:7% :,6<% 8:,?9% 9<,7:% 2,89% 3::,::%
Bcrtcgi`c voi`i nohirc`hk u` prkbisk hi acg`otuhis ixbipbok`cnis, bkak ipobi`-trk hk`hi si gistc in prkyibtk ihubctovk aãs caloboksk sklri nc ihubcboò` hi
dòvi`is y chuntks qui fc ti`ohk in Zcás i` ncs ôntoacs hïbchcs. Cngu`ks cutkrisauy riboi`tis (Nirac, <::7), sksti`ác` qui in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c `k bk`tclcbk` u` prkgrcac ihubctovk istrubturchk qui hoirc bui`tc hi ncs kpkrtu`ohchis hicbbisk c nc pklncboò` vun`irclni, ispibocnai`ti nc qui si i`bui`trc i` sotucboò` hihispnczcaoi`tk. I` nc cbtucnohch, si puihi crguai`tcr qui nks dòvi`is y chuntksqui clc`hk`crk` sus istuhoks pkr in hispnczcaoi`tk, i`ti`hohk `k sònk bkak inqui kbcsok`c` nks grupks cn acrgi` hi nc niy, so`k in qui gi`irc nc hisispirc`zc, ncpklrizc y nc ecntc hi kpkrtu`ohchis, bui`tc` bk` u` prkgrcac cdustchk c sus `ibi-sohchis, bk` fkrcroks enixolnis y burrábunk hosióchk hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc bkg-`oboò` sotuchc qui nis piraoti nc akvonohch hi bkapiti`bocs c sus bk`tixtksecaonocris, skbocnis y prkhubtovks.
Ro loi` fcstc in akai`tk, nks risuntchks si fc` tkr`chk o`tirisc`tis pcrc ncrikroi`tcboò` hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs, nc aorchc qui si kltuvk pkr Y@CNHIR, keri-bi u` clc`obk hi pksolonohchis sklri in ac`idk ispibáeobk hi pkscneclitozcboò` quiriquoiri` nks dòvi`is y chuntks. Ri ohi`toeobcrk` ti`hi`bocs pcrc sugiror c ncs cutk-rohchis nkbcnis, krgc`ozcr prkgrcacs qui ctoi`hc` `ibisohchis, gustks y ixpibtc-tovcs, csá4
Hisbropboò` Lãsobcproacroc
Lãsobcsibu`hcroc Lcbfonnirctk Ihubcboò`
supirokr@R / @\ Xktcn
gi`ircn
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 36?
Nks dòvi`is y chuntks bcrtcgi`irks bk`struyi` sus ixpibtctovcs hi cbuirhk bk` ini`tkr`k qui nis kerizbc kpkrtu`ohchis hi hiscrrknnk. Csá puis, nks fclotc`tis hi ncY@CNHI Uorgi` y Xurástobc, acrbò u`c ti`hi`boc fcboc nc ihubcboò` supirokr, i`bk`trcsti bk` nks istuhoc`tis actrobunchks i` nc O`hustrocn y hi nc Lcfác, qui prieo-roirk` bunao`cr su lcbfonnirctk. Istks fcnnczgks pkhrác` ti`ir su ixpnobcboò` i` ncskpkrtu`ohchis qui nis keribi` ncs o`hustrocs y ncs iapriscs ulobchcs i` su rchok hicbboò`, y qui si o`briai`tc` c`ti nc pksolonohch hi ti`ir u` hopnkac hi lcbfonnir ycbbihir bk` rcpohiz i` in airbchk nclkrcn.
Zkr su pcrti, nks istuhoc`tis hi Uorgi` y Xurástobc, bk`sohirchks pkr su ixtriacpklrizc, nks aãs vun`irclnis y acrgo`chks hi tkhk in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, i`-bui`trc` i` in ohicrok hi nc ekracboò` supirokr, su tclnc hi scnvcboò` fcboc u` au`-hk aidkr.
9.8.9 Cpri`hir u` crti y keobok
Y` 87% hi nks istuhoc`tis i`trivostchks, ac`oeistò qui `k toi`i bkak aitc nnigcrc nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Ro` ialcrgk, o`hobò su prieiri`boc pkr cpri`hir u` crti ukeobok, y i` in gï`irk eiai`o`k, si histcbò nc ti`hi`boc pkr cpri`hir akhostirác,lkrhchks, tidohks y scstrirác i` u` <6.?5%= ni soguoò u` 36.79% qui o`hobò prieiror ncbuno`croc, nc ripkstirác y nc pcstinirác. Ncs crtisc`ác ripkrtcrk` u` 33.<9% pcrc ingï`irk eiai`o`k y si histcbò nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u` 2.32% hin grupk acsbuno`k,buyk ogucn pkrbi`tcdi i` isti grupk itãrik, ripkrtò pcrc nc cnlcóonirác, nc bk`strub-boò` y nc aibã`obc.
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3?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Akhostirác, lkrhchks, tidohks, scstrirác <6,?5% :,::% <6,?5%
Buno`croc, pcstinirác, ripkstirác 36,79% <,<?% <3,:8%
Crtisc`ács, ac`ucnohchis, poóctirác, po`turc 33,<9% 2,32% 38,26%
Linnizc, ac`oburostc, istïtobc ?,37% :,8<% ?,96%
Ac`idk hi bkaputchkris, sostiacs 9,8<% 3,66% 7,<?%
Eclrobcr zcpctks, sc`hcnocs, lknsks <,9:% 3,<9% 2,79%
Cnlcóonirác, bk`strubboò` :,::% 2,32% 2,32%
Aibã`obc :,::% 2,32% 2,32%
Ribritcrochk idibutovk 3,<9% :,<3% 3,85%
Bcrpo`tirác :,::% 3,<9% 3,<9%
@cvigc`ti :,::% :,62% :,62%
Enkrostirác :,62% :,::% :,62%
Nc pisbc :,::% :,52% :,52%
Zrkhubtks quáaobks :,52% :,::% :,52%
Lcnástobc broao`cnástobc :,::% :,8<% :,8<%
O`gnïs :,8<% :,::% :,8<%
Rknhchkr :,::% :,8<% :,8<%
Fcbir trcpirks y isbklcs :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Acrrkquo`irác :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Cvobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Xi`hirk :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Rcnuh kbupcbok`cn :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Kpirchkr hi ak`tcbcrgc :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Eclrobcboò` prkhubtks hi linnizc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Zosbobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Ncvc`hk bcrrks :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Hisbropboò`
Xktcn gi`ircn 6:,<3% 3?,7?% 3::,::%
Eiai o`k Acsbuno`kXktcn
gi`ircn
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?3
Istks rc`gks hi acykr cbiptcboò` i` nc pklnc-boò` bcrtcgi`irc, si hili` c nc istoauncboò` hiu`c pknátobc pôlnobc qui idirbi prisoò` sklri is-tcs bncsis vun`irclnis bkak cntir`ctovcs hi cutksksti`oaoi`tk ecaonocr. Ro loi`, istcs cntir`cto-vcs rispk`hi` c ixpibtctovcs hi nc gi`ti, tca-loï` is ivohi`ti nc `ibisohch hi ho`caozcr nksprkgrcacs qui keribi`, c eo` hi qui si bk`voir-tc` i` virhchircs eui`tis hi hiscrrknnk.
Cngu`ks cutkris hi nc ná`ic hi Zoibm (3??6), cr-guai`tc` qui grc` pcrti hi nc pklncboò` acrgo-`cn eiai`o`c, ni ktkrgc u` si`tohk ispibocn c suvo`buncboò` c isti topk hi bursks, pkr nk bucn siriquoiri qui ncs cutkrohchis fcgc` u` acykrc`ãnosos hi istcs ixpiroi`bocs, hi tcn ekrac quipcsi` hi sir kpbok`is csosti`bocnostcs c virhc-hirks aktkris qui oapunsi` nc ibk`kaác y inhiscrrknnk hi ncs bkau`ohchis c ncs bucnis vc`horogohks.
Bcrtcgi`c, cn ogucn qui aubfcs rigok`is csi`-tchcs i` in Bcroli, prisi`tc istcs ti`hi`bocs.Ncs isbcscs k `uncs kpkrtu`ohchis i` in airbc-hk nclkrcn qui keribi` istcs bouhchis, si nogc`c nc pirspibtovc hi hiscrrknnk hin sir, nc bucn sikroi`tc fcboc nc chquosoboò` hi histrizcs y fclo-nohchis qui oapcbti` i` in i`tkr`k o`aihoctk.I` in bcsk `obcrcgþi`si, nks chuntks cneclito-zchks auistrc` bkrrincboò` i` csporcbok`is pcrcin gï`irk eiai`o`k= i`tri tc`tk, nks fkalrisprisi`tc` hoeiri`bocs hi cbuirhk bk` in bk`tix-tk, is hibor, i` @obcrcguc in gï`irk acsbuno`kbk` acykr ihch, prisi`tc ti`hi`bocs fcboc nccgrobunturc y nc gc`chirác, aoi`trcs qui nks dò-vi`is cneclitozchks bko`bohi` bk` nks bcrtcgi-`irks cn kroi`tcrsi fcboc nc cnlcóonirác, ncscrtisc`ács y nc scstrirác, i`tri ktrks (KIO, <::?).
Nks dòvi`is bcrtcgi`irks
cneclitozchks y qui fc`
bk`to`uchk sus istuhoks bk`
Xrc`sekraiaks, si kroi`tc`
fcboc nc cnlcóonirác,
ncs crtisc`ács y nc scstrirác,i`tri ktrks.
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3?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cpri`hir u` keobok si gistc i` in ohicrok hi istcpklncboò` bcrolióc, bkak pcrti hi sus csporcbok-`is bk` in eorai prkpòsotk hi siguor chinc`ti bk`sus aitcs. I` isti si`tohk, `o`gu`k hi nks`ikcneclitozchks ac`oeistò su o`tirïs i` hibno-`cr bk` sus istuhoks, c`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, ix-prisok`is tcnis bkak4 Zroairk istuhocr akhostirácy ak`tcr ao prkpoc iaprisc y hispuïs so ai gustcktrc bcrrirc chinc`ti, quoi` quotc qui fcyc is-pcbok pcrc nc u`ovirsohch‑ (Eohinvir Suoóò`iz,bobnk 2)= pkr su pcrti Wonsk` Yrrutoc ceoraò qui4„ c aá ai gustcrác bkgir bkak cngk hi cnlcóoniráck sknhchurc‑. Istcs csporcbok`is pkhrác` bk`s- totuorsi i` nc bcrtc hi `cvigcboò` qui riquoiri` ncs cutkrohchis ihubctovcs i` actiroc hi ihubc- boò` pcrc dòvi`is y chuntks.
Istc aosac o`ekracboò` pirk ohi`toeobc`hk ncY@CNHI qui pirti`ibi c nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovci` hk`hi istã` istuhoc`hk cbtucnai`ti nks istu-hoc`tis, y bk`sohirc`hk bchc u`k hi nks keoboks, nco`ekracboò` ribknibtchc crrkdò nk soguoi`ti4
Cpri`hir u` keobok si gistc i`in ohicrok hi nks bcrtcgi`irks,
bkak pcrti hi sus csporcbok`is
bk` in eorai prkpòsotk hi siguor
chinc`ti bk` sus aitcs.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?2
Akhostirác, lkrhchks,tidohks, cstrirác ?,37% 2,98% 7,?<% 2,32% 9,<3% <6,?5%
Buno`croc, pcstinirác,ripkstirác 9,<3% 3,85% 6,22% <,:6% 2,?5% <3,:8%
Crtisc`ács, ac`ucnohchis,poóctirác, po`turc 8,96% <,:6% 2,22% <,<?% <,:6% 38,26%
Linnizc, ac`oburostc,
istïtobc 8,7?% 3,:8% <,:6% :,8<% 3,<9% ?,96%
Ac`idk hi bkaputchkris,sostiacs 3,<9% :,<3% 8,7?% :,<3% :,62% 7,<?%
Eclrobcr zcpctks,
sc`hcnocs, lknsks :,52% :,::% 3,85% 3,85% :,<3% 2,79%
Cnlcóonirác, bk`strubboò` :,52% :,::% 3,57% :,52% :,<3% 2,32%
Aibã`obc :,52% :,52% 3,57% :,<3% :,::% 2,32%
Ribritcrochk idibutovk :,8<% :,::% 3,:8% :,::% :,::% 3,85%
Bcrpo`tirác :,<3% :,::% :,8<% :,8<% :,<3% 3,<9%
@cvigc`ti :,8<% :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,62%
Enkrostirác :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3% :,8<% :,62%
Nc pisbc :,::% :,::% :,::% :,52% :,::% :,52%
Zrkhubtks quáaobks :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,<3% :,52%
Lcnástobc broao`cnástobc :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,::% :,8<%
O`gnïs :,<3% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,8<%
Rknhchkr :,<3% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,8<%
Fcbir trcpirks y isbklcs :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Acrrkquo`irác :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3%
Nc cvobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Xi`hirk :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Rcnuh kbupcbok`cn :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Kpirchkr hi ak`tcbcrgc :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Eclrobcboò` prkhubtks
hi linnizc :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Zosbobunturc :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,<3%
Ncvc`hk bcrrks :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%
Xktcn gi`ircn <?,37% ?,37% 28,26% 3<,<?% 39,::% 3::,::%
Hisbropboò`Uorgi` y
Xurástobc Bku`tryO`h. y hi
nc Lcfác \urcnRc`tc
\otc
Xktcn
gi`ircn
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3?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Nc nibturc hi istc tclnc is u`c cprkxoacboò` cncs csporcbok`is ihubctovcs hi nks dòvi`is y chun-tks istuhoc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c. Ro loi` ncakhostirác, nks lkrhchks y nks tidohks kbupc`rc`gks sog`oeobctovks i` tkhcs ncs Y@CNHIR, isnc Uorgi` y Xurástobcs nc qui ripkrtò acykris á`-hobis i` isti keobok, cn ogucn qui nc crtisc`ács,ac`ucnohchis, poóctirács y po`turc. Is hi grc`rinivc`boc qui nks istuhoc`tis hi nc zk`c o`hus-trocn y hi nc lcfác, acrqui` acykris ti`hi`bocsfcboc nc buno`croc y nc ripkstirác= ac`idk hi bka-putchkris, eclrobcboò` hi zcpctks, cnlcóonirác,aibã`obc y sibritcrochk idibutovk. I` nc zk`crurcn bcrtcgi`irc, cu`qui bk` pkrbi`tcdis aá`o-aks, si riscntc nc pisbc y nc posbobunturc, keoboksqui `k si ohi`toeobcrk` i` ncs ktrcs zk`cs.
Is hi grc` rinivc`boc qui
nks istuhoc`tis hi nc zk`c o`hustrocn
y hi nc lcfác, acrqui` acykris
ti`hi`bocs fcboc nc buno`croc y nc
ripkstirác= ac`idk hi bkaputchkris,
eclrobcboò` hi zcpctks, cnlcóonirác,
aibã`obc y sibritcrochk idibutovk
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?9
Bkai`tcroks eo`cnis9.9
Hi cbuirhk bk` nks klditovks prkpuistks y in c`ãnosos c`tirokr, sipuihi istclnibir ncs soguoi`tis bk`bnusok`is4
I`tri nks klstãbunks y hoeobuntchis qui si i`bk`trcrk` i` nc idibuboò` hiistks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi y i`sióc`zc, si riscntc in cbbisk cn trc`s-pkrti urlc`k hishi nks lcrroks hk`hi fclotc u` grc` `ôairk hi istu-hoc`tis, nk bucn c duobok hi innks aosaks, nis oapohi bk`to`ucr y pirac`ibiri` in sostiac isbkncr. Ro loi` in pkrbi`tcdi hi hisirboò` `k is sog`oeobcto-vk, `k pkr innk hili sulistoacrsi isti klstãbunk, bkak noaotc`ti pcrcti`ir i` bui`tc i` nc o`sirboò` hi istc bkau`ohch i` ktrcs iseircs hio`tircbboò` skbocn qui si privï` bkak bkapniai`tk hi isti prkgrcac hicneclitozcboò`, qui istã crtobunchk bk` ktrk hi nks ecbtkris qui si istclni-bi` bkak bcusc hi hisirboò`, nc sotucboò` ibk`òaobc hi istcs ecaonocs.
\ispibtk hi hobfc sotucboò`, acrbk i` hk`hi si hc` bcso tkhcs ncs iak-bok`is, aktovcbok`is, aitcs y csporcbok`is qui si nkgrò istclnibir, islui`k ti`ir i` bui`tc qui nc acykrác hi nc pklncboò` i`buistchc, ac`o-eistò i`tri sus ixpibtctovcs, ti`ir u` `igkbok prkpok y ktrk tc`tk, vo`bu-ncrsi c u`c iaprisc. Csá tcaloï`, ktrk pkrbi`tcdi hisic o`griscr i` ncIhubcboò` supirokr y ktrk, tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk.
Bkak hctk buroksk, i`tri nc pklncboò` eiai`o`c si riceorac su vkbcboò`prkeisok`cn pkr ncs nclkris hi akhostirác, buno`croc, ac`ucnohchis ycrtisc`ács. Isti fibfk pk`i hi ac`oeoistk nc `ibisohch hi pi`scr i`isti topk hi kbupcbok`is u ktrcs pcribohcs qui sorvc` hi rieiri`ti hinburrábunk y hi cntir`ctovc hi trclcdk qui rispk`hc istcs `ibisohchisbkak aihok prãbtobk hi o`bnusoò` skbocn. Zuis, `chc si bk`siguorác bk`bcpcbotcr c istcs pirsk`cs, so pcrcnink c innk `k si nis lro`hc ncs bk`ho-bok`is y kpbok`is pcrc qui pk`gc` i` prãbtobc hobfks bk`kboaoi`tks.
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3?5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Lolnokgrceác
NK@HKÓK, R. N., y Ã@GIN ZC\HK, B. (<::7). Hiribfk c nc ihubcboò`
pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi- `c . I`4 NI\AC BC\\IÓK, Bcrnks Cnlirtk. In hiribfk c nc ihubcboò` i` Bknkaloc. Lkgktã4 ENCZI 5.
AIHO@C Y\IÓC, G. (3?6<). Nc pkst-cneclitozcboò` i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli. Zctzbucrk, Aobfkcbã`. Aïxobk4 B\IECN, Y@IRBK, K\ICNB.
K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI IRXCHKR OLI\KCAI\OBC@KR ZC\C NC IHY-BCBOK@ NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C-KIO (<::?). Cspibtks bucnotc-
tovks hi nks risuntchks hi nc cneclitozcboò` i` @obcrcguc (pirákhk<::9-<::?). Ac`cguc.
K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C NC IHYBCBOÒ@,NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C- Y@IRBK (<::9). O`ekrai hi siguoaoi`- tk hi nc IZX i` in au`hk <::9. Ihubcboò` pcrc tkhks. In oapirctovk hi ncbcnohch. Zcrás.
ZOIBM GKBFOBKC, I. (3??6). Nc ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi`is y chuntks.
\ibk`sohircboò` hin trclcdk i` u`c istrctigoc ihubctovc pcrc nks sibtkris hi pklrizc . I`4 \ivostc Ncto`kcairobc`c hi Istuhoks Ihubctovks . Aïxobk.
\OUI\K, D. (<::7). Lcsis pcrc u`c cneclitozcboò` o`tigrcn i` Caïrobc Ncto`c . I`4 OO riu`oò` hi bkaosoò` hi ixpirtks olirkcairobc`ks Cneclito- zcboò` y ihubcboò` lãsobc hi ncs pirsk`cs dòvi`is y chuntcs . Bcrtcgi`chi O`hocs y Lkgktã4 3? cn <3 hi siptoialri hi <::7.
\KGI\R, C. (<::8). Cneclitozcboò` hi chuntks aktovcboò` chuntc . I`4
\ivostc Ihubcboò` hi chuntks y hiscrrknnk. I`4 fttp4//www.ooz-hvv.hi/o`hix.pfp;crtobni[oh1222&bnc`g12 (<3 hi dunok hi <:33).
RI@, C. (<:::). Hiscrrknnk y nolirtch . Lcrbink`c4 Znc`itc.
XK\\IR, \.A. (<::9). 3< tisos pcrc in bcalok ihubctovk. Dustoboc ihu- bctovc y dustoboc ibk`òaobc . Lkgktã4 Ei y cnigrác.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?7
Bcpátu nk 5
Dkrgi Krtigc Ak`tis
Oapcbtk i` nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi
hi nc o`bnusoò` hi ncs bkau`ohchisvun`irclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnisaihoc`ti in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`c
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3?6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
O`trkhubboò`5.3
I` nc cbtucnohch, buc`hk csostoaks c u`c hi ncs rivk-nubok`is tib`knògobcs aãs ixtrckrho`crocs hi nc fos-tkroc, bi`trchc i` ncs tib`knkgács hi nc o`ekracboò`
y ncs bkau`obcbok`is, qui ceibtc `k sònk ncs istrubturcs ibk-`òaobcs, pknátobcs y skbocnis so`k tcaloï` tkhcs uistrcs prãb-tobcs, bkstualris y vcnkris, in tiac hi ncs tib`knkgács y ncihubcboò` bkak ecbtkr hi o`bnusoò` skbocn is auy riburri`ti ypknïaobk i` in hosbursk hi nc pknátobc pôlnobc skbocn y i` ispi-bocn, hi nc pknátobc ihubctovc.
Hilohk c nk c`tirokr, in prklniac hi nc hisogucnhch y nc ixbnu-soò` skbocn si fc bk`virtohk i` u`c bk`stc`ti prikbupcboò`hi ncs cutkrohchis y i` u` klditk hi istuhok y hosbusoò` pkrpcrti hi o`vistogchkris hi hosto`tcs hosbopno`cs y bkrroi`tis
hin pi`scaoi`tk (\cyc, Háiz,<::8= \khráguiz Bclrirk, 3??2 yBcstinn, 3??7).
Hobfc prikbupcboò` si dustoeobci` vortuh hi qui fc sohk i` nc is-trubturc skbocn hk`hi acykrai`-ti si sueri` nks oapcbtks hihobfks bcaloks, i` ispibocn i`nks pcásis i` vác hi hiscrrknnk yhi Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli,hk`hi si rigostrc` nks aãs cntksá`hobis hi pklrizc y hisogucnhchskbocn hin Au`hk i` nks ôntoakscóks. I`tri innks, si histcbc`Bknkaloc, Ibuchkr, In Rcnvchkr,Zirô y \ipôlnobc Hkao`obc`c,
Ncs tib`knkgács hi
nc o`ekracboò` y ncsbkau`obcbok`is ceibtc`
pksotovcai`ti, `k sònk
ncs istrubturcs ibk`òaobcs,
pknátobcs y skbocnis
so`k tcaloï` tkhcs
`uistrcs prãbtobcs,
bkstualris y vcnkris.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3??
bk` tcscs hi pklrizc hi i`tri u` 26% y u` 86%. I`tri tc`tk, Lknovoc, Guctiacnc,Fk`hurcs, @obcrcguc y Zcrcgucy bk` ncs tcscs aãs cntcs hi pklrizc i o`hogi`boc,qui supirc` in 9:% y in 2:%, rispibtovcai`ti (BIZCN, <::6).
Istc aosac I`tohch siócnc qui nc o`bohi`boc hi nc pklrizc i`tri ncs pirsk`csbuyk diei hi fkgcr y su bò`yugi toi`i` u` `ovin ihubctovk iquovcni`ti c ihubcboò`proacroc o`bkapnitc, is acykr qui nc hi quoi`is vovi` i` fkgcris bk` u` acykr`ovin ihubcbok`cn. Xcaloï` c`ktc qui ixosti` hoeiri`bocs i` ncs tcscs hi pklrizcsigô` in bobnk hi vohc, y cnbc`zc` nks vcnkris aãs inivchks i`tri nks `oóks, y ncbk`hoboò` hi cbtovohch (kbupchk, hiskbupchk k o`cbtovk). Hoai`sok`is rinivc`tisc isti rispibtk, sk` tcaloï` in sixk hin diei hin fkgcr, nc it`oc (nc pklrizc ceibtci` acykr aihohc c nks o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`tis). Ri bk`bnuyi qui nc pirsos-ti`boc hi istc cntc hisogucnhch bk`stotuyi u` klstãbunk pcrc nc o`bnusoò` skbocn, yhilonotc nks vá`bunks skbocnis lãsobks pcrc ac`ti`ir nks si`tohks hi o`tigrcboò` ypirti`i`boc.
Cbirbc hi istks fibfks, si krogo`c y hilcti i` nc cbtucnohch, in pcpin qui hilibuapnor nc ihubcboò` y ncs XOB bkak ecbtkr hi o`bnusoò` skbocn y hi rihubboò` hi ncpklrizc, nk bucn c su viz fc prkpobochk in surgoaoi`tk hi u` bk`du`tk hi ribkai`hc-
Xrc`spkrti hi actirocn tib`knògobk pcrc
ncs cuncs hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk
i` ncs osncs hi Bcrtcgi`c.
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<:: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
bok`is qui si trchubi` i` cbbok`is y aihohcs hi pknátobc pôlnobc. I`tri inncs sihistcbc` ncs qui si fc` hovungchk i` ncs pcschcs Bualris Olirkcairobc`cs ricno-zchcs i` Rc`tc Bruz hi nc Roirrc, Lknovoc (<::2), Rc`tocgk hi Bfoni (<::7), y Acrhin Znctc, Crgi`to`c (<:3:).
I` risuai`, si puihi ohi`toeobcr hks grc`his ti`hi`bocs hi pi`scaoi`tk y hi pk-nátobcs pôlnobcs sklri in tiac. Zkr u`c pcrti, fcy quoi`is poi`sc` qui in ei`òai`khi nc hisogucnhch y nc ixbnusoò` skbocn is u` csu`tk hi vknu`tch y hi hibosoò` pknáto-bc qui si risuinvi i` in toiapk, bk` nc kroi`tcboò` hinIstchk, nc pcrtobopcboò` hin sibtkr provchk y nksaoialrks hi nc skboihch bovon ceibtchc bkak ri-suntchk hi nc nolri akvonohch hin airbchk. Bkakaihohcs hi pknátobc, istc ti`hi`boc ribkaoi`-hc oapniai`tcr cbbok`is i`bcao`chcs ccapnocr nc o`ercistrubturc y nc hktcboò` tib-`knògobc pcrc gcrc`tozcr nc u`ovirscnozc-boò` hin cbbisk grctuotk hi nc acykráchi nc pklncboò`, pro`bopcnai`ti i`ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs hi `o-vin lãsobk hi proacroc y sibu`-hcroc, lcdk nks supuistks hiqui csá si rihubi` nks cntksá`hobis hi pklrizc, nc his-ogucnhch y nc ixbnusoò`skbocn qui ixosti`.
Is ribkai`hclni
oapniai`tcr cbbok`is
i`bcao`chcs c capnocr
nc o`ercistrubturc y nc
hktcboò` tib`knògobc
pcrc gcrc`tozcr ncu`ovirscnozcboò` hin
cbbisk grctuotk hi ncacykrác hi nc pklncboò`,
pro`bopcnai`ti i` ncs
O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs
hi `ovin lãsobk, proacroc
y sibu`hcroc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:3
Nc acykrác hi nks pcásis ncto`kcairobc`ks pk`i in ï`ecsos i` hks cspibtks hi nc Rkboihch hi nc O`ekracboò`4
bk`ibtovohch y gkloir`k inibtrò`obk Isti istuhok auistrc qui
nc acykrác hi ncs pknátobcs `cbok`cnis i` nks pcásis hi CNB
si kroi`tc` lãsobcai`ti c riekrzcr nc bk`ibtovohch, istoau-
ncr in airbchk hi tinibkau`obcbok`is i o`ekraãtobc y gi`i-
rcr u`c acsc brátobc hi usucroks i` nc rigoò`.
Zkr nk hiaãs, nks pnc`is y prkyibtks hi bk`ibtovohch ohi`toeo-
bchks i` isti istuhok si lcsc` sònk i` prkpkrbok`cr c ncs pklncbok`is in cbbisk c O`tir`it grctuotk k c lcdk bkstk. \crc-
ai`ti rincbok`c` bk`ibtovohch bk` hiscrrknnks nkbcnis hi loi-
`is y sirvoboks o`ti`sovks i` XOB, o bk` cbtovohchis histo`chcs
cn briboaoi`tk ibk`òaobk y c nc rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc.
Ncs pknátobcs y istrctigocs hitibtchcs i` nks pcásis hi CNB
i`ectozc` in iquopcaoi`tk o`ekraãtobk y i` ai`kr grchk, nc
bk`ibtovohch i` ncs isbuincs ‒y i` pkbks bcsks‒ nc gi`irc-
boò` hi bk`ti`ohks. Iquopcr y bk`ibtcr isbuincs, cu`qui is oaprisbo`holni, `k sog`oeobc, pkr sá sknk, gi`ircr ihubcboò`
pcrc nc RO4 is `ibiscrok eu`hcai`tcnai`ti c nc hoeusoò` hin
gkloir`k inibtrò`obk ‒i` in si`tohk hi nc chao`ostrcboò`‒ y
hi ncs trc`scbbok`is pkr O`tir`it.
Bk` istc vosoò`, hobfk bk`biptk si capnác i o`bkr-pkrc ncs `ibisohchis hi tib`knkgács y sus hisvi`tc-
dcs k c`cneclitosak eri`ti c su ac`idk bkak u` o`hobchkrchobok`cn hi hobfcs hisogucnhchis. Zcrc istc bk`bipboò`,nk prokrotcrok i`tk`bis is nc prkvosoò` hi tib`knkgács i o`ekr-acboò` y su ac`idk bkak idi bi`trcn hin prkbisk ihubctovk quisi bi`trc i` in hiscrrknnk hi fclonohchis aibã`obcs, nc bk`ibtovohchy in prkbiscaoi`tk hi hctks. Csá si klsirvc i` u` istuhok ricnozchkpkr Eo`quinoivobf (<::<), sklri in tiac i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli,bk` u`c auistrc hi `uivi pcásis o`bnuohc Bknkaloc, hk`hi si nii4
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<:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Zkr ktrc pcrti, ixosti u`c bkrroi`ti qui c hoeiri`boc hi nc c`tirokr,pnc`tic qui in prklniac `k is prkpocai`ti hi tib`knkgác `o hi pir-sk`cs o`hovohucnis, so`k hi siris fuac`ks, hi `ibisohchis, o`tiri-sis, bunturcs y ekracs hi krgc`ozcboò` y bkau`obcboò`. Zkr nk tc`tk,bk`sohirc` qui ncs aihohcs y cbbok`is hi pknátobc skbocn hili` sirhi bcrãbtir o`tigrcn y bk` eu`hcai`tk i` in acrbk hi nks hiribfksfuac`ks y nc dustoboc skbocn (Gcrbác, 3??9= Acrtá` Lcrlirk, <::?).
Hi cbuirhk bk` istc bk`bipboò`, in pcpin hi ncs XOB y su o`bkrpk-rcboò` i` nc ihubcboò`, si rivcnkrozc `k sònk bkak aihok hi cnecli-tozcboò` hogotcn, so`k tcaloï` bkak ispcbok k loi` pôlnobk hk`hi sihiscrrknnc ktrk topk hi histrizcs y fclonohchis pcrc nc supirvovi`-boc, y hk`hi nc bkapri`soò`, in sog`oeobchk y in bk`tixtk fc` hi sirsus tiacs bi`trcnis y i` eu`boò` hi nks prkpoks o`tirisis y bk`ho-bok`is hi vohc hi ncs pirsk`cs, bucnquoirc qui sic su bk`hoboò`,sixk, rczc, rinogoò`, krogi` (Gonstir, 3??7= Gutoïrriz, <::2, Xrcvoisky Znc`innc, <::6). Istks cutkris kpo`c` qui hi istc ac`irc, in bk`-biptk hi cneclitozcboò` hogotcn hili trcsbi`hir in ãalotk hi ncsohics, hk`hi si hiscrrknni bcpcbohch hi pi`scaoi`tk, bkapri`-soò` y utonozcboò` hi nc o`ekracboò`, y `k noaotcrsi c hobfk cbbisk `ocn airk ac`idk hi nks bkaputchkris.
Nc Cnbcnhischi Bcrtcgi`c,
Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz,riboloi`hk nks iquopkshin Rostiac O`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:2
I` isti bk`tixtk tiòrobk y prklniaãtobk, i` nc cbtucnohch si oapni-ai`tc in Zrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` hi Dòvi`is y Chuntks i` ncbouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, lcdk nc akhcnohch hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`s-ekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI), bk` in cpkyk hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-boò` Hostrotcn y nc supirvosoò` hin Ao`ostirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn,qui sorvi hi lcsi y klditk hi nc prisi`ti o`vistogcboò`, buyks risun-tchks si prisi`tc` i` isti o`ekrai.
Zisi c nks iseuirzks ricnozchks pcrc u`ovirscnozcr in cbbisk i` ncisbuinc proacroc y rihubor bk`sohirclniai`ti nks `ovinis hi c`cnec-litosak i` Bcrtcgi`c, cô` sulsosti` prklniacs bkak nc hisirboò`,nc ripitoboò` y nc bcnohch. Rigô` hctks hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`Hostrotcn (<::6), Bcrtcgi`c prisi`tò u`c bklirturc lrutc hi 332.7%,aãs cntc qui Lkgktã (?6.?%), Bcno (7?.3%), y Aihinná` (3:7.?%). Rihobi qui istcs bouhchis toi`i` u` rcsgk i` bkaô`, cn prisi`tcr u`rizcgk i` nc bklirturc hi nc ihubcboò` aihoc bk` rispibtk hi nkshiaãs `ovinis ihubctovks. Ro` ialcrgk, i` hisirboò` keobocn, nc bou-hch hi Bcrtcgi`c si histcbc pkr prisi`tcr nc tcsc aãs cntc bk`9.3%, eri`ti c 2.8% hi Aihinná`, 2.5% hi Lkgktã y 9.7% hi Bcno.Ogucn bkapkrtcaoi`tk si rigostrc i` nks o`hobchkris hi ripoti`boc,bk` u`c tcsc hi 9.:% eri`ti c 3.7% hi Aihinná` y 2.<% hi Lkgktã.
Cuncs hin RostiacO`tircbtovk
Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk
i` Bcrtcgi`c.
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<:8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` buc`tk c nc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` y hi cbuirhk bk` ncs Zruilcs OBEIR, Bcrtc-gi`c rigostrò nc acykr prkpkrboò` hi o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs i` in `ovin lcdk hibcnoeobcboò` bk` 53%, eri`ti c 85% hi Aihinná` y 2?% hi Bcno. I`tri isti risuntchk,ncs o`stotubok`is ihubctovcs keobocnis riprisi`tc` in 78% i` Bcrtcgi`c, i` Lkgktãin <6% y i` Bcno in 89%.
Is oapkrtc`ti riscntcr qui istcs boercs, nc acykrác hin cók <::6, qui `ks sorvi` hipu`tk hi pcrtohc pcrc in prisi`ti c`ãnosos, fc` sohk capnocai`ti supirchcs i` Bcr-tcgi`c cn krgc`ozcrsi y pk`ir i` acrbfc in sostiac hi ihubcboò` keobocn hi nc Ribri-tcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi nc bouhch, in bucn fc trctchk i` ekrac o`tigrcn tkhc ncprklniaãtobc hi nc ihubcboò` tcn bkak nk pnc`tic y hiauistrc i` isti aosak nolrk inHkbtkr Dunok Cnc`hiti, i` in bcpátunk proairk, pirk fiaks bk`sohirchk oapkrtc`tiqui si bk`kzbc in bk`tixtk `cbok`cn y nkbcn c`tis hi i`trcr i` eu`bok`caoi`tk hobfksostiac hi ihubcboò` keobocn hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc i`ti`hir nc hoai`soò` hin aosak.
Hi cbuirhk bk` Zïriz, G. y Rcnczcr, O. (<::7), i` u` istuhok ricnozchk sklri ncpklrizc i` Bcrtcgi`c, c`ktc` qui nks `ovinis aãs cntks hi pklrizc y aosiroc, ai-hohc i` tïrao`ks hi @ibisohchis Lãsobcs O`sctoseibfcs (@LO), si rigostrc` i` ncs
Y`ohchis Bkau`ircs hi Gkloir`k YBG `ô-airks 2, 8, 9 y 5, pirti`iboi`tis c nc Nkbcno-hch Xirrotkrocn hi nc Uorgi` y Xurástobc. IstcsY`ohchis c su viz, si hovohi` i` `uairkskslcrroks pkpuncris hk`hi fclotc nc pklncboò`bcrtcgi`irc bk` nks o`hobchkris aãs lcdksi` ihubcboò` y i` bklirturc hi nks sirvobokspôlnobks, tcnis bkak4 cnbc`tcronnchk, cguc pk-tclni y i`irgác.
Nc o`iquohch y nc ixbnusoò` fc` cuai`tchki` Bcrtcgi`c i` nc ôntoac hïbchc. I` <::<,in o`hovohuk aãs robk ti`ác u` o`grisk 68 vi-bis acykr hin aãs pklri, y pcrc <::9, iscboerc cuai`tò c 375. Istk nk bkrrklkrc in á`-hobi hi Go`o qui pcrc in cók 3??9 irc hi :,26y pcrc <::9 cuai`tò c :,89 (Hostrotk hi Bcr-tcgi`c, <::?).
I`siócr c niir y isbrolor c u` dkvi`k c u` chuntk riquoiri hi hkbi`tis
ispibocnozchks i` istc ãrichi nc ihubcboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:9
Gucrá`, C`hrïs (<::2), ixpnobc in krogi` y in briboaoi`tk cbinirchk hi nkscsi`tcaoi`tks o`ekracnis i` Bcrtcgi`c i` nc hïbchc hi nks ?:, o`hobc`hk qui istcbouhch, du`tk bk` Lcrrc`quonnc y Rc`tc Acrtc, bk`ekrac` nc rih hi bouhchisaktovchkrcs hi briboaoi`tk, ctrcbboò` y ixpibtctovc hi nc bkstc Ctnã`tobc. Bcrtcgi-`c, c`ktc, pkr sir u`c bouhch o`hustrocn y turástobc, bk`bi`trc in acykr `ôairk hiaogrc`tis hi nc zk`c @krti hin Zcás. Zcrc isti cutkr, nc grc` aogrcboò` prisi`ti i`nks csi`tcaoi`tks hi nc bouhch, si bcrcbtirozc pkr in o`briai`tk hi nks prkbisks hihispnczcaoi`tk qui prkvoi`i` sigô` ïn, hi ncs zk`cs i` bk`enobtk, pro`bopcnai`tihin Rur hi Lknávcr y nks hipcrtcai`tks hi Bòrhklc y Rubri. In 3?,3% hin tktcn hi ncpklncboò`, nk bk`stotuyi` pirsk`cs i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk. Rigô` boercshin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c (<::?), in 3?,3% hin tktcn hi nc pklncboò`, bkrrispk`hi cpirsk`cs i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk, ulobchcs pro`bopcnai`ti i` nc YBG 32(?8% hi su pklncboò`), YBG 8 (66%), y YBG 38 (78%).
C nks o`hobchkris skbokibk`òaobks hi pklrizc y hisogucnhch c`tis siócnchks, sinis suac` nks rieiri`tis cn cbbisk y usk hi ncs Xib`knkgács hi nc O`ekracboò` y ncBkau`obcboò` (XOB). Rigô` nc Grc` I`buistc O`tigrchc hi Fkgcris (GIOF) hinHC@I (<::6), i` Bcrtcgi`c sònk usò in bkaputchkr (i` bucnquoir bcsk), in <?.7%hi ncs pirsk`cs acykris hi bo`bk cóks, i` bkapcrcboò` bk` in 85,8% hi ncs pirsk-`cs hi ncs <8 bouhchis y ãrics aitrkpknotc`cs hin Zcás i` nks ôntoaks 3< aisis.
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<:5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Hi isi tktcn gi`ircn, ncs pirsk`cs i`tri 3< y <8 cóks euirk` ncs qui aãs nk utonozc-rk`. In 99,?% nk utonozò i` Lkgktã, in 9<,7% i` Xu`dc, in 86,2% i` Zcstk, in 87,<% i`@iovc y in 87,:% i` Ac`ozcnis.
I` Bcrtcgi`c, nks sotoks hk`hi aãs si bk`suntc O`tir`it euirk`4 i` in fkgcr, 26.3%,i` nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc, <9.9%, i` in trclcdk, <:.9%, i` Bi`trks pôlnobks bk`bkstk, ?.3% y i` Bi`trks hi Cbbisk pôlnobk grctos, 3.3%. Ncs bouhchis hk`hi ncspirsk`cs uscrk` aãs O`tir`it i` in fkgcr, euirk`4 Aihinná` (9:,6%), Lubcrcac`gc(86,<%) y Lkgktã (87,6%).
I` rincboò` bk` in usk hi O`tir`it, i` Bcrtcgi`c nk utonozò in ?9.9% pcrc klti`iro`ekracboò`, in 62.5% pcrc bkau`obcboò`, in 52.3 pcrc ihubcboò` y in 3:.2% pcrcbkaprcs= i` bk`trcsti bk` in ?<,:% hin tktcn hi ncs <8 bouhchis y ãrics aitrkpkno-tc`cs hi Bknkaloc qui nk bk`suntcrk` pcrc klti`ir o`ekracboò`= in 6:.2% nk iapniòpcrc bkau`obcboò` y u` 9<,<% pcrc tiacs rincbok`chks bk` i`triti`oaoi`tk.
In isti bk`tixtk, c`cnozcaks c bk`to`ucboò`, nks risuntchks klti`ohks hi nc o`visto-gcboò` ricnozchc sklri nks Oapcbtks i` nc i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi nc o`bnusoò` hincs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis i` nc bunturc hogotcn c trcvïs hin Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c.
O`bnusoò` hi ncsbkau`ohchis vun`irclnis
i` nc bunturc hogotcnc trcvïs hin Rostiac
O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk i` in Hostrotk
hi Bcrtcgi`c.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:7
Cpu`ti aitkhknògobk5.<
c o`vistogcboò` ricnozchc bk`sostoò lãsobcai`ti i`bkapri`hir nks ecbtkris cskbochks cn usk hi ncs ai-hocbok`is hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs i` nc vohc isbkncr y
bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis dòvi`is y chuntks vo`bunchks cnZrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` hi Dòvi`is y Chuntks i` in Ak-hink Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI).
Zcrc in ieibtk, in istuhok priti`hoò rispk`hir nks soguoi`tiso`tirrkgc`tis4
N
• »Buãnis sk` ncs cbtovohchis isbkncris y bk-au`cnis qui si ricnozc` i` nc o`tircbboò`cnua`k-hkbi`ti-isbuinc qui ecbonotc` nks
prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi;
• »Buãn is nc pirbipboò` y ncs oaprisok`isqui nc bkau`ohch isbkncr toi`i cbirbc hincs tib`knkgács bkak aihocbok`is hohãb-tobcs o`tircbtovcs qui piraoti` bkapri`-hir nc csog`cboò` hi si`tohk qui innc fcbihi su usk bkak aihok hi o`bnusoò` skbocn;
• »Fcstc quï pu`tk nc o`bnusoò` i` nc bunturchogotcn nis fc piraotohk u`c pcrtobopcboò` cb-tovc i` nc bk`strubboò` hi scliris bkapcr-tohks, rihis skbocnis y gistoò` hi hiscrrknnkskbocn y nkbcn;
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<:6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
• In usk hi ncs XOB i` ncs aihocbok`is hohãbtobcs, »fclrã o`bohohk i` ncbk`to`uohch, pirac`i`boc y hisirboò` hin prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`-hozcdi i` nks hoeiri`tis bobnks ihubctovks;
• Ro bchc cunc hi nc isbuinc hk`hi si oapcrti in Zrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò`hi Dòvi`is y Chuntks, si hktc bk` u` tinivoskr NBH y u` pkrtãton qui bk`-ti`gc` ncs sisok`is ihubctovcs hi ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics hin sclir, lcdk nckroi`tcboò` hi tutkris vortucnis qui o`tircbtôi` hi ekrac craò`obc bk` nkshkbi`tis prisi`bocnis, y ncs riaosok`is bk`stc`tis c ncs aihocbok`is oa-priscs qui toi`i` nks istuhoc`tis, si cuai`tc nc aktovcboò` pkr in cpri`ho-zcdi, si capnác` ncs eui`tis y cbtkris hin aosak y si hosao`uyi` nks á`hobishi hisirboò` isbkncr.
• Ro si vo`bunc nc bkau`ohch isbkncr i` nc bunturc hogotcn, is pksolni qui innk`k sònk li`ieoboi c nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y horibtovks o`sbrotks i` inprkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò`, so`k qui tcaloï` si vic` ecvkribohks ktrksaoialrks hi nc bkau`ohch hi su rispibtovk i`tkr`k isbkncr.
• Ro chiaãs hi o`trkhubor ncs XOB i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdihk`hi si oapcrtc in prkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` pcrc Dòvi`is y Chuntks, sisuao`ostrc` si`hks aòhunks oaprisks bk`tixtucnozchks bk` bk`ti`ohks ri-nctovks c ncs bcrcbtirástobcs prkpocs hi su rispibtovk i`tkr`k, is pksolniqui si aidkri in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi y cuai`ti su ixpibtc-tovc y bk`to`uohch i` in sostiac isbkncr.
In prklniac hi o`vistogcboò` c`cnozc in ei`òai`k hi nc bunturc hogotcn i` ncs cuncsy su oapcbtk i` nc ecbonotcboò` hi nks cpri`hozcdis, bkak u` ei`òai`k qui riquoi-ri hi hkbuai`tcboò` i o`vistogcboò` pcrc bkapri`hir y pkti`bocr in usk hi ncstib`knkgács y nc o`ekracboò` hi ekrac sksti`olni, rispk`sclni, bkak u`c aihoc-boò` qui cpkrti bcnohch c nks prkbisks ihubctovks. Nc prigu`tc gi`irchkrc is»Buãn is in oapcbtk hin usk hi ncs aihocbok`is hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs i` nc vohcisbkncr y bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihu-bc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`c.
Rupuistks lãsobks
Nks supuistks qui sorvoirk` hi pcrtohc c istc o`vistogcboò`, euirk` nks soguoi`tis4
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:?
Ro si cuai`tc nc aktovcboò` pkr in cpri`hozcdi hktc`hbchc cunc bk` u` tinivoskr NBH y u` pkrtãton
qui bk`ti`gc` ncs sisok`is ihubctovcs si hosao`uyinks á`hobis hi hisirboò` isbkncr.
I` bk`sibui`boc, si trctc hi u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hi bcrãbtirit`kgrãeobk qui clcrbò nks hipcrtcai`tks hi Lkycbã, @croók, Bòrhklc,Bïscr y in Hostrotk Xurástobk y Bunturcn hi Bcrtcgi`c hurc`ti in cók <:3:.I` istc kpkrtu`ohch, sònk si hc` c bk`kbir nks risuntchks klti`ohks sk-lri isti ôntoak bcsk.
Nc hitirao`cboò` hin tcacók y sinibboò` hi nc auistrc, si fozk bk`pcrãaitrks `k prklclonástobks= i` su hieibtk, si cpnobò u` auistrik si-nibtovk hi topk bk`vi`bok`cn, utonozc`hk brotiroks gikgrãeobks, hi gï`irk yihch hi nc pklncboò` isbkncr actrobunchc i` in prkgrcac hi ihubcboò`pcrc dòvi`is y chuntks. Zcrc ribknibtcr nc o`ekracboò`, si cpnobcrk` ncstïb`obcs hi nks rinctks cutklokgrãeobks qui piraoti` u` acykr cbirbc-aoi`tk y ribk`kboaoi`tk hi nks ãalotks y rihis hi bk`virscboò` hi nkscbtkris skbocnis o`vknubrchks. Istc o`ekracboò` eui bkapniai`tchc bk`nc klsirvcboò` hin pcrtobopc`ti, in hocrok hi bcapk y nc bk`suntc hi eui`-tis sibu`hcrocs.
In i`ekqui iapnichk si bi`trò i` nc risog`oeobcboò` hin prkbisk ihubcto-vk pkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y horibtovks qui aihoc`ti rinc-tks, hoirk` bui`tc hi sus oaprisok`is y ixpiroi`bocs i` rincboò` bk` inac`idk hi ncs XOB i` in cunc hi bncsis y euirc hi innc, nk aosak qui suo`bohi`boc i` nks rotaks, `ovinis y topks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi.
Nks hctks klti`ohks si krgc`ozcrk`, cti`hoi`hk nks brotiroks hi nc o`vis-togcboò` bucnotctovc, pkr nk bucn si prkbihoò c bricr crbfovks hi hctks bk`
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<3: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
ncs `ktcs hi bcapk, hkbuai`tks y trc`sbropbok`is tkachcs hi ncs eui`tis proac-rocs. Hispuïs, si bkhoeobcrk` nks crbfovks, ohi`toeobc`hk y hieo`oi`hk nks sigai`tksqui euirk` krgc`ozchks y tcaozchks. Ri foboirk` `uivcs lôsquihcs hi o`ekracboò`i` in hocrok hi bcapk, si rivosò nc notircturc ixosti`ti y nks rinctks si niyirk` `ui-vcai`ti, c eo` hi fcbir hisbulroaoi`tks qui acrbcrc` ti`hi`bocs, istrctigocs yrincbok`is qui cn eo`cn, euirk` ribkhoeobchcs. Ncs bctigkrács si cgrupcrk` i` actro-bis hi hklni i`trchc, riscntc`hk bctigkrács iairgi`tis y sigai`tks crguai`tcto-vks qui hoirc` bui`tc hi ncs pksobok`is y pirbipbok`is hi acykr rinivc`boc i` nkssuditks hi istuhok.
In bcao`k ribkrrohk pcrc klti`ir nks hctks, krgc`ozcr y vcnohcrnks, bkapri`hoò buc-trk akai`tks c sclir4
In proair akai`tk bkapri`hoò in ho-siók hin prkyibtk hi o`vistogcboò` qui su-goroò `k sònk hinoaotcr in prklniac,klditovks y nc aitkhknkgác pkr iapnicr,so`k qui bknkbò in cbi`tk i` ncs rincbok-`is istrubturcnis i`tri in suditk y su bk`-tixtk. I` isti si`tohk, nks o`vistogchkris
rienixok`crk` sklri nks topks hi rincbok-`is qui ixosti` i`tri nks suditks y su bk`-tixtk, is hibor, si lusbò risog`oeobcr ncprãbtobc bktohoc`c bkak erutk hin o`tir-bcalok i`tri innks. Zcrc tcn eo`, si hosióòu`c guác hi prigu`tcs pcrc bchc suditk,ncs bucnis hispuïs si o`tirbk`ibtcrk` ysi nkgrò ribupircr in sog`oeobchk hin prk-bisk ihubctovk.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <33
In sigu`hk akai`tk, eui nc puistc i` isbi`c. Nks o`-vistogchkris si horogoirk` c nks sotoks sinibbok`chks i fo-boirk` u`c o`trkhubboò` gi`ircn hin prkpòsotk hin istuhok.Nc auistrc eui vknu`tcroc, is hibor, nks pcrtobopc`tis hibo-hoirk` nolriai`ti fcbir pcrti hi nc aosac, cti`hoi`hksònk ncs bctigkrács hi gï`irk, ihch y ulobcboò` gikgrãeo-bc. Nis prkpkrbok`caks u`c guác hi prigu`tcs qui k euircu` prktkbknk istrubturchk, so`k aãs loi` qui sorvoirc hipu`tk hi pcrtohc pcrc bk`struor sus rinctks. Zkr bk`soguoi`-ti, o`stcaks c nks pcrtobopc`tis c pncsacr su ixpiroi`bocy si`toaoi`tks eri`ti c nc oapniai`tcboò` hin RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI). Cn aosaktoiapk, nks o`vistogchkris utonozcrk` nc tïb`obc hi nc kl-sirvcboò` pcrtobopc`ti, pncsac`hk i` sus hocroks hi bca-pk, tkhcs ncs oaprisok`is klti`ohcs i` in istuhok,cti`hoi`hk brotiroks sklri nks o`tirisis, kpkrtu`ohch y inprklniac trctchk.
Nc krgc`ozcboò` y c`ãnosos hi nc o`ekracboò` bkrrispk`hoòcn tirbir akai`tk pnc`tichk pkr nc o`vistogcboò`. Nksrinctks euirk` bkhoeobchks i` eu`boò` hin si`tohk qui nkspcrtobopc`tis ni hoirk` c sus si`toaoi`tks y prãbtobcs bk-tohoc`cs. Zkr ktrc pcrti, si krgc`ozò i` ekrac sibui`bocn,ncs klsirvcbok`is ricnozchcs pkr in o`vistogchkr, bk` inã`oak hi o`tirrincbok`cr nks hctks y pripcrcrnks pcrc suc`ãnosos. Ri inclkrò u`c actroz gi`ircn bk` ncs bctigkrácsistuhochcs, riscntc`hk ncs bctigkrács iairgi`tis i` inprkbisk. Istcs bctigkrács si c`cnozcrk` lcdk nc pirspibto-vc hi prkhubboò` hocnïbtobc qui ncs ulobc hi`trk u` sosti-ac i` hk`hi is oapksolni hisbk`ibtcr in suditk hi subk`tixtk y hi ncs rihis o`tircbtovcs qui si prkhubi` i`-tri nks hovirsks sulsostiacs.
In bucrtk y ôntoak akai`tk, bkapri`hoirk` nc pri-pcrcboò` hin o`ekrai bk` in bucn si fozk u`c o`tirrincboò`hi ncs bctigkrács qui piraotoirk` so`titozcr hi ac`ircnògobc y bkfiri`ti, nks rinctks klti`ohks hurc`ti nc o`-vistogcboò`.
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<3< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <32
Istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaksi` Bcrtcgi`c riboli`ncs cuncs o`tircbtovcs,Du`ok hi <:33.
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<38 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
\isuntchks y hosbusoò`
B
5.2
kak si fc vi`ohk prisi`tc`hk i` nks bcpátunks c`ti-rokris, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hiscrrknnc u` prk-bisk hi ihubcboò` crtobunchk bk` in sostiac ihubctovk
hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c hishi in cók <::6, hk`hi si oapni-ai`tc in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk. HobfkAkhink si eu`hcai`tc i` ncs tikrács hin cpri`hozcdi skbokbk`strubtovostc y i` in usk hi ncs Xib`knkgács hi nc O`ekracboò` ync Bkau`obcboò` (XOB), bkak aihocboò` hin prkbisk hi i`sióc`-zc cpri`hozcdi, y pcrc innk, si bui`tc bk` acistrks i` bcnohch hicsiskris y ecbonotchkris hin aosak.
Zcrc buapnor isti prkpòsotk,nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiakssuao`ostrc c ncs O`stotubok`isIhubctovcs Keobocnis, in skpkr-ti tïb`obk hi u` cunc o`-tircbtovc qui bk`toi`i u` ti-nivoskr hi pc`tcnnc pnc`c hi 2<pungchcs hi cntc risknuboò` yu` bkaputchkr pkrtãton iquo-pchk bk` u` sketwcri ihubc-tovk bk` auntoaihoc, vohiks,hobbok`croks, i`bobnkpihocs yi`ncbis pcrc cbbihir c O`-tir`it, buc`hk si bui`tc bk`nc pnctcekrac hi sirvoboks qui
nk o`bnuyi. Chiaãs, in Rostiac O`tircbtovk o`bnuyi aihocbok`isoapriscs i` hoãnkgk bk` in sketwcri ihubctovk y istuhoc`tiscbtovks i` in prkbisk hi cpri`hozcdi. In sostiac istã bk`bilohkpcrc ecbonotcr in cbbisk c nc ihubcboò` hogotcn y c bkapiti`bocs
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <39
lãsobcs qui piraotc` bk`to`ucr cpri`hoi`hk euirc hin cunc(Bcrronnk, <:33).
I` <:3:, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hktò 359 cuncs, bk-rrispk`hoi`tis c 75 O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs hin Hostrotkhi Bcrtcgi`c, y prkhudk 97.?<? aòhunks oaprisks pcrcoapcrtor nc i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi c <8.:9: istuhoc`tishi nc zk`c urlc`c y rurcn o`sbrotks i` nks bobnks 3, < y 2.Zcrc su gistoò`, in sirvobok ihubctovk i` Bcrtcgi`c sihovohi i` bo`bk Y`ohchis Chao`ostrctovcs (Y@CNHI), quic su viz, fcbi` pcrti hi ncs rispibtovcs Nkbcnohchis Xirro-tkrocnis. I` isti isquiac chao`ostrctovk, si hostroluyi` ybncsoeobc` ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs Keobocnis y in `ô-airk hi istuhoc`tis actrobunchks i` ai`boò`, hi nc so-guoi`ti ekrac4 Nc Y@CNHI Bku`try clcrbc in ?.8% hintktcn hi actrobunchks, nc Uorgi`, 2:%, O`hustrocn, <6%, \u-rcn, 36.:% y Rc`tc \otc, 3<.3%. In `ôairk hi prkeiskrisbk`trctchks csboi`hi c ?63 y nc pklncboò` isbkncr cti`ho-hc pkr gï`irk, si bkapk`i hi 7:% eiai`o`k y 2:% acs-buno`k (Ãric Istchástobcs Xrc`sekraiaks, <:33).
Nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks,i`tri <:3: y <:33, o`stcnò
23: cuncs o`tircbtovcspcrc cti`hir c nks dòvi`isy chuntks i` Bcrtcgi`c.
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<35 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Oapcbtk i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi
I` istc sibboò`, si o`tirpritc` nks rinctks aãs riprisi`tctovks hi nc pklncboò` is-bkncr cbirbc hi sus oaprisok`is, ixpiroi`bocs, pirbipbok`is, iakbok`is y ixpibtc-tovcs gi`irchcs i` in hiscrrknnk hi nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi lcdk inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI), i`tri ncs bucnis si riscntc`nc ecbonotcboò` pcrc in cbbisk c nc o`ekracboò` y nc cpnobcboò` hi ncs tïb`obcs y bk`-biptks cpri`hohks, in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` pcrc cpri`hir, pirac`ibir y bunao`crnks bobnks ihubctovks.
Oapcbtk i` nc ecbonotcboò`, in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` i` in cpri`-
hozcdi
Ro loi` in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk y istc o`vistogcboò` i`pcrtobuncr, pcrti` hin supuistk hi qui nc o`bkrpkrcboò` hi ncs XOB bkak aihochkrishin prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi o`bi`tovc` in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` i` incpri`hozcdi, hchc nc ecbonohch y pksolonohch hi vcrocr ncs istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc,bk` nk bucn si pkti`boc in hiscrrknnk hi `uivcs fclonohchis y ekracs hi bk`strubboò`
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <37
hi bk`kboaoi`tk, `k pkr innk si puihi gcrc`tozcr hi c`ti-ac`k qui istks risuntchks sic` ogucnis i` tkhc nc pklnc-boò` actrobunchc, hilohk c ncs bcrcbtirástobcs skbokibk-`òaobcs ispibocnis qui prisi`tc istc pklncboò` y c ncsprkpocs hisogucnhchis o`hovohucnis i` actiroc hi pirbip-boò`, o`tirïs, bkstualris, suióks y csporcbok`is hi supi-rcboò` pirsk`cn. Hi tcn ac`irc qui is o`tirisc`ti bk`kbirbuãnis sk` iscs oaprisok`is, si`toaoi`tks, hisiks y akto-vcbok`is qui nks u`i i ohi`toeobc, bk` in eo` hi cdustcr ncpnc`icboò` y ncs istrctigocs aitkhknògobcs hin prkbisk hii`sióc`zc qui si oapcrti.
Lcdk istc bk`sohircboò`, is vãnohk i`ti`hir in bcrãbtir iak-tovk hi cskalrk, cnigrác y grctotuh qui si i`bui`trc i` nksrinctks. Xcn is in bcsk hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`tihi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk, ulo-bchk i` nc zk`c urlc`c, qui ceoraò nk soguoi`ti4 „Buc`hk
tuvi pkr proairc viz u` bkaputchkr i` aos ac`ks, ai
pcribác ai`torc, qui firaksc ixpiroi`boc, qui lk`otk si
soi`ti fcbir pkr proairc viz y sclir qui cnbc`zcsti cngk
qui soiapri hisiclcs y qui bk` tus gc`cs hi nkgrcr ncs
bkscs, ti iseuirzcs y ti hcs bui`tc qui in qui pirsivirc
cnbc`zc y qui grcbocs c Hoks y c isti prkgrcac u` suiók si
puihi fcbir ricnohch‑.
„Buc`hk tuvi pkr proairc viz u`
bkaputchkr i` aos ac`ks, ai pcri-
bác ai`torc, qui firaksc ixpiroi`-
boc, qui lk`otk si soi`ti sclir qui
cnbc`zcsti cngk qui soiapri hisiclcs
y qui ti iseuirzcs y ti hcs bui`tc qui
in qui pirsivirc cnbc`zc y qui grc-
bocs c Hoks y c isti prkgrcac u`
suiók si puihi fcbir ricnohch‑.
\utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk.
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<36 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ri hili ti`ir i` bui`tc qui u` grc` `ôairk hi istc pklncboò`, si trctc hi pirsk-`cs chuntcs y pchris hi ecaonoc bk` ihchis prkaihok i`tri <8 y 2? cóks, qui vovi`i` pribcrocs bk`hobok`is skbokibk`òaobcs trchobok`cnai`ti ixbnuohcs hi kpkrtu`o-hchis y kpbok`is pcrc sctosecbir sus `ibisohchis lãsobcs bkak nc ihubcboò`. Istcborbu`stc`boc cyuhc c ixpnobcr su cbtotuh y bkapkrtcaoi`tk eri`ti cn ac`idk hi ncstib`knkgács y in cbbisk cn sostiac ihubctovk. Zkr istc rczò`, is bncrk i`ti`hir pkrquï in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi dòvi`is y chuntks acykris is hoei-ri`ti cn qui si oapcrti c ktrk topk hi pklncboò` bk` capnocs kpkrtu`ohchis hi cbbi-sk y cntc ecaonocrohch bk` ncs tib`knkgács, borbu`stc`bocs qui dustoeobc` nc `ibisohchhi chkptcr `uivks aibc`osaks y istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc qui bk`sunti` y sicdusti` c istcs `ibisohchis y bk`hobok`is pcrtobuncris hi cpri`hozcdi.
Zcrc in bcsk hi _k`os C`tk`ok Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc`Einopi @iro, ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c4 „Ao ixpiroi`boc cn i`bk`trcrai bk` bkapu-
tchkris, tinivoskris, tinivoskris cuhokvosucnis eui u` cskalrk pcrc aá yc qui ncs
bkscs `k irc` sònk isbrotcs so`k vosucnis (…) vir ncs bncsis ixpnobchcs c trcvïs hi
u` bkaputchkr hk`hi puihk vir vohiks i oaãgi`is hi nks tiacs qui istcaks trc-
tc`hk isk ai aktovc c siguor pkrqui ai prigu`tk quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.
Ixprisok`is bkak ïstcs, ixpnobc` tcaloï` pkr quï nc aktovcboò` `k is sònk nc ecsio`obocn hin cpri`hozcdi, so`k u`c bk`hoboò` o`hospi`sclni pcrc cvc`zcr y capnocr nks
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <3?
bk`kboaoi`tks, y is ïstc, quozãs, u`c hi ncs eu`bok`is aãs oapkrtc`tis hi ncs XOBi` istc ecsi hi cneclitozcboò`, is hibor, sirvor hi aihok hi prkakboò` hin cpri`ho-zcdi cutò`kak y hin cpri`hozcdi bkkpirctovk. Cquá, si ivohi`boc qui in usk hi ncsXOB bkak aihocbok`is hohãbtobcs, aidkrc` ncs ixpksobok`is bk` in usk hi oaãgi-`is, sk`ohks y isquiacs qui c su viz, ecbonotc` nc bkapri`soò`, ekai`tc` nc pcrtobo-pcboò` i` in cunc y ivotc` in clurroaoi`tk qui prkhubi nc bncsi trchobok`cn so` nccyuhc hi istcs tib`knkgács. Zkr su pcrti, \caò` @obknãs Ucnhïs, hi nc O`stotuboò`ihubctovc tïb`obc hi nc Lkquonnc, ulobchc i` nc Tk`c \urcn, ceoraò4 „Grcbocs cn usk y
ac`idk hi nks bkaputchkris, tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc, nks bucnis `ks prkyibtc` nks
vohiks rieiri`tis c ncs bncsis qui istiaks voi`hk i` in akai`tk isk `ks ecbonotc
bkapri`hir nks tiacs hi ncs bncsis‑.
Acturc`c (<::3), skstoi`i qui tkhcs ncs cbbok`is hin fkalri gucrhc` istribfcrincboò` bk` ncs iakbok`is, is hibor, tkhk in oapcbtk iakbok`cn qui gi`irc in Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` nc pklncboò` isbkncr, si i`trinczc hiekrac sog`oeobctovc bk` su cpri`hozcdi y si bk`britc i` su prcxos bktohoc`c.
Hilohk c qui in sir fuac`k is u` sir hktchk hi grc`his bcpcbohchis, riquoiri hicngu`ks iniai`tks pcrc su ivknuboò`, i`tri nks bucnis si histcbc nc iakboò` qui nkbk`hubi c nc cbboò` pcrc trc`sekracrsi. Zkr tcn rczò`, is oapkrtc`ti qui in istu-hoc`ti si ixprisi pcrc hiscrrknncr bkapiti`bocs.
Grcbocs cn usk y ac`idk
hi nks bkaputchkris,
tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc,
nks bucnis `ks prkyibtc`
nks vohiks rieiri`tis c ncsbncsis qui istiaks voi`-
hk i` in akai`tk isk
`ks ecbonotc bkapri`hir
nks tiacs hi ncs bncsis‑.
\caò` @obknãs Ucnhïs, hi nc O`stotuboò`ihubctovc tïb`obc hi nc Lkquonnc.
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<<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Cusulin (3?62), ctroluyi nc aktovcboò` bkak u`c bk`hoboò``ibiscroc pcrc u` cpri`hozcdi sksti`ohk y pro`bopcnai`ti pcrcin cpri`hozcdi sog`oeobctovk qui prkpkrbok`c cutkaãtobcai`tisu prkpoc ribkapi`sc.
@k klstc`ti, soguoi`hk c Uygktsmy, in aktkr hi cpri`hozcdiistã bk`hobok`chk pkr hks topks hi aihochkris qui ïn hi`k-ao`c4 „firrcaoi`tcs‑ y „sáalknks‑, yc sic cutò`kacai`tii` nc „zk`c hi hiscrrknnk ricn‑ k cyuhchk pkr nc aihocboò` i`nc „zk`c hi hiscrrknnk pkti`bocn‑. Ncs „firrcaoi`tcs‑ (firrc-aoi`tcs tïb`obcs), i` pcnclrcs hin aosak cutkr, sk` ncs ix-pibtctovcs y bk`kboaoi`tks privoks hin cnua`k quitrc`sekrac` nks istáaunks o`ekractovks qui ni nnigc` hin bk`-tixtk. Nks „sáalknks‑ (firrcaoi`tcs psobknògobcs), sk` in bk`-
du`tk hi sog`ks qui utonozc in aosak suditk pcrc fcbir prkpokshobfks istáaunks. @k si akhoeobc` nks istáaunks i` sá aos-aks, so`k c ncs istrubturcs hi bk`kboaoi`tk buc`hk cquinnksistáaunks si o`tirokrozc` y si bk`voirti` i` prkpoks (Ovob,3??8).
I` istc ná`ic, si o`sbroli in rinctk hi _k`os C`tk`ok Zïriz,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro, ulobc-hc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c4 „Ncs bncsis sk` lui`cs pkrqui pkhi-
aks vir y isbubfcr ncs bncsis y ncs ixpnobcbok`is hin hkbi`ti.
_ fc hispirtchk ao o`tirïs hi cpri`hir aãs sklri tib`knk-
gác„ . Ri bk`eorac csá, bòak ncs XOB istoaunc` in o`tirïs yprkpoboc` `uivks ispcboks hi cneclitozcboò` y kpkrtu`ohchishi cpri`hozcdi.
Oapcbtk i` ncs istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc
Rk` aubfks nks istuhoks y ixpiroi`bocs qui si fc` bk`kbo-hk sklri nc oapkrtc`boc hi ncs aihocbok`is tib`knògobcs i`nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi. Ro` ialcrgk, is oa-pkrtc`ti ribcnbcr qui pcrc qui istks cpri`hozcdis sic` pk-solnis, is o`hospi`sclni bk`tcr bk` istrctigocs aitkhknò-gobcs hosióchcs pcrc ekai`tcr in cpri`hozcdi cutkhorogohk ykroi`tchcs fcboc cbtovohchis o`hovohucnis i o`trcgrupcnis.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<3
Bk`sboi`ti hi istc `ibisohch, inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk kroi`tc sus istrctigocs ai-tkhknògobcs i` nc pirspibtovc hi pk-ti`bocr nc aktovcboò` y nc cti`boò` hi nks istuhoc`tis i` gi`ircn, piraotoi`hk yekai`tc`hk in cbbisk c ncs tib`knkgács i` in cunc hi bncsi y euirc hi innc, bk` nkbucn si ecbonotc nc bkapri`soò` aihoc`ti nc prkyibboò` hi vohiks bk` oaãgi`is,pcoscdis y aôsobc hi nc rigoò` qui riprisi`tc` nks vcnkris y ncs bkstualris hinc bunturc nkbcn. Lcdk istks crguai`tks, ncs pcnclrcs hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk, ulobchk i` nczk`c urlc`c, bklrc` si`tohk buc`hk ceorac4 „Bk` in tinivoskr vcaks voi`hk nks
prkgrcacs y csá i`ti`hiaks acs nc bncsi y in bkaputchkr `ks cyuhc capnocr
acs nks bk`kboaoi`tks‑.Hi istc ac`irc, si cuai`tc in o`tirïs y si istoaunc inusk hi ncs aihocbok`is tib`knògobcs hin hkbi`ti y hi nks istuhoc`tis, qui c suviz nks klnogc c istcr soiapri cbtucnozchks bk` in rotak hin cvc`bi hi ncs o``k-vcbok`is tib`knògobcs.
„Ncs bncsis sk` lui`cs pkrqui
pkhiaks vir y isbubfcr ncs
bncsis y ncs ixpnobcbok`is
hin hkbi`ti. _ fc hispirtchk
ao o`tirïs hi cpri`hir
aãs sklri tib`knkgác„.
_k`os C`tk`ok Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro,ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c.
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<<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
„Uir ncs bncsis
ixpnobchcs c trcvïs
hi u` bkaputchkr
hk`hi puihk vir vohiks
i oaãgi`is hi nks tiacsqui istcaks trctc`hk
isk ai aktovc c siguor
pkrqui ai prigu`tk
quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.
_k`os C`tk`ok Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hinc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro.
Hi fibfk, hosto`tks o`vistogchkris (Cacyc, <::?=\obky, <::5 y Hi Bkrti, 3??:), ac`oeoistc` qui incpri`hozcdi `k si pkti`bocnozc sònk pkrqui in istu-hoc`ti i`tri i` bk`trcbtk bk` ncs @uivcs Xib`knk-gács hi nc O`ekracboò` (@XO), so`k qui is `ibiscrocsu o`tirbk`ixoò` bk` caloi`tis hi i`sióc`zccpri`hozcdi o``kvchkris qui prkauivc` in o`tirïsy nc aktovcboò` pirac`i`ti i` in istuhoc`ti, ecb-tkris o`hospi`sclnis i` nc cprkpocboò` y bk`strub-boò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk. Istks crguai`tks sibkrrklkrc` hishi in si`tor hi _k`os C`tk`ok Zïriz,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi@iro, ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c, buc`hk ceorac4„Uir ncs bncsis ixpnobchcs c trcvïs hi u` bkaputc-
hkr hk`hi puihk vir vohiks i oaãgi`is hi nks ti-
acs qui istcaks trctc`hk isk ai aktovc c siguor
pkrqui ai prigu`tk quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.
I` isti si`tohk, i` in cók <::<, Bclirk Cnai`crc,fozk rieiri`boc c ncs lk`hchis hi ncs XOB cn sir cpno-bchcs i` nc i`sióc`zc, y c`ktò i`tri ktrcs, ncs so-guoi`tis pksolonohchis4 bricr i`tkr`ks auntoaihochi bkau`obcboò`, utonozcr i`tkr`ks hi bkau`obcboò`so`brò`obks y cso`brò`obks y pkhir, hi istc ekrac,supircr ncs noaotcbok`is ispcbok-tiapkrcnis qui ncbkau`obcboò` prisi`bocn o`trkhubi, hisnkbcnozcr nco`ekracboò` hi nks bk`tixtks birbc`ks, ecbonotcr qui
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<2
nks cnua`ks si bk`voirtc` i` bk`strubtkris hi o`ekracboò`, bk`struor i`tkr`ks `kno`icnis so`k fopirtixtucnis hi o`ekracboò`, hk`hi in istuhoc`ti i` eu`boò` hi suso`tirisis bk`struyc su ribkrrohk, prkpobocr nc o`tircbtovohch i`tri nks usucroks hinsostiac, cbtucnozcr hi ekrac o`aihoctc nc o`ekracboò` k ecvkribir nc bricboò` hii`tkr`ks bknclkrctovks pcrc in cpri`hozcdi, o`hovohucnozcr nc i`sióc`zc, pkti`bocr incpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhc nc vohc, ekai`tcr nc o`tircbtovohch i o`tirbk`ixoò` hi nkspcrtobopc`tis i` nc keirtc ihubctovc, chcptcr nks aihoks, ncs `ibisohchis y ncs bc-rcbtirástobcs hi nks suditks. Xkhk nk bucn cyuhc c o`tircbbok`cr y bkau`obcrsi bk` sui`tkr`k, c nks suditks bk` `ibisohchis ihubctovcs ispibocnis y cn rotak acrbchkpkr innks aosaks. Chiaãs, piraoti nc bkalo`cboò` hi hoeiri`tis actirocnis (oapri-sks, cuhotovks, vosucnis y cuhokvosucnis), pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c i`sióc`zc auntoaihoc.
Oapcbtk i` in cbbisk c nc O`ekracboò` aihoc`ti nc prãbtobc hk-
bi`ti
Hchc nc o`hosbutolni oapkrtc`boc hi ncs XOB bkak u`c pkhirksc firrcaoi`tc quiecbonotc nc o`ekracboò` y nc bkau`obcboò`, su cpnobcboò` y bkapri`soò` ixogi` tc`tkhi pcrti hin istuhoc`ti bkak hin prkeiskr, u` `ovin hi bkapi`itrcboò`, hosbopno`c ybkaprkaosk qui pksolonoti u`c acykr o`tircbtovohch i o`hipi`hi`boc bk` hobfcstïb`obcs, tcn is in bcsk hi nks bkaputchkris, nc auntoaihoc, in vohik, nc tinivosoò`, inbkrrik inibtrò`obk, nc tinibk`eiri`bocs y ncs rihis.
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<<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` gi`ircn, nks prkeiskris y horibtovksac`oeoistc` qui in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk prkauivi ncpcrtobopcboò` bk` in usk hi hohãbtobcsaãs cbtovcs i` li`ieobok hi nc bkau-`ohch isbkncr y hi sus prkpocs bk`ho-bok`is hi trclcdk. Kpo`c` qui hobfcstïb`obcs aidkrc` nc cprkpocboò` hi bk-`kboaoi`tk y ekai`tc in si`tohk hipirti`i`boc y pirac`i`boc i` in sos-tiac isbkncr. \iotirc` nks nkgrks kl-sirvchks i` actiroc hi bkapri`soò`,iseuirzk pirsk`cn, sctosecbboò` y cni-grác hi nks istuhoc`tis eri`ti c susprkpoks hisbulroaoi`tks.
I` isti bk`tixtk, si rivosti hi oapkr-tc`boc nk ixprischk pkr Cnerihk CpknkLurgks Uïniz, hkbi`ti hi nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk4„Ai oaprisok`ò y ai nni`ï hi gkzk, cn
vir u`c cnua`c qui nnkrò hi cnigrác cn
ac`opuncr in bkaputchkr, si si`tác`
oapkti`tis eri`ti cn iquopk, pirk i`
bchc bncsi euirk` chquoroi`hk bk`kbo-
aoi`tks y sigurohch‑.
Ktrc hoai`soò` bncvi i` isti tòpobk,is buc`hk in prkeiskrchk y nks horibto-vks hkbi`tis ac`oeoistc` qui in usk hi
ncs XOB ecbonotc nc ixpnobcboò` y prkeu`hozcboò` hi nks tiacs trctchks i` nksprkbisks hi i`sióc`zc, pisi c ncs o`ivotclnis hoeobuntchis qui i` kbcsok-`is, si prisi`tc` i` ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs pcrc in cbbisk y `kracneu`bok`caoi`tk hin Rostiac, pro`bopcnai`ti i` actiroc hi i`irgác inïbtro-bc, hktcboò` i o`ercistrubturc nkbctovc.
Isc vosoò` is bk`virgi`ti bk` ncs klsirvcbok`is hi nc hkbi`ti Nonoc ZctrobocIsbcók Roirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïb`obc hi nc Lkquonnc, quoi`
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<9
ac`oeistò4 „Is aãs eãbon ixpnobcr cngu`ks prkbisks hi ac`irc vosucn, utonozc`hk nks
ribursks hospuistks qui ncs ac`ks, in tclnirk k u`c soapni nãao`c (…)= „Istcs
aihocbok`is sá fc` o`enuohk i` nks istuhoc`tis yc qui fc cuai`tchk su pirac`i`-
boc y bk`to`uohch i` ncs cuncs isbkncris‑.
Zkrrcs, Nòpiz y Fuirtcs (<:3:), riscntc` qui in usk hi ncs XOB susbotc trc`sekrac-bok`is oapkrtc`tis i` nks hkbi`tis y i` sus istuhoc`tis, prkakvoi`hk nc cutk`k-aác i` in prkbiscaoi`tk hi nc o`ekracboò`, y pkti`boc`hk ncs fclonohchis hipi`scaoi`tk.
„Is aãs eãbon ixpnobcr cngu`ks prkbisks
hi ac`irc vosucn, utonozc`hk nks ribur-
sks hospuistks qui ncs ac`ks, in tclnirk
k u`c soapni nãao`c (…)= „Istcs aihoc-
bok`is sá fc` o`enuohk i` nks istuhoc`tis
yc qui fc cuai`tchk su pirac`i`boc ybk`to`uohch i` ncs cuncs isbkncris‑.
Nonoc Zctroboc Isbcók Roirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcXïb`obc hi nc Lkquonnc.
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<<5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Hishi nc òptobc hi nc pihcgkgác bkapnidc, si skstoi`i qui nks `uivks akhinks hii`sióc`zc fc` hi borbu`sbrolorsi i` bk`tixtks enixolnis, i` hk`hi si ctoi`hc` ncsvirhchircs `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hi nks istuhoc`tis, qui si ti`gc i` bui`tc`sus ricnohchis skbocnis y qui cpu`ti` fcboc in hiscrrknnk fuac`k i` bk`tixtk, ai-hoc`ti nc crtobuncboò` hi scliris auntohosbopno`cris bk` brotiroks hi hovirsohch y ris-pitk pkr nc hoeiri`boc. I` isti si`tohk, in trcyibtk aitkhknògobk vcrác sigô` ncsborbu`stc`bocs qui in bk`tixtk prisi`ti, y i` bk`sibui`boc, nc pnc`oeobcboò` si bk`-voirti i` u` idi o`tigrchkr hi nc cbboò` y nc trc`sekracboò` fuac`c (Lrkwir, <::?).
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<7
Oapcbtk i` in cpri`hozcdi sotuchk
Ri i`boi`hi pkr cpri`hozcdi sotuchk, u` bk`du`tk hi hovirsks prkbisks bkg`otovksi` in bucn nks bk`kboaoi`tks sk` pcrti y erutk hin hoãnkgk, hi ncs cbtovohchis y prãb-tobcs skbocnis hk`hi si ricnozc`. I` bk`sibui`boc, u` prkbisk hi cpri`hozcdi kroi`-tchk lcdk istc bk`bipboò`, is cquin qui bk`suntc ncs `ibisohchis, pkti`bocnohchis,brii`bocs, csporcbok`is, suióks y hoeobuntchis i` nks bucnis vovi` nks ihubc`hks,bk` in eo` hi ecbonotcr in hiscrrknnk hi bkapiti`bocs horogohcs c sclir bk`kbir, sclir
Cunc O`tircbtovc Xrc`sekraiaks i` nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc hi Xir`irc i` Bcrtcgi`c.
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<<6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
fcbir, sclir istcr y pcrtobopcr i` nc sknuboò` hi nksprklniacs hi su i`tkr`k, bk` in cbkapcócaoi`tkhi tkhks nks cgi`tis y ncs pirsk`cs qui nks rkhic`.
Rklri isti bk`biptk, ixosti` aubfks kalris y hi-eo`obok`is qui cô` si hosbuti` y hiscrrknnc`. Lcquirk(<::<), pkr idiapnk, hobi qui i` nc pirspibtovc hinc bkg`oboò` sotuchc, in cpri`hozcdi si i`toi`hi bkaknks bcaloks i` ncs ekracs hi bkapri`soò` y pcrtobo-pcboò` hi nks suditks i` u`c cbtovohch bk`du`tc.Hili bkapri`hirsi bkak u` prkbisk auntohoai`-sok`cn hi cprkpocboò` bunturcn, yc qui si trctc hiu`c ixpiroi`boc qui o`vknubrc in pi`scaoi`tk, ncceibtovohch y nc cbboò`.
Csá ncs bkscs, ncs aihocbok`is tib`knògobcs i` in Ros-tiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, sorvi` ksònk hi firrcaoi`tcs hi cneclitozcboò` hogotcn, i`ti`-hohc bkak in ac`idk kpirctovk hi nks bkaputchkris,so`k qui tcaloï` si utonozc` pcrc pkti`bocr nc lôs-quihc, nc ixpiroai`tcboò`, nc bkau`obcboò` y nc ch-quosoboò` hi `uivks bk`kboaoi`tks, ecbonotc`hk ncbkapri`soò` hi bk`ti`ohks c trcvïs hi nks vohiks yaòhunks oaprisks qui si suao`ostrc` bkak cpkyk yiniai`tks bkapniai`tcroks hin prkbisk hi cpri`ho-zcdi, nks bucnis ribkgi` nks cspibtks rinivc`tis ycnusovks hi nc bunturc nkbcn hin rispibtovk i`tkr`k is-bkncr, borbu`stc`boc qui bk`troluyi c cuai`tcr suo`tirïs y aktovcboò`, bkak si bk`stctò c`tirokrai`-ti. Ixprisok`is tcnis bkak4 „In bkaputchkr, in tini-
voskr y nc auntoaihoc ai fc` piraotohk capnocr ao
bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc, puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr bk-
scs qui yk pi`sclc qui irc hoeábon hi i`bk`trcr fcs-
tc bkscs pcrc aá aosac bkak ribitcs hi bkbo`c. Nc
virhch, grcbocs c innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks si fc`
cgrc`hchk bchc hác aãs‑, hi nc istuhoc`ti Bncuhoc
Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi
@iro.
„In bkaputchkr,in tinivoskr y nc
auntoaihoc ai fc`
piraotohk capnocr ao
bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc,
puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr
bkscs qui yk pi`sclc
qui irc hoeábon hi
i`bk`trcr fcstc bkscs
pcrc aá aosac bkak
ribitcs hi bkbo`c.
Nc virhch, grcbocs c
innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks
si fc` cgrc`hchk
bchc hác aãs‑.
Bncuhoc Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<?
I` su krhi`, nc hkbi`ti Nonoc Zctroboc IsbcókRoirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïb`obc hinc Lkquonnc ceoraò qui4 „Klsirvcr cngu`ks
prkbisks hi su bktohoc`ohch nis cyuhc c i`-
ti`hir qui pcsc i` su buirpk k i` su bkbo`c
k pkr quï `k, i` su ibksostiac (Boï`cgc hi
nc Uorgi`), puhoirk` i` aubfks bcsks i`ti`-
hir bòak buohcr y prktigir isti vcnoksk buir-
pk hi cguc y cngu`cs cbbok`is qui puihi`
bk`troluor c su aidkrcaoi`tk‑.
Oapcbtk bkak in ac`oeistchk i` nks c`tirok-ris rinctks, si puihi ixpnobcr tcaloï` hishinc tikrác hi nc Tk`c hi Hiscrrknnk Zròxoakhi Uygktsmy, yc botchc y qui si hieo`i bkak„nc hostc`boc i`tri in `ovin hi hiscrrknnk hi-
tirao`chk pkr nc bcpcbohch pcrc risknvir o`-
hipi`hoi`tiai`ti u` prklniac, y in `ovin hi
hiscrrknnk pkti`bocn, hitirao`chk c trcvïs hi
nc risknuboò` hi u` prklniac lcdk nc guác hi
u` chuntk k i` bknclkrcboò` bk` ktrk bkapc-
óirk aãs bcpcz‑. Ncs „firrcaoi`tcs‑ istã`kroi`tchcs ixtir`cai`ti y su eu`boò` iskroi`tcr nc cbtovohch hin suditk fcboc nks kl-
ditks, lusbc hkao`cr nc `cturcnizc= nks „sáa-lknks‑ istã` kroi`tchks o`tir`cai`ti y sk`u` aihok hi nc cbtovohch o`tir`c qui cpu`tccn hkao`ok hi u`k aosak.
I` su crguai`tcboò` sklri in pcpin y nksbk`hobok`c`tis qui idirbi nc bunturc sklri incpri`hozcdi y i` pcrtobuncr, in hiscrrknnk hinc tib`knkgác, nc bkrroi`ti vygktsmyc`c sks-toi`i qui nc bunturc bric u` `ôairk bchc vizaãs inivchk hi pkhirksks cuxonocris ixtir-`ks (o`struai`tks, cpcrctks, tib`knkgács),qui pristc` cpkyk c nks prkbisks psobknògo-bks. Csá puis, cn cbbihir c nc ni`guc isbrotc,
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<2: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
in o`hovohuk si cprkpoc ncs tïb`obcs psobknògobcs qui ni keribi su bunturc, y qui, cpcrtor hi isi akai`tk, si vuinvi` „tïb`obcs o`tirokris‑. Hi isti akhk, u` o`stru-ai`tk bunturcn si crrcogc i` in o`hovohuk y si bk`voirti i` u` o`struai`tk o`hovohucnprovchk (Ovob, 3??8).
Istc vosoò` piraoti csoaoncr nks crguai`tks hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`tihi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz Xrudonnk, buc`hk ac`oeoistc4 „I` ao vohc
bktohoc`c in tinivoskr, in bkaputchkr y nc auntoaihoc, ai fc cyuhchk c chquoror aãs
bk`kboaoi`tks sklri in ac`idk y utonozcboò` yc qui istks bkapk`i`tis sk` in cvc`-
bi hi nc tib`knkgác, buc`hk ai hodirk` qui `ks olc` c i`siócr bncsis bk` bkaputc-
boò` ai cnigrï, pkrqui pkr proairc viz olc c ti`ir bk`kboaoi`tks sklri nks
bkaputchkris y sclir ac`idcrnks‑.
Ro` ialcrgk, nks oapcbtks i` ai`boò`, tcaloï` i`bcdc` i` nc bk`bipboò` hi cpri`-hozcdi sog`oeobctovk hi Cusulin, sigô` in bucn ïsti si nkgrc buc`hk in istuhoc`tipuihi rincbok`cr nks `uivks bk`kboaoi`tks bk` su ixpiroi`boc o`hovohucn `k hi akhkcrlotrcrok y sustc`bocn. Nk aosak, buc`hk isti cutkr si rieoiri c nks topks hi cpri`-hozcdi sog`oeobctovk4 pkr ripitoboò`, pkr ribipboò`, pkr hisbulroaoi`tk guochk y pkrhisbulroaoi`tk cutò`kak, qui `k sk` ixbnuyi`tis `o hobktòaobks.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <23
Hishi istc ná`ic, si ixpnobc` ncs ceoracbok`is hi nc \ibtkrc Acrác Ihonsc Fkyks hiRongchk, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Ac`uinc Uirgcrc hi Buro4 „Bkak horibtovk hk-
bi`ti pirbolk nc tib`knkgác c nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks bkak u`c firrc-
aoi`tc voclni pcrc in briboaoi`tk o`tinibtucn y skbocn i` nks istuhoc`tis= hilohk c
qui si `ibisotc pcrc bk`trcrristcr nks ãalotks bunturcnis, skbocnis y hi bk`kboaoi`-
tk i` `uistrcs vohcs y qui aãs chinc`ti pkhcaks hisi`vknvir`ks i` bk`tixtks
hitirao`chks, bk` bkfiri`boc y pirto`i`boc‑.
Akrá` (<::3), i`ectozc i` nc oapkrtc`boc hi rienixok`cr cbirbc hi ncs bkapiti`bocsqui si fc` hi pkti`bocr i` in istuhoc`ti hin sognk VVO, riscntc`hk qui si riquoiri„sclir vovor i` u` au`hk gnklcnozchk, o`tirrincbok`chk y bcaloc`ti‑ . Zkr nk tc`tk, cnhkbi`ti rispk`sclni hin burrábunk, ni csosti nc tcric hi o`bkrpkrcr tkhcs ncs firrc-aoi`tcs bkg`otovcs i` su hospksoboò` pcrc hiscrrknncr istc bkapiti`boc. Ro` ialcr-gk, is ivohi`ti nc prisi`boc hi ecbtkris qui noaotc` in usk hi ncs tib`knkgács,ispibocnai`ti ncs cskbochcs bk` nc vknu`tch y in hisik hi cpri`hir hin tutkr, tkhcviz, qui prieoiri` bk`to`ucr hiscrrknnc`hk ncs aitkhknkgács trchobok`cnis pkr intiakr c nk hisbk`kbohk.
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<2< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Oapcbtk i` nc bkau`obcboò` pcrc bkapcrtor nk cpri`hohk
Hchc nc bk``ktcboò` y bkapnidohch qui i` nc cbtucnohch toi`i in bk`biptk hi bkau-`obcboò`, bkak ei`òai`k hirovchk hi nc rivknuboò` tib`knògobc y hishi in ãalotkhi nc eonkskeác hin bk`kboaoi`tk qui nk bk`voirti` i` tiac bi`trcn hi hosbusoò` i`hk`hi cenkrc` hosto`tcs bkrroi`tis hi pi`scaoi`tk, pcrc ieibtks hi isti c`ãnosos, sicsuai qui nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi sk` lãsobcai`ti cbtks bkau-`obctovks i` nks bucnis nks istuhoc`tis kroi`tchks pkr nks hkbi`tis, ricnozc` hovir-sks prkbisks bkg`otovks bk` nc o`ekracboò` qui riboli` k hili` lusbcr y nksbk`kboaoi`tks privocai`ti chquorohks.
Bk` nc hktcboò` y chibucboò` hi nc o`ercistrubturc tib`knògobc qui si fcbi i` ncso`stotubok`is ihubctovcs hk`hi si oapcrti` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdihin ROXI, bkak si c`ktò cn pro`bopok hi isti o`ekrai y qui bk`sosti i` u` cunco`tircbtovc qui bk`toi`i u` bkaputchkr pkrtãton bk` sketwcri ihubctovk, auntoaihocpcrc ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics o`tigrchcs y u` tinivoskr hi pc`tcnnc pnc`c hi 2< pungchcs,hi cntc risknuboò`, iquopchk bk` u` sketwcri ihubctovk bk` auntoaihoc, vohiks,hobbok`croks, i`bobnkpihocs y i`ncbis pcrc cbbihir c O`tir`it, priti`hiaks clror nksispcboks pcrc qui istuhoc`tis y prkeiskris cbbihc` c nc o`ekracboò` hospk`olni i`bucnquoir akai`tk y hishi bucnquoir nugcr qui nk piraotc`, bk` in eo` hi qui ncutonobi` k fcgc` bk` innc nk qui aidkr nis bk`vi`gc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <22
Ro loi` i` nks rinctks bk`sknohchks, `k si i`bui`trc` oapcbtks rinivc`tis i` istisi`tohk, fibfk ixpnobclni y i`ti`holni hi`trk hin acrbk hi aktovcbok`is y `ibiso-hchis qui bcrcbtirozc` istc pklncboò` i` nc cbtucn ecsi hi cneclitozcboò` i o`bnusoò`i` nc bunturc hogotcn, cn ai`ks quihc cloirtc u`c vi`tc`c pcrc su o`bursoò` i` inãalotk hi nc bunturc vortucn hi nc gnklcnozcboò`, bkak u` aihok y u`c kpkrtu`ohchpcrc bkapcrtor `k sònk nc bkau`obcboò` i`tri in istuhoc`ti y in prkeiskr so`k tca-loï`, bk` bkapcóirks y bknigcs hin ristk hin au`hk, pcrc qui `k sic` sònk klditkshi bk`tcbtk bk` istcs tib`knkgács y ribiptkris hi o`ekracboò`, so`k qui si bk`voir-tc` i` suditks cbtkris bk` bcpcbohch brátobc pcrc su usk y trc`sekracboò`, cbkrhibk` su prkpoc vosoò` i o`tirisis.
Hi istc ac`irc y hi cbuirhk bk` Eriori (3?75), si hcrã bui`tc qui `k istã sknki` in au`hk. Cn capnocr su bcpcbohch hi bcptcboò` y hcr rispuistcs c nks o`tirrk-gc`tis y hisceáks qui ni surgi`, in fkalri trc`sboi`hi. Zkr nk tc`tk, sus o`tirisisy prikbupcbok`is si prknk`gc` c ktrcs iseircs, `k sònk c nc soapni iseirc votcn4„in fkalri o`tigrchk i` su bk`tixtk is u` fkalri qui ixosti pkrqui istã i` rinc-
boò` hocnògobc bk` nks ktrks fkalris. I`tk`bis, bcptc ncs csporcbok`is, nks vcnkris,
nks hisiks, ncs vosok`is hin au`hk, hi su au`hk, hi su ïpkbc fostòrobc‑ (Eriori,3?75, p. 28).
In cpri`hozcdi
is u` prkbisk hi
bkau`obcboò`
y in bk`kboaoi`tk
si bk`struyi
aihoc`ti in hoãnkgk,
i` u`c ctaòseirc
pcrtobopctovc
y buistok`chkrc.
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<28 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <29
Gk`zãniz 3??9 (botchk pkr Krtoz, <::3),histcbc qui in cpri`hozcdi is u` prkbiskhi bkau`obcboò` y qui in bk`kboaoi`tk sibk`struyi aihoc`ti in hoãnkgk, i` u`c ct-aòseirc pcrtobopctovc y buistok`chkrc. Ncpksolonohch hin hoãnkgk piraoti qui nks is-tuhoc`tis si bk`bi`tri` i` in prkbisk hibk`kboaoi`tk, so` o`folobok`is hi cngu`c á`-hkni. Isti aosak cutkr (3??5), csivirc quinc bkau`obcboò` is sustc`bocn, k bkak o`s-trubboò`, kroi`tcboò` k trc`saosoò`, so`kbkak bkau`obcboò` hocnògobc ricn, i` nc bucnsi brii u` ispcbok bkaô` i` hk`hi ncs pcr-tis o`tirvo`oi`tis bkapcrtc` `ibisohchis,rienixok`is, aktovcbok`is y irrkris.
Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc o`bnusoò` skbocn,qui `k is ogucn c nc o`bnusoò` hogotcn, ncstib`knkgács hi nc o`ekracboò` duigc` o`hu-hclniai`ti u` pcpin o`bkapcrclni soia-pri y buc`hk ixostc u`c pknátobc skbocno`tigrcn i` nc bucn nc pknátobc ihubctovc sicin idi sklri in bucn si crtobuni` ncs hiaãspknátobcs sibtkrocnis ibk`òaobcs y skbocnis,qui pkti`boi ncs bcpcbohchis fuac`cs, gc-rc`tozc`hk nc sctosecbboò` hi ncs `ibisohc-his lãsobcs, o`bnuohcs ncs `ibisohchis hitib`knkgács c nc pklncboò` ixbnuohc.
Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc hi nc ekracboò`o`tigrcn y hi nc tikrác hin pi`scaoi`tkbkapnidk hi Akrá`, si puihi hibor qui ncsXOB lro`hc` ncs bk`hobok`is ecvkrclnispcrc in hiscrrknnk hi u` pi`scaoi`tk brá-tobk lcschk i` nc vosoò` o`tigrcn hi nks ei-`òai`ks y i` nc bkapri`soò` hi su u`ohchi` nc pnurcnohch (Bknn, 3?68 y Isbrolc`k,<::8).
„In fkalri o`tigrchk i` su
bk`tixtk is u` fkalri qui
ixosti pkrqui istã i` rincboò`
hocnògobc bk` nks ktrks fkalris.
I`tk`bis, bcptc ncs
csporcbok`is, nks vcnkris,
nks hisiks, ncs vosok`is
hin au`hk, hi su au`hk,
hi su ïpkbc fostòrobc‑.
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<25 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Oapcbtk i` nc csog`cboò` hi si`tohk qui fcbi` hi su o`bnusoò` y
hin usk hi ncs tib`knkgács
Xi`oi`hk i` bui`tc qui in hosiók burrobuncr hin ROXI pcrtoò hi u`c ná`ic hi lcsi quipiraotoò ohi`toeobcr ncs `ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi, in sostiac bkg`otovk, hi fclono-hchis y vcnkris hi istc pklncboò` isbkncr, acrbk i` hk`hi si hiscrrknnc in Zrkgrc-ac hi Cneclitozcboò` i` rieiri`boc, si puihi hibor i` tïrao`ks gi`ircnis, qui insi`tohk qui istc pklncboò` ni hc cn usk hi ncs tib`knkgács y c su o`bnusoò` i` istcbunturc, virsc sklri in au`hk ricn hi su o`tirïs prãbtobk, riprisi`tchk i` nks prk-lniacs y hoeobuntchis qui ni oapohi` sir ribk`kbohc bkak pirsk`cs, pisi c sirribk`kbohc bkak tcnis i` hiribfks.
Zkr nk c`tirokr, in si`tohk qui acykrai`ti ni hc` cn usk hi ncs XOB, istã cskbochkbk` nks hisiks hi cpri`hir, hi pkhir bk`siguor u` trclcdk, nks o`grisks y in loi`is-tcr hi nc ecaonoc. Nks hisiks hi bk`to`ucr, pirac`ibir y bunao`cr sus istuhoks y sirprkeisok`cnis i` u`c bcrrirc tïb`obc k supirokr, sk` u`c bk`stc`ti i` nc acykrác hisus rinctks, tcn y bkak nk ixprisc @ïstkr Zïriz Zchonnc, istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò`Ihubctovc Ac`uinc Uirgcrc hi Buro4‑Zoi`sk qui istcs firrcaoi`tcs ai fc` pirao-
tohk aidkrcr aos bk`hobok`is hi vohc yc qui poi`sk cfkrrcr pcrc bkaprcrai u`
bkaputchkr pcrc aá y aos fodks pcrc qui si hisi`vuinvc` i` sus vohcs‑.
‑Zoi`sk qui istcs
firrcaoi`tcs ai fc`
piraotohk aidkrcr aos
bk`hobok`is hi vohc ycqui poi`sk cfkrrcr pcrc
bkaprcrai u` bkaputc-
hkr pcrc aá y aos fodks
pcrc qui si hisi`vuinvc`
i` sus vohcs‑.
@ïstkr Zïriz Zchonnc, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Ac`uinc Uirgcrchi Buro.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <27
Csá nk bk`eorac hi nc istuhoc`ti Bncuhoc Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcRc` Einopi @iro, buc`hk kpo`c4 „In bkaputchkr, in tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc ai fc`
piraotohk capnocr ao bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc, puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr bkscs qui yk
pi`sclc qui irc hoeábon hi i`bk`trcr fcstc bkscs pcrc aá aosac bkak ribitcs hi
bkbo`c. Nc virhch grcbocs c innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks si fc` cgrc`hchk bchc hác aãs‑.
Zkr su pcrti, nc hkbi`ti Nonoc Zctroboc Isbcók, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïb`obc hi ncLkquonnc, skstoi`i qui „Klsirvcr cngu`ks prkbisks hi su bktohoc`ohch nis cyuhc c i`-
ti`hir qui pcsc i` su buirpk k i` su bkbo c ò pkr quï `k, i` su ibksostiac (Boï`cgc
hi nc Uorgi`), puhoirk` i` aubfks bcsks i`ti`hir bòak buohcr y prktigir isti vcnoksk
buirpk hi cguc y cngu`cs cbbok`is qui puihi` bk`troluor c su aidkrcaoi`tk‑.
Y`c viz aãs, pirk hi akhk hoeiri`ti, i`bk`trcaks i` Uygktsmy, in ei`òai`khin o`tirpsoquosak. Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc psobknògobk, in o`hovohuk toi`i su
prknk`gcboò` pkr u` nchk, i` in ktrk y, pkr ktrk nchk, i` sus klrcs y i` su bunturc,qui bk`stotuyi` sigô` Acrx, su „buirpk `k krgã`obk‑. Istc ixprisoò` is auy
dustc4 nc bunturc ekrac pcrti o`tigrc`ti hin o`hovohuk y, `k klstc`ti, is ixtirokr cïn. Bk`sohirchk hi istc ac`irc, in hiscrrknnk hin fkalri `k si rihubi ô`obc-ai`ti c nks bcaloks qui cbk`tibi` i` in o`tirokr hin o`hovohuk, so`k qui siac`oeoistc bkak u` hiscrrknnk cnkakrek qui pkhrác chkptcr hks ekracs hosto`-tcs4 prkhubboò` hi cuxonocrisixtirokris i` buc`tk tcnis ybricboò` hi o`struai`tks ix-
tirokris qui puihi` utonozcr-si pcrc prkhubor bcalokso`tirokris (psobknògobks). Hiistc ac`irc, cpcrti hi nkso`struai`tks qui in fkalrifc brichk i` in trc`sbursk hitkhc su fostkroc y qui sorvi`pcrc hkao`cr nks klditovks (ncricnohch ixtirokr), ixosti tkhcu`c siroi hi o`struai`tksqui kroi`tchks fcboc in fka-lri aosak, si puihi` utonozcrpcrc bk`trkncr, hkao`cr y hi-scrrknncr ncs bcpcbohchis hino`hovohuk (Ovob, 3??8).
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<26 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
i cbuirhk bk` nks klditovks hi istc o`vistogcboò` yin c`ãnosos nks risuntchks ixpuistks, si puihi istc-lnibir ncs soguoi`tis bk`bnusok`is4
In prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi hin ROXI i` Bcrtcgi`c,si oapcrti i` u` acrbk ricn hi o`tirïs prãbtobk, bkapuistk hiiakbok`is, suióks, csporcbok`is, prklniacs y hoeobuntchis quifc` piraotohk hiscrrknncr u` bk`du`tk hi bkapiti`bocs y prk-
H
Cpribocbok`is eo`cnis5.8
Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk, Ao`ostrc hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn,Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz, Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c y \khknek Crhonc Buistc,
Horibtkr hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksi` nc hibncrctkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c bkak proairc bouhch
bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <2?
bisks qui si ixprisc` y bk`stctc` pkr aihok hi boirtks bcaloks i` ncs ekracs hibkau`obcrsi bk` nks caogks, nc ecaonoc y nc bkau`ohch. Hi ogucn ac`irc, i` nc vcnk-rcboò` y in si`tohk qui nis hc` c ncs aihocbok`is tib`knògobcs bkak firrcaoi`tcieobcz hi cpri`hozcdi.
Nks bcaloks hi cbtotuh eri`ti c nks klstãbunks y hoeobuntchis qui nis fc` oapihohk sirribk`kbohks bkak pirsk`cs bk` hiribfks y pkti`bocnohchis i` nc skboihch qui nksixbnuyi, nks bucnis si fc` pkhohk hiakstrcr i` sus hisiks hi supircboò`, nc pirsivi-rc`boc hi bk`to ucr y pirac`ibir i` in sostiac ihubctovk.
I` bk`sibui`boc, c ac`irc hi bk`bnusoò` si puihi hibor, qui in cpri`hozcdi `kpuihi noaotcrsi c u` pirákhk hi nc vohc hi ncs pirsk`cs `o c u` ispcbok gikgrãeobkhitirao`chk, y bklrc vogi`boc nc `ibisohch hi oapcrtor u`c ihubcboò` o`tigrcn pcrctkhc nc vohc i` nc bucn si hiscrrknni` `k sònk fclonohchis y histrizcs pcrc in hisia-piók hi u` keobok i` pcrtobuncr i` eu`boò` hin airbchk hin trclcdk, so`k tcaloï`pirsk`cs cptcs pcrc vovor i` skboihch, bk` si`tohk brátobk y bcpcbohch hi hosbir`or,hocnkgcr y bkaprkaitohcs bk` nk qui hobi` y fcbi` i` tkhcs ncs ac`oeistcbok`is hisu bunturc. Hi istc ac`irc, bkapri`hirã` nks hisceáks y buistok`caoi`tks qui nisoapk`i nc cbtucn irc hi nc o`ekracboò` y in bk`kboaoi`tk, y sclrã`tcaloï`, bk`virtornk i` kpkrtu`ohchis hi o`bnusoò` y trc`sekrac-boò`.
Zkr nk c`tirokr, si riquoiri u`c pknátobc ihubctovc `cbok`cnqui rikroi`ti y rivcnkrobi in pcpin hin acistrk i` istksprkbisks, `k sònk bkak rispk`sclni horibtk hi nks aos-aks so`k bkak cgi`tis prkaktkris hi bcalok, nk bucnoapnobc u`c akhoeobcboò` i` ncs ekracs y pcrãaitrksi` nc sinibboò`, bk`trctcboò`, ekracboò` y eu`boò`csog`chc c hobfks prkeisok`cnis, hk`hi prihkao-`i` brotiroks hi vkbcboò`, sknohcrohch, trclcdk i`iquopk y u`c vosoò` o`tigrcn pkr i`boac o`bnusk,hi brotiroks tïb`obks y itcai`ti cbchïaobks.Zuis hi nk qui si trctc is hi acistrks quisi o`vknubri` y pcrtobopi` i` isti prkbisk,i` bcnohch hi cbkapcóc`tis y ecbonotc-hkris y `k prkpocai`ti hi ixpirtks i`u` sclir ispibáeobk.
Xro`ohch Lnc`bk pcrtobopò bk` suribitc sc`bkbfk hi gcnno`c broknnc,
pcrc in nolrk „Bkbo`c BroknncBcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑.
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<8: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Lolnokgrceác
CYRYLIN, H. (3?62). Xikrác hin cpri`hozcdi sog`oeobctovk hi Hcvoh Cusulin . I`4 fttp4//www.ak`kgrceocs.bka/trclcdks5/cpso/cpso.sftan (<7 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
CAC_C E\C@M_, G. (<::?). Zkti`bocnohchis pihcgògobcs hi nks i`tkr`ks hi soauncboò`,
hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc bkg`oboò` sotuchc . I`4 \ivostc XIC, <9, pp. 5<-73.
LCSYI\K, \. (<::<). Hin ixpiroai`tk isbkncr c nc ixpiroi`boc ihubctovc . Nc „trc`sao-
soò`‑ ihubctovc hishi u`c pirspibtovc psobknògobc sotucbok`cn . I`4 Zireonis ihubctovks, Ukn.<2(?7-?6), pp. 97-79.
L\KWI\ LINX\CAO@, D. (<::?). Eu`hcai`tks ipostiaknògobks pcrc in islkzk hi u`c
pihcgkgác bkapnidc. I`4 Zknos. \ivostc hi nc Y`ovirsohch Lknovcroc`c, 6(<2), pp. 97-65,Aihinná`.
BCLI\K, D. (<::<). Nc cpnobcboò` hi ncs XOB. »Is`klosak k `ibisohch ihubctovc;
I`4 fttp4//tib`knkgocihu.us.is/lolnokvor/phe/rih3.phe (3ºsiptoialri hi <:33).
BC\\ONNK GYNNK, A.C. (<:33). Nc Xib`knkgác is oaprisok`c`ti. O`bnusoò` hi ncs bkau`o-
hchis vun`irclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis . O`ekrai hi istuhoks Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks .Lkgktã.
BCRXINN, \. (3??7). Nc aitcakreksos hi nc buistoò` skbocn. Y`c brò`obc hin scncrochk .Lui`ks Coris4 Zcohòs.
RIB\IXC\ÁC HI IHYBCBOÒ@ HI BC\XCGI@C (<::6). Istchástobcs . I`4 fttp4//www.sihbcrtcgi`c.gkv.bk/o hix.pfp;kptok`1bka[bk ti`t&voiw1crtobni&oh1883&Otiaoh1?5(2:hi cgkstk hi <:33).
CNBCNHÁC HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?). Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c . Zknátobc hi o`bnusoò` prkhub-tovc pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc y vun`irclonohch. Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs HostrotkXurástobk y Bunturcn4 Cutkris.
HIZC\XCAI@XK CHAO@ORX\CXOUK @CBOK@CN HI IRXCHÁRXOBCR- HC@I (<::6). Grc`
I`buistc O`tigrchc hi Fkgcris (GIOF). I`4 fttp4//www.hc`i.gkv.bk(<? hi cgkstk hi <:33).
BKAOROÒ@ IBK@ÒAOBC ZC\C CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C _ IN BC\OLI (<::6). Zc`krcac sk-bocn hi Caïrobc Ncto`c. I`4 fttp4//www.bipcn.krg/hhs/`ktobocs/pcgo`cs/</83:3</tob-o`bnusok`-skbocn-Cairobc-Ncto`c-Bcroli-Acrto`-Fkpi`fcy`.p (<: hi cgkstk hi <:33).
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <83
Lolnokgrceác
BKNN Rcnvchkr, B. (3?68). Istrubturc grupcn, o`tircbboò` i`tri cnua`ks y cpri`-
hozcdi isbkncr . HOCN@IX. I`4 fttp4//hocn`it.u`orokdc.is/sirvnit/crtobunk;bkhogk155688?(3º hi siptoialri hi <:33).
HI BK\XI, I. (3??:). Cpri`hir i` nc isbuinc bk` ncs `uivcs tib`knkgács4 Zirs-
pibtovcs hishi nc psobknkgác hin cpri`hozcdi y hi nc o`strubboò` . I`4 \ivostc
Bkau`obcboò`, Ni`gucdi y Ihubcboò`, Ukn. 5, pp. ?2-33<.
IRB\OLC@K GK@TÃNIT, C. (<::8). Cpri`hir c i`siócr4 eu`hcai`tks hi
hohãbtobcgi`ircn . < ih. Achroh4 Nc Ac`bfc.
E\IO\I, Z. (3?75). Nc ihubcboò` bkak prãbtobc hi nc nolirtch . Achroh4 Rognk VVO.
EO@SYINOIUOBF, R. (<::<). XOB y rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y
in Bcroli. \ibupirchk in <6 hi cgkstk hi <:33, hin sotok WIL hi Cncalri.Bkau`obcboò`, o`ekracboò` y bunturc4 fttp4//oacgo`cr.krg/o`hix[crbfovks/
tinitrcl/rihubbok`.phe(<6 hicgkstk hi <:33).
GC\BÁC BC@BNO@O, @. (3??9). Bk`suaohkris y bouhchc`ks . Aïxobk4 Grodcnlk.
GONRXI\, Z. (3??7). Hogotcn Notircby . I`4 fttp4//www.`bsu.ihu/airohoc`/dun??/hkw`nkchs/hognot.phe(<7 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
GK@TÃNIT, E. (3??9). Bkau`obcboò`, pirsk`cnohch y hiscrrknnk . I`4 K\XOT XK-\\IR, Iaonok. Zsobknkgác K`no`i.In i`ekqui bkg`otovk hin cpri`hozcdi y nc o`ekr-
aãtobc ihubctovc i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr . Nc Fclc`c.
[[[[[[[[. (3??5). Y` c`ãnosos psobknògobk hi nks vcnkris4 su nugcr i oapkrtc`boc i` in au`hk sulditovk. I` nc ekracboò` hi vcnkris i` ncs `uivcs gi`ircbok`is .I`4 K\XOT XK\\IR, Iaonok. In i`ekqui bkg`otovk hin cpri`hozcdi y nc o`ekraãto-
bc ihubctovc i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Nc Fclc`c.
GYC\Á@ BKLKR, C. (<::2). Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs4 Csi`tcaoi`tks o`ekracnis i` nc
hïbchc hi nks ?: . I`4 \ivostc Lotãbkrc Yrlc`k Xirrotkrocn, Ukn. 3 (7), pp. 3:3-3:?.
GYXOI\\IT AC\XÁ@, C. (<::2). Cneclitozcboò` hogotcn. Cngk aãs qui rctk`is y
tibncs . Achroh4 Gihosc.
OUOB, O. (3??8). Niv Riaok`kvobf Uogktsmy . I`4 fttp4//www.oli.u`isbk.krg/pulnobctok`s/Xfo`mirsZhe/vygktsmys.ZHE(<? hi cgkstk hi <:33).
AC\XÁ@ LC\LI\K, D. (<::?). Buc`hk nc tib`knkgác hidc hi sir u`c cyuhc
hohãbtobc pcrc bk`virtorsi i` aihocboò` bunturcn. I`4 \ivostc Inibtrò`obc Xikrác
hi nc Ihubcboò`. Ihubcboò` y bunturc i` nc skboihch hi nc o`ekracboò`, Ukn. 3:,pp.3-6.
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<8< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Lolnokgrceác
ACXY\C@C, F. (<::3). Iakbok`is y ni`gucdi i` ihubcboò` y pknátobc . 3: ih.Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.
AK\Á@, Ï. (<::3). Nks soiti scliris `ibiscroks pcrc nc ihubcboò` hin euturk .Lkgktã4 Acgostirok.
ZÏ\IT, G., y RCNCTC\ AIDÁC, O. (<::7). Nc pklrizc i` Bcrtcgi`c 4 Y` c`ãnosospkr lcrroks. Hkbuai`tks hi trclcdk sklri ibk`kaác rigok`cn, Ukn. ?8, pp. <-53.Lkgktã4Lc`bk hi nc \ipôlnobc.
ZK\\CR FI\@Ã@HIT, N.F., NÒZIT FI\@Ã@HIT, A., y FYI\XC ÃNUC\IT,A. (<:3:). O`tigrcboò` hi XOB cn burrábunk hi tinisibu`hcroc. O`bohoi`hk i` prk-
bisks hin pi`scaoi`tk hishi in i`ekqui bkau`obctovk eu`bok`cn hi nc ni`guc .I`4 \ivostc Aixobc`c hi O`vistogcboò` Ihubctovc, 39 (89). I`4 fttp4//rihcnyb.uciaix.ax/phe/38:/38:3<9:7::6.phe (23 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
\C_C HÁIT, I. (<::8). Ixbnusoò` skbocn y bouhchc`ác4 Bncrksburks hi u` bk`bip- tk . I`4 \ivostc hi Boi`bocs Rkbocnis Cpkstc, ?, pp. 3-36.
\OBK_ NK\I@TK, A.B. (<::5). Ncs tib`knkgács hi nc o`ekracboò` y bkau`obc-
boò` i` nc ihubcboò`4 Zkti`bocnohchis y bk`hobok`c`tis qui prisi`tc` . I`4 C`ucrok
O@O@BK. O`vistogcbok`is hi nc bkau`obcboò`, <, p. 36.
\KH\ÁGYIT BCL\I\K, G. (3??2). Xrc`sekracbok`is skbokibk`òaobcs y pkná-
tobc skbocn4 Nc sigu`hc riistrubturcboò` hin Istchk hi Loi`istcr . I`4 \ivostc
Hkbuai`tcboò` Rkbocn, ?2, pp. 9<-7<.
HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI RC@XC B\YT HI NC ROI\\C (<::2). Nc o`bnusoò` skbocn,
aktkr hin hiscrrknnk hi nc bkau`ohch olirkcairobc`c . VOOO Bualri Olirkcairo-bc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k, 38 y 39 hi `kvoialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI RC@XOCGK (<::7). Bkfisoò` skbocn y pknátobcs skbocnis
pcrc cnbc`zcr skboihchis aãs o`bnusovcs i` Olirkcaïrobc. VUOO Bualri Olirk-cairobc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k 6 y 3: hi `kvoialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI AC\ HIN ZNCXC (<:3:). Ihubcboò` pcrc nc O`bnusoò` sk-
bocn . VV Bualri Olirkcairobc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k 2 y 8 hihoboialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
X\CUOIRK, D.N., y Znc`innc, D. (<::6). Nc cneclitozcboò` hogotcn bkak ecbtkr hi
o`bnusoò` skbocn4 Y`c aorchc brátobc . I`4 fttp4//www.ukb.ihu/ukbpcpirs/5/ht/isp/trcvoisk[pnc`innc.ph (<9 hi cgkstk hi <:33).
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <82
Cpri`hir `ks fcbi vosolnis
Bcpátu nk 7
\khknek Crhonc Buistc
Horibtkr Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks
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<88 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Y `k hi nks bkapk`i`tis aãs bkapnidk y `ibiscrok hin Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, is nc vosolonozcboò`hi istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tis, nkgrcr qui isks aonis hi dòvi-`is y chuntks vun`irclnis scngc` hi ncs erács istchástobcs yhi nks guitks i` hk`hi sk` acrgo`chks pkr nc pklrizc y ncskboihch, c tkacrsi bk` sus scliris, sclkris, sk`roscs ysi`toaoi`tks, ncs pro`bopcnis pnczcs y nugcris ialniaãtobkshi sus bouhchis. Is bk`siguor qui cn cpri`hir, puihc` ri-bupircr nks ispcboks pôlnobks y su vosolonohch, y i` ispibocn,qui nkgri` si`torsi pcrti hi u`c skboihch i` hk`hi nc ogucn-hch pcsc pkr nc pcnclrc isbrotc, y qui i`toi`hc` qui sònkbk` su votcnohch, innks puihi` oapihor qui si bk`voirtc i`nitrc auirtc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <89
@k lcstc i`siócrnis qui buc`hk ixostác nc sigrigcboò` y incpcrtfioh i` Istchks Y`ohks y i` Ruhãerobc, c nks `igrks sinis piraotác istuhocr pirk `k sir vosolnis= istclc` bk`hi`c-hks c pirac`ibir ixbnuohks hi nc skboihch lnc`bc y pkr his-grcboc, tuvoirk` qui ribupircr isti ispcbok bk` vokni`boc. Kisti ktrk idiapnk4 nc Bkrk`c ispcóknc prieoroò bk`bihirni nco`hipi`hi`boc c Zcni`qui bk` u` Hibritk \icn i` 3732, bk`nc bk`hoboò` hi qui sus aoialrks istuvoirc` nidks y pirhohksi` nc o`ai`sohch hi nks Ak`tis hi Acrác.
Zkr istc rczò`, i` Xrc`sekraiaks fclncaks hi vosolonozcboò`y i` in sognk VVO, isti prkbisk toi`i qui pcscr klnogctkroc-ai`ti pkr nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò`, nc O`tir`it y nc tkac
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<85 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks
i` nc Acrbfc hi ncCerkbknkaloc`ohch
i` Bcrtcgi`c. Acyk <3hi <:3:.
eásobc hi nks nugcris, pcrc nuigk bk`virtor istc cprkpocboò` i`si`toaoi`tks hi pirti`i`boc, cutkistoac y cbbok`is qui bk`-voirtc` istcs bkau`ohchis acrgo`chcs i` cbtkris cbtovks hinhiscrrknnk hi sus rispibtovcs bouhchis.
Nc ihubcboò` pirto`i`ti pcrc ncs pklncbok`is vun`irclnis, `kpuihi rihuborsi c nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi hi bk`kboaoi`-tks. Xcaloï` hili kbupcrsi hi cspibtks bkapnidks bkak ncrisog`oeobcboò` hi ohi`tohchis skbokbunturcnis, pcrc cpkrtcr csá,c nc bk`strubboò` hi u` au`hk aidkr y hi acykris pksolonohc-his hi o`bnusoò` skbocn pcrc nks istuhoc`tis. Cn rispibtk, pnc`-tic Lru`ir (3??7)4 „`k sònk hi pc` vovi in fkalri= `o hi acti-
aãtobcs, boi`bocs y hi ncs `uivcs tib`knkgács hi nc o`ekracboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <87
Nc tcric bi`trcn bk`sosti i` bricr
u` au`hk qui ktkrgui si`tohk c
`uistrcs vohcs, `uistrks cbtks,
`uistrcs rincbok`is‑ 3.
Bk` lcsi i` nk c`tirokr y bkakpcrti hi tkhk su prkbisk ihubcto-vk, buc`hk ieibtucaks nc o`visto-gcboò` o`obocn qui `ks piraotibk`kbir c `uistrks istuhoc`tis,sus sáalknks, su bunturc y sog`o-eobcbok`is, tcaloï` istcaks his-bulroi`hk nks vcnkris qui `ks pir-aotorã` fcbirnks vosolnis bkak u`c
bkau`ohch qui ni cpkrtc cn ristkhi nc skboihch, csá sic` pklris io`vosolnis pcrc aubfks.
3. L\Y@I\, D . (3??7). Nc ihubcboò`,
puirtc hi nc bunturc. Achroh4 Uoskr.
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<86 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` in bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, hchc suroquizc bunturcn, su trchoboò` `igrcy isc acgoc Bcroli, nks idiapnksclu`hc`. Ro` ialcrgk, fcy hks bc-sks qui pkr nc hoai`soò` qui fc`tkachk, si fc` vuintk ialniaã-tobks4 Dustk Ucnhïs y in nolrk hi Bk-
bo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã
Uihhã .
I` calks idiapnks, pkhiaks virnc oapkrtc`boc y urgi`boc hi rka-pir bk` nc o`vosolonohch hi istks cb-tkris skbocnis y sus cbbok`is i` nksbk`tixtks hk`hi vovi`= clrornis is-pcboks pcrc akstrcr nks cpkrtis quic hocrok fcbi` c nc skboihch, hishisus iseuirzks y sus tcni`tks pirsk-`cnis k bknibtovks= inoao`crnis ncpirbipboò` hi qui kbupc` u` nugcrsibu`hcrok i` nc skboihch, y bk`-troluor pcrc qui si ekrdi` `uivcsohi`tohchis cn o`bnuor istcs trc`sekr-acbok`is i` sus prãbtobcs skbocnis,puis, bkak siócnc Bcstinn (3?66)4„nc suprisoò` tktcn k pcrbocn hi ini-
ai`tks ohi`totcroks rinivc`tis pro-
vc cn suditk hi u`c pcrti sustc`bocn
hi su sir lokgrãeobk y, i` tc`tk kao-
ti su pcschk, cntirc su prisi`ti y
bk`hobok`c su euturk‑ <.
Dustk Ucnhïs
Dustk Ucnhïs is hi pkr sá, u`c o`sto-tuboò` `k sònk pkr sus grc`his vcnk-ris y scliris bkak fkalri y aôsobk,
so`k pkr su euirti ohi`tohch bknibto-vc bkak pcni`quirk. C isti fkalrihi 5: cóks, ni volrc in sir buc`hk bk`u`c sk`rosc erc`bc, hidc isbcpcr bk`krgunnk qui ïn is pcni`quirk y in bka-pksotkr hin foa`k hi Zcni`qui.
<. BCRXINNR, A. (3?66). Nc irc hi nc o`ekr- acboò`. Ibk`kaác, skboihch y bunturc. In
pkhir hi nc ohi`tohch . Ukn. <. Achroh4Cnoc`zc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <8?
C`c Xunoc Gòaiz, Dustk Ucnhïs y Lniys \kssk.
Buc`hk Dustk Ucnhïs nnigò c Xrc`sekraiaks pcrc risog`oeobcr aubfks hi `uistrksbk`biptks tiòrobks y cyuhcr`ks c ac`ti`ir in bcao`k, irc u`k aãs hi nks vi`hihk-ris hi gcecs hi ncs pncycs hi Lkbcgrc`hi. Zirk nk qui `k sclác` nks aonis hi turos-tcs qui nk viác` pcscr k nks aãs qui nk bk`sohirclc` o`vosolni, is qui i` isi akai`tk,isti pcni`quirk yc irc u`k hi nks pchris hi nc bfcapitc, in rotak qui fc i`nkqui-bohk in Bcroli y fibfk volrcr c aonnk`is hi iurkpiks= qui yc fclác fibfk hks gorcspkr in C`toguk bk`to`i`ti, bkapuistk aãs hi <:: bc`bok`is y gc`chk in Eistovcn hiAôsobc hin Bcroli.
Zcrc i`ti`hir u` pkbk aãs nc hoai`soò` hi isti acistrk y su prkbisk bk` nc ihu-bcboò`, nks o`votk c niir cn pirokhostc bcrtcgi`irk Gustcvk Xctos qui isbroloò nc so-guoi`ti brò`obc i` In Y`ovirscn, in 32 hi du`ok hi <:3:4
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<9: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
„Istky tc` einoz bkak `oók
istri`c`hk cneclitk‑
32 hi du`ok hi <:3:
Dustk Ucnhïs
Hishi fcbi pkbk sï niir y is-brolor y is bkak so istuvoirc his-bulroi`hk u` au`hk qui k istclcauy birbc hi aos kdks i` bo`bui`-tc y kbfk cóks hi vohc. Xkhk kbu-rroò bkak nc aôsobc. Bkak u`c
skrprisc. Aubfcs vibis si ai kbu-rri` ncs bc`bok`is buc`hk vky i`nks lusis. Zirk c`tis, buc`hk `ksclác niir o isbrolor, ti`ác qui grc-lcrnc i` nc ai`ti y hobtcrnc cn pro-airk qui ai nc bkpocrc. Cfkrc ykaosak nc isbrolk buc`hk si ai kbu-rri u`c bc`boò`. Ni vky c bk`tcrbòak kburroò tkhk.
vi`hk gcecs. Isc is nc proairc fos-
tkroc, caogk pirokhostc. Zirk vc-ycaks c nc aôsobc.Xkhks ai hobi` Dinidini . Is ao
`kalri crtástobk. Ao `kalri isDustk Ucnhïs Bãssiris. @cbá i` inlcrrok Xrk`bk`ã hi Zcni`qui, i`3?93. Iapibï i` nc aôsobc c nks32 cóks, hi nc ac`k hi ao ták DksïUcnhïs Roac`bcs, „Roac`bk`gk‑,qui horogác in Rixtitk Xclcnã ytkbclc nc acráalunc. Eui ïn quoi`ai i`sióò c bc`tcr y c tkbcr ncacráalunc. Zirk ao pcpã, Bibonok
Ucnhïs Roac`bcs, „Ctckni‑, tcaloï`bc`tclc y bkapk`ác. Ru bc`boò`„Ctckni‑ pigò i` in ktrk nchk hinau`hk buc`hk nc bc`tò Zcuno`kUcnhïs „Lctctc‑. Zirk ïn `k cnbc`-zò c vir in ncrgc hurcboò`, pkrquiauroò i` 3?6:. I` virhch, yk bc`-tclc nc aôsobc qui kác i` ao pui-lnk. @u`bc oacgo`ï bk`kbir y sircaogk hin aôsobk cerobc`k LkpknAc`socao`c, quoi` fc istchk i`Bcrtcgi`c y Zcni`qui.
Nc `kbfi hin 2: hi cgkstk hi3?7? istãlcaks i` Rc` Erc`bosbkbk` vcroks caogks qui euirk` ncsiaonnc hin grupk Rk` Zcni`qui.@ks pcscaks nc kbfi y nc achru-gchc bc`tc`hk i oaprkvosc`hkbc`bok`is. I`roqui Xidihkr bkgoòu`c nctobc y iapizò c sk`crnc cnrotak hi nk qui si `ks kburrác.
Y`c `kbfi, hispuïs hi nc
bi`c, si ai prisi`tcrk` c ao bcscncs prkeiskrcs y firac`cs Cnixc`-hrc y Einopc Rcngchk y ai hodirk`qui nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksistclc o`votc`hk c quoi`is `k sc-lác` niir y isbrolor pcrc qui cpri`-hoirc` grctos i` in bknigok C`cAcrác Uïniz. Nis hodi qui yk qui-rác cpri`hir, pirk `k sclác bòakiapizcr. Inncs aosacs ai nnivc-rk` y ai i`siócrk` in cók <::? cniir y isbrolor, i` u` bursk hocrokhi 7 c ? hi nc `kbfi. I` isti ak-
ai`tk istky fcboi`hk in 5 Grchky ispirk tirao`cr ao lcbfonnirctkpcrc pkhirai si`tcr eri`ti c u`bkaputchkr. @k fi i`trchk tkhc-vác c isi au`hk, `k sï nk qui sk`nks bkrriks inibtrò`obks `o aubfkai`ks isk hi pkhir fclncr bk`cnguoi` hishi u`c pc`tcnnc hi u`bkaputchkr, pirk nnigcrï c cpri`-hirnk csá bkak puhi i`ti`hir inclibihcrok. @k fc sohk eãbon pcrcaá qui sklrivová i` nks ôntoaks
trio`tc y u` cóks vi`hoi`hk gcecsi` ncs pncycs hi Bcrtcgi`c. _ cfk-rc ai nnuivi nc li`hoboò` hi quincs aosacs prkeiskrcs qui ai i`-siócrk` c niir, ai lro`hcrk` nckpkrtu`ohch hi fcbir in foa`k hinc eu`hcboò` y nc hi sir o`strubtkrhi hc`zc y aôsobc i` Xrc`sekr-aiaks. Hishi i`tk`bis, yc `k
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <93
Nuboc`k Xkrris sk`clc ncs pcnacsy fcbác nks bkrks. Istãlcaks tc`c`oachks bk` tkhk nk qui `ks fc-lác pcschk i` nc `kbfi y i` ncachrugchc, qui hibohoaks qui isk
`k quihcrc cnná y si `ks kburroòqui pkhácaks iapizcr cngk quisi nncacrc Rk` Zcni`qui. Y` hácsi istclc prisi`tc`hk Ronvok Lrotki` nc pnczknitc hi Xinibka y aini cbirquï cn c`oachkr Crac`hkNòpiz Lui`hác, pcrc hiborni quiai hoirc nc kpkrtu`ohch hi bc`tcrcngk nc pnczc. Ïn ai aorò ixtrc-óchk y ai prigu`tò4 »Hi virhchiris bc`tc`ti; Hïdiai qui ni bc`-ti cngk. \ibuirhk qui bc`tï „Hcai
u` trcgk‑, y buc`hk tirao`ï si aicbirbò Crginok Zïriz, qui irc ri-prisi`tc`ti hi nc BLR, fky Rk`yAusob y ai prigu`tò so fclác grc-lchk cngk. Eui in bkaoi`zk hi ncbcrrirc ausobcn. I` sus o`oboks, ao grc` caogk y aôsobk Uovoc`kXkrris, irc o`tigrc`ti hi Rk` Zc-ni`qui. Irc bkrostc y lconcrá`. Isu`k hi nks grc`his hi nc bfcapitcbroknnc. _ i` isi akvoaoi`tk is-tã` grc`his crtostcs y pirsk`cscaogcs bkak Nkuos Xkwirs „In
\cstc‑, Ainbfkr Zïriz, Inok Lkka,in cpkyk hi pirsk`cs bkak InBfcgucnk, hin pobò In \iy hi \k-bfc, _caork Acrá` „In Encbk‑,Lczurtk Rkbocn Bnul, y nc ac`k qui`ks fc ti`hohk nc Eu`hcboò`Xrc`sekraiaks _k tcaloï` fibkapuistk cngu`cs bfcapitcsbkak „_k sky in riy‑, „\isbãtcaiso puihis‑, „Nc bcac‑, „Auïviti‑,„Minny Dkcfc`c‑, „Nc pknnirc‑, itb.Grclcaks i` 3?6: bc`bok`is
bkak „Zcnk hi acaò`‑, bc`tchcpkr ao pcpã, „Cnkátk pák‑, u`c bc`-boò` aác qui quoiri hibor4 Crrk-yotk. Zkr cquinnks hács foboaks ncnitrc y aôsobc hi Li`mks Lokdò, infoa`k hi Zcni`qui. Aubfc gi`ti`k scli qui is hi Rk` Zcni`qui,pirk nk vcaks c grclcr uivcai`-ti. Hispuïs vo`k in Eistovcn O`tir-
`cbok`cn hi Aôsobc hin Bcroli i`in qui ks prisi`tcaks hks vibis.Zctroboc Crbfolknh ks o`votò his-puïs cn Eistovcn hi nc Nu`c UirhiRc` C`hrïs. Grclcaks sios ncrgcs
hurcboò` y tris aãs bk` in Bfc-gucnk, in \iy hin Zobò hin \iy hi\kbfc. Y`c hi ncs bc`bok`is quifiaks o`bnuohk i` `uistrk trclc- dk is „C ponã in crrkz‑, qui is u`bc`tk eô`ilri, hi trchoboò` pcni`-quirc, qui si bc`tc in ôntoak háchin vinkrok y nks qui ncai`tc` cneo`chk gknpic` bk` u` pcnk bkakso istuvoirc` ponc`hk, bkak so is-tuvoirc` i` u`c ac`k hi ponò`. I`in `uivk trclcdk ausobcn qui ti-
`iaks fcy lunniri`guis, nua-lcnôis, bfcnupcs, bc`tks lc`tôis ypcni`quirks. Istã` ncs bc`bok`is„Rcalcunï‑, u`tiac aák qui sui-`c i` O`gnctirrc=„Bcnclk`gò‑, hiZã`eohk Ucnhïs=„_kao`o`hk‑, hiI`roqui Xidihkr=„In Actoualã‑,bc`boò` aác=„Gucbfoalk`gò‑,
hi Nik`crhk Fi-rrirc „Zcyotk‑=„Bfoaluali‑ ,i`tri ktrcs.
Rk` Zcni`-qui istã vovoi`hku` uivk akai`-tk. Fc ohk c Zcrás,c Rc`tocgk hi Bfo-ni, c Ruozc, y istksakai`tks fcyu`c pksolonohch hi
`uivcs grclcbok-`is bk` Nubcs Ron-vc y c trcvïs hinbcrtcgi`irk \c-ecin \caks quiistã ricnozc`hk u`trclcdk bkak gis-tkr y iapriscrokausobcn. I` bcsc
istã` einobis pkrqui cpri`há c niiry isbrolor, pkrqui euo o`votchk pkrin horibtkr hi bo`i Bork Guirrc ccpcribir bkak in prkeiskr hi aô-sobc qui ni ibfc bkak so euirc u`
caunitk, nc sc`gri hi ncs ncgcrto- dcs c nks aôsobks i` nc pinábunc„Nks vocdis hin voi`tk‑. Xkhk ia-pizò c bcalocr. Cfkrc sònk vovkhi nc aôsobc y hi aos fkrcs bkako`strubtkr ausobcn. Cngu`ks hiaos fodks bkak Dksï \iy Ucnhïs,Dustk Ucnhïs Dr, Croin Ucnhïs, Dkf`Dcork Ucnhïs y nc aãs piquióc quitoi`i bo`bk cóks, Noz Uc`isscUcnhïs, sogui` in bcao`k hi ncaôsobc. Istc is nc fostkroc qui is-
tky vovoi`hk. Isbrolk y nik ao aô-sobc. Bkak u` `oók qui istri`ccneclitk.
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<9< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Ispirk qui nuigk hi niir isti ixbini`ti crtábunk, si prigu`ti`4 »Bòak is pksolni quiu` vcnkr ausobcn hin `ovin hi Dustk Ucnhïs, istuvoirc vi`hoi`hk gcecs i` nc pncycpkrqui `k sclác niir `o isbrolor, y qui euirc u` sir o`vosolni pcrc nc kpo`oò` pôlnobc;Zuis csá is. _ so istk ni pcsc c cnguoi` bk` isti tcni`tk, quï pkhiaks hibor hi isksaonnk`is hi siris c`ò`oaks y pklris qui fc` hisirtchk hin Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn.
Cfkrc, Dustk is prkeiskr hi eknmnkr i` ncs O`stotubok`is Ihubctovcs hi Bcrtcgi`c y
i` Zcni`qui. _c isbroli i` bkaputchkr, toi`i su bkrrik inibtrò`obk, y cbclc hinnigcr hi su ôntoac gorc pkr Iurkpc. Fc sohk pcrti eu`hcai`tcn hi nc vosolonozcboò` hitkhks nks istuhoc`tis hin akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, pkrqui cn bkapk`ir in foa`k hiXrc`sekraiaks, in ô`obk foa`k lconclni sigô` hobi nc Cnbchisc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz,bk` su aôsobc gi`irò u` prkbisk hi ohi`tohch y is in idi ausobcn i` ncs tkacs yprisi`bocs acsovcs qui hi nc bouhch, fcbi` nks istuhoc`tis.
Is i` isti si`tohk, bkak lusbcaks nc vosolonozcboò` hi istcs pirsk`cs, su pcrtobopc-boò` y cpkrtis c nc skboihch hk`hi fclotc`, csá bkak nc hoeusoò` pôlnobc hi sus
klditovks hi vohc bkak pksolnis akhinks pcrc siguor pkr sus bkau`ohchis, pkrquinis piraoti` prkyibtcrsi bk` `uivcs aitcs i` su vohc, prkakvoi`hk bcaloks i`sus prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, tcn bkak hobi Eriori (3??5)4 „`choi `cbi fibfk. @ks vc-
aks fcboi`hk pkbk c pkbk, i` nc prãbtobc skbocn i` qui ekracaks pcrti‑ 2.
2. E\IO\I, Z. (3??5). Zknátobc y ihubcboò`. Aïxobk4 Rognk VVO.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <92
Nc rio`c hin erotk si tkac Zcrás
„C`c Xunoc aodc, ti einobotk hishi qui ti vik i` nks piroòhobks y
nkgrcsti vocdcr c Zcrás, pkr isk yc `k ai hc pi`c hibor qui sky
erotc`guirc, cfkrc ai soi`tk krgunnksc hi aá y ao trclcdk, grc- bocs‑. Bk` istcs pcnclrcs, u`c erotc`guirc qui toi`i su puistkeri`ti c nc O`hoc Bctcno`c i` Bcrtcgi`c, riboloò c C`c Xunoc buc`-hk nc ribk`kboò i` nc bcnni c nks pkbks hács hi nnigcr hi Zcrás.
Bk` isti topk hi ixprisok`is, viaks bòak istcs pirsk`cs csu-ai` fky, bk` vcnkr y bkaprkaosk, in ritk hi bcalocr sus vohcs ybk` innk, bk`troluyi` cn hiscrrknnk skbocn, ibk`òaobk y bunturcnhi `uistrk Zcás. Uosolonozcrnks piraoti risog`oeobcr in rkn qui his-
iapióc` i` `uistrc skboihch, ohi`toeobcr nc o`enui`boc hi cbto-tuhis pksotovcs fcboc istcs bkau`ohchis pkr pcrti hi ktrksaoialrks hi su i`tkr`k. Cyuhc c inoao`cr istiriktopks,ribk`kbir c istcs pirsk`cs bkak siaidc`tis c ksktrks,hog`ks hi rispitk y cpkyk. Zcrc bk`struor isc `uivcohi`tohch, ncs bkau`ohchis vun`irclnis `ibisotc` sirribk`kbohcs pkr nks ktrks aoialrks hi nc skboihchpcrc cti`hir „nc `ibisohch hi u`oò` y rincboò` bk`
nks ktrks y ktrcs i` nc eu`boò` skbokpknátobc hi nc
ohi`tohch skbokbunturcn‑ 8
, bkak siócnc Lru`ir (<::2). „Istc eu`boò` riquoiri hin ribk`kbo-
aoi`tk hi nks ktrks, ivotc`hk nc acrgo`cboò`
skbocn y nks si`toaoi`tks hi sknihch
ceibtovc y iakbok`cn, bkak c`cnozc
Nòpiz (3?69), i`tri nks vá`bunks `i-
biscroks pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c cutkoac-
gi` pksotovc‑ 9.
8. L\Y@I\, D. R. (<::2). Nc eãlrobc hi
fostkrocs. Hiribfk, notircturc, vohc . Aïxobk4Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.
9. NÒZIT, E. y GC\BÁC, B. (n?69). Ekracboò` y
Ivcnucboò` hin Ihubchkr . Eihircboò` Ispcóknchi Rixknkgác (Ih.). I`4 Rixucnohch i` u`
au`hk i` bcalok . Achroh4 Lc`bk Ixtirokr.
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<98 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Xkhk nk c`tirokr, riprisi`tc pcrc nc Eu`hcboò`, in acykr nkgrk hin prkyibtk hin Nolrk
hi Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã , qui `cboò u` hác buc`hk cn ribkrrirncs cuncs hi ncs O`stotubok`is bcrtcgi`ircs y fclnãlcaks bk` nks istuhoc`tis, u`csiókrc ai hodk qui inncs `ks chaorclc` pkrqui `ksktrks sclácaks aubfcs bkscs. _buc`hk ni hodi qui istclc sigurk hi qui innc sclác aãs bkscs qui yk, ai hodk4 „hidc
hi sir ialustirk `oók‑.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <99
Zcrc risbctcr ao briholonohch
eri`ti c isks kdks hi o`brihunohch
eiai`o`c, hilk cbncrcr qui in 7:%
hi quoi`is istuhoc` bk` `uistrk
akhink sk` audiris. I`tk`bis, bk-
ai`bï pkr prigu`tcrnis quï sclác`
inncs qui briyirc` qui yk `k sclác,
y tkhcs ai hodirk` qui bkbo`cr, y i`
siguohc, bkai`zcrk` c rieirorai tk-
hks nks pnctks qui fcbác`4 u`c vi`hác
pisbchk i` nc pncyc, ktrc ti`ác u` piquiók `igkbok hi bkaohcs, y ktrc vi`hác erotks
i` in bi`trk. Xcaloï` hosbutoaks bòak si pripcrc u` crrkz bk` bkbk k si erotc u`c
lui`c pkstc hi soirrc.
Cn vir istc grctc hiakstrcboò` hi bk`kboaoi`tks buno`croks y hi bunturc pkpuncr, nis
prigu`tï, so nis gustcrác fcbir u` nolrk hi bkbo`c y `uivcai`ti, vknvoò nc o`brihuno-
hch y ai aorcrk` hishi nk aãs prkeu`hk hi iscs puponcs lnc`bcs qui riscntc` sklri
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<95 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Bk` nc cyuhc
hin Bfie Fir`c`hk\kdcs Firaksonncsinibbok`caks ncs
ribitcs pcrc in nolrk„Bkbo`c Broknnc
Bcrtcgi`irchi Uihhã Uihhã‑.
sus poinis `igrcs, akri`cs y aunctcs, pcrc vknvir c ixbncacr4 „pirk cfkrc sá si
i`nkquiboò, bòak vcaks c isbrolor u` nolrk so `k scliaks isbrolor‑.
C nk bucn nis rispk`há qui pkhácaks fcbir u` trctk4 „so ustihis cpri`hi` c isbrolor,
nc Eu`hcboò` nis eo`c`boc u` nolrk hi bkbo`c‑ . Isi aosak hác sinncaks in trctk ynuigk, buc`hk nks hkbi`tis trc`sekrachkris y trc`sekrachkrcs nis bk`tcrk` c tk-hks sus istuhoc`tis in trctk qui fclácaks fibfk, riboloaks 5:: ribitcs hi bkbo`cisbrotcs bk` ncs nitrcs aãs linncs hin au`hk, ncs nitrcs hi quoi`is fclác` bk`siguo-hk in hk` hi nc pcnclrc isbrotc.
Bk` in cpkyk hin bfie Fir`c`hk \kdcs Firaksonnc, sinibbok`caks ncs ribitcs tktcn-ai`ti broknncs y ihotcaks in nolrk Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã , qui`k is u` nolrk hi bkbo`c bkak aubfks poi`sc`, so`k u` nolrk hi ribupircboò` buntu-rcn, hi supircboò` pirsk`cn y hi vosolonozcboò` hi u`c bunturc bi`ti`croc qui istclcrieu`hohc i` in knvohk pkr `k sclir niir `o isbrolor.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <97
Nc Cnbcnhischi Bcrtcgi`c,Duhotf Zo`irk
y in Ribritcrok hiIhubcboò`, Dunok
Cnc`hiti prklc`hkncs hinobocs hi nc
bkbo`c bcrtcgi`irc.
Is in ô`obk nolrk hi bkbo`c isbrotk pkr erotc`guircs, cacs hibcsc, aubfcbfcs hin sirvobok, vi`hihkrcs hi pisbchk, cnlcóo-nis, pisbchkris y vi`hihkris hi kstrcs i` nc pncyc, y buycsribitcs istã` isbrotcs c ac`k.
Foboaks u` torcdi hi hks aon idiapncris y tkhks si vi`hoirk`=vcrocs iapriscs i`tri inncs in LLUC, nk bkaprcrk` pcrc rigcnkhi @cvohch y 3.::: si vi`hoirk` i` ncs nolrirács bkak nc Nolri-rác @cbok`cn qui fcboi`hk u`c ispibocn ixbipboò`, bkaprò 7::idiapncris.
Grcbocs c nc hoeusoò` hi nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò`, nc `ktobocnnigò c Zcrás y u` lui` hác, ks nnigò nc o`votcboò` hin Gkurac`hWkrnh Bkkmlkkm Cwcrhs - Zcros Bkkmlkkm Ecor <:33, nc eirochi Nolrks hi Bkbo`c aãs oapkrtc`ti hin Au`hk, pcrc qui uis-trk nolrk euirc in o`votchk hi fk`kr.
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<96 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <9?
Lniys hin Rkbkrrk \kssk y C`c Xunoc Gòaiz i` in stc`h hinks Gkurac`h Wkrnh Bkkmlkkm Cwcrhs - Zcrás Bkkmlkkm
Ecor <:33, nc eiroc hi Nolrks hi Bkbo`c y hi Uo`ks, aãsoapkrtc`ti hin au`hk, i` nc bucn in nolrk „Bkbo`c Broknnc
Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑ eui o`votchk hi fk`kr.
I` riprisi`tcboò` hi sus bkapcói-rks, sinibbok`caks c C`c Xunoc y cLniys hin Rkbkrrk \kssk. Nc proai-
rc pkrqui is bk`kbohc i` tkhc Bcr-tcgi`c bkak nc rio`c hi nks erotks ync virhch, nis hogk qui so ustih `kfc prklchk u`c cripc hi fuivk hiC`c Xunoc, k scli nk qui is nc cripchi fuivk. I` buc`tk c Lniys, is u`caudir bkrhklisc hispnczchc pkr ncvokni`boc, qui buc`hk nnigò c Bcr-tcgi`c i` u` bcapcai`tk hi his-
pnczchks, cpri`hoò c fcbir in„acbfubfk‑.
„_k `u`bc pi`sï qui pkhác vocdcr c
Zcrás y aubfk ai`ks qui ti`hrác nc
kpkrtu`ohch hi i`siócrnis c fcbir
erotks c nks bfies aãs ecaksks hin
au`hk y ai`ks qui ai tkbcrác eor-
acr cutògrceks i` nks nolrks, pirk
nk qui aãs ai nncaò nc cti`boò` is qui tkhks isks grc`his bkbo`irks
ai prigu`tclc` qui bòak si ai-
tác in fuivk y buc`hk nis akstrï qui
proairk si fcbác nc cripc y nuigk
si ni ibfclc in fuivk bruhk y si
vknvác c ibfcr nc cripc cn scrtï`, `k
ai nk pkhác` briir. _ cfá i`ti`há isk
hin o`tirbcalok hi scliris qui tc`-
tk fclnc` nks prkeis hi Xrc`sekrai- aks‑, ceorac C`c Xunoc bk` su pábcrcsk`rosc hi cluinc.
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<5: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Zcrc Lniys, in prkbisk toi`i ktrc òptobc. Ru fostkroc istã ctchc cn hiscrrcogk, y nckpkrtu`ohch hi cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, ni piraotoò rienidcr nc ispirc`zc qui cenkrci` in sir fuac`k i` nks akai`tks aãs hoeábonis4 „Buc`hk istãlcaks i` in bcapc-
ai`tk hi hispnczchks bchc quoi` cpkrtclc nk qui ti`ác, u` pnãtc`k pkr cbã, crrkz
pkr cnnã, u` pkquotk hi bcr`i y csá pk`ác` i` in ekgò` y fcbác` u`c skpc hi crrkz auy robc qui nncaclc` acbfubfk y isc skpc soiapri ai fc ribkrhchk nc sknohcrohch, nc
ei y chiaãs is auy robc, pkr isk buc`hk cpri`há c isbrolor y ai hodirk` hin nolrk hi
bkbo`c eui nk proairk qui si ai kburroò y buc`hk nc Cnbcnhisc nc prklò y ai hodk qui
fclác risbctchk u` pnctk i` vács hi ixto`boò` ai si`tá auy krgunnksc‑.
Bk` istks idiapnks, quiriaks ixpriscr qui vosolonozcr c `uistrks istuhoc`tis isu`c hi `uistrcs prokrohchis. Rònk i` istc ekrac, pkhrã` scnor hi nc acrgo`cnohchi o`bnuorsi i` `uistrc skboihch, puis bkak siócnc` Guotcrt, @chcn y Uonc (<:3:),
„nc ohi`toeobcboò` soalònobc y nc pcrtobopcboò` i` cbtovohchis hi nc bkau`ohch (cb- boò`-trc`sekracboò`) aknhic` in si`tohk hi bkau`ohch y hi pirti`i`boc c nks gru-
pks fuac`ks, tktcnai`ti `ibiscroks pcrc nc supirvovi`boc hi nc ispiboi‑ 5.
5. GYOXC\X, A., @CHCN, D., y UONC, O. (<:3:). Nc bk`strubboò` `crrctovc hi nc Ohi`tohch i` u` bk`tixtk ihubctovk O`tirbunturcn Náaoti. I`4 \ivostc hi Eonkskeác y Zsobknkgác , Ukn. 9 (<3), pp. 77-?8.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <53
In cbirbcaoi`tk cn pkhir y ncs ac`oeistcbok`is acsovcs
Bknkaloc ribk`kbi nc hovirsohch i` su Bk`stotuboò` Zknátobc hi 3??3, `k sònk hitopk bunturcn, so`k hi hoeiri`bocs skbocnis y ibk`òaobcs, bkak bk`sibui`boc hi
sognks hi o`iquohchis i` ncs bkau`ohchis rurcnis, o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`-tis= y cu`qui cn pcribir, `ks fiaks cbkstualrchk c vovor i` aihok hi ncs his-ogucnhchis, nc ô`obc ekrac hi trc`sekracr `uistrc skboihch is prkakvoi`hk nc„rienixovohch skbocn‑, bkak pnc`tic Gohhi`s (<::8), cn rieirorsi c nc `ibisohchhi `uistrc skboihch hi rienixok`cr sklri nks grc`his bcaloks qui si vovi` i` nccbtucnohch7.
Zcrc rienixok`cr sklri istks prkbisks, in Rostiac Xrc`sekraiaks pnc`tic nc pksolo-nohch hi qui isti idirbobok o`tinibtucn si fcgc i` ekrac acsovc aihoc`ti nc kbupc-
boò` eásobc hi ispcboks vihchks pcrc ncs pklncbok`is acrgo`cnis, ispcboks i` hk`hiinnks sic` in bi`trk hi cti`boò`, y puihc` cbirbcrsi cn pkhir, `k pcrc pihorni so`kpcrc sir ribk`kbohks.
7. GOHHI@R, C. (<::8). Rkboknkgác . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.
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<5< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
I` isti si`tohk, hiliaks ribk`kbir qui nc Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c, Duhotf Zo`ihkEnòriz, eui eu`hcai`tcn i` in prkbisk, pkrqui pcrc innc eui auy `cturcn i`bk`trcrsibk` su gi`ti, bk` nks fclotc`tis hi nc ktrc Bcrtcgi`c i` pni`c Bouhch Firkobc, kársu aôsobc, bc`tcr in foa`k hi Zcni`qui y nnkrcr bk` u` si`toaoi`tk hi achri, buc`-hk isbubfò hi sus nkgrks y in si`toaoi`tk bk` in bucn ixprisc` nk qui fc` nkgrchk
pkr aihok hin istuhok.
Buc`hk bk`vkbcaks c nks proairks 9.::: dòvi`is y chuntks qui bunao`crk` su tirbirgrchk i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c pcrc binilrcr su grchk y i`bk`trcrsi bk` nc Cnbcnhiscy in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`, euirk` nnigc`hk i` in trc`spkrti pôlnobk, aonis hi fka-lris y audiris hi tkhcs ncs ihchis pcrc kbupcr pkbk c pkbk tkhc nc pnczc. Nc ektk quirigostrò isi akai`tk, eui sinibbok`chc pkr nc Y@IRBK, pcrc o`bnuornc i` in o`ekrai
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <52
Hi hiribfc c ozquoirhc4
Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk,
Horibtkrc Idibutovc
y Zihcgògobc
hi nc Eu`hcboò`
Xrc`sekraiaks=
Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz,
Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c=
Dunok Cnc`hiti,
Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`
hi Bcrtcgi`c=
y @krac \kaã`,
Horibtkrc hi Bklirturc
hi nc Ribritcrác hi
Ihubcboò`, binilrc`hk
nc grchucboò` hi
bobnk 3 hi 9.:::
dòvi`is y chuntks
i` nc Znczc
hi nc Chuc`c.
Clron << hi <::?.
hi nc sotucboò` hi nc ihubcboò` hi dòvi`is y chuntks i` in Au`hk,tiac qui si hosbutoò i` BK@EO@XIC UO i` Lrcson.
Ro` ialcrgk, nk aãs oapkrtc`ti hi isi akai`tk eui qui au-bfks hi quoi`is kbupcrk` nc pnczc, irc nc proair viz qui si ctri-
vác` c trcspcscr ncs aurcnncs y chi`trcrsi i` in o`tirokr hinBkrrcnotk hi Zoihrc. Rá, csá bkak nk nii`, iscs aurcnncs bk`struo-hcs pcrc hiei`hir in tiskrk ispcókn hi nks porctcs, bk` in trc`s-burror hi nks sognks si bk`vortoò i` in sáalknk hi sipcrcboò` hincs hks Bcrtcgi`cs. Zkr istc rczò`, eui auy soalònobk pcrc uis-trks istuhoc`tis, bkapri`hir qui iscs aurcnncs cfkrc tcaloï`sk` hi innks.
Isi aosak hác, nc Cnbcnhisc si bkaprkaitoò pknátobc y pôlnobc-
ai`ti c bk`to`ucr in prkbisk ihubctovk y nnivcrnk fcstc bunao`crbk` in grchk hi lcbfonnir. Suoi`is istuvoirk` i` nc Znczc hi ncChuc`c isi hác, istã` tirao`c`hk nc aihoc, `kvi`k grchk y sinkgrò bk`virtor c Bcrtcgi`c, i` nc proairc bouhch bknkaloc`cnolri hi c`cneclitosak y qui istks aonis hi fkalris y audirispuihc` bk`to`ucr sus istuhoks.
Isi hác tcaloï`, Dustk bc`tò pkr proairc viz, in foa`k hi Xrc`sekr-aiaks, y in „vovc vovc vovc, vovc Xrc`sekraiaks ‑ si fc vuintk u`cohi`toeobcboò` ausobcn hi tkhks nks qui istcaks i` isti prkbisk.
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„Nc @kbfi Lnc`bcXrc`sekraiaks‑ i` in
Istchok hi LïoslknK`bi hi @kvoialri.Kbtulri <5 hi <:3:.
C pcrtor hi isi akai`tk, `ksfiaks tkachk ncs aurcnncspcrc qui nks proairks i`cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, bk-nkbcrc` sus ai`scdis c nc Bou-hch. Ncs biriak`ocs hi grc-hucboò` si fcbi` i` in istc-hok hi lïoslkn K`bi hi `k-
voialri , i` u` cbtk soalònobkqui istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tishi`kao`c` nc `kbfi lnc`bc,buc`hk tkhks pri`hi` u`cvinc i` siócn hi qui i` innks,si fc pri`hohk nc nuz hin bk-`kboaoi`tk.
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<55 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
<9.::: istuhoc`tis si riu`oirk`i` in istchok hi eôtlkn,
Dcoai Akrò`, pcrc ribolor cnZrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc.
Zcrc nc vosotc hin Zrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc, Ãnvcrk Yroli
Uïniz, eui `ibiscrok riu`or c tkhks nks istuhoc`tis i` inriboï` riakhinchk istchok hi eôtlkn, Dcoai Akrò` , pkr-qui eui in ô`obk nugcr i` hk`hi si puhk riu`or <9.:::pirsk`cs qui quirác` ixpriscr y fcbirsi si`tor yc k bkakacrgo`chks, so`k bkak pcrtábopis hi u` prkbisk bknibtovkhi vosolonozcboò` y ihubcboò`.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <57
Xkhcs istcs tkacs hi nks ispcboks pôlnobks aãs sog`oeobctovks, fc` istchk cbkapc-
óchcs hi u` cbirbcaoi`tk i`tri istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y cutkrohchis nkbcnis, ycqui nc cnbcnhisc Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz y in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` Dunok Cnc`hiti,`k sònk si fc` riu`ohk bk` nks istuhoc`tis, nks fc` isbubfchk i o`tirbcalochkohics i` istks ivi`tks, so`k qui hurc`ti istks tris cóks, fc` ribkrrohk ncs o`stotu-bok`is y fc` hocnkgchk i` ncs prkpocs cuncs bk` hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis.
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<56 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
In pcpin hi nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò`Nc vosolonozcboò` hi istcs bkau`ohchis y sus nkgrks ihubctovks, vcnkris y roquizcs,fcbi` qui nks hiaãs bknkaloc`ks pcrtobopiaks hi ncs prãbtobcs hi su bkau`ohch,nk bucn bkak siócnc \klirts (<::7), `ks o`vknubrc i` nc o`tirpritcboò` hin au`hk y`ks fcbi pcrtábopis hi nc bk`strubboò` hi ricnohch qui innks istã` fcboi`hk6, puis`uistrk hovirsk Zcás, tcaloï` istã bk`ekrachk pkr nks aonnk`is hi dòvi`is y chun-tks qui nubfc` pkr bunao`cr su ihubcboò` o`bk`bnusc k pkr o`griscr i` in sostiacihubctovk, bk` nc ispirc`zc hi aidkrcr sus bk`hobok`is hi vohc. Nks `oóks, nks dòvi-`is, nks fkalris y ncs audiris hi `uistrc skboihch, `ibisotc` vosolonozcr c istcs
pirsk`cs, sclir qui `k sk` u`c ao`krác y qui istã` cpkrtc`hk c nc bk`strubboò` hiu` au`hk aidkr pcrc tkhks.
Is bncrk qui `k pkhiaks nkgrcr u` virhchirk prkbisk bknibtovk y acsovk hivosolonozcboò`, so` in cpkyk hi nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò` qui c nk ncrgk y c`bfk hinZcás i` nc pri`sc isbrotc, nc rchok y nc tinivosoò`, fc` i`ti`hohk nc oapkrtc`boc hiclrornis u` ispcbok c istks fkalris y audiris, pcrc qui si ixprisi` y nis vcnkri`su bunturc y sus scliris.
Y`c auistrc hi isti trclcdk, nc i`bui`trc` i` nc soguoi`ti ribkponcboò` qui o`bnuyicngu`ks hi nks aãs hi 3:: crtábunks y risiócs hi rchok y pri`sc qui nks aihoks hibkau`obcboò` nis fc` hihobchk c istks fkalris y audiris qui si fc` fibfk voso-lnis grcbocs c nc ihubcboò`.
6. \KLI\XR, C.N.H. (<::7). Ncs rincbok`is i`tri nc ohi`tohch y in cpri`hozcdi. I`4 Bunturc y Ihubcboò`.
Nkgrkók4 Eu`hcboò` O`ec`boc y Cpri`hozcdi.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <5?
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<7: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <73
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<7< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <72
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<78 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <79
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<75 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <77
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<76 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <7?
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<6: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <63
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<6< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <62
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<68 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <69
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<65 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <67
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<66 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <6?
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<?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?3
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<?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?2
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<?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?9
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<?5 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
Nc Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz,binilrc`hk bk` nks istuhoc`tis bcrtcgi`irks
nc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c tirrotkroknolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?7
Lolnokgrceác
L\Y@I\, D. (3??7). Nc ihubcboò`, puirtc hi nc bunturc. Achroh4 Uoskr.
[[[[[[[[[. (<::2). Nc eãlrobc hi fostkrocs. Hiribfk, notircturc, vo hc.Aïxobk4 Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.
BCRXINNR, A. (3?66) Nc irc hi nc o`ekracboò`. Ibk`kaác, skboihch y
bunturc. In pkhir hi nc ohi`tohch . Ukn. <. Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.
E\IO\I, Z. (3??5). Zknátobc y ihubcboò`. Aïxobk4 Rognk VVO.
GOHHI@R, C. (<::8). Rkboknkgác . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.
GYOXC\X, A., @CHCN, D., y UONC, O. (<:3:). Nc bk`strubboò` `crrctovc
hi nc Ohi`tohch i` u` bk`tixtk ihubctovk. O`tirbunturcn Náaoti. I`4 \i- vostc hi Eonkskeác y Zsobknkgác. Ukn. 9 (<3), pp. 77-?8.
NÒZIT, E., y GC\BÁC, B. (n?69). Ekracboò` y Ivcnucboò` hin Ihubchkr .Eihircboò` Ispcóknc hi Rixknkgác (Ih.). I`4 Rixucnohch i` u` au`hk
i` bcalok . Achroh4 Lc`bk Ixtirokr.
\KLI\XR, C.N.H. (<::7). Ncs rincbok`is i`tri nc ohi`tohch y in cpri`-
hozcdi. I`4 Bunturc y Ihubcboò`. Nkgrkók4 Eu`hcboò` O`ec`boc y Cpri`-
hozcdi.
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<?6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
ibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`c Xirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak, is so` nugcr c huhcsu` fotk i` nc fostkroc hi `uistrk pcás, puis si trctc hi cvc`zcr i` nc supi-
rcboò` hi ncs lribfcs skbocnis qui cô` fky pchibi nc skboihch bcrtcgi`irc.Is pkr innk, qui isti ribk`kboaoi`tk piraoti o`hobcr qui nks iseuirzks hi nc chao-`ostrcboò` hi nc bouhch, i` bclizc hi su cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz fc` nkgrchko`bohor i` nc supircboò` hi nc pklrizc istrubturcn y bk` innk aidkrcr nks á`hobis hihiscrrknnk fuac`k.
Isti nkgrk bklrc acykr rinivc`boc, pkrqui c piscr hi nks iseuirzks ricnozchks pkrnks hosto`tks gkloir`ks, hi capnocboò` hi bklirturcs y u`ovirscnozcboò` hi nc ihubc-boò`, `k sònk `k fiaks buapnohk ncs aitcs prkpuistcs i` ncs bk`eiri`bocs au`hoc-
nis hi Dkatoi` y Hcmcr hi nkgrcr u`c Ihubcboò` pcrc Xkhks, so`k qui chiaãs inc`cneclitosak i` Caïrobc Ncto`c cnbc`zc nc boerc hi 29 aonnk`is hi pirsk`cs, aoi`-trcs qui i` in au`hk, in tktcn is hi 72: aonnk`is. Zkr nk tc`tk, hibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`cXirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak, `k si bk`stotuyi i` u` soapni cbk`tiboaoi`tk hibcrãbtir nkbcn, so`k qui is u` ai`scdi, `k sònk c `uistrk pcás, hk`hi cô` birbc hin7% hi nc pklncboò` sueri isti encgink, so`k c tkhk in au`hk, hi qui sá is pksolninkgrcrnk, bk` in hibohohk nohirczgk cbchïaobk, o`tinibtucn y pknátobk y nc vknu`tch hinbk`du`tk hi nc skboihch.
Ogucnai`ti, hiliaks ribk`kbir qui isti oapkrtc`ti nkgrk si o`sbroli i` nks is-euirzks qui hishi nc skboihch bovon bknkaloc`c voi`i` fcboï`hksi c trcvïs hi oa-pkrtc`tis akvonozcbok`is= nc proairc, o`obochc i` in Bcroli Bknkaloc`k, buyk pro`bopcn
In Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobk y Rkbocn Rcnuhc
cn @uivk Xirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak
H
Zkr YLCNHK I@\OSYI AITC \OBC\HKZrisohi`ti Zirac`i`ti hin Bk`grisk Olirkcairobc`k y hin Bk`gri-sk @cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch. Horibtkr \igok`cn hi ncKHCII pcrc Bknkaloc, Zirô y Ui`izuinc. Zrisohi`ti hi nc Bkao-soò` @cbok`cn hi Riguoaoi`tk cn Z@HI <::5-<:35 i` Bknkaloc.
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <??
ekrk hi ixprisoò` is in Bk`grisk @cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch qui voi`iricnozã`hksi hishi in cók <::9 y nc sigu`hc, nc pkrti`tksc akvonozcboò` hi birbc hi
8:.::: pirsk`cs qui piraotoò nc bk`strubboò` hin Znc` @cbok`cn Hibi`cn hi ihubc-boò` <::5 ‒ <:35= ncs bucnis si fc` crtobunchk, du`tk bk` ktrks oapkrtc`tis prkbi-sks `cbok`cnis y rigok`cnis, i` nk qui fky hi`kao`caks in Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobky Rkbocn4 „Xkhks pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch, Fcboc u` Grc` Cbuirhk @cbok`cn‑,qui si susbrolorã, hin <8 cn <5 hi kbtulri, i` in O Bk`grisk Olirkcairobc`k y OU@cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch y in OOO I`bui`trk hi Hkbi`tis Olirkcairo-bc`ks, i` Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs, i` in acrbk tcaloï` hin Lobi`ti`crok hi nc O`hipi`-hi`boc hi istc bouhch.
Eo`cnai`ti quoirk einobotcr, c `kalri hin Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobk y Rkbocn4 „Xkhkspkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch, fcboc u` Grc` Cbuirhk @cbok`cn‑ c nc hkbtkrc DuhotfZo`ihk Enòriz, bcroókscai`ti bk`kbohc pkr su puilnk bkak nc acrác aunctc , buyko`hosbutohk nohirczgk skbocn piraotoò nc bk`strubboò` hi u` prkyibtk hi bouhch o`bnu-yi`ti, aãs iquotctovk y lcschk i` nc hog`ohch fuac`c= cpkychc pkr Dunok Cnc`hitiCrrkyk, ribk`kbohk bkak in aidkr sibritcrok hi ihubcboò` hin pcás y bk` inhoribbok`caoi`tk y nc kroi`tcboò` pihcgògobc hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, quigrcbocs c su o`tigrcn i o``kvchkr aïtkhk, eui pksolni i` tc` sknk tris cóks nkgrcr inklditovk hi supircr in c`cneclitosak (qui bk`du`tcai`ti bk` nc hisirboò` si fc`
bk`virtohk i` in „bã`bir‑ hin sostiac ihubctovk). Csá aosak fcbiaks nnigcr `uis-trc bcnurksc einobotcboò` c nks fïrkis hi nc `uivc o`hipi`hi`boc, c nks aonis hi fka-lris y audiris, qui fky fc` rktk ncs bchi`cs hi nc og`krc`boc.
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7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos
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Nks prktcgk`ostcs
Nks prktcgk`ostcs hi istc fczcóc sk` nks aonis hi istuhoc`tis c quoi`is ncai`tc-lniai`ti `k pkhiaks `kalrcr u`k pkr u`k pkr qui sk` tc`tks qui ti`hrácaks quihupnobcr ncs pãgo`cs hin nolrk y nks ribtkris, hkbi`tis y iquopks hi nc Ribritcrác hiIhubcboò` y nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc quoi`is pihoaks tkhkin ribk`kboaoi`tk.
7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos
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2:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
\ibtkris bknigoks hi Bcrtcgi`c
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F@C. \ILIBC \YIHC UINÃRSYIT, O.I AC\ÁC \IO@C
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 2:2
CNLI\XK \I@XI\ÁC ACXXKR, O.I AI\BIHIR CL\IGK
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AOGYIN ZÏ\IT AÃ\SYIT, O.I BOYHCH HI XY@DC
Z. IHGC\ C@XK@OK BCRXINNC@K BCRXINNC@K, O.I BOYHCHINC <:::
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Z\OAOXOUC ZCHONNC LC\\OKR, O.I AC@YINC LINX\Ã@
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AC\NOR ACNHK@CHK \IUKNNK, O.I EI _ CNIG\ÁC ENK\ HIN BCAZK
DYNOK BCAC\GK CAO@, B.I ORNCR HIN \KRC\OKRC\C GC\BÁC LYRXKR, O.I AC\ÁC BC@K
\YXF C\INNC@K UI\GC\C, O.I \IZYLNOBC HIN NÁLC@K
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2:8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
<: hi DunokDYHOXF C@GYNK AI@HOUON
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DKRI FILI\XK BC\UCDCNO@K E\C@BK
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C`c Acrác Uïniz hi XrudonnkO@IR RYRC@C CNBCTC\ UINIT
O@KBI@BOK CNK@RK \KH\OGIT
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Hkbi`tis trc`sekrachkris y trc`sekrachkrcs
Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs <:33
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 2:9
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Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 2:7
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2:6 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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23: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak
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