cartography 2

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    Instruction

    Suppose Geog 1 is your last class for today

    (yehey!). As you feel excited, recall thepath you usually take on your way home.

    Then, create your own map showing this.

    Take note of the landmarks, streets,

    establishments, etc. necessary for locatingyour current address.

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    Historical Development

    The European voyages of discovery can betraced to Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator

    (1394-1460), who set up a school of navigationand financed numerous expeditions with theobjective of circumnavigating Africa in order toestablish a profitable sea route for spices fromIndia. The knowledge of winds, ocean currents,natural harbours, and watering places built up

    by Henrys captain was an essential foundationfor the subsequent voyages of the otherPortuguese explorers (Knox et.al., 2004).

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    Factors that led to the growth of cartography

    Two World Wars

    Invention of Photography Invention of Airplanes

    Rapidly increasing population & urbanization

    Automation & Computer Application

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    Definition

    the art, science & technology of making maps,

    together with their study as scientific documents& works of art

    the body of practical and theoretical knowledge

    about making distinctive visual representations

    ofearths surface

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    Representations of earths surface could be in

    the form of:

    Plans

    Charts

    Sections

    3D models

    Globe, and of course MAPS

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    Definition

    2D graphic representations that use lines and

    symbols to convey information or ideas aboutspatial relationships

    often present enormous amounts of information

    very effectively through visual, numerical &

    conceptual form

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    Definition

    an abstraction of reality used for analyzing,

    storing, & communicating information about thelocations, attributes & interrelationships of

    physical & social phenomena that are distributed

    over the earths surface.

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    Kinds of Maps

    MAPS

    Tangible

    Reference

    Thematic

    MentalQuantitative

    Qualitative

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    Mental Maps

    cognitive maps

    psychological representations of locations thatare made up from peoples individual ideas &

    impressions

    spatial representation that arises in memory

    exhibit distortion, biases & emotions

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    Tangible Maps

    the typical map, aka paper maps

    the maps that we know, make and use

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    Reference Maps

    also known as General Purpose Maps

    display objects & features of a given area(i.e. boundaries, landforms, coastlines, rivers,

    etc.)

    ex: Topographic map, atlas, Political Map, Road

    Map

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    Thematic Maps (Special Purpose Maps)

    also known as Special Purpose Maps

    designed to represent the spatial dimensions of aparticular conditions, processes, or events

    represent a particular theme about an area

    ex: Land Use Map, Climate Map, Soil Map, Pop.

    Density Map

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    Types of Thematic Maps

    Dot Maps

    Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map Choropleth Maps

    Isopleth Maps

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    Types of Thematic Maps

    Dot Maps - uses dots or other symbol to represent aspecified number of occurrences of some particular eventor phenomena.

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    Types of Thematic Maps

    Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map -uses polygonsor other pre-assigned shapes that are in proportion to thefrequency of occurrence of phenomena at a given location.

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    Types of Thematic Maps

    Choropleth Maps - tonal shadings are graduated toreflect area variations in number, frequency or density.

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    Types of Thematic Maps

    Isopleth Maps - uses isolines which connects places ofequal data value to portray spatial information.

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    Other Map Types

    Cadastral Maps

    Plan Flow Line Map

    Aerial Photo

    Charts

    Topographic Map Picture Maps

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    Other Map Types

    Cadastral Maps - geographic relationship among thevarious parcels of land, records property & boundaries.

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    Other Map Types

    Plan-detailed map showing buildings, roadways etc.

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    Other Map Types

    Flow Line Map - uses variation in line width to representvariation in the amount of traffic or movement.

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    Charts - serves purposes of navigators, both

    nautical and aeronautical.

    Topographic Map - elevation map, designed to

    represent the form of the earths surface and to

    show permanent features such as buildings,

    mountains etc.

    Picture Maps

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    Characteristics of Maps

    1. Maps are drawn on a predetermined scale.

    Scale is a defined dimensional relationshipbetween reality & map.

    Scale sets a limit on:

    a. the info that can be included

    b. manner that the info can bedelineated/presented

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    2. Maps are selective.

    Show only features which are important for the

    purpose of the mapRetain as many of the helpful features as can be

    without crowding the map

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    3. Maps emphasize certain of the selected

    features. This is done through:

    large symbols

    heavy lines

    prominent colors (black, red)

    inscriptions/ labels

    pointing arrows

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    4. Maps are generalized. This consists of

    achieving a level of detail appropriate

    for the purpose of a map. A map should beuseful & recognizable representation of the

    real world, yet does not overwhelm the

    viewer w/ excessive details.

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    5. Maps are symbolized

    6. Maps are lettered, titled, labeled.

    7. Maps involve transformations of variouskind.

    ___

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    Essential Parts of a Map

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    Essential Parts of a Map

    Title

    Legend Scale

    North Arrow/Direction

    Grid: Latitude & Longitude

    Source of Information Creator/ Publisher

    Date of Publication

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    Scale - dimensional relationship between

    reality & the map. It links the measurement

    in the map to the actual distance in the

    field.

    Scale = (Map distance) / (ground distance)

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    Scale Classification

    1. Small Scale (1:500,000 or more)

    it covers wide areas such as countries & continents.Shows less detail and gives generalized info on the

    areas covered.

    2. Medium Scale (between 1:50,000 and

    1:500,000)

    3. Large Scale (1:50,000 or less)

    shows restricted area in greater detail

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    Representations of Map Scales

    1. Word Statement: ex: 10 cm to 1 km

    Adv: can relate map distance on arecognizable distance on the ground.

    Disadv: not convenient for measuring

    purposes.

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    2. Representative Fraction (RF)

    Ex: 1:10,000 or 1 / 10,000

    1: 250,000 or 1/ 250,000Adv: Accurate scale statements & is

    easily understood

    Disadv: Needs Conversion

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    3. Graphical Representation

    Adv: convenient for measuring distances.

    It is easy to measure actual distances.When map shrinks or expands, graphic

    scale expands or shrinks accordingly.

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    A way of recording & storing information.

    A means of analyzing locational distributions &

    spatial patterns:

    (a) tool for visualizing spatial relationship; &

    (b) tool for analyzing conditions, processes or

    observations on the earths surface.

    As a method of storing & presenting information:

    maps are only as good as the information youstore & present in it.