Command at Sea �

Command at Sea - Jumpstart

Fourth Edition

An Introduction to the Command at Sea System

Command at Sea�

Introduction ThisJumpstartguideisdesignedtoshowyouhowtoplayCommand at Seainasshortatimeaspossi-ble.Itincludesarulessummary,asamplescenarioandtherulesnecessaryforplayingthebattle.Thechartsandtablesneededtoplaythegamearenotincludedhere,soyoucannotplayagamewithoutthefullrulesset.Youcan,however,readthissummaryandthenplay,usingthefullrulesasareference. Theserulesareextractsfromthefourtheditionrulesbooklet.Mostoftheexplanation,andalloftheillus-trations,sidebars,andoptionalruleshavebeenremoved.Theyarerepeatedinthefullrulesset.Youdonotneedthisbooklettoplaythefullgame. Thisbattleconcentratesonthemovement,visibility,gunnery,torpedo,anddamagerules.Althoughthegamecouldbesimplifiedbyignoringvisibility,itwassuchanimportantpartofWWIIatseathatplayingbattleswithoutitproducesunrealisticresults.

Rules Summary Ifyouarefamiliarwithwargaming,youcanprobablygetmostwhatyouneedfromthisone-pagesum-maryandusetherulesbookletasareference.Wargamersareanimpatientlot. TacticalTurnsarethreeminuteslong,withmovementandfiresimultaneousandplottedinadvance.Athirty-minutenon-combatIntermediateTurnisprovidedforlongmovements. Plottingisfollowedbymovement,thenplannedfire,detection,andreactionfirephases.Reactionfireallowsplayerstofireattargetsdetectedthatturn,withreducedeffectiveness.Thephasesareperformedsimultaneouslybybothplayers. Gunneryattacksagainstsurfacetargetshaveafixedchancetohitwithmodifiersbasedontherangeband:Short,Medium,Long(normal“effective”range),andExtreme.Onerollismadeforeachattack.Thedamagepermountisfixed,andisaffectedbyrange. Armorpenetrationisfixedandisbasedonrange.Shipshaveabeltanddeckrating,whichiscomparedwiththepenetrationabilityoftheshell.Ifitisgreaterthantherating,thentheshellpenetrates.Non-penetrat-inghitshalvetheirdamage. Anti-aircraftfireisabstracted,withtwovalues:AnAreaAAstrengthfor75mmandlargercalibersandaLightAAstrengthfor65mmandsmaller.AreaAAfirecanbeusedanytimeanaircraftiswithinrange,andtodefendotherships.LightAAcanonlybeusedagainstplanesdirectlyattackingthatshiporpassingwithin2,000yards.Forbothtypes,asingledierollismadeforeachfiringship,andtheresultshowshowmanyaircraftareshotdown. Surfaceshipandsubmarinetorpedoattacksaremadebyausingtabletofindthecorrectleadangle,thenfiringthetorpedoesalongthatline,markingthespotoflaunch.Torpedoesmoveattheirratedspeedalongtheircourselineuntiltheyarewithin500yards(optional:flexibledangerzonedependingontherunlength).Playersrollonhittablesbasedontheapparentsizeofthetarget,thelengthofthetorpedorun,andthenum-berofweaponsinthespread. Aerialtorpedoattacksarebasedonthenumberdroppedandmodifiers.Asingledierollthengivesthenumberoftorpedoeshittingthetargetship.Divebombingattacksaremadeinthesameway,withthenumberofbombsdroppedandadierollindexedtofindthenumberthatactuallyhit.Planescanalsostrafeships,butwithlimitedeffectiveness. Air-to-aircombatisabstracted,withalldogfightsoccurringinsideanimaginarycircle.Withinthatcircle,anaircraft’sexactpositionisundefined.PlayerscompareaircraftManeuverRatingstofindoutwhoattacksfirst.Theattackingplayerchoosesanopponent,compareshisManeuverRatingwiththetarget’s,thenrollsdicetoseeifhegetsinpositiontofire.Aircraftspeedandpilotexperiencearebothimportantmodifiers.Theattack-er’sgunattackratingsarethenmatchedagainstthetarget’sdamageratingandadierolltoseeifthetargetisshotdown.Therearerulesforformationflight. ManeuverRatingsarealsousedindetermininganaircraft’sclimbingabilities. Rulesareprovidedfornightcombat,includingsearchlights,aircraftflares,starshells,andradar. Shipscanattacksubmergedsubswithdepthchargesorahead-thrownweapons.Unlesstheshipisfittedwithadepth-findingsonar(rareinWWII),theattackingplayermustestimatethesub’sdepth.Theeffective-nessofindividualdepthchargesiscombinedintoasinglepattern,withasingledierollforitseffect.Shipscanlaydifferenttypesandsizesofpatterns,dependingonhowmanydepthchargelaunchers/railstheycarry. Planescanattacksubswithrockets,depthchargesandhomingtorpedoes;rollingpercentiledicetoseeiftheyhit.

Command at Sea �

What has Changed in the Fourth Edition It’sbeentenyearssincethethirdeditionofCommand at Sea,andcountlessgameshaveraisedjustasmanyquestions.Rulesquestionsgenerateclarifications,correctionsorexpansions,andtenyearsofthosewouldbereasonenoughforanewedition. We’vealso“harmonized”thethreegamesintheAdmiralty Trilogy,unifyingannexes,damagescales,formats,andmakingrulesconsistentinallthreesystems.UnitslistedinHarpoonorFG&DNcannowbeusedinCaSwithoutchange.Sensorsworkthesamewayinallthreegames,asdoweapons.Manychanges,likeanewformulafordamagepoints,aretransparenttotheplayers,butothers,likeaddingasignaturetheshiplistings,requirenewrules. We’vealsofoldedinthegameexpansionsthathavebeenpublished:ThelandattackandcoastdefenserulesthatfirstappearedinNo Sailor But a Fool,andthesmallcraftrulesthatwerepublishedinMighty Midgets,andtheminewarfarerulesfromBaltic Arena. First,readarulessectionbeforeusingit.Therearemanysmallchangesbesidesthemajoronesdiscussedhere.Forexample,we’vechangedtherulesforsubmarinebatteryendurancetobetteraccountfortheGermanlate-warTypeXXIandXXIIIsubs,Untilyou’veactuallyreadasectionoftherules,don’tassumeit’sthesameastheearlieredition. Theturnsequenceisthesame,exceptthatthereisnolongerasecondairmovementphase.Therulesforairattacksonsurfacetargetsanddogfightinghavebeensimplified,sothatthesecondairphaseisnolongernecessary. Themovementrulesareunchangedexceptforminorrefinements.Thealtitudelevelshavechangedslightly,andVLowandNOEarenolongerseparatealtitudelevels.TheyaredefinedasspecialflightmodesintheLowaltitudeband.Impulsemovementhasbeenadded,asimplifiedversionofwhatwasfirstpublishedinMighty Midgets. VisualdetectionnowincorporatestherulesfromMighty Midgets.Therearenowtwotypesofmodifierstovisualdetection.Somechangethevisibilitytablethattheplayersuse,basedonthephysicalsightingconditions,otherschangethechanceofdetectiononatable.Thevariationisnowapercentageofthebasevisibilitydistance,ratherthanafixednumberofyards. Radarnowincludesrulesfor“clutter,”whichcanbecausedbyland,nearbyweather,orjamming.Byratingandcomparingthedifferenteffectsbeforeascenariostarts,playerscanfindoutwhichisdominantandhoweffectivetheirradarswillbe. Sonarhasbeensimplified,aswellasunifiedwiththemorecomplexsystemsinHarpoon.Thethreedetectionbandsarebasedona75%detectionchanceathalflistedrange,50%atlistedrange,and25%atoneandahalftimesthelistedrange.Modifiersforactiveandpassivesonarshavebeenchanged,andlikeradarclutter,someenvironmentalmodifierswillreducedetectionrange. GunnerystillusesthefourrangebandsandaD100.Thebiggestchangetheplayerswillseeisthattherearetwosetsofmodifiers,oneforGunneryStandards(GS)3and4,andtheotherforGS4m(smallcaliberweapons).Themodifiersworkdifferently:Theplayertotalsthemupandthenmultipliesthembyapercentage:4%forshortandmediumand2%atlongandextremeranges.Thisallowsthemodifierstohavegreatereffectclosein. Aircombathasseenthegreatestchanges.AnewdogfightsystemusestheoldManeuverRatings,butissimplerandtakesintoaccountboththeenergyoftheaircraftandpilotexperience.InitiativeisdeterminedbyManeuverRatingandmaximumspeed.Therearethree(countthem)waysofresolvingaircraftdamage. AirattacksonsurfacetargetsandAAfirearealsosimplified,withplanesnowdeclaringtheirattacksatadistancefromthetarget,thenmovingdirectlytotheirtargetsinthree-minutesteps.DefendingplayersgetthesamenumberofAAshotsasbefore. CriticalhitsarenowrolledwithaD20,whichallowsmoredetailonthecriticalhittable.Anewsystemforfiresandfloodingmodelsthecapacityoftheship’sdamagecontrolteams,andwhathappenswhentheyareoverwhelmed.Thebridgeandruddercriticalshavefinallybeendeconflicted,andtheeffectsofalmosteverycriticalhavebeenrefined.Checkthelistedeffectsbeforeapplyingthem. Smallcraftarenowanintegralpartofthegame,andrulesfortheirmovement,detection,gunnery,anddamagecanbefoundintheappropriatechapters.TheyaresimilartotherulesinMighty Midgets,butnotexactlythesame. TheminerulesinChapterTenallowplayerstodesignaminefield,eitherasarefereebeforethegame,orasaplayerattemptingtolayoneaspartofascenario. Asalways,wearereadytoansweranyquestionyouhaveabouttherules,neworold.

Command at Sea�

WEAPONS DATA LINE EXAMPLES

Rules ExtractsChapter Two- Game Mechanics 2.2 Preparing for Play.Afterchoosingascenar-io,theplayersneedonecompletedShipReferenceSheetforeachshipandonecompletedAirDataCardforeachaircraftorgroupofaircraft.PermissionisgrantedtophotocopythemasterShipReferenceSheetandAirDataCardforuseinplayingCaS. 2.2.1 Weapons.EachweaponslineinAnnexAshowstheweapon’sfiringarc,numberofbarrels/rails/tubespermount,thenumberofmountsontheship,theweaponname,theammunitionavailablepermount,andanyweapondirectorpresent.TheWeaponDataLineExamplesshowsthisformatandhelpsdecipherthisinformation. Ifmorethanonemountispresent,themountsareequallysplitbetweentheavailablearcs.Similarly,ifmorethanonedirectorispresent,theyaresplitbetweentheavailablearcs. Someweaponsdonothavefiringarcs.Somearecatapultsoraircraft,thatdonotrequireanarc.Othershaveapredefinedarc,andcannotpivot.Thisincludessuchthingsasdepthcharges,whicharerolledoffaship’sstern.Thesewillbediscussedintherulesfortheiruse. 2.2.2 Weapon Firing Arcs.Mostweaponmountshaveanarcoffire.Aweaponmountedfor-wardcannotfiredirectlyaftbecausepartoftheship’sstructureblocksitsfire.Someweaponsmaynotbe

abletopivot,andthearcislimitedbytheweapon’sabilitytoturnafterlaunch.ThearcwhichcanbeusedbyeachweaponmountisshownintheshiplistinginAnnexA.Ifatargetisnotwithinthefiringarcofaweapon,thatweaponwillnotbeabletofireatthattarget. Someweaponscanfireintomorethanonearc:agunmountmaybeabletofireintoboththePortQuarterandthePortArc;itsfiringarcisexpressedbycombiningtheappropriateabbreviationswithanampersand(inthiscase,P&PQ). Astroke(/)splitsthearcsofmultiplemounts:P/S(1)2indicatesthattherearetwomounts,onefiringintothePortArcandoneintotheStarboardArc.Theparenthesesrefertothenumberoftubeseachmounthas. 2.3.1 Turn Concept.AllplayinCaSissimul-taneous.Bothplayersplottheiractions,revealtheirorders,movetheirvessels,andfiretheirweaponsatthesametime. EachTurnisdividedintophases.Theseorga-nizetheturnintoperiodswhenspecificactionsmaybetaken. Turnsshouldberecordedinunitsofrealtime.Forexample,ifthefirstTacticalTurnis0115,thenextwouldbe0118then0121,andsoon. 2.3.4 Tactical Turn Sequence.ThefollowingsequenceofphasesisexecutedbytheplayerseachTacticalTurn. •Plotting Phase.Playerswritedown(plot)move-ment,firing,andotherordersfortheirforces.PlayersmayplanfireforthecomingPlannedFirePhaseonlyagainsttargetsdetectedinthepreviousturn’sDetec-tionPhase. •Movement Phase.Surfaceships,submarines,andtorpedoesmoveadistanceequaltothreemin-utesoftravel.Aircraftlaunchesandlandingstakeplace.Torpedoesandmissilesthatreachtheirtargetinthisphasehaveachancetohittheirtargetandhavetheirattacksresolvedimmediately. •Planned Fire Phase.AllweaponsorderedtofireinthePlottingPhasearefiredsimultaneously.Gunfireandattacksbyaircraftareresolvedimmedi-atelyduringthisphase.Ahead-thrownASWweaponsanddepthchargeattacksmadeinthisphaseareresolvedimmediately. •Detection Phase.Playersattempttodetectotherunits.Aunitcanreactonlytodetectedthreats,eventhoughthecontrollingplayermaybeawareofothersonthegameboard. •Reaction Fire Phase.Shipboardgunsandantisubmarineweaponswhichhavenotbeenusedsofarthisturnmaynowfireatanytarget,includingonesjustdetected.Torpedoesmaynotbefiredinthisphase.Aircraftfireasbefore.Gunfireandattacks

Annexwithdataontheweapon

P&S(5)3533mmTTw/5Type93 F

Numberofroundscarriedper mount,fiveType93torpedoes. Weaponname. Numberofmountstheshipcarries. Numberoftubespermount-five inthiscase,orquintuplemounts. Weaponarc.Thethreemountshaveacombined portandstarboardfiringarc,meaningthatall threemountscanfiretoeitherside.

Annexwithdataontheweapon

F/A(2)6Mk325inch/38//1FD C

Radardirectortype(iffitted) WeaponName Numberofmountstheshipcarries Numberoftubespermount- Twointhiscase,ortwinmounts WeaponArc.Thesixmountsaresplitevenly betweentheforwardandafterfiringarcs

Command at Sea �

byaircraftareresolvedimmediately.GunsfiredintheReactionFirePhaseinflicthalfnormaldamage.Urgentdepthchargeattacksmadeinthisphaseareresolvedimmediately.Ahead-thrownASWweaponattacksmaynotbemadeintheReactionFirePhase. •Resolution Phase.DamagepointscausedbyfireandfloodingcriticalhitsareinflictedinthisphasethreeTacticalTurnsafterthecriticalhitoccurs. 2.4 Ship Size Classes.Manyrulesarebasedonthesizeoftheshipsinvolved.Thisincludesmaneu-vering,detectionanddamage.Tosimplifythings,shipsaregroupedintosizeclasses.Theruleswillrefertoeitheraletter(e.g.,SizeClass“A”)orade-scription(e.g.,Large,Small).Theclassesare:

Naval Unit Size Class Table Size Size Class Displacement Description A 18001+ Large B 5501-18000 Medium C 1501-5500 Small D 351-1500 Small E 86-350 VSmall F 21-85 VSmall G ≤20 VSmall

2.5 Target Aspect.GunandTorpedofirede-pendontheapparentaspectofthetarget.Abow-onbattleshipisasmallertargetthanadestroyerbroad-sidetoanobserver. Usingthetargetaspectdiagram(page2-6),playerscandeterminewhethertheyhaveabroad,quarter,ornarrowaspectonthetarget. 2.6 Plotting Movement Orders.Sincetheplay-ersmovesimultaneously,movementmustbeplot-tedaheadoftime.Forsurfaceships,playersrecordcourseandspeed,whichcannotbechangedduringtheturn.Anyincreaseordecreaseinspeedshouldbecheckedagainsttheship’sacceleration/decelera-tionability(section3.1.1).Iftheplayerwantstheshiptosteerevasively(section3.1.5),heappliesthemodifiertofigureouttheship’sfinalspeedoverthewater. Directionandcoursechangescanbewritteninanyclear,consistentmanner.Itmaybeintermsofadestination(“HeadforLungaPoint”)orbebasedonanothership’smovements(“Closeonenemybattleship,turntoparallelitscourseat1,500yards.”)Remembertokeepitsimpleandfocusonthegoalofthemovement,nottheprocessitself. 2.6.2 Torpedo Movement.TorpedoesmoveineachMovementPhasestartingtheTacticalTurnaftertheyarefired.Torpedoesaremovedlikeanyotherunits,however,thefiringplayercaninvokeproportionalmovementifitlookslikethetorpedohasachanceofhitting(seesections3.0.1and6.3.1).

Iftorpedoesarefired,oritisexpectedthattorpedoeswillbeusedinagame,theplayersshouldplottheirmovesoneTacticalTurninadvance(thecurrentandonemore).Ifnewunitsaredetected,orashipsuffersdamage,theaffectedplayercanalterhismovementplotatthattime,writinganewsetofordersforthatTacticalTurnandthenextone.

Chapter Three - Ship Movement 3.1 Ship Movement.Ships,includingsubma-rines,haveamaximumspeedlistedinAnnexA.Thisisreducedbydamagereceivedincombat.Shipsmaymoveatanyspeeduptothemaximumspeedavailabletothem. Asitaccumulatesdamage,aship’sspeedisautomaticallyreduced.Each25%ofitsmaximumdamagereducesitsspeedby25%,untilitreaches90%damage,whenitsspeediszero(itis“deadinthewater”). Thebreakpointsforeachdamagepercentageareincludedineachship’slistinginAnnexA. 3.1.1 Speed Change.PlayersorderspeedchangesinthePlottingPhaseofaTacticalorInter-mediateTurn.Theamountofaccelerationordecel-erationislimitedbythetypeofship,andforaccelera-tion,itsstartingspeedmustalsobeconsidered. Ashipcanmovefromadeadstoptohighspeedquickly,butasspeedincreases,sodoeswaterresis-tance(it’sasquarefunction)andtherateofaccelera-tionisless.AccelerationratesarelistedintheShipAcceleration/DecelerationTable(page3-2).Thereareseparatetablesforwarshipsandmerchants.Therearenospecialrulesforsubmarines. SpeedchangesorderedinaTacticalTurnhap-penimmediately.Forexample,ifaFastA-sizedshipat20knotsisorderedtoincreasespeedto30,itsaccelerationof6knotsmeansthatitwillmoveataspeedof26knotsintheupcomingMovementPhase. 3.1.4 Course Changes and Turning.Shipsneedaminimumdistancetoturn.Called“advance,”itisthedistancetheshipmovesintheoriginaldirectionastherudderbitesandtheshipchangesdirection.Largeshipsneedmorespacethansmallones. Inmostcases,suchasmaneuveringinopenwa-ter,advancedistanceswillnotbeanissue.Atothertimes,suchasatslowspeedorinrestrictedwaters,theexactamountneededwillbeveryimportant. TheShipTurningDistanceTable(page3-2)liststheadvanceforeachshipbysizeclassforbothaStandardandHardrudder.Merchantsarelessma-neuverablethanwarships,andhavetheirowntable.MostturnsaremadewithStandardrudder,butinemergencysituationsaplayercanorderHardrudder,“puttingitovertothestops.”Thereisa5%riskoftherudderjamming(5orlessonaD100).Ifitdoesjam,treatitasacriticalhit(Jammed,rollfordirection,seeRudderin8.3).Theshipcontinuestocircleinthat

Command at Sea�

directionwiththerudderhardoveruntilthecriticalhitisfixed. Unlessotherwiseplotted,allturnsareassumedtouseStandardrudder. Toturn,firstmovetheshiptherequireddistance,basedonitssizeclassandtherudderused,thenpivotitinplaceupto45°.Aturngreaterthan45°mustbemadeinstepsof45°orless.Thereisnoreductioninthedistancerequiredforaturnoflessthan45°,exceptthatadjustmentsof10°orlessperturndonotneedtobeaccountedfor. Evenifashiphasmovedinastraightlineforseveralturns,theplayermuststillmoveitthere-quiredadvanceinastraightlinebeforechangingcourse.Advanceisthedistancetheshipmovesalongitsoriginalcourselineaftertherudderisputover.Ifaplayerknowsaheadoftimethathewillturninaparticularspot,andthereissufficientmaneuver-ingroom,hecanordertheturnaheadoftime,andtheshipcanturnatthestartofitsnextMovementPhase. Shipsalsolosespeedwhentheyturn,becauseofthedragoftherudderandhull.Thespeedlostper45°turnisshownontheTurnDistanceTable.Inmostcases,theship’saccelerationperturnautomati-callycancelsspeedlostfromasingleturn,butitmaynotbeenoughiftheshipismovingslowlyormakesseveralcoursechangesinoneturn. TheShipAccelerationDecelerationRateTableshowshowmuchashipcanaccelerateinonethree-minuteTurn.Forexample,aSizeClassCdestroyer,movingat35knots,makestwo45°turnswithstan-dardrudder.Thiscausesaspeedlossof2knots,whileitcanaccelerate3knotsatthesametime.Thenormalaccelerationof6knotsishalvedbecausethedestroyerturned.Each45°coursechangeashipmakesinaMovementPhaseincursaspeedloss,uptothefourthchange.Afterthat,thereisnoadditionalspeedloss. Ifthetotalspeedlossfromtheship’sturnsinaTacticalTurnexceedstheaccelerationfortheshipinthesameturn,reduceitsspeedforthepresentturnbythedifference. 3.1.5 Evasive Steering.Shipscansteerirregularcourses,or“chasesalvoes.”Byturningtowardtheshellsplashesfromthelastenemysalvo,ashipcanthrowofftheenemy’sgunfirecorrections.Itisn’tfool-proof,butithelps.Ofcourse,therapid,unexpectedturnsthrowoffthemaneuveringship’sgunnersaswell(exceptforlightweapons,65mmorless),andshipssteeringevasivelycannotfiretorpedoes. AshipthatwantstomaneuverevasivelyplotsitanddeclaresitatthestartoftheMovementPhase.Theshipisactuallymovingatitsorderedspeed,butcoversonly75%ofthedistanceitnormallywould. Ashipmustmoveat20knotsormoretosteerevasively.OnlyshipsofsizeclassBorsmallercan

steerevasively.Shipswithrudderorbridgecriticalhitscannotuseevasivesteering. Evasivesteeringmodifiesthegunfirehitchanceforboththetargetandtheshooter.Themodifiersarelistedwiththegunfirehitchancemodifiers,insection6.1SurfaceGunnery.

3.3 Torpedo Movement.TorpedoesarefiredinthePlannedFirePhase,aftermovementfortheturniscompleted.Whenfired,placetwocountersnexttothefiringship.Onemarksthetorpedoes’startingposition,theotherisforthetorpedosalvoitself.ThetorpedosalvomarkerisnotmoveduntilthefollowingMovementPhase. Ononesideofthetorpedosalvocounter,putaletterorsymbolshowingthatitisatorpedosalvoanditsspeed.Ontheother,putthenumberofweaponsandthetype. Intheturnsfollowingthelaunch,thetorpedoesmoveinastraightlineinadirectionchosenbythefiringplayer(withinfiringarclimits). 3.3.1 Speed.SometorpedoeshavetwoormorespeedslistedinAnnexF.Slowerspeedsgivethetorpedoalongerrange.Anyspeedcanbechosenatthetimeoflaunch.Itcannotbechangedoncethetorpedoislaunched. 3.3.2 Course Changes.Anunguidedtorpedocanmakeonecoursechangetoanywherewithinthefiringarcofitsmount.Torpedoeswerefittedwithgy-roswhichweresetbeforelaunch,andsurfaceshipshadtrainabletubes.Onceoncourseitwillnotturn. 3.3.4 Range.Themaximumrangeforeachtor-pedoisprovidedinAnnexF.Ifthetorpedoreachesmaximumrangewithouthittinganything,itrunsoutoffuelandstops.Itdoesnotexplode. Minimumarmingrangeforalltorpedoesis250yards(1/8nm).Ifonestrikesatargetinsidethatdis-tance,ithasnothadtimetoarmandwillnotexplode.

Chapter Five - Detection 5.2 Radars.Radarsusepulsesofelectromag-neticorradiowavestodetectandtrackobjects.Objectsintheirthepulse’spathreflectsomeoftheenergybacktotheantenna,wherethedirectionofthereflectiongivesthebearing,andthetimetheechotakestotraveltothetargetandbackgivestherange. 5.2.1 Radar Specifications & Availability.Ra-darsarelistedinAnnexJ1(fornavalvessels).Theyhaveadetectionrangethatdependsonthecontact’ssizeandtheradar’sfunction.Thefunctiondescribesthekindofcontactsaradarcansee.Surfacesearchradarsaredesignedtodetectsurfacecontacts,althoughverylowflyingaircraftcanalsobeseen.Airsearchradarslookprincipallyforaircraft.Height-findingradarsareusedtofindthealtitudeofanairtarget;extremelyimportantforfighterinterception.

Command at Sea �

5.2.2 Detection by Radar.Earlyradarswerenoteasytouse,primarilybecauseoftheirdisplay.Firstgeneration,orGen1,radarsusedA-scopes,anoscilloscopewhichonlydisplayedrangeinforma-tioninthedirectiontheantennawaspointing.Theseradarshavea60%chanceofdetectingtargetswithinrange.Secondgeneration,orGen2,radarsusedthemorefamiliarPlannedPositionIndicatororPPIdisplay.Theseradarshavea70%chanceofdetect-ingtargetswithinrange. ThedierollforeachradartodetectacontactismadeduringtheDetectionPhase.Iftherollisunsuccessful,playerscantrydetectingthesameunitonfollowingturns,aslongasitiswithintheradar’srange.Oncedetected,thecontactwillnotbelostunlesstheradarisputoutofaction,turnedoff,thecontactmovesoutofdetectionrange,movesbelowbeyondtheradarhorizon,orismaskedbehindter-rain. Radargunfiredirectorscouldalsobeusedassearchradars,buttheywerenotdesignedforthispurpose.Thecontrollingplayermustpickasector90°widefortheradardirectortosearch.ThesectorcanbechangedeachTacti-calTurn.BecausetheseradarsuseA-scopes,theprobabilityofdetectionis60%regardlessofgeneration.Gunfirecontrolradarswerenotdesignedtobeoperatedforverylongperiodsoftimeinasearchmode.Whenafirecontrolradarisusedforsearch,thereisa10%cumulativechanceeachIntermediateTurnthattheradarbreaksdown.Seeequipmentserviceabilityinsection8.4forrepairrules.Gunfireradarsdonothavetomakeadierolltodetectatargetiftheyarecuedandplacedonthetargetbyanothersensor(anotherradaroranopticaldirector). Therangeofaradardependsasmuchonthesizeofacontactasitdoesonthesizeoftheantennaortransmittingpower.Thelargerthecontact,thefar-therawayaradarcandetectit.Thedetectionranges(innm)aregiveninAnnexJforLarge,Medium,Small,VerySmall,orStealthycontacts.Thesesizesaredescribedinsection2.4andwillbelistedinAn-nexAorBforeachunit. 5.2.3 Shipboard Radars.ThecharacteristicsofshipboardradarsarelistedinAnnexJ1.Surfacesearch(SS)radarsaremedium-rangesetsthatcanpickupships,landandaircontactsatVeryLowalti-tude. 5.2.6.1 Sea State Effects.ThedetectionrangeofaradarsearchingforcontactsontheseasurfaceandatVeryLowaltitudeisreducedby“seaclutter.”Thiseffectiscausedbytheradarbeamsstrikingthewavetopsandbeingreflectedback.Thebiggerthewaves,themoreclutterthatappearsonthescope.Largerwavesalsocauseashiptopitchandroll,causingtheantennatopointinthewrongdirection.

Seaclutterisallaroundtheshipandwillaffectaradar’sperformanceregardlessofthecontact’sbear-ing. 5.2.6.3 Land Mass Effects.Nearbylandisamuchbetterradarreflectorthanwaves.Groundcluttercancauseasignificantreductioninasearchradar’srange.Airsearchradarbeamsareangledup,sotheyareonlyaffectedbylandclutteriftheyareattemptingtodetectcontactsatLowaltitude. Themagnitudeofthegroundclutterdependsonthetypeofterrainthattheradarbeamsees.Groundclutterisdirectionallydependentandisonlyeffectiveifitispresentwithintheradar’smaximumrangeandwithin±5°ofthetarget’sbearing. 5.2.6.4 Clutter Effects.InCaS,onlythelarg-estcluttervalueisusedtofindoutthereductiontoaradar’srange.Theothersourcesarelowenoughthattheycanbeignoredwithoutsignificantlyaffectingaccuracy. Atthebeginningofascenario,noteifthereisanylandorrainpresentinthesetupandenviron-mentsections.Ifso,recordthetypeofterrainand/orthetypeofrain.Alsonotetheseastate.ConsulttheRadarClutterValueTableonpage5-4andfindthecluttervaluesforeachsource.DuringtheDetectionPhaseofeachturn,notewhichcluttersourcesareapplicabletotheparticularsituationanduseonlythelargestvaluetoreducetheradar’sperformance. Althoughlimited,earlyradarscouldrejectorreducetheeffectsofclutter.This“clutterrejection”wasmainlydonethoughgaincontrol(reducingthepowerintheradarsignal)and,inlaterradars,betterdisplays.Firstgenerationradarshaveaclutterrejec-tionvalueof2,whilesecondgenerationradarshaveaclutterrejectionvalueof5. Subtracttheradar’sclutterrejectionvaluefromthelargestcluttersourcetofindthenetcluttervaluefortheradar.TakethisvaluetotheClutterEffectsTableandcross-indextofindtheradarrangemodi-fier. Example:AUSdestroyerwithanSCradarat-temptstodetectaJapaneseDDatnightasitspeedsalongthecoastlineofGuadalcanal(terraintypeisflatlandwithlightwoods).Theseasarealittleroughatseastate4,andtherearemoderaterainsquallsinthearea.DuringtheDetectionPhase,theUSdestroyeris11nmawayfromthecoastlinewiththeJapanesedestroyeratarangeof3.5nm.Presently,thereismoderaterainbetweenthetwoships. First,themaximumSSrangeofanSCradaris10nm.Withthecoastlinefartherawaythan10nm,groundclutterisnotafactor.Thecluttervaluesfromseastateandrainare“3”and“5”respectively.Sincetheraineffectisthelargest,thecluttervalueusedis“5”.Note:iftheUSwasonemileclosertoGuadalcanal,thenthegroundclutterwouldhavetakenoverwithavalueof“6”.

Command at Sea�

Nextapplytheclutterrejectionvalueoftheradar.SincetheSCisaGen1system,ithasaclutterrejectionvalueof2.Subtractthisfromtheraincluttertofindthenetcluttervalue,whichinthiscaseis3. ReferringtotheClutterEffectsTable,theradar’srangeisreducedto60%ofitslistedvalue.TheSC’srangeforasmalltargetis4nm.Themodifiedrangeisthus2.4nm,andtheJapanesedestroyerslipsbyoutofrange. IftheUSshiphadbeenequippedwithanSGb(Gen2)SSradar,thentheresultswouldhavebeen: •MaxRangeofSGb=22nm,groundclutter iswithinrange •ClutterValue=6(dominatedbygroundclutter) •Gen2ClutterRejection=5 •Netclutter=1andresultsinaradarmodifierof0.85. •SGrangetoasmalltarget=15nm •Modifiedradarrange=12.8nm •TheJapaneseDDeasilywithinrange

5.4.1 Making Visual Detections.First,refertotheSurface-to-SurfaceVisibilityTablesonpage5-11andfindthetableforthescenario’ssightingcondi-tions(e.g.,50%).Then,applyanysightingconditionsmodifierslistedonpage5-12.Thesecoversituationsthatactuallyimproveordegradethevisibilitycondi-tions,andmayincreaseordecreasetheeffectivevisibility,andthetablethatisactuallyused. Example:Atnightwithahalfmoon,visibilityisnormally30%.Asmallcraft(sizeclassE-G)at5knotsorlesslowerstheeffectivevisibilitybyonetable,makingtheeffectivevisibility20%. Second,ontheappropriateVisibilityTable,cross-indexthesizeclassofthetwovesselsinvolvedtofindthebasesightingrange. Third,findanyapplicablemodifierstothede-tectionchanceonpage5-12.RollD10,addingorsubtractinganymodifiers,andrefertotheVisibilityVariationTableatthebottomofthispage.MultiplythebasesightingrangebythevaluefromtheVaria-tionTable.ThisisthemodifiedsightingrangeforthatTacticalTurn. Anyunitwithinthemodifiedsightingrangeisdetected.Submarineperiscope“feathers,”orwakes,(speed5knotsormore)aretreatedassizeclassGtargets.See5.4.2fordetectionchance. 5.4.1.1 Sighting from Ships.Thefarthestsight-ingrangeforashipisaffectedbyits“heightofeye,”thedistanceoftheobserverabovethewater.Thehighertheobserver,thegreaterthevisualhorizon. Thishorizonisreducedbythesightingconditionstogivetheeffectiverangeintheexistingsightingconditions.TheSurface-to-SurfaceSightingTableincludesthemodifiedhorizondistances. 5.4.1.4 Sighting Torpedo Launches.Play-ershaveachancetoseeanenemyshiplaunching

torpedoes.Eventhoughtorpedoeswerelaunchedbyvariousmeans,allhadsometelltalesignature.Thismightbetheflashofapyrotechnicchargeoracloudofvaporfromcondensedair. Torpedolaunchesaredetectableattwicethedistanceofaperiscope.RollVisibilityVariationnor-mally.Iftheshipisalsofiringitsmainorsecondarybatteries,reducethedetectionchanceby20%. Example:Onaclearday,aJapaneseDDfiresatorpedofrom10kydsagainstacruiser.For100%visibility,thetorpedofiringcouldbeseenat8kyds(twice4kyds),modifiedbythevisibilityvariationroll. 5.4.1.5 Sighting Torpedo Wakes. Torpedowakescouldbedetectedbyalertlookouts,some-timesintimefortheshiptomaneuverand‘combthewake’oftheincomingweapons.Torpedowakesaredetectableatthesamedistanceasaperiscope,butwithnovisibilityvariation. Ifthetorpedoiswithinsightingrange,thenrollD100toseeifthewakesarespotted: Iftheattackingtorpedousessteampropulsion,thechanceofseeingitis: Indaylight: 20% Inmorningortwilight: 15% Atnight: 25% Launchsighted +50% “FlamingDatum” +35% Electrictorpedoesarewakeless,andcannotbevisuallydetected. Torpedowakescannotbevisuallydetectedinseastatesgreaterthanfour. Ifanattackingtorpedoisdetected,thethreat-enedshipisallowedtodisregarditsplottedmove-mentandmaneuverfreelyinthefollowingMovementPhase. Aircrafttorpedoesareconsideredtobeautomat-icallysighted,andthisisbuiltintotheirattacktable. 5.4.5 Nighttime Illumination. Aunitcanbedetectedvisuallyatnight,butitisstillapoorgunnerytarget.Withoutalightsourceofsomekind,ashipisonlyashadow,withitsshape,course,andevenitsdirectionuncertain.Atargetmustbeilluminatedforvisually-controlledgunfiretobefullyeffective.Therearemanywaysofdoingthis. Searchlightscanbemanuallyorradar-controlled.Radar-controlledsearchlightsareland-based.Flaresincludeaircraft-droppedflaresandstarshellsfiredbyguns.Searchlights,flares,andstarshellsarelimitedbyweather.Iftheweatherconditionsincludeprecipi-tation,thenhalvetheilluminationradius. Shipsorlandbasesmayalsousetheirownlights.Normalrunninglightsandothernighttimeilluminationwereusuallykeptoff,“blackedout,”iftherewasachanceofattack.Useoflightswillallowoperationsatnightorpoorweather,buttheunitsus-ingthemareilluminated.

Command at Sea �

Anyshipwhichisilluminatedbyanymeansistreatedasanormaldaylightgunnerytarget,ignor-ingthevisibilitymodifiers(lessthan20%andlessthan40%visibility,seeGunfireHitChanceModifiersTable,page6-2and6-3). 5.4.5.1 Ship-Based Searchlights.Shipswereequippedwithsearchlightstoilluminatetargetsinnightsurfaceactions.Searchlightshavearangeof8kyds(4nm).Anyshipinthebeamofasearchlightisilluminated.Anyshipusingsearchlightsisalsoil-luminateditself. SmallCraftwerenormallyfittedwithasmall,low-powersearchlight.Thesecanbeusedlikeothership-mountedsearchlights,buthavearangeofonly2,000yards(1nm). SearchlightilluminationisorderedduringthePlottingPhase,andisavailablefortargetinginthePlannedFirePhaseofthatturn.Asearchlightcanonlyilluminateatargetonceithasbeendetected,eitherbyradarorvisually.NewtargetsfoundintheDetectionPhasecannotbeilluminateduntilthefol-lowingPlannedFirePhase.Ittakesalittletimetocoachthesearchlightoperatorontothetarget. 5.4.5.5. Firing Starshells.Starshellscanbeusedtoilluminateasurfacetarget.Theymaybefiredbyaminorcombatant’sprimarybattery,amajorcombatant’ssecondarybattery,orsometimesbyaspecialgun.InthePlottingPhaseorReactionFirePhase,chooseonemount(itmustbeabletofireinthedesireddirection)tofireilluminationrounds(starshell).Thatmountmaydonothingelsewhilethetargetisbeingilluminated. Resolvethestarshellgunforhitsormissesandthelocationoftheillumination.Inthenextfirephase,eithertheReactionFirePhaseorthePlannedFirePhaseofthenextTacticalTurn,therestoftheship’sgunscanfireandbenefitfromanyilluminationthestarshellsprovide.Othershipscanalsofireattheilluminatedtarget. Starshellilluminationactuallyrequiresaseriesofshells,firedovertheentirethree-minuteTacti-calTurn.Individualstarshellsburnoutquicklyandifthemountceasesfire,thelightquicklyfades.Ifthemountstopsattheendofaturnorshiftstoanothertarget,thetargetceasesbeingilluminatedinthefollowingfirephase.StarshellmustberenewedforeachTacticalTurn. Starshellshaveaminimumrangeof4,000yards(2nm).Insidethatrange,theshellismovingtoofastforthechutetodeploywithoutshredding.StarshellscannotbefiredintotheExtremerangeband.Inad-ditiontoaccuracyproblemsatExtremerange,atthisdistancethealtitudeoftheshellissolowwhenitig-nitesthatthereisnousefulillumination.IfastarshellmissesatargetandgoesintotheExtremerangeband,itautomaticallyfails.

Theplayerrollsthechancetohitforthegunnormally,exceptthatheshouldignorethetarget’saspect.Ifitisahit,thestarshellslandatthedesiredlocation,eitheraplottedpointonlandoradesignat-edship.Iftheymiss,rollD10again.Ona1-5,thefirelands1,000to3,000yardsshort.Ona6-10,itlands1,000-3,000yardslong.

Starshell Miss Table D10 roll Miss distance 1 3000short 2 2500short 3 2000short 4 1500short 5 1000short 6 1000long 7 1500long 8 2000long 9 2500long 10 3000long

Ifthemodifiedrangeisinsidethestarshell’smini-mumrangeof4,000yards(2nm),thechuteshredsanditfailstofunction. Anyunitwithin1,000yards(one-halfnm)ofthepointisimmediatelyilluminatedforthenextfirephase.Unitsbetweenthestarshellsandanotherunitaresilhouettedtoarangeof6kydsfromthepointofimpact. 5.4.6. Smoke Effects.SmokewasusedinWWIItoobscureatargetandreduceitschanceofbeinghitduringanattack.Itcouldalsorevealatarget’sloca-tion. Smokegeneratorscouldbeland-based,po-sitionedaroundsomevaluableinstallation.Theywerealsocarriedbydestroyers,andusedtoscreenothershipsfromgunfireattackoraccuratetorpedofire.Visibilityinorthroughadensesmokescreenisreducedto1,000yards(.5nm)inthedaytimeand500yards(.25nm)atnight.Thatis,toseeashipinasmokescreentheobservermustbewithin1,000yardsinthedaytimeand500yardsatnight.Onthelastturnthatthesmokeexists,itisdissipatingandthesurfacevisibilityisreducedto1/4oftheunob-structedvisibility. Smokedoesnotblockradardetection,soradar-controlledgunfireorbombingisnotaffectedbysmoke.Gunfirespottingaircraftarenotaffectedunlessthetargetisactuallyinthesmokescreen. IfashipmovesintosmokeduringtheMovementPhase,andendsthephasewithinthesmoke,itmaystillbefiredonifitspentatleasthalfofitsmovementoutsidethesmoke.Iftheshipisobscuredformorethanhalfbutnotalloftheturn,allgunfiresuffersa-4deadreckoningpenaltyforthatturnonly.Thisislessthanthenormalblindfiremodifier(-6),sincetheship’slocationwasknownbeforeitbecameob-

Command at Sea�0

scured.Iftheshipremainshiddenonfollowingturns,itcan’tbefiredonatall. 5.4.6.1. Shipboard Smoke Screens canbecre-atedinanyPlottingPhase.IntheMovementPhaseofthatturn,ashipwillleaveasmokescreeninitswake.Thesmokescreencanbeturnedonoroffeachturnastheplayerdesires.Thescreenextendsonlyafewhundredfeetintotheair.ItdoesnotblocklineofsightfromaircraftatLowaltitude,butwillblockplanesflyingatVLow.ThesmokescreenwillremainforfourTacticalTurns(incalmweather),thendisperse. Reducethistimebyoneturnforevery10knotsofwind.(e.g.,Ifitisfrom1-10knots,itwilllastthreeturns.Ifthewindis11-20knots,thesmokescreenwillonlylasttwoturns.)SmokeisremovedattheendofthePlottingPhaseoftheturninwhichitdisap-pears.

Chapter Six - Surface Combat 6.1.1 Directors.Mainbatteriesonallcombatantsandsecondarybatteriesonmajorcombatantsarefit-tedwithopticaldirectors.Ifagunbatteryisfittedwithfirecontrolradar,itwillbelistedontheweaponslineinAnnexA.IfashipisfittedwithmorethanoneGFCradarforabattery,itwillbelistedassuch.GFCradarisalsolostwhenthefirecontrolisknockedout. Majorcombatantsarefittedwithmorethanonedirectorfortheirgunbatteries.Thiswasnecessarybecauseonedirectorcouldnotprovidecomplete360°coverage,anditalsoallowedtheshiptoen-gagemorethanonetargetwithabattery. Majorcombatantswillalwayshavetwodirec-torsfortheirmainbattery,arrangedwithF/Aarcs.Theforwarddirectoristheprimaryone,andtheafterdirectorwasusuallylower,sothatwhenitisusedtheshipshouldbetreatedasonesizeclasssmallerfordetectingtargetsforthatdirectortoengage. Majorcombatantswillalsohavetwosecondarybatterydirectors,usuallyarrangedP/S.Ifthesecond-arybatteryisarrangedsothatitincludestheforwardandafterarcsonly,thenthedirectorswillalsohaveF/Aarcs.Ifthesecondarybatteryincludesboththeforward,aft,port,andstarboardarcs,thentherewillbefoursecondarybatterydirectors,withF/P/S/Acoverage. Minorcombatantswillhaveonedirectorwithaforwardarcforthemainbattery.Thismeansthatiftheplayerwishestohaveanaftmountengageatargettotherear,itmustdosoinlocalcontrol. 6.1.2 Gunfire in Local Control. Gunscanbefiredwithouttheirdirector,in“LocalControl.”AnygunmountcanbeputinlocalcontrolbyorderingitinthePlottingPhase.Inlocalcontrol,thecrewofthegunmountaimandfirethegunthemselves.Thisisthenormalprocedurewhenthedirectorhasbeenknockedout.

Dependingonthegunnerystandard,anegativemodifierisappliedwhenfiringinlocalcontrol. Thegundirectorislocatedatoneofthehighestpointsontheship,whilethegunmountsandtheirsightsaremountedmuchlower,usuallyonthemaindeckitself.Thismeantthatiftheguncrewdependedonthemount’ssights,thevisualhorizonandspottingrangewasreduced.Inlocalcontrol,reducetheship’ssizeoneclass. 6.1.3 Gunnery Procedure. Gunrangesaredividedintofourrangebands:Short,Medium,Long,andExtreme. InGunneryStandard4(GS4),agunfiringatShortrangehasabase60%chancetohit.AMe-dium-rangeshothasa40%chance,aLong-rangeshothasa15%chance,andanExtreme-rangeshotisonly5%.Thesechancescanbechangedupordownbyvariousmodifiers.Thechancetohitcannotberaisedover90%,evenwithmodifiers. Whilethebasehitchancesarethesame,thesizeoftherangebandsvaryforeachgun.AUS16”/50hasa“short”rangeof8,500yards,overfournauticalmiles,whileaJapanese10thYearType4.7"/45hasashortrangeof5,300yards. Procedure:Measuretherangefromthefiringshiptothetargetandnotethetarget’saspect(broad,narrow,orquarter).Choosetheproperrangeband(short,medium,long,orextreme)bycomparingthemeasuredrangewiththenumbersforthatguninAnnexC.Countthenumberofbarrelsfiring.Besuretocheckarcsoffire(section2.2.2)andthatthegunscanactuallyfireonthetarget. AdjustthechancetohitupordownbyusingtheGunfireHitChanceModifiersTable(page6-2).Todothis,totalupthemodifiersthatapplytotheshot,andmultiplyitby4%atshortormediumrange,and2%atlongorextremerange,andthenaddorsubtractitfromthebasechancetohit. Ifatargetisatlongorextremerange,andthemodifiedhitchanceiszero,ashipcanfirea“rangingshot.”Thiscountstowardtheconsecutiveturngun-firemodifiers,butithasnochanceofhitting.Ifthemodifiedhitchanceislessthanzero,thereisnofirecontrolsolution,sotherewouldbenobenefitfromarangingshot. RollD100.Iftherollislessthanorequaltothemodifiedchancetohit,thetargethasbeenhit. Notethenumberofdamagepointsinflictedbytheguninthatrangeband(foundinAnnexC).LookontheGunDamageMultiplierTable(page6-5)andcross-indexthenumberofbarrelsfiringandtherangeband.ThisgivesamultiplierforthedamageinflictedinAnnexC.Multiplythetwonumberstogetthenumberofdamagepointssufferedbythetarget.GunsthatfireonlyintheReactionFirePhase(inresponsetoanewly-detectedtarget)havetheirdam-agehalved.

Command at Sea ��

Playersdonothavetokeeptrackofgunam-munition,unlessrequiredbyascenario.Itisveryrareforanavalgunmounttorunoutofammunitionduringanengagement. 6.1.4 Overconcentration.Opticaldirectorsandevenradarcouldonlygettheshellsclosetotheenemyship.Adjustingthefirerequiredbeingabletoseetheshellsplashesandcorrectthenextsalvobasedonwhethertheywerelongorshortofthetar-get.Thesecorrectionswereaddedmanually,bythedirectoroperator. Ifasecondshipfiresatthesametarget,thedirectoroperatorwillhaveahardtimetellingwhichshellsplashesbelongtohimandwhichbelongtotheothership.Athirdshipmakestheproblemevenworse,andsoon. Overconcentrationwilloccuriftheshellsplashesareroughlythesamesize.Nobattleshipwouldbeconfusedbythesplashesofadestroyerfiringatthesametarget,butabattleshipwith16-inchgunswouldnotbeabletotellitssplashesfromthoseof15-inchgunsalsofiringatthesametarget.Forfiguringoverconcentration,largeshellsare11to18inches,mediumshellsare5.9to10.9inches,andsmallshellsarelessthan5.9inchdiameter. Ifmorethanoneshipfiresatthesametarget,alltheshipsfiringthesamesizegunsatthattargetatLongandExtremerangearesubjecttoagunhitchancemodifierequaltothenumberofshipsfiringatthattargetminusone. Example:Aheavycruiserisfiredonbyabattle-ship’smain(15inch)andsecondary(5inch)batter-ies,twoheavycruisers’main(8inch)andsecondary(4.5in)batteries,andonedestroyer(4inch).AllgunsarefiringatLongorExtremeRange.Theovercon-centrationpenaltiesare: •BBmainbattery:nooverconcentration,onlyoneshipfiringshellsofthatsize. •CAmainbattery:Twoshipsfiringmedium-sizedshells,penaltyof-1. •DD&BB&CAsecondaries:1DD+2CA+1BB,fourshipstotal,penaltyof-3. 6.1.6 Line of Fire Restrictions.Aship’slineoffiretoatargetmaybeblocked.Thiswillhappenifanothershipisinthegun’sShortorMediumrangebandandiswithin10°ofthelineoffire(20°totalarc). Landof100melevationormorewillblockaship’slineofsight,althoughaplanemayprovideover-the-horizonspottingtoreplaceit.Landoflessthan100meterselevationmaystillblocklineofsight.Thiswillbespecifiedinthescenariodescription. Shipscarryingfloatplanesonaftercatapultshavetheirlineoffireblocked±30°ofcenterlineaftformainandsecondarybatteries.Themuzzleblastfromevenamedium-calibergunwasenoughtodamageaplaneorevenstartafire.Ifaship’smainorsec-

ondarybatteryfireswithin30°oftheaftcenterlinewhentherearefloatplanesonaftcatapults,thereisa50%chancetheywillbedamaged(rolleachTacticalTurn).Treatitasanaircraftcriticalhit.

6.3 Surface-Launched Torpedoes.Torpe-doesmustbefiredagainstadetectedtarget,orafirecontrolsolutionagainsta“blind”targetmustbeachieved.Theycannothitsmallcraft,suchasPTboatsorbarges(sizeclassesE-G). Rangefortorpedoesismeasuredfromthegeo-graphicpointoffiringtothetorpedo’scurrentposi-tion.Ifthedistancetraveledbythetorpedosinceitslaunchisgreaterthanthelistedrange,thetorpedorunsoutoffuelandautomaticallymisses.Ashipmayrevealitsbearingwhenitfiresatorpedoagainstanyshipwitheffectivesonar. Thefollowingrulesapplytotorpedoattacksfromsurfaceshipsandsubmarines. 6.3.1 Straight-Running Torpedoes. Mosttor-pedoesusedinWWIIcanhavetheirgyrosettorunonaparticularcourse,whichneednotbethesamedirectionasthelaunchingtubeisfacing.Theycanbesettoacourseanywherewithinthetube’sfiringarc. TheSovietswerestillusinganearlierformofstraight-runningtorpedo,whichrequiredthatthelaunchingtube(andthesubmarine)bepointeddirectlyalongtheintendedcourse.ThesetorpedoesarenotedinAnnexFasbeing“non-gyro”straightrunners. Inmostcases,thespeedofatorpedoisnotthatmuchgreaterthanthatofitstarget.Thismeansthe“DeflectionAngle”,theamountoflead,mustbeverylarge.CaSplayerscanusetheTorpedoDeflectionAngleTabletocomputetheirown“leadangle”andfiretheirspreads. Ontheturnoflaunch,ashipisallowedtomakeoneturn(withinnormalmaneuveringlimits)atthebeginningofthethree-minuteTacticalTurn,butafterwardsmuststeerinastraightline.Surfaceshipscannotuseevasivesteering,andsubmarinescannotevadedepthcharges. Torpedoesmustbesetatthetimeoflaunchtorunshallowordeep.ShallowweaponswillhitanysizeclassDorlargership,butwillstrikethebeltarmorofsizeclassAorBships,whichreducestheireffectiveness.DeeptorpedoeswillrunundersizeclassesCandD,butwillhitanAorBshipontheunderwaterhull,insteadofthearmor. Ontheturnoflaunch,unlesshiddenmovementisbeingused,placeatorpedocounternexttothefiringship,alongwithaDatummarkerthatwilllettheplayermeasurethelengthofthetorpedo’srun.MovethetorpedomarkerintheMovementPhaseoffollow-ingturns. Thereisachancethatthetorpedolaunchcanbeseen(seesection5.4.1.4).

Command at Sea��

Afteratorpedoislaunched,itscoursecannotbechanged. •Torpedo Movement to Target.IneveryMove-mentPhaseoftheturnaftertheywerefired,torpe-doesmoveattheirratedspeedinastraightlineonthecourseorderedbytheplayer(withinthetubes’firingarc).Dependingonthetargets’maneuversafterlaunch,itmayormaynotbeattheexpectedpointofintercept.Inaddition,anothership(friendlyaswellasenemy)maybestruckbythetorpedoesifitgetsintheway. Ifatorpedospreadcomeswithin500yards(1,000yardstotalwidth)ofanyeligibletorpedotarget,thatunitisattackedbythespread,andthetorpedoattackshouldberesolvedagainstit. Torpedoesmovelikeanyothersurfaceshiporsub.Ifthereappearstobeachanceofatorpedospreadandaship’spathintersecting,usepropor-tionalmovementtoseeifthetorpedoespasscloseenoughtoresolveanattack.Iftheplayersarenotusingareferee,theywillhavetoplotmovementoneturnahead.Seesection2.6. 6.3.2 Resolving Torpedo Attacks. Whenatorpedoreachesaship(itsintendedtargetoranotherthatgetsintheway)theattackingplayermustrolltoseehowmanytorpedoesactuallyhit.Thisisbasedonthetarget’ssize(battleship,cruiser,destroyer,etc.)andtheanglefromwhichthetorpedoesattack.Asideshotonadestroyerstandsabetterchanceofhittingthanabow-onattackonabattleship. Findthetarget’seffectivelengthbyusingtheAspectTableonpage6-15. Firstlookatthediagramtoseefromwhatanglethetorpedoesareattackingtheship.Thedegreenumbersaroundtheedgesoftheboxrefertorelativebearing,inotherwords,thebearingofthetorpedorelativetotheship’sbow.Mostshotswillbeononeofthequarters.Broadisthebest,narrowistheworst. Cross-indexingtheship’srealsizewithitsangle,theresultingRomannumeralisthetabletousetoresolvetheattack.AttackTableIisthebest,AttackTableVIistheworst. OnceonthecorrectTorpedoAttackTable(pag-es6-13through20),choosetheappropriatechartforthenumberoftorpedoesinthespread.Therearesixcharts,themaximumspreadbeingsixweapons. Nowmeasuretherangefromtheimpactpointbacktothefiringpoint.Note:torpedorunatimpactisnotnecessarilythesameastargetrangeattimeoffire.Therangethatmattersisnottherangeatfiring,butatimpact.Thisishowfarthetorpedohasactuallytraveled,andthisiswhataffectsitschancetohit. Lookdowntherangecolumnfortherangeclos-esttothetorpedo’srun.Roundevensplitsup,i.e.,8,500yardsbecomes9,000yards.

RollD100,andstartingattheright,comparetheresulttothehitchancesinthecorrespondingrow.Ifthedierollislessthanorequaltothatvalue,thenumberatthetopofthecolumnisthenumberoftorpedoesthathavehitthetarget.Ifthedierollisgreaterthanthatnumber,lookatthenextnumbertotheleftinthatrowandcomparethedierollwithit. Asthenumberrolledgetsbigger,thenumberoftorpedoeshittinggetssmaller.Ifthedierollisbiggerthanthenumberinthecolumnwith“1”atthetop,allthetorpedoesinthespreadmissed. Anytorpedoesinthespreadthatmissthein-tendedtargethavetheopportunitytohitothernearbytargets,iftheyexist.However,onlythefirsttargetisattackedbythefullspread.Allremainingtorpedoesaretreatedasindividualweaponsi.e.spreadsize=1.Theonlyexceptiontothisruleisifthesalvomissesthefirsttargetcompletely,thenthesecondtargetinthetorpedoespathwouldbeattackedbythefullsalvo. Ifthetargetshipisstationary(speedzero,deadinthewater),movetwolinesuponthetorpedotable.

6.7 Combat Considerations.Combatisrestrict-edbythefollowingconsiderations. 6.7.1 Weapons Danger Space.Surfaceshipsmaynotfiretheirgunsatothersurfacetargetsiffriendlyshipsareinthelineoffire.Thedangerareabetweenthefirerandthetargetiswithin10°ofeithersideofthelineoffireinthegun’sShortandMediumrangeband.BythetimeashellhaspassedintotheLongrangebanditishighenoughsothatitwillpassoveranyfriendlyships. Forafriendlyshiptobeincludedintheweaponsdangerspacesurroundinganenemyship,itmustbeinsidethespaceforatleasthalfoftheenemyship’sMovementPhase. Thereisaseconddangerspacedirectlyaroundthetarget.Itlieswithin5°ofthelineoffireandtenpercentoftherangebetweenthefirerandthetarget. Ifafriendlyorenemyshippassesthrougheitherdangerspace,itisalsosubjecttoanattackathalfthemodifiedchancetohitandifhit,halfthedamageforthatrangeband. Thisdangerspacerepresentstheoccasionalshellthatdoesnotfollowapredictedballisticpath,anunexpectedrollthatastabilizationsystemcannotaccountfor,oraimingerrorsbythedirector.Sucherrorswouldusuallyjustincludeasingleshellorasinglesalvo,butthedamagevaluesinAnnexCactu-allyrepresentonlyafewshellsoutofthemanyfiredactuallystrikinganintendedtarget. 6.7.2 Rates of Fire.IfaweapondoesnothavearateoffirelistedintheremarkssectionofAnnexAforthatship,itmayfireonceperrailortubeperturn.Gunsmaybefiringmanyrounds,dependingontheirbore,andmultiple-barreledweapons,liketheMouse-

Command at Sea ��

trapseries,willfirealltheirtubesinone“salvo”orpattern.

Chapter Eight - Damage 8.1. Applying Damage.WheneveraSizeClassA-Dshipishitbyaweapon,subtractthedamagepointsinflictedbytheweaponfromtheship’sdam-agepointtotal.Whentheship’stotalreacheszerotheshipsinks. Whenaweaponinflictsdamageonatarget,theweaponmustpenetrateanyarmorinthelocationofthehitbeforeitcandointernaldamage.Non-pen-etratinghitswillcauselessdamage(see8.1.6). Theeffectsofdamage,includingcriticalhits,areappliedsimultaneouslytobothsidesattheendofthephase. Damagefromfireorfloodingcriticalhitsisap-pliedintheResolutionPhaseofthethirdturnafterthecriticalhitisinflicted,withtwoexceptions:Flood-ingfromtorpedohitsisappliedimmediately,intheMovementPhasethetorpedohits.FloodingandFirecriticalsareinflictedonSmallCraft(SizeclassE-G)immediately. Secondaryeffectsfromcriticals,likeexplosions,areappliedimmediately,inthephaseinwhichthedamageisresolved. • Movement Phase.Resolvetorpedoandmineattacks. • Planned Fire Phase.Gunfire,ASWahead-thrownweapons,anddepthchargeattacksmadeinthisphaseareresolvedinthisphase,includingdam-ageeffects. • Detection Phase.Nocombatresolutionoccurs. • Reaction Fire Phase.Resolvegunfireanddepthchargeattacksmadeinthisphase. • Resolution Phase.Fireandfloodingcriticalsareresolved. 8.1.1 Speed Reduction. Asashiporsub’sdam-agepointtotalisreduced,itsspeedgoesdownaswell.Lossofstructuralstrengthmayforceashiptoslowdown.Dragonthehullwillslowitasitssmoothlinesarebrokenbyholesandotherdamage,andgeneraldamagetothepropulsionplantwillaffectitsefficiency. Aship’sspeedisreducedbyonequartereachtimeittakesonequarterofitsoriginaldamagepointlevel,andisreducedtozeroatthe90%damagelevel. Thebreakpointsfordamageare0%,25%,50%,75%,90%,and100%.Thespeedpercentagesare100%,75%,50%,25%,0%,andsunk. EachshipclasshasadifferenttablewhichisincludedwithitsothercharacteristicsinAnnexA.Thetoplinerepresentsthedamagepointlevelswherethespeedisreduced,whilethebottomlineshowsthenewmaximumspeedatthatlevelofdamage.

Example:TheJapaneseheavycruiserMyokotakes346pointsofdamage.Itsdamageandspeedbreakdowntableisshownbelow:

Damage and Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 87 173 260 311 346Surf Speed:33 25 16 8 0 Sinks

Withnodamage(0),Myoko’smaxspeedis33knots.With86pointsofaccumulateddamage,shecanstilldo33knots,assumingnopropulsioncriti-calsorotherrestrictions.At87points,though,hermaximumspeedisreducedto25knots.From87-172pointsofdamage,shecanmake25knots.The173rdpointreducesherspeedto16knots,andsoon. Acceleration/Decelerationrules(section3.1.1)applyhere,sotheshipslows,coastingtoaslowerspeedathalfthedecelerationrate,soitsspeednextturnwouldbe33-(12/2)=27knots.Thefollowingturnitwouldslowtoitsnewmaximumspeed,25knots. Ifashiphastakenpropulsioncriticalsorotherdamagethatalsoreducesitsspeed,theseareap-pliedtotheship’scurrentmaximumspeed. 8.1.2 Ship & Sub Critical Hits.Ashipcanbedestroyedbysinkingit,butitcanalsoberendereduselessbydestroyingtheequipmentthatmakesitawarship.Thisiscalleda“missionkill.” Damagetoavitalcomponentoftheshipiscalledacriticalhit.Theseincludenotonlyweaponsandsensors,butengineering(propulsion),therudder,andflightdecks. Ineachphasethatashiptakesdamage,dividethedamagepointstakenbythepointstheshiphasremainingafterthatphase’sdamagepointsareap-plied.Thisisthedamageratiousedtofigureouthowmanycriticalhitsashipmayhavesuffered. Example:AFletcherclassdestroyerhas84damagepoints.Ifittakes22pointsofdamagefromgunfireinthePlannedFirePhase,thedamageratiois22/(84-22)or22/62=.35.Sincethedamageratioisalwaysroundeddown,thiswillberolledonthe.30line. Minimum Damage:Shipsmustsuffersomemeasurabledamagebeforetheymustrollforcriticalhits.Ifthecriticalhitratioislessthan1%oftheship’soriginaldamagepoints,thennocriticalsareinflicted.Thispreventsdestroyersfrombeingsunkbyasub-machinegun. RollD6andcross-indextheresultwiththedam-ageratioontheDamageRatioTable(page8-2).Theresultisthenumberofcriticalhitsinflictedontheship.

Command at Sea��

Example:Aftersufferingdamage,aFletcherclassdestroyerhasadamageratioof.35.Theat-tackingplayerrollsD6,usingthe.30line(alwaysrounddown).Theresultisa4,andtheFletchersuf-ferstwocriticalhits. Oncetheplayersknowhowmanycriticalhitshavebeeninflicted,findthenatureofeachontheCriticalHitTable(page8-2).Eachtypeofshiphasitsowncolumn.RollD20foreachcriticalhitonthatcol-umntoseewhatitseffectontheshipis.Thecriticalhittypeswithasterisks(*)areprotectedbytheship’sarmor,ifithasany.Ifthearmorwasnotpenetratedthatturn,thecriticalisignored. Someweaponswillautomaticallyinflictsometypesofcriticalhits,inadditiontoanygeneratedbydamagepoints: •Eachcontact-fusedtorpedothathitsashipwillautomaticallyinflictafloodingcritical,inadditiontoanyothercriticalhits.Aship’storpedoprotectionsys-tem(seesection8.1.7.2)mustbepenetratedbeforetheautomaticfloodingcriticalhitoccurs. •Anyshipthattakes75%ormoredamagefromasinglebomb,torpedoorminehitmustrollD10.Fortorpedoesormines,ona1-8,andforbombsona1-4,thekeelhasbeenbrokenandtheshipwillsinkpersection8.1.8. 8.1.6 Effects of Armor.InWorldWarII,shipslargerthanadestroyercarriedarmorcoveringthemagazinesandengineeringspaces(belt),majorweapons(turrettopandfaces),andthedeck.Othercriticalitems,suchastheconningstation,couldalsobearmored.Thearmorbeltprovidedprotectionagainstclose-rangeshellfireandshallowtorpedoes.Thedeckprovidedprotectionfrombombsandplungingfireatlongranges. Eachweaponhasapenetration ratingaspartofitsstatistics.Thesevaluesareprecalculatedforeachgunateachrangebracket,andarelistedinAnnexC.Tofindagun’spenetration,measuretherangeandfindtheappropriaterangebandintheannexforthatgunandshelltype.ThemostcommonshelltypesareArmor-Piercing(AP),HighExplosive(HE),Semi-ArmorPiercing(SAP),Common(COM),andSpecialCommon(SpCOM). ShortandMedium-rangegunfirehasarelativelyflattrajectory,andwillstrikethesideofashiponitsarmorbelt.LongandExtreme-rangefiremustarcmuchhigherandiscalledplungingfire.AtLongrange,thereisa40%/60%chancetheshellfirewillstrikethebeltordeckarmor,andthefiringplayermustrolltoseewhicharmorvaluemustbepenetrat-ed.Extreme-rangeshellfirehasa30%/70%chanceofstrikingthebeltordeckarmor. Deckandbeltarmor ratingsareprovidedforeachship.Forexample,Baltimoreclassheavycruisershavearatingof13/6,meaningabeltthick-nessequivalentto13centimeters,andadeckarmor

equivalentto6cm.Thedeckismuchthinnerthanthebelt,butshellsatLongrangedonotpenetrateasmucharmorandthechanceofgettingahitismuchlessaswell. Comparethepenetrationabilityoftheweaponwiththearmorratingwhereitstruck(deckorbelt).Iftheweapon’spenetrationisgreaterthanthearmorrating,itinflictsfulldamage.Ifitdoesnotpenetrate,halvethenumberofdamagepointsinflicted. Iftheweapondoesnotpenetrate,certaincriticalhitscannothappen.Thesearemarkedwithanaster-isk(*)onthecriticalhittable. 8.1.7 Armor and Torpedoes.Torpedoescanbesettorunshallowordeep.TorpedoesmustrunshallowtohitsizeC-class(destroyer)andsmallerships.Ashallowtorpedowillstrikealargership’sbeltarmor,however.Deeptorpedoeswillrunundersmallshipsandwillstrikelargershipsbelowthebeltarmor,ontheirtorpedobulgesiftheyhaveany.Whilesomelargeshipscarriedtorpedoprotectionsystemsmanydidnot. Whatevertheirdepth,torpedoesthatstrikeashipfromthenarrowaspect(seethediagramson2-6or6-15)strikeoutsidethearmorbeltorthetorpedopro-tectionsystem.Dividethetorpedo’sdamagebytwo.Anextremeboworsternhitwastedalotofitsenergymovingwaterandnotdamagingtheship. Ifthenarrowaspecthitisinthestern,thefirsttwocriticalhits(besidetheautomaticflooding,whichdoesn’tcountagainstthecriticalhitnumber)areautomaticallyengineeringandrudderhits.Rolltheremainingcriticalhitsaspersections8.1.2. 8.1.7.1 Shallow-Running Torpedoes.Ifashal-low-runningtorpedostrikesthearmorbelt,itsdam-ageisreducedaccordingtothefollowingtable.

Target’s Damage Point Belt Armor Reduction 0-5 None 5-10 10% 11-20 25% 21-30 40% 31-40 50%

8.1.8 Sinking.AshiporsurfacedsubthathasreceiveddamagesufficienttosinkitrollsD10*10forthenumberofminutesitwilltaketosink;thefinaldis-appearanceoccurringduringtheMovementPhase.Submergedsubmarinesandshipsthathavemaga-zineexplosionssinkimmediately. 8.1.10 Massive Damage.Eventhoughsomeofaship’sweaponsmaystillbeintact,thereisatimewhereoveralldamagetoashipwillpreventtheiroperation. Whenashiphasonly25%ofitsoriginaldamagepointsleft,allmain,secondary,andtertiary(iffitted)batteryweaponsareoutofaction.Subsmustsur-

Command at Sea ��

face.Aircraftcarrierscannotlaunchorlandaircraftontheflightdeck. Whenashiphasonly10%ofitsoriginaldamagepointsleft,allofitsweapons,includinglightAAandcatapults,areoutofaction.

8.2 Fire & Flooding Critical Hits.Eitherafirehasstarted,ortheship’swatertightintegrityhasbeenviolated(thatsoundsbetterthan,“there’saholeinthehull”). Foreachfloodingorfirecritical,rolltoseehowseverethecasualtyis:

Ship’s in Fire & Flooding service date Severity 1907andearlier 2D6+2 1908-1924 D6+2 1925andon D6

Modifiers: 1)Halvetheresultifthehitisnon-penetrating. 2)Halvetheresultifitiscausedbygunsof76mmorless

Theresultisapercentageoftheship’soriginal(undamaged)DP.ThesedamagepointsareinflictedonthethirdTacticalTurnafterthecriticalhitandoneachIntermediateTurnafterthat,untilthecriticalisremoved(exception:floodingcriticalhitdamagecausedbyminesortorpedoesisappliedimmedi-ately). Example:Onturn1506ofagunbattle,theheavycruiserPrinz Eugensucceedsinhittingthebattlec-ruiserHood(commissionedin1920).TheBritishplayerrollsforthetypeofcriticalhits,andoneofthemisafire.Usingthesecondlineofthetable,theBritishplayerrollsa5,meaningthefireinflicts7%ofHood’sundamagedratingeachIntermediateTurn.However,becausethehitdidn’tpenetrateHood’sarmor,thedamageisreducedto3%(3.5%roundeddown).Hood’sundamagedDPratingis753,soshesuffers22damagepointsinthePlottingPhaseofturn1515.HoodwillhavetorollintheResolutionPhaseof1515toseeifthefiredamagecausesanynewcriticals. Recordthetimethecriticalwasinflictedanditsseverityasapercentage. Whenfiguringoutwhatlineofthetabletouse,lookattheship’sinservicedateinAnnexA.Alsochecktheremarkstoseeiftheshipshasbeenre-constructed.Forinstance,theJapanesebattlecruiserKongoenteredservicein1913,butwasrebuiltin1937,improvingherresistancetofireandflooding.Sheshouldusethethirdline,covering1925andon.

•Fire & Flooding Severity Levels.Totalupthepercentageofthefireandfloodingcriticalhitsfrom

eitherexistingornewlyinflictedhits.Forexample,ashipwithtwofiresat4%and9%anda3%flood-ingcriticalhasatotalpercentageof16%.Thisistheseveritylevel.Itaffectshowwellthedamagecontrolteamswillbeabletofightthecasualties,andifit’sbadenough,willaffecttheship’sabilitytomoveandfight. Theship’sdamagecontrolabilityisaffectedbyitssize:

Severity LevelSize Over-Class Minor Major Severe whelmedA-B 1-10% 11-15% 16-17% 18%+C-D 1-8% 9-12% 13-14% 15%+E-G 1-6% 7-10% 11-12% 13%+

Theselevelsaremodifiedbytheageoftheship.Overtime,designershavemadeshipsmoreresistanttodamage.

Ship In %Service Date Reduction≤1907 -2%1908-1924 -1%1925-1941 0%1942-1959 +1%1960+ +2%

Example:HMSHoodwasbuiltin1920,soherseveritylevelswouldbe9%/14%/16%/17%

•Iftheseverityofthefirecriticalsaddsupto: Major or worse:Shipsmustceaseflightopera-tions,maneuvertoputthewind30°oneitherbowandslowto15knotsorless.Iftheydonotmaneuverandreducespeed,add+2tothedierollforreducingthefire. Whenapplyinggunfireandvisualdetectionmodi-fiersatnight,treattheshipasilluminated.Itwillalsoilluminateorsilhouetteothershipssimilarlytoaflareorstarshell. Overwhelmed:Theshipissufferinga“conflagra-tion.”Thereisa25%chance,cumulativeperInter-mediateTurn,ofthefirereachingtheship’smaga-zinesandcausinganearth-shatteringkaboom.Aship’splayercanpreventthisbyorderingthemaga-zinestobefloodedinthePlottingPhase.Theshiplosesallmainbattery,secondarybattery,andaircraftordnance.OnlyLightAAammunitionisunaffected. •Iftheseverityofthefloodingcriticalsaddsupto: Major or worse: Shipsmustslowto15knotsorless. Overwhelmed:Theextensivefloodingmaycausetheshiptocapsize.Thereisa25%chanceperIntermediateTurnoftheshipcapsizing.Theonly

Command at Sea��

waytopreventthisistoreducetheleveloftheflood-ingtosevereorless. Ifthedierollfails,theshipwillcapsize.

•Controlling Fires and Flooding:Playerscantrytoreduce/controlfireandfloodingcriticalhitsinthePlottingPhaseofthethirdTacticalTurnafterthecasualtyisinflictedandthePlottingPhaseofeachIntermediateTurnthatfollows. Theabilityofaship’sdamagecontrolpartiestoeffectivelyfightcasualtiesdependsonhowmuchstresstheyareunder.Onalargeship,oneortwosmallfiresarerelativelyeasytodealwith.Ontheotherhand,severallargefiresandfloodingwillbehardertomanage.Therefore,theseveritycondition(thetotalofallfiresandfloodingontheship)affectshowwellthedamagecontrolpartiesdealwiththecasualties.

Fire and Flooding Reduction Table Over- D10 Minor Major Severe whelmed 1 -2D6% -2D6% -2D6% -D6% 2 -2D6% -2D6% -D6% -D6% 3 -2D6% -D6% -D6% -D6% 4 -D6% -D6% -D6% NC 5 -D6% -D6% NC NC 6 -D6% NC NC +D6% 7 NC NC +D6% +D6% 8 NC +D6% +D6% +D6% 9 +D6% +D6% +D6% +2D6% 10 +D6% +D6% +2D6% +2D6%

“NC”means“NoChange”

PlayerstrytoreducefiresandfloodingbyrollingaD10onceforallfiresandonceforallflooding(orrollredandblueD10satthesametime).Thishap-pensintheResolutionPhaseofthethirdturnafterthecriticalisinflictedandineachIntermediateTurnafterthat. ComparetheD10rollswiththeship’sseveritylevel.Thisishowmanydicemustbeaddedorsub-tractedfromthefireandfloodingcriticals. Example:ARoyalNavyYork-classheavycruiserhassufferedtwofirecriticalhits(5%total)andonefloodingcriticalhit(4%total).Thecruiserhasatotalsecondarydamageof9%,whichfora1930s-builtSizeClassBshipputsitintheMinorseveritycondi-tion.RollingD10forthefirecasualtiesresultsina“4”andthetwofireswillbereducedbyD6%.RollinganotherD10forthefloodingcasualtiesresultsinadisappointing“9”andthefloodingwillincreasebyD6%. •Assigningmorementofightthecasualties:Ashipcanincreaseitsdamagecontrolcapabilitybytakingcrewfromtheweapons.Aplayercanchoose

todrawpeoplefromthemainorsecondarybatteries,whichpreventstheshipfromfiringthoseguns,orfromtheLightAAcrews,reducingtheLightAAvaluetozero. Thiswillmodifytheeffectivetotalpercentageofthecasualtiesbyhalfoftheminorseveritylevel.Forexample,asizeclassAorBshiphasaminorratingof10%.Thismeansthathecanreducethetotalofthefireandfloodingcasualtiesbyanadditional5%,whichmaybeenoughtoreducetheseveritylevelandimprovehischancesofcontrollingthecasualties. Ashipcanonlydothisonce.Thereisnotenoughroomtosendmoremen,sotheplayercanonlyin-creasethepercentageonce,byhalftheminorrating. •Assistancefromotherships.Ifanothershipma-neuverswithin100yardsofthedamagedshipandmatchesitscourseandspeed,itcanassistinbattlingfires.Uptotwoshipsmayassist,oneperside.Aslongastheships’speedisbelow10knots,thereisnoriskofcollision. Eachshipassistinginfirefightinglendsone-halfofitsminorratingtotheothervessel. Shipswhichthemselveshaveanyfires,includingminorones,orwhichhavemorethan50%damage,cannotassistinfightingfiresonanothership. Example:AUSLexington-classcarrierhasbeenhitbyseveralbombsandhassufferedanumberoffireandfloodingcriticalhits.Thecombinedfireper-centageis16%andthefloodingdamageis8%.Thetotalofthetwois24%,whichputsthecarrierwelloverthe18+%level.Thecarriersdamagecontrolteamsareoverwhelmed. TheCOordersallflightdeckcrewmen(acarri-er’smainbattery)tofightthecasualtiesandceasesanyfurtheraviationoperations-notaharddecisionwhenyourflightdeckhasholesinit.MoreairattacksarelikelysohecannotabandonthesecondaryorlightAAbatteries.TwoescortingDDsalsoapproachtolendassistance. Byaugmentinghisdamagecontrolteams,thecarrierCOreduces(forpurposesofthedamagecontrolrolls)hiscombinedfireandfloodingtotalto19%(24%-5%:halfofthecarrier’sMinorcapacity).Unfortunately,thisisnotenough,andtheteamsarestilloverwhelmed. ThetwoDDsassistthecarrier.EachDDlends4%(halfoftheDD’sMinorcapacityvalue)toherandthisdropsthecarrier’spercentage(19%-8%)toMa-jorwithaneffectivepercentageof11%.Thecarrier’screwnowhasagoodchancetoreduceboththefireandfloodingcriticalhitsandsavetheship. Note:Fleettugsandsimilarvesselscanlendtheirentireminorcapacitytoanothervessel.

8.3 Effects of Other Critical Hits.CriticalHitsresultinsystemsgoingoutofaction,affectingthefightingcapabilityoftheship.

Command at Sea ��

• Aircraft.Anaircraftaboardtheshiphasbeendestroyed.Thereisalsoachancethatafirehasstared.RollD6-2%fortheseverityofthefire.Aresultoflessthanonemeansthereisnofire. • Bridge.Themainconningstationhassufferedacatastrophichit.IttakesD6/2TacticalTurnstocorrectcasualtiesandre-manthebridge.Afterthecasualtyhasbeencorrected,allchangestocourseandspeedtakeTwoTacticalTurnstoexecute.Thereisafirecriticalhit,subtractingtwofromtheseverityroll,inthebridge/controlroom. • Cargo. Someoftheship’scargohasbeendestroyed.Ifpossible,allocatecargotoahold/tank,thendeterminewhichholdortankwashit.RefertotheCargoDamageTable(page8-8)toseewhattheresultsare. •Communications.Oneoftheship’scommuni-cationsspaceshasbeenhit.RollD6onthefollowingtable: 1-2:Long-rangeradiocommunications 3-4:Short-rangeradiocommunications 5-6:Aircraftradiocommunications Lossoflong-rangecommspreventstheshipfromcommunicatingwithunitsbeyondthehorizon.Losingshort-rangecommunicationspreventsshipsfromusingradiowithothershipsinthesamefor-mation.Aircraftradioisnecessarytocommunicatewithanyplanes,whetheritisadestroyercontrollinginterceptorsoracruisertalkingtoitsfloatplanesoracarriermarshallingaircraftforlanding. • Engineering.Theship’sengineeringplanthasbeendamaged.ReducespeedtothenextlowerlevelontheDamageandSpeedBreakdownchart.Afirecriticalhit,subtractingtwofromtheseverityroll,hasstartedintheengineeringspaces. • Light AA Battery.Theship’sLightAAstrengthisreducedby0.5. • Main Battery.RollD10.Ona1-2,thefirecon-trolforthemainbatteryhasbeenknockedout(armorpenetrationnotrequired).Ona3-0,oneofthegunmounts/turretsinthemainbatteryisoutofaction.RollD10again.Onarollof10themagazinedeto-nates,destroyingtheship.Shipswithin500yardsoftheexplodingshipsufferdamageequaltothebattery’sHEdamageatShortrange. Ifamainbatterymount/turretishit,rollrandomlytoseewhichoneisdestroyed.Allmounts/turretsarecounted,eveniftheyarealreadyoutofaction.Ifthemounthasalreadybeendestroyed,thereisstillachanceofthemagazinedetonating,butnofurtherdamageisinflicted. • Other Weapon.OneoftheweaponslistedfortheshipinAnnexA,exceptmainorsecondarybat-teryguns,hasbeenknockedout.Rollrandomlytofindoutwhichmountshavebeenhit.Previouslyhitmountscanbehitagain.Ifthemounthasalreadybeendestroyed,thereisstillachanceofthemaga-

zinedetonating,butnofurtherdamageisinflicted.Iftherearenoapplicableweapons,ignorethecritical. IfitisatorpedotubeoranASWweapon,refertothatcriticalhit.Ifitisanaircraft,refertothatcriticalhit. • Rudder. Theship’ssteeringorcontrolsurfaceshavebeendamaged.SurfaceshipsrollD6: 1-3:Jammed:Therudderisjammedinwhat-everdirectiontheshipiscurrentlymoving.Iftheshipissteeringevasivelyorotherwisemaneuveringwithbothleftandrightrudder,rollrandomlyforthedirec-tionofthejam:1-2port,3-4straight,5-6starboard. 4-6:Disabled:Theship’ssteeringenginehasbeenhit.Maximumspeedisreducedto1/3oftheship’sundamagedspeed.Maximumcoursechangesaftermovingtherequiredadvancearereducedfrom45°to15°. • Secondary Battery.RollD10.Ona1-2,thefirecontrolforthesecondarybatteryhasbeenknockedout(armorpenetrationnotrequired).Ona3-0,oneofthegunmounts/turretsinthemainbatteryisoutofaction.RollD10again.Onarollof10themagazinedetonates,inflictingfourtimesthemount’sShortRangedamagepoints(HEshell)ontheship. Ifasecondarybatterymount/turretishit,rollrandomlytoseewhichoneisdestroyed.Allmounts/turretsarecounted,eveniftheyarealreadyoutofaction.Ifthemounthasalreadybeendestroyed,thereisstillachanceofthemagazinedetonating,butnofurtherdamageisinflicted. • Sensor/Communications.RollD6:1-3Sensorcriticalhit,4-6:Communicationscriticalhit. • Sensor.Oneoftheradars,sonars,ES,HF/DF,orsearchlightsisdestroyed. • Torpedo or ASW Weapon.Atorpedomount,depthchargerailorthrower,orahead-thrownASWweaponhasbeenhit.RollD10.Ona10,themount’sammunitionexplodes.Multiplythedamagepointsforoneweapontimeshalfnumberofweaponsloadedinthemount.Ifthemounthasfiredallofitsweapons,thereisnodangerofexplosion. IfatorpedoorASWweapondoesdetonate,andthemountisabovethewaterline,resolvecriticalhitsfromthewarheaddamageasabomborgunneryat-tack.Inotherwords,donotrollontheDCortorpedoattacktable,sincethesecolumnsassumeunder-waterimpacts.Usethecriticalhitcolumnthatbestmatchesthatship’stype. Ifatorpedointhetubedetonates,andisbelowthewaterline(eitheronasuborasurfaceship)itinflictsanautomaticfloodingcritical,andthedam-agepointsshouldbeappliedasunderwaterdamage.Battleshipswithsubmergedtorpedotubesshouldignoreanytorpedoprotectionsystemtheyarefittedwith.

Command at Sea��

Startup Battle

Location:IronBottomSound,SolomonsIslands,0000,Late1942.

Operational Situation:AmericanforcesonGuadal-canalarestrugglingtodefendtheirpositionaroundtheisland.Japanesenavalforcesattempttoresupplytheirgarrisonduringthenight,whileUSforcesdothesameinthedaytime.

Tactical Situation:TheJapaneseBombardmentGroupisscreeningarunofthe“TokyoExpress,”carryingreinforcementsandsupplies.TheUSforceisscreeningtheMarinepositionsfrombombardmentandalsointerdictingJapan-eseresupplyefforts.

Environment:Night,visibility40%,seastate3.Dawnis0430.Thereisalowovercastprecludingtheuseofscoutplanes.Theislandsarelargelyflatandlightlywooded.

Japanese Forces: BombardmentGroup, Aoba,Kinugasa(bothAobaclassCAs) ReinforcementGroup Kinryu Maru,Kinka Maru(bothKinryu Maru classtransports),eachcarrying4companies ofinfantryandsupplies. Screen Asashio,Oshio,Michishio (allAsashioclassDDs)

Japanese Orders:TheBombardmentGroupistoshellHendersonField.TheReinforcementUnitiscarryingtroopsfortheoffensivetoretaketheairfield.ThereinforcementscanbelandedatTassafarongaduringthebombardment.

Japanese Victory Conditions:Decisive:Bothtrans-portsreachTassafarongaby0300hoursandHen-dersonFieldreceives500pointsofdamage.Tacti-cal:AtleastonetransportreachesTassafarongaby0300hoursandAmericandamagepointsaredoublethosesustainedbytheJapan-ese(countingHender-sonField).

Allied Forces: ScreeningForce Portland,Indianapolis(bothPortlandclassCA) Gridley,Craven,McCall,Maury (allGridleyclassDDs)

Allied Orders:InterceptandpreventtheJapanesefrombombardingHendersonField,andalsopreventenemyresupplyeffortsinthevicinityofTassafarongaPoint.

Allied Victory Conditions:Decisive:Alliesdamagebothtransportsover50%,andHendersonreceiveszerodamage.Tactical:TheAlliespreventJapanesefromshellingHendersonfield.

Command at Sea ��

Aoba (1940) CADisplacement:9000std In Class:2Size Class:B/Medium In Service:1940Propulsion:SteamTurbine Crew:657-680Signature:Medium/Loud Armor Rtng:6/4Weapons:2F/A(2)33rdYearTypeNo.220cm/50 CP/S(1)410thYearType120mm/45 CP/S(4)2610mmTTw/8Type93torp[4reservetorp/mountavailableforquickreload] F1Midshipscatapult --E13A1[Jake] BArea AA:(1)410thYear4.7in/45 (0.6)Light AA:(2)4Type9625mm,(2)2Type9313mm (1.2)Sensors:F/A2Type94LAfirecontroldirectorsRemarks:Aoba,Kinugasa.Originallycommissioned1927;rebuilt1937-40.laiddownbefore1925,specialdamagemodifierof-15%.Configurationlistedaboveisafter1940refit.Damage & Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 55 110 164 197 219Surf Speed: 33 25 16 8 0 Sinks

Asashio DDDisplacement: 1992std In Class: 10Size Class: C/Small In Service: 1937Propulsion: SteamTurbine Crew: 200Signature:Small/Noisy Armor Rtng: 0Weapons:F/2A(2)33rdYr5in/50 C2DCrailw/8DC E(2)2Model94Y-gunw/8DC EP&S(4)2610mmTTw/Type93torp FArea AA:(2)33rdYr5in/50 (0.7)Light AA:4Type9625mm/60 (0.5)Sensors:Type93(passive),Type93Model1(active)sonar KRemarks:FourType93torpreloadscarriedforeachmount.CarriedspecialreloadinggearforTT,reloadtime6min.Totalof36DCcarried.Damage & Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 19 39 58 69 77Surf Speed: 35 26 18 9 0 Sinks

Kinryu Maru APDisplacement: 9310grt In Class: 2Size Class: B/Medium In Service: 1937Propulsion: Diesel Crew: 47+12Signature:Medium/Loud Armor Rtng:0Remarks:Ex-civilianmerchantships.Merchantconstruction,specialdamagemodifierof-50%.Damage & Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 26 53 79 95 105Surf Speed: 21 16 11 5 0 Sinks

Portland CADisplacement: 9800std In Class: 2Size Class: B/Medium In Service: 1932Propulsion: Steam Crew: 1382Signature:Medium/Noisy Armor Rtng: 7/5Weapons:2F/A(3)3Mk148in/55 CP/S(1)8Mk235in/25 C2Midshipscatapult --4SOCSeagull BArea AA:(1)8Mk235in/25 (1.7)Light AA:8.50cal (0.6)Remarks:Portland, Indianapolis.AlsoIndianapolisclass.8inchgunhouseslightlyarmored,treatasdeckarmoratallranges.•1941:Portlandfittedwith(4)11.1in,LtAA0.9.•Apr-May'42:Indianapolisrefitted,.50calremoved,(1)820mmand(4)41.1inadded,LtAA3.3.Damage & Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 69 138 207 248 276Surf Speed: 32 24 16 8 0 Sinks

Gridley DDDisplacement: 1590std In Class: 4Size Class: C/Small In Service: 1937Propulsion: Steam Crew: 158Signature:Small/Noisy Armor Rtng: 0Weapons:F/A(1)4Mk245in/38 CP/S(4)4Mk12533mmTTw/4Mk15torp F2Mk3DCrailw/6Mk7or8Mk6/9DC E6Mk6K-gunsw/6Mk6/9DC EArea AA:(1)4Mk245in/38 (1.1)Light AA:(1)620mm (1.5)Sensors:SCradar JQCseriessonar KRemarks:AlsoknownasCravenclass.BuiltbyBethlehemyards,wereoriginallytobeidenticaltoDunlapandFanning.Defectivestabilityplaguedallunitsofclassthroughoutmostoftheircareers.Italsopreventedclassfrombeingfittedwith40mm.Totalof23Mk7and16Mk6or41Mk6/9DCcarried.Damage & Speed Breakdown:Dam Pts: 0 16 32 48 58 64Surf Speed: 38 28 19 10 0 Sinks

Annex A- Ships

Setup: PlacetwooftheAmericandestroyersonpicketduty,onebetweenSavoIslandandCapeEsperance,theothertothenortheastofSavoIsland.Theyarepatrollinga5-nmlongtrackat10knots,andstartatthesouthernend.ThetwoAmericanheavycruisersandtheothertwodestroyersshouldbeplacedincolumn5-10nmsoutheastofSavoIsland.

TheJapaneseareplaced10-15nmwestofSavoIs-land.Coursesareshownonthescenariomap.Bothformationsaresteamingat15knots. TheJapaneseplayerplaceshisships14nmfromSavo,whiletheUSplayeris7nmSEoftheisland.

Command at Sea�0

An

nex

C1

- S

urf

ace

Nav

al G

un

s

Sho

rt

Med

ium

Lo

ng

E

xtre

me

M

ount

Nam

e S

hell

Ran

ge

Bel

t S

hell

Ran

ge

Bel

t S

hell

Ran

ge

Bel

t D

eck

She

ll R

ang

e B

elt

Dec

k S

hell

Cou

ntry

B

ore/

Cal

ibre

Ty

pe

kyd

s P

en

Dam

ky

ds

Pen

D

am

kyd

s P

en

Pen

D

am

kyd

s P

en

Pen

D

am

Japa

n10

thYrTyp

e4.7in/45

COM

0-5.3

415

5.4-10

.6

312

10

.7-14.1

21

11

.14.2-17.6

12

10

HE

0-5.3

117

5.4-10

.6

114

10

.7-14.1

10

13

14.2-17.6

01

11Ja

pan

3rdYr5in/50

COM

0-6.0

516

6.1-12

.0

313

12

.1-16.0

21

11

16.1-20.0

22

10

HE

0-6.0

218

6.1-12

.0

114

12

.1-16.0

11

13

16.1-20.0

11

11Ja

pan

3rdYrTyp

eNo.220c

m/50

APC

0-7.0

34

26

7.1-16

.0

23

20

16.1-25.6

16

517

25

.7-32.0

12

10

15

HE

0-7.0

328

7.1-16

.0

223

16

.1-25.6

21

21

25.7-32.0

12

18USA

Mk2

35in/25

COM

0-4.4

316

4.5-8.7

213

8.8-11.6

21

12

11.7-14.5

11

10

HC

0-4.4

119

4.5-8.7

115

8.8-11.6

10

14

11.7-14.5

01

12USA

Mk2

45in/38

SpC

OM

0-5.5

718

5.6-10

.9

413

11

.0-14.6

31

12

14.7-18.2

22

10

COM

0-5.5

518

5.6-10

.9

314

11

.0-14.6

21

13

14.7-18.2

22

11USA

Mk1

48in/55

APC

0-7.0

33

25

7.1-16

.0

22

19

16.1-25.5

15

516

25

.6-31.9

12

10

14

SpC

OM

0-7.0

15

23

7.1-16

.0

10

18

16.1-25.5

72

16

25.6-31.9

54

14

HC

0-7.0

326

7.1-16

.0

222

16

.1-25.5

21

19

25.6-31.9

12

17

An

nex

F -

To

rped

oes

Gui

dan

ce/

Ran

ge

Sp

eed

D

iam

W

arhd

W

arhd

D

am

Laun

ch

Cou

ntry

N

ame

Gen

erat

ion

(kyd

s)

(kts

) (m

m)

Wt (

kg)

Fuz

ing

vs

. shi

p

Pla

tform

s IO

C

R

emar

ks

Ja

pan

Typ

e93

Mod

el1M

od1/2

Non

e22

49

61

049

0C

95

Surf

1933

/36

35

41

43

.8

37USA

Mk1

5Non

e6

45

533

374

C

87

Surf

1935

TNTW

arhe

ad

10

34

15

27

An

nex

J1

- N

aval

Rad

ars

(Ran

ges

in n

autic

al m

iles)

A

B

C

, D

E, F

G

G

en/

Cou

ntry

Sys

tem

F

unct

ion

Larg

e M

ediu

m

Sm

all

VS

mal

l S

teal

thy

FC

Mod

IO

C

Rem

arks

USA

SC(CXBD)

AS

30

25

18

72.1

119

42

SS

10

74

2.3

1.3