case 1 two-day-old girl with bilious emesis

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Case 1 Two-day-old girl with bilious emesis .

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Page 1: Case 1 Two-day-old girl with bilious emesis

Case 1

Two-day-old girl with bilious emesis .

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•There is abnormal position of the duodenum; and there is a corkscrew configuration of contrast as it passes

through the proximal small bowel .

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•Malrotation /midgut volvulus•Normally, a long, fixed small bowel mesenteric root attachment runs from the duodenojejunal junction in

the left upper quadrant to the cecum in the right lower quadrant •With malrotation, duodenojejunal and ileocecal junctions are malpositioned, with resulting short small

bowel mesentery base prone to volvulus •Malrotation also predisposes to duodenal obstruction due to paraduodenal hernias or Ladd bands

(peritoneal reflections crossing duodenum and extending to the inferior liver or posterior wall of the abdomen)

•Compromise of superior mesenteric vessels may occur with volvulus, which can result in small bowel ischemia and necrosis .

•Midgut volvulus results in death in at least 15% of cases •High incidence of morbidity in survivors from short gut syndrome and dependence on TPN leading to

cirrhosis •May present at any age, but 60% present by one month of age •Present with bilious vomiting •Diagnose with upper GI :•Malrotation :

–Abnormally positioned duodenojejunal junction •Right of spine •Inferior to the duodenal bulb

–Jejunum in the right abdomen•Midgut Volvulus :

–Proximal small bowel obstruction or corkscrew pattern as contrast traverses the proximal jejunum in right or mid upper abdomen

•Treatment is surgical

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Case 2

•Routine prenatal ultrasound in healthy thirty-year-old .

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•Findings:  There is a large occipital encephalocele, containing mixed solid and cystic

areas. The calvarial defect is between 1-2 cm, through which brain tissue is seen to herniate

Differential Diagnosis:•Occipital encephalocele •Cystic hygroma •Teratoma •Branchial cleft cyst •Scalp edema •Epidermal scalp cyst

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•Occipital encephalocele  :•An encephalocele results from failure of the surface

ectoderm to separate from the neuroectoderm. The final result is a bony defect in the skull table, which allows herniation of the meninges (cranial

meningocele) or herniation of brain tissue .•Encephaloceles represent 10-15% of all neural tube

defects .•Of encephaloceles, occipital encephaloceles are

most common (75-80%).  90% are midline .•The absence of brain tissue within the herniated sac

is the single most favorable prognostic feature for survival.

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Case 3

•Woman with breast cancer .

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•Findings:  Initial MRI of the brain shows numerous enhancing lesions scattered throughout the calvarium, consistent with metastatic bony

involvement. There is also diffuse enhancement of the pachymeninges. There are no enhancing parenchymal lesions. Newer MRI of the brain

shows confluent periventricular deep white matter FLAIR and T2 hyper intensities. There are no abnormal parenchymal lesions or enhancement. There is mild volume loss. There was no restricted diffusion (images not

shown) to suggest infarct. Again seen are heterogeneous and enhancing calvarial lesions.

Differential Diagnosis:•Post radiation white matter disease •Microvascular disease •Age related white matter changes •Tumor edema from metastatic or primary neoplasm •Diffuse infectious process •Diffuse inflammatory process •Diagnosis:  Post radiation white matter injury. Metastatic disease to the

calvarium.

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Case 4

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•Findings:  Salient findings include overgrowth of the soft tissues and bones of the fourth and fifth digits with tuft expansion, periarticular osseous projections and degenerative changes of the interphalangeal joints.Diagnosis:  Macrodystrophia lipomatosa

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•Differential diagnosis: –Neurofibromatosis –Klippel – Trenaunay – Weber syndrome –Lymphangiomatosis –Hemangiomatosis – Macrodystrophia lipomatosa –Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the nerve

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Case 5

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•Findings:  Plain films show an aggressive appearing permative destructive mass involving the proximal fibula. On the MRI, there is a lobulated, heterogeneous mass that extends superiorly to the growth plate, but not into the growth plate. There is mixed signal throughout the lesion. There is periosteal reaction and abnormal enhancement within bone marrow of the fibula distal to the tumor. Blood-fluid levels are evident, consistent with telangiectatic osteosarcoma.Diagnosis:  Telangiectatic osteosarcoma

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•Differential diagnosis:–Sarcomatous tumors :

•Osteosarcoma •Ewings Sarcoma •Angiosarcoma •Fibrosarcoma •Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

–Lymphoma –Giant cell tumor (GCT) –Metastasis

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Case 6

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Case 6

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•Findings:  IVP demonstrates a dilated distal left ureter with mild tortuosity and a filling defect in the left bladde

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•Diagnosis:  Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder