case digests- pil.docx

8/9/2019 Case Digests- PIL.docx

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Case Digests: PIL

BAYAN vs. ZAMORA

Facts:

The Philippines and the nited !tates ente"ed int# a M$t$al De%ense T"eat& #nA$g$st '() *+,*) T# %$"the" st"engthen thei" de%ense and sec$"it& "elati#nship.

nde" the t"eat&) the pa"ties ag"eed t# "esp#nd t# an& e-te"nal a" ed attac/ #nthei" te""it#"&) a" ed %#"ces) p$0lic vessels) and ai"c"a%t.

On !epte 0e" *1) *++*) the Philippine !enate "e2ected the p"#p#sed RP3 ! T"eat% F"iendship) C##pe"ati#n and !ec$"it& 4hich) in e5ect) 4#$ld have e-tended thep"esence #% ! ilita"& 0ases in the Philippines.

On 6$l& *7) *++8 RP and ! e-changed n#tes and disc$ssed) a #ng #the" things)the p#ssi0le ele ents #% the 9isiting F#"ces Ag"ee ent 9FA;.This "es$lted t# ase"ies #% c#n%e"ences and neg#tiati#ns 4hich c$l inated #n 6an$a"& *< and *')*++7. The"ea%te") P"esident Fidel Ra #s app"#ved the 9FA) 4hich 4as "espectivel&signed 0& !ec"eta"& !ia=#n and nited !tates A 0assad#" Th# as >$00a"d.

On Oct#0e" ,) *++7) P"esident 6#seph ?. ?st"ada) th"#$gh "esp#ndent !ec"eta"& #%F#"eign A5ai"s) "ati@ed the 9FA. On Oct#0e" 1) *++7) the P"esident) acting th"#$gh"esp#ndent ?-ec$tive !ec"eta"& R#nald# Za #"a) # ciall& t"ans itted t# the!enate #% the Philippines)the Inst"$ ent #% Rati@cati#n) the lette" #% the P"esidentand the 9FA) %#" c#nc$""ence p$"s$ant t# !ecti#n


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"ati@ed 0& a a2#"it& #% the v#tes cast in a nati#nal "e%e"end$ held %#" thatp$"p#se i% s# "eE$i"ed 0& c#ng"ess) and c; "ec#gni=ed as s$ch 0& the #the"c#nt"acting state.

Resp#ndents) #n the #the" hand) a"g$e that !ecti#n


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Bayan vs Zamora

Facts:

The nited !tates panel et 4ith the Philippine panel t# disc$ssed) a #ng #the"s) thep#ssi0le ele ents #% the 9isiting F#"ces Ag"ee ent 9FA;. This "es$lted t# a se"ies #%c#n%e"ences and neg#tiati#ns 4hich c$l inated #n 6an$a"& *< and *') *++7. The"ea%te")P"esident Fidel Ra #s app"#ved the 9FA) 4hich 4as "espectivel& signed 0& !ec"eta"& !ia=#nand nited !tates A 0assad#" Th# as >$00a"d.

P"es. 6#seph ?st"ada "ati@ed the 9FA #n Oct#0e" ,) *++7 and #n Ma&


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The C#nstit$ti#n) a/es n# distincti#n 0et4een t"ansient and pe" anent. e @ndn#thing in secti#n


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activit& inc#nsistent 4ith the spi"it #% this ag"ee ent) and in pa"tic$la") %"# an&p#litical activit&.

The 9ienna C#nventi#n #n the La4 #% T"eaties) A"ticles '* and '< c#ntains p"#vis#sg#ve"ning inte"p"etati#ns #% inte"nati#nal ag"ee ents. It clea"l& p"#vides that theca"dinal "$le #% inte"p"etati#n $st inv#lve an e-a inati#n #% the te-t) 4hich isp"es$ ed t# ve"0ali=e the pa"tiesK intenti#ns. The C#nventi#n li/e4ise dictates 4hat

a& 0e $sed as aids t# ded$ce the eaning #% te" s) 4hich it "e%e"s t# as thec#nte-t #% the t"eat&) as 4ell as #the" ele ents a& 0e ta/en int# acc#$ntal#ngside the a%#"esaid c#nte-t.

It appea"ed %a"%etched that the a 0ig$it& s$""#$nding the eaning #% the4#"d .Kactivities a"#se %"# accident. It 4as deli0e"atel& ade that 4a& t# give0#th pa"ties a ce"tain lee4a& in neg#tiati#n. In this anne") visiting ! %#"ces a&s#2#$"n in Philippine te""it#"& %#" p$"p#ses #the" than ilita"&. As c#nceived) the

2#int e-e"cises a& incl$de t"aining #n ne4 techniE$es #% pat"#l and s$"veillance t#p"#tect the nati#nKs a"ine "es#$"ces) sea sea"ch3and3"esc$e #pe"ati#ns t# assistvessels in dist"ess) disaste" "elie% #pe"ati#ns) civic acti#n p"#2ects s$ch as the0$ilding #% sch##l h#$ses) edical and h$ anita"ian issi#ns) and the li/e.

nde" these a$spices) the 9FA gives legiti ac& t# the c$""ent Bali/atan e-e"cises. Itis #nl& l#gical t# ass$ e that .KBali/atan (ence) it is the d$t& #% the


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e-ec$tive depa"t ent t# t"ans it the signed c#p& #% the R# e !tat$te t# the!enate t# all#4 it t# e-e"cise its disc"eti#n 4ith "espect t# "ati@cati#n #% t"eaties.M#"e#ve") petiti#ne"s s$0 it that the Philippines has a iniste"ial d$t& t# "ati%& theR# e !tat$te $nde" t"eat& la4 and c$st# a"& inte"nati#nal la4. Petiti#ne"s inv#/ethe 9ienna C#nventi#n #n the La4 #% T"eaties en2#ining the states t# "e%"ain %"#

acts 4hich 4#$ld de%eat the #02ect and p$"p#se #% a t"eat& 4hen the& have signedthe t"eat& p"i#" t# "ati@cati#n $nless the& have ade thei" intenti#n clea" n#t t#0ec# e pa"ties t# the t"eat&. , The O ce #% the !#licit#" ene"al) c# enting %#"the "esp#ndents) E$esti#ned the standing #% the petiti#ne"s t# @le the instant s$it. Itals# c#ntended that the petiti#n at 0a" vi#lates the "$le #n hie"a"ch& #% c#$"ts. Onthe s$0stantive iss$e "aised 0& petiti#ne"s) "esp#ndents a"g$e that the e-ec$tivedepa"t ent has n# d$t& t# t"ans it the R# e !tat$te t# the !enate %#"c#nc$""ence.

Iss$e:

hethe" #" n#t the e-ec$tive depa"t ent has a iniste"ial d$t& t# t"ans it theR# e !tat$te #" an& t"eat&; t# the !enate %#" c#nc$""ence.

R$ling:

The petiti#n 4as dis issed. The !$p"e e C#$"t "$led that the the P"esident) 0eingthe head #% state) is "ega"ded as the s#le #"gan and a$th#"it& in e-te"nal "elati#nsand is the c#$nt"&Ks s#le "ep"esentative 4ith %#"eign nati#ns. As the chie% a"chitect#% %#"eign p#lic&) the P"esident acts as the c#$nt"&Ks #$thpiece 4ith "espect t#inte"nati#nal a5ai"s. >ence) the P"esident is vested 4ith the a$th#"it& t# deal 4ith%#"eign states and g#ve"n ents) e-tend #" 4ithh#ld "ec#gniti#n) aintaindipl# atic "elati#ns) ente" int# t"eaties) and #the"4ise t"ansact the 0$siness #%%#"eign "elati#ns. In the "eal #% t"eat&3 a/ing) the P"esident has the s#le a$th#"it&t# neg#tiate 4ith #the" states.

N#netheless) 4hile the P"esident has the s#le a$th#"it& t# neg#tiate and ente" int#t"eaties) the C#nstit$ti#n p"#vides a li itati#n t# his p#4e" 0& "eE$i"ing thec#nc$""ence #%


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ente"ed int# 0& hi . !ecti#n


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The last step in the t"eat&3 a/ing p"#cess is the e-change #% the inst"$ ents #%"ati@cati#n) 4hich $s$all& als# signi@es the e5ectivit& #% the t"eat& $nless a di5e"entdate has 0een ag"eed $p#n 0& the pa"ties. he"e "ati@cati#n is dispensed 4ith and

n# e5ectivit& cla$se is e 0#died in the t"eat&) the inst"$ ent is dee ed e5ective$p#n its signat$"e.

Petiti#ne"sK a"g$ ents eE$ate the signing #% the t"eat& 0& the Philippine"ep"esentative 4ith "ati@cati#n. It sh#$ld 0e $nde"sc#"ed that the signing #% thet"eat& and the "ati@cati#n a"e t4# sepa"ate and distinct steps in the t"eat&3 a/ingp"#cess. As ea"lie" disc$ssed) the signat$"e is p"i a"il& intended as a eans #%a$thenticating the inst"$ ent and as a s& 0#l #% the g##d %aith #% the pa"ties. It is$s$all& pe"%#" ed 0& the stateKs a$th#"i=ed "ep"esentative in the dipl# atic

issi#n. Rati@cati#n) #n the #the" hand) is the %#" al act 0& 4hich a state c#n@" sand accepts the p"#visi#ns #% a t"eat& c#ncl$ded 0& its "ep"esentative.

It sh#$ld 0e e phasi=ed that $nde" #$" C#nstit$ti#n) the p#4e" t# "ati%& is vested inthe P"esident) s$02ect t# the c#nc$""ence #% the !enate. The "#le #% the !enate)h#4eve") is li ited #nl& t# giving #" 4ithh#lding its c#nsent) #" c#nc$""ence) t# the"ati@cati#n. >ence) it is 4ithin the a$th#"it& #% the P"esident t# "e%$se t# s$0 it at"eat& t# the !enate #") having sec$"ed its c#nsent %#" its "ati@cati#n) "e%$se t# "ati%&it. Alth#$gh the "e%$sal #% a state t# "ati%& a t"eat& 4hich has 0een signed in its0ehal% is a se"i#$s step that sh#$ld n#t 0e ta/en lightl&) s$ch decisi#n is 4ithin thec# petence #% the P"esident al#ne) 4hich cann#t 0e enc"#ached 0& this C#$"t via a4"it #% anda $s. This C#$"t has n# 2$"isdicti#n #ve" acti#ns see/ing t# en2#in theP"esident in the pe"%#" ance #% his # cial d$ties.

C#nstantin# vs. C$isia and Del R#sa"i#

ABAYA vs. ?BDAN?

Facts:

The #ve"n ent #% 6apan and the #ve"n ent #% the Philippines) th"#$gh thei""espective "ep"esentatives) na el&) M". Y#shihisa A"a) A 0assad#" ?-t"a#"dina"&and Plenip#tentia"& #% 6apan t# the Rep$0lic #% the Philippines) and then !ec"eta"& #%


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F#"eign A5ai"s D# ing# L. !ia=#n) have "eached an $nde"standing c#nce"ning 6apanese l#ans t# 0e e-tended t# the Philippines. These l#ans 4e"e ai ed atp"# #ting #$" c#$nt"&Ks ec#n# ic sta0ili=ati#n and devel#p ent e5#"ts.

The assailed "es#l$ti#n "ec# ended the a4a"d t# p"ivate "esp#ndent China R#ad B"idge C#"p#"ati#n #% the c#nt"act %#" the i ple entati#n #% civil 4#"/s %#"

C#nt"act Pac/age N#. I CP I;) 4hich c#nsists #% the i p"#ve entH"eha0ilitati#n #%the !an And"es C#d#n;39i"ac36ct. Bag#39iga "#ad) 4ith the length #% 8+.7*7/il# ete"s) in the island p"#vince #% Catand$anes.The DP > ca$sed the p$0licati#n#% the Invitati#n t# P"eE$ali%& and t# Bid %#" the i ple entati#n #% the CP I p"#2ect)in t4# leading nati#nal ne4spape"s) na el&) the Manila Ti es and Manila !tanda"d#n N#ve 0e"


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t# 0e c#nside"ed a t"eat&) an inte"nati#nal #" an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent) the pa"ties$st 0e t4# s#ve"eigns #" !tates 4he"eas in the case #% L#an Ag"ee ent N#. P>3

P


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The %$nda ental p"inciple #% inte"nati#nal la4 #% pacta s$nt se"vanda) 4hich is) in%act) e 0#died in !ecti#n #% RA +*7 as it p"#vides that a n& t"eat& #"inte"nati#nal #" e-ec$tive ag"ee ent a5ecting the s$02ect atte" #% this Act t#4hich the Philippine g#ve"n ent is a signat#"& shall 0e #0se"ved) the DP >) asthe e-ec$ting agenc& #% the p"#2ects @nanced 0& L#an Ag"ee ent N#. P>3Pigh4a&s DP >; iss$ed a Res#l$ti#n N#. P6>L3A3( 3(*33


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Alth#$gh these inst"$ ents di5e" %"# each #the" 0& title) the& all have c# #n%eat$"es and inte"nati#nal la4 has applied 0asicall& the sa e "$les t# all theseinst"$ ents. These "$les a"e the "es$lt #% l#ng p"actice a #ng the !tates) 4hichhave accepted the as 0inding n#" s in thei" $t$al "elati#ns. The"e%#"e) the& a"e"ega"ded as inte"nati#nal c$st# a"& la4.

That case 4as dis issed 0& the !CORP last Fe0. *


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Na ed as "esp#ndents a"e the >ealth !ec"eta"&) nde"sec"eta"ies) and Assistant!ec"eta"ies #% the Depa"t ent #% >ealth DO>;. F#" p$"p#ses #% he"ein petiti#n) theDO> is dee ed i pleaded as a c#3"esp#ndent since "esp#ndents iss$ed theE$esti#ned RIRR in thei" capacit& as # cials #% said e-ec$tive agenc&.*?-ec$tiveO"de" N#. ,* Mil/ C#de; 4as iss$ed 0& P"esident C#"a=#n AE$in# #n Oct#0e" ; is n#t c#nstit$ti#nalJ

Held: ES

$nde" A"ticle O C#nstit$ti#n"eads:

A"ticle


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B& t"ans%#" ati#n #" inc#"p#"ati#n. The t"ans%#" ati#n eth#d "eE$i"es that aninte"nati#nal la4 0e t"ans%#" ed int# a d# estic la4 th"#$gh a c#nstit$ti#nal

echanis s$ch as l#cal legislati#n. The inc#"p#"ati#n eth#d applies 4hen) 0&

e"e c#nstit$ti#nal decla"ati#n) inte"nati#nal la4 is dee ed t# have the %#"ce #%d# estic la4.

C#nseE$entl&) legislati#n is necessa"& t# t"ans%#" the p"#visi#ns #% the >ARes#l$ti#ns int# d# estic la4. The p"#visi#ns #% the >A Res#l$ti#ns cann#t 0ec#nside"ed as pa"t #% the la4 #% the land that can 0e i ple ented 0& e-ec$tiveagencies 4ith#$t the need #% a la4 enacted 0& the legislat$"e

Except Sections 4 (f), 11 and 46, the rest of the provisions of the RIRR are inconsonance with the objective, purpose and intent of the Milk Code, constitutingreasonable regulation of an industry which affects public health and welfare and,as such, the rest of the RIRR do not constitute illegal restraint of trade nor arethey violative of the due process clause of the Constitution.

WHEREFORE, the petition is PARTIALLY GRANTED. Sections 4 (f), 11 and 46of Administrative Order No. 2006-0012 dated May 12, 2006 are declared NULL

and VOID for being ultra vires . The Department of Health and respondents arePROHIBITED from implementing said provisions.

The Temporary Restraining Order issued on August 15, 2006 is LIFTED insofaras t he rest of the provisions o f Administrative Order No. 2006-0012 is co ncerned.

||| (Pharmaceutical and Health Care Ass'n v. Duque III, G.R. No. 173034, October

09, 2007)

P>ARMAC? TICAL AND >?ALT> CAR? A!!OCIATION OF T>? P>ILIPPIN?!vs. >?ALT>!?CR?TARY FRANCI!CO T. D S ? III


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FACT!: On Oct#0e" acted 4ith#$t #" in e-cess #% 2$"isdicti#n) #" 4ith g"ave a0$se #% disc"eti#n a #$nting t# lac/ #" e-cess #% 2$"isdicti#n) and in vi#lati#n #% the p"#visi#ns #% the C#nstit$ti#n in p"# $lgating theRIRR

R LIN :

The !$p"e e C#$"t PARTIALLY RANT?D the petiti#n. !ecti#ns %;) ** and 1 #%Ad inist"ative O"de" N#.


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p"#hi0it adve"tising #" #the" %#" s #% p"# #ti#n t# the gene"al p$0lic #% p"#d$cts.Instead) the Mil/ C#de e-p"essl& p"#vides that adve"tising) p"# #ti#n) #" #the"

a"/eting ate"ials a& 0e all#4ed i% s$ch ate"ials a"e d$l& a$th#"i=ed andapp"#ved 0& the Inte"3Agenc& C# ittee IAC;. In this "ega"d) the >A Res#l$ti#nsad#pting the ICMB! a"e e"el& "ec# endat#"& and legall& n#n30inding. This a&

c#nstit$te s#%t la4 #" n#n30inding n#" s) p"inciples and p"actices that in $encestate 0ehavi#". Resp#ndents have n#t p"esented an& evidence t# p"#ve that the>A Res#l$ti#ns) alth#$gh signed 0& #st #% the e 0e" states) 4e"e in %act

en%#"ced #" p"acticed 0& at least a a2#"it& #% the e 0e" states and #0ligat#"& innat$"e. The p"#visi#ns #% the >A Res#l$ti#ns cann#t 0e c#nside"ed as pa"t #% thela4 #% the land that can 0e i ple ented 0& e-ec$tive agencies 4ith#$t the need #%a la4 enacted 0& the legislat$"e. On the #the" hand) the petiti#ne"s als# %ailed t#e-plain and p"#ve 0& c# petent evidence 2$st e-actl& h#4 s$ch p"#tective"eg$lati#n 4#$ld "es$lt in the "est"aint #% t"ade. !ince all the "eg$lat#"& p"#visi#ns$nde" the Mil/ C#de appl& eE$all& t# 0#th an$%act$"e"s and dist"i0$t#"s) the C#$"tsees n# ha" in the RIRR. ?-cept !ecti#ns %;) ** and 1) the "est #% the p"#visi#ns#% the RIRR a"e in c#ns#nance 4ith the #02ective) p$"p#se and intent #% the Mil/C#de.

NORT> COTABATO 9!. RP R NO. *7',+*

FACT!: The Me #"and$ #% Ag"ee ent #n the Ancest"al D# ain MOA3AD; 0"#$ghta0#$t 0& the #ve"n ent #% the "ep$0lic #% the Philippines RP; and the M#"#Isla ic Li0e"ati#n F"#nt MILF; as an aspect #% T"ip#li Ag"ee ent #% Peace in


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>?LD: RP vi#lated the C#nstit$ti#nal and stat$t#"& p"#visi#ns #n p$0lic c#ns$ltati#nand the "ight t# in%#" ati#n 4hen the& neg#tiated and initiated the MOA3AD and ita"e $nc#nstit$ti#nal 0eca$se it is c#nt"a"& t# la4 and the p"#visi#ns #% thec#nstit$ti#n the"e#%.

R?A!ONIN : The RP is "eE$i"ed 0& this la4 t# ca""& #$t p$0lic c#ns$ltati#ns #n0#th nati#nal and l#cal levels t# 0$ild c#nsens$s %#" peace agenda and p"#cess andthe #0ili=ati#n and %acilitati#n #% pe#pleKs pa"ticipati#n in the peace p"#cess.

A"ticle III Bill #% Rights;

!ec. 8. The "ight #% pe#ple #n atte"s #% p$0lic c#nce"n shall 0e "ec#gni=ed) accesst# # cial "ec#"ds and t# d#c$ ents and pape"s pe"taining t# # cial acts)t"ansacti#ns) #" decisi#ns) as 4ell as t# g#ve"n ent "esea"ch data $sed as 0asis %#"p#lic& devel#p ent shall 0e a5#"ded the citi=en) s$02ect t# s$ch li itati#ns as a&0e p"#vided 0& la4.

A"ticle II

!ec.


18/75

!ec. *. The te""it#"ial and p#litical s$0divisi#ns #% the Rep$0lic #% the Philippines a"ethe p"#vince) cities) $nicipalities and 0a"anga&s. The"e shall 0e a$t#n# #$s"egi#ns #n M$sli Mindana# and the C#"dille"a as he"eina%te" p"#vided.

!ec. *,. The"e shall 0e c"eated a$t#n# #$s "egi#ns in M$sli Mindana# and in theC#"dille"as c#nsisting #% p"#vinces) cities) $nicipalities and ge#g"aphical a"eassha"ing c# #n and distinctive hist#"ical and c$lt$"al he"itage) ec#n# ic ands#cial st"$ct$"es and #the" "elevant cha"acte"istics 4ithin the %"a e4#"/ #% thisc#nstit$ti#n and the nati#nal s#ve"eignt& as 4ell as te""it#"ial integ"it& #% theRep$0lic #% the Philippines.

!ecti#n *1. The P"esident shall e-e"cise gene"al s$pe"visi#n #ve" a$t#n# #$s"egi#ns t# ens$"e that la4s a"e %aith%$ll& e-ec$ted.

!ec. *7. The c"eati#n #% a$t#n# #$s "egi#n shall 0e e5ective 4hen app"#ved 0& aa2#"it& #% the v#tes cast 0& the c#nstit$ents $nits in a ple0iscite called %#" the

p$"p#se) p"#vided that #nl& p"#vinces) cities and ge#g"aphic a"eas v#ting%av#$"a0l& in s$ch ple0iscite shall 0e incl$ded in the a$t#n# #$s "egi#n.

!ec.


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20/75


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%act that the Ag"ee ent) as petiti#ne" 4#$ld p$t it) leaves c"i inals i $ne %"#"esp#nsi0ilit& %#" $ni agina0le at"#cities that deepl& sh#c/ the c#nscience #%h$ anit&J it p"ecl$des #$" c#$nt"& %"# delive"ing an A e"ican c"i inal t# the ICC.

The a0#ve a"g$ ent is a /ind #% "ec&cling #% petiti#ne"s ea"lie" p#siti#n) 4hich) asal"ead& disc$ssed) c#ntends that the RP) 0& ente"ing int# the Ag"ee ent) vi"t$all&a0dicated its s#ve"eignt& and in thep"#cess $nde" ined its t"eat& #0ligati#ns $nde"the R# e !tat$te) c#nt"a"& t# inte"nati#nal la4 p"inciples.

The C#$"t is n#t pe"s$aded. !$ ce it t# state in this "ega"d that the n#n3s$""ende"ag"ee ent) as aptl& desc"i0ed 0& the !#licit#" ene"al) is an asse"ti#n 0& thePhilippines #% its desi"e t# t"& and p$nish c"i es $nde" its nati#nal la4. Theag"ee ent is a "ec#gniti#n #% the p"i ac& and c# petence #% the c#$nt"&s 2$dicia"&t# t"& #5enses $nde" its nati#nal c"i inal la4s and dispense 2$stice %ai"l& and

2$dici#$sl&. Petiti#ne") la0#"s $nde" the e""#ne#$s i p"essi#n that the Ag"ee ent4#$ld all#4 Filipin#s and A e"icans c# itting high c"i es #% inte"nati#nal c#nce"nt# escape c"i inal t"ial and p$nish ent. This is ani%estl& inc#""ect. Pe"s#ns 4h#

a& have c# itted acts penali=ed $nde" the R# e !tat$te can 0e p"#sec$ted andp$nished in the Philippines #" in the !J #" 4ith the c#nsent #% the RP #" the !)0e%#"e the ICC) ass$ ing that all the %#" alities necessa"& t# 0ind 0#th c#$nt"ies t#the R# e !tat$te have 0een et.

Pe"spective 4ise) 4hat the Ag"ee ent c#nte-t$all& p"#hi0its is the s$""ende" 0&eithe" pa"t& #% individ$als t# inte"nati#nal t"i0$nals) li/e the ICC) 4ith#$t thec#nsent #% the #the" pa"t&) 4hich a& desi"e t# p"#sec$te the c"i e $nde" itse-isting la4s. ith this vie4) the"e is n#thing i #"al #" vi#lative #% inte"nati#nalla4 c#ncepts in the act #% the Philippines #% ass$ ing c"i inal 2$"isdicti#n p$"s$antt# the n#n3s$""ende" ag"ee ent #ve" an #5ense c#nside"ed c"i inal 0& 0#thPhilippine la4s and the R# e !tat$te

Inte"nati#nal Ag"ee entsJ t"eaties and e-ec$tive ag"ee ents. nde" inte"nati#nalla4) the"e is n# di5e"ence 0et4een t"eaties and e-ec$tive ag"ee ents in te" s #%thei" 0inding e5ects #n the c#nt"acting states c#nce"ned) as l#ng as the neg#tiating%$ncti#na"ies have "e ained 4ithin thei" p#4e"s. >#4eve") a t"eat& has g"eate"

dignit& than an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent) 0eca$se its c#nstit$ti#nal e cac& is 0endd#$0t) a t"eat& having 0ehind it the a$th#"it& #% the P"esident) the !enate) and thepe#pleJ a "ati@ed t"eat&) $nli/e an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent) ta/es p"ecedence #ve" an&


22/75

p"i#" stat$t#"& enact ent. Petiti#ne") in this case) a"g$es that the N#n3!$""ende"Ag"ee ent 0et4een the Philippines and the ! is #% d$0i#$s validit&) pa"ta/ing as itd#es #% the nat$"e #% a t"eat&J hence) it $st 0e d$l& c#nc$""ed in 0& the !enate.Petiti#ne" "elies #n the case) C# issi#ne" #% C$st# s v. ?aste"n !ea T"ading) in4hich the C#$"t stated: inte"nati#nal ag"ee ents inv#lving p#litical iss$es #"

changes #% nati#nal p#lic& and th#se inv#lving inte"nati#nal a""ange ents #% ape" anent cha"acte" $s$all& ta/e the %#" #% t"eatiesJ 4hile th#se e 0#d&ingad2$st ents #% detail ca""&ing #$t 4ell esta0lished nati#nal p#licies and t"aditi#nsand th#se inv#lving a""ange ents #% a #"e #" less te p#"a"& nat$"e ta/e the %#"#% e-ec$tive ag"ee ents. Acc#"ding t# petiti#ne") the s$02ect #% the Ag"ee entd#es n#t %all $nde" an& #% the s$02ect3categ#"ies that a"e en$ e"ated in the ?aste"n!ea T"ading case that a& 0e c#ve"ed 0& an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent) s$ch asc# e"cialHc#ns$la" "elati#ns) #st3%av#"ed nati#n "ights) patent "ights) t"ade a"/and c#p&"ight p"#tecti#n) p#stal and navigati#n a""ange ents and settle ent #%clai s. The !$p"e e C#$"t held) h#4eve") that the categ#"i=ati#n #% s$02ect

atte"s that a& 0e c#ve"ed 0& inte"nati#nal ag"ee ents enti#ned in ?aste"n !ea T"ading is n#t cast in st#ne. The"e a"e n# ha"d and %ast "$les #n the p"#p"iet& #%ente"ing) #n a given s$02ect) int# a t"eat& #" an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent as aninst"$ ent #% inte"nati#nal "elati#ns. The p"i a"& c#nside"ati#n in the ch#ice #% the%#" #% ag"ee ent is the pa"tiesK intent and desi"e t# c"a%t an inte"nati#nalag"ee ent in the %#" the& s# 4ish t# %$"the" thei" "espective inte"ests. The atte"#% %#" ta/es a 0ac/ seat 4hen it c# es t# e5ectiveness and 0inding e5ect #% theen%#"ce ent #% a t"eat& #" an e-ec$tive ag"ee ent) as the pa"ties in eithe"inte"nati#nal ag"ee ent each la0#" $nde" the pacta s$nt se"vanda p"inciple.

Inte"nati#nal Ag"ee entsJ li itati#ns #n s#ve"eignt&. The RP) 0& ente"ing int# theAg"ee ent) d#es the"e0& a0dicate its s#ve"eignt&) a0dicati#n 0eing d#ne 0& its4aiving #" a0and#ning its "ight t# see/ "ec#$"se th"#$gh the R# e !tat$te #% theICC %#" e""ing A e"icans c# itting inte"nati#nal c"i es in the c#$nt"&. As it 4e"e)the Ag"ee ent is 0$t a %#" #% a " ance and c#n@" ati#n #% the PhilippinesKnati#nal c"i inal 2$"isdicti#n. Nati#nal c"i inal 2$"isdicti#n 0eing p"i a"&) it isal4a&s the "esp#nsi0ilit& and 4ithin the p"e"#gative #% the RP eithe" t# p"#sec$tec"i inal #5enses eE$all& c#ve"ed 0& the R# e !tat$te #" t# accede t# the

2$"isdicti#n #% the ICC. Th$s) the Philippines a& decide t# t"& pe"s#ns #% the !)as the te" is $nde"st##d in the Ag"ee ent) $nde" #$" nati#nal c"i inal 2$stices&ste J #" it a& #pt n#t t# e-e"cise its c"i inal 2$"isdicti#n #ve" its e""ing citi=ens#" #ve" ! pe"s#ns c# itting high c"i es in the c#$nt"& and de%e" t# thesec#nda"& c"i inal 2$"isdicti#n #% the ICC #ve" the . In the sa e 0"eath) the !

$st e-tend the sa e p"ivilege t# the Philippines 4ith "espect t# pe"s#ns #% theRP c# itting high c"i es 4ithin ! te""it#"ial 2$"isdicti#n. B& thei" nat$"e) t"eatiesand inte"nati#nal ag"ee ents act$all& have a li iting e5ect #n the #the"4iseenc# passing and a0s#l$te nat$"e #% s#ve"eignt&. B& thei" v#l$nta"& act) nati#ns


23/75

a& decide t# s$""ende" #" 4aive s# e aspects #% thei" state p#4e" #" ag"ee t#li it the e-e"cise #% thei" #the"4ise e-cl$sive and a0s#l$te 2$"isdicti#n. The $s$al$nde"l&ing c#nside"ati#n in this pa"tial s$""ende" a& 0e the g"eate" 0ene@tsde"ived %"# a pact #" a "ecip"#cal $nde"ta/ing #% #ne c#nt"acting pa"t& t# g"ant thesa e p"ivileges #" i $nities t# the #the".

China Nati#nal Machine"& v. !anta a"ia

!acts : On * !epte 0e"


24/75

P"#c$"e ent Re%#" ActJ c; P"esidential Dec"ee N#. * ,) #the"4ise /n#4n as the#ve"n ent A$diting C#deJ and d; ?-ec$tive O"de" N#.


25/75

!ince the Philippines adhe"es t# the "est"ictive the#"&) it is c"$cial t# asce"tainthe legal nat$"e #% the act inv#lved 4hethe" the entit& clai ing i $nit&pe"%#" s g#ve"n ental) as #pp#sed t# p"#p"ieta"&) %$ncti#ns. As held in nited!tates #% A e"ica v. R$i=

Ad ittedl&) the L#an Ag"ee ent 4as ente"ed int# 0et4een ? IM Ban/ and thePhilippine g#ve"n ent) 4hile the C#nt"act Ag"ee ent 4as 0et4een N#"th"ail andCNM? . Alth#$gh the C#nt"act Ag"ee ent is silent #n the classi@cati#n #% the legalnat$"e #% the t"ansacti#n) the %#"eg#ing p"#visi#ns #% the L#an Ag"ee ent) 4hich is anine-t"ica0le pa"t #% the enti"e $nde"ta/ing) n#netheless "eveal the intenti#n #% thepa"ties t# the N#"th"ail P"#2ect t# classi%& the 4h#le vent$"e as c# e"cial #"p"#p"ieta"& in cha"acte".

Th$s) piecing t#gethe" the c#ntent and ten#" #% the C#nt"act Ag"ee ent) theMe #"and$ #% nde"standing dated * !epte 0e"


26/75

nati#nal ec#n# &) and !ecti#ns *( and *eld:

The !$p"e e C#$"t "$led the Res#l$ti#n N#. +8 is n#t $nc#nstit$ti#nal. hile thec#nstit$ti#n andates a 0ias in %av#" #% Filipin# g##ds) se"vices) la0#" andente"p"ises) at the sa e ti e) it "ec#gni=es the need %#" 0$siness e-change 4iththe "est #% the 4#"ld #n the 0ases #% eE$alit& and "ecip"#cit& and li its p"#tecti#n #% Filipin# inte"ests #nl& against %#"eign c# petiti#n and t"ade p"actices that a"e$n%ai". In #the" 4#"ds) the C#nstit$ti#n did n#t intend t# p$"s$e an is#lati#nalistp#lic&. F$"the" #"e) the c#nstit$ti#nal p#lic& #% a sel%3"eliant and independentnati#nal ec#n# & d#es n#t necessa"il& "$le #$t the ent"& #% %#"eign invest ents)g##ds and se"vices. It c#nte plates neithe" ec#n# ic secl$si#n n#" endicanc&in the inte"nati#nal c# $nit&.

The !enate) a%te" deli0e"ati#n and v#ting) gave its c#nsent t# the TO Ag"ee entthe"e0& a/ing it a pa"t #% the la4 #% the land . The !$p"e e C#$"t gave d$e"espect t# an eE$al depa"t ent in g#ve"n ent. It p"es$ es its acti#ns as "eg$la"and d#ne in g##d %aith $nless the"e is c#nvincing p"##% and pe"s$asive ag"ee entst# the c#nt"a"&. As a "es$lt) the "ati@cati#n #% the TO Ag"ee ent li its #" "est"ictsthe a0s#l$teness #% s#ve"eignt&. A t"eat& engage ent is n#t a e"e #0ligati#n 0$tc"eates a legall& 0inding #0ligati#n #n the pa"ties. A state 4hich has c#nt"actedvalid inte"nati#nal #0ligati#ns is 0#$nd t# a/e its legislati#ns s$ch #di@cati#ns as

a& 0e necessa"& t# ens$"e the %$l@ll ent #% the #0ligati#ns $nde"ta/en

MI6AR?! 9. RANADA


27/75

Inv#/ing the Alien T#"t Act) petiti#ne"s Mi2a"es) et al. ) all #% 4h# s$5e"ed h$ an"ights vi#lati#ns d$"ing the Ma"c#s e"a) #0tained a Final 6$dg ent in thei" %av#"against the ?state #% the late Fe"dinand Ma"c#s a #$nting t# "#$ghl& *.+B inc# pensat#"& and e-e pla"& da ages %#" t#"t$#$s vi#lati#ns #% inte"nati#nal la4 inthe ! Dist"ict C#$"t #% >a4aii. This Final 6$dg ent 4as a " ed 0& the ! C#$"t #%

Appeals.

As a c#nseE$ence) Petiti#ne"s @led a C# plaint 4ith the RTC Ma/ati %#" theen%#"ce ent #% the Final 6$dg ent) pa&ing P *( as d#c/et and @ling %ees 0ased #nR$le * *) [8 0; 4he"e the val$e #% the s$02ect atte" is incapa0le #% pec$nia"&esti ati#n. The ?state #% Ma"c#s h#4eve") @led a MTD alleging the n#n3pa& ent #%the c#""ect @ling %ees. RTC Ma/ati dis issed the C# plaint stating that the s$02ect

atte" 4as capa0le #% pec$nia"& esti ati#n as it inv#lved a 2$dg ent "ende"ed 0& a%#"eign c#$"t #"de"ing the pa& ent #% a de@nite s$ #% #ne& all#4ing %#" the eas&

dete" inati#n #% the val$e #% the %#"eign 2$dg ent. As s$ch) the p"#pe" @ling %ee4as P 8#4eve") the Petiti#ne"s e"" in stating that theFinal 6$dg ent is incapa0le #% pec$nia"& esti ati#n 0eca$se it is s# capa0le. On thisp#int) Petiti#ne"s state that this ight lead t# an instance 4he"ein a @"st level c#$"t

MTC) MeTC) etc.; 4#$ld have 2$"isdicti#n t# en%#"ce a %#"eign 2$dg ent. nde" theB.P.*


28/75

hat g#ve"ns the p"#pe" c# p$tati#n #% the @ling %ees #ve" C# plaints %#" theen%#"ce ent #% %#"eign 2$dg ents is [8 0; ';) inv#lving #the" acti#ns n#t inv#lvingp"#pe"t&.

INT?RNATIONAL !TAT ! OF !O T>3 ?!T AFRICA

Advis#"& Opini#n #% ** 6$l& *+,(

The E$esti#n c#nce"ning the Inte"nati#nal !tates #% !#$th est A%"ica had 0een"e%e""ed %#" an advis#"& #pini#n t# the C#$"t 0& the ene"al Asse 0l& #% the nitedNati#ns .A. "es#l$ti#n #% 1 Dece 0e" *+ +;.

The C#$"t decided $nani #$sl& that !#$th3 est A%"ica 4as a te""it#"& $nde" theinte"nati#nal Mandate ass$ ed 0& the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica #n Dece 0e" *8th)*+


29/75

and @nall&) $nani #$sl& that the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica 4as n#t c# petent t# #di%&the inte"nati#nal stat$s #% !#$th3 est A%"ica) s$ch c# petence "esting 4ith the

ni#n acting 4ith the c#nsent #% the nited Nati#ns.

The ci"c$ stances in 4hich the C#$"t 4as called $p#n t# give its #pini#n 4e"e the%#ll#4ing:

The Te""it#"& #% !#$th3 est A%"ica 4as #ne #% the e" an #ve"seas p#ssessi#ns in"espect #% 4hich e" an&) 0& A"ticle **+ #% the T"eat& #% 9e"sailles "en#$nced allhe" "ights and titles in %av#$" #% the P"incipal Allied and Ass#ciated P#4e"s. A%te" the4a" #% *+* 3*+*7 this Te""it#"& 4as placed $nde" a Mandate c#n%e""ed $p#n the

ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica 4hich 4as t# have %$ll p#4e" #% ad inist"ati#n and legislati#n#ve" the Te""it#"& as an integ"al p#"ti#n #% the ni#n. The ni#n #ve"n ent 4as t#e-e"cise an inte"nati#nal !ancti#n #% ad inist"ati#n #n 0ehal% #% the Leag$e) 4iththe #02ect #% p"# #ting the 4ell30eing and devel#p ent #% the inha0itants.

A%te" the sec#nd 4#"ld 4a") the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica) alleging that the Mandate hadlapsed) s#$ght the "ec#gniti#n #% the nited Nati#ns t# the integ"ati#n #% the

Te""it#"& in the ni#n.

The nited Nati#ns "e%$sed thei" c#nsent t# this integ"ati#n and invited the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica t# place the Te""it#"& $nde" T"$steeship) acc#"ding t# the p"#visi#ns #%Chapte" II #% the Cha"te".

The ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica having "e%$sed t# c# pl&) the ene"al Asse 0l& #% thenited Nati#ns) #n Dece 0e" 1th) *+ +) ad#pted the %#ll#4ing "es#l$ti#n:

The ene"al Asse 0l&)


30/75

Recalling its p"evi#$s "es#l$ti#ns 1, I; #% * Dece 0e" *+ 1) * * II; #% *N#ve 0e" *+ 8 and


31/75


32/75

c#n@" ed 0& A"ticle 7() pa"ag"aph *) #% the Cha"te") aintaining the "ights #%!tates and pe#ples and the te" s #% e-isting inte"nati#nal inst"$ ents $ntil thete""it#"ies in E$esti#n a"e placed $nde" the t"$steeship s&ste . M#"e#ve") the"es#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e #% Nati#ns #% Ap"il *7) *+ 1) said that the Leag$e]s%$ncti#ns 4ith "espect t# andated te""it#"ies 4#$ld c# e t# an endJ it did n#t sa&

that the Mandates the selves ca e t# an end.

B& this Res#l$ti#n the Asse 0l& #% the Leag$e #% Nati#ns ani%ested its$nde"standing that the Mandates 4#$ld c#ntin$e in e-istence $ntil V#the"a""ange entsV 4e"e esta0lished and the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica) in decla"ati#ns adet# the Leag$e #% Nati#ns as 4ell as t# the nited Nati#ns) had "ec#gni=ed that its#0ligati#ns $nde" the Mandate c#ntin$ed a%te" the disappea"ance #% the Leag$e.Inte"p"etati#n placed $p#n legal inst"$ ents 0& the pa"ties t# the ) th#$gh n#tc#ncl$sive as t# thei" eaning) have c#nside"a0le p"#0ative val$e 4hen the&

c#ntain "ec#gniti#n 0& a pa"t& #% its #4n #0ligati#ns $nde" an inst"$ ent.

ith "ega"d t# the sec#nd g"#$p #% #0ligati#ns) the C#$"t said that s# e d#$0tsight a"ise %"# the %act that the s$pe"vis#"& %$ncti#ns #% the Leag$e 4ith "ega"d t#andated te""it#"ies n#t placed $nde" the ne4 t"$steeship s&ste 4e"e neithe"

e-p"essl& t"ans%e""ed t# the nited Nati#ns) n#" e-p"essl& ass$ ed 0& thatO"gani=ati#n. Neve"theless) the #0ligati#n inc$ 0ent $p#n a Mandat#"& !tate t#accept inte"nati#nal s$pe"visi#n and t# s$0 it "ep#"ts is an i p#"tant pa"t #% theMandates !&ste . It c#$ld n#t 0e c#ncl$ded that the #0ligati#n t# s$0 it t#

s$pe"visi#n had disappea"ed e"el& 0eca$se the s$pe"vis#"& #"gan had ceased t#e-ist 4hen the nited Nati#ns had an#the" inte"nati#nal #"gan pe"%#" ing si ila")th#$gh n#t identical) s$pe"vis#"& %$ncti#ns.

These gene"al c#nside"ati#ns 4e"e c#n@" ed 0& A"ticle 7() pa"ag"aph *) #% theCha"te") 4hich p$"p#"ts t# sa%eg$a"d n#t #nl& the "ights #% !tates) 0$t als# the"ights #% the pe#ples #% andated te""it#"ies $ntil t"$steeship ag"ee ents 4e"ec#ncl$ded. The c# petence #% the ene"al Asse 0l& #% the nited Nati#ns t#e-e"cise s$ch s$pe"visi#n and t# "eceive and e-a ine "ep#"ts is de"ived %"# the

p"#visi#ns #% A"ticle *( #% the Cha"te") 4hich a$th#"i=es the ene"al Asse 0l& t#disc$ss an& E$esti#ns #n an& atte"s 4ithin the sc#pe #% the Cha"te") and a/e"ec# endati#ns t# the Me 0e"s #% the nited Nati#ns. M#"e#ve") the Res#l$ti#n#% Ap"il *7th) *+ 1) #% the Asse 0l& #% the Leag$e #% Nati#ns p"es$pp#ses that thes$pe"vis#"& %$ncti#ns e-e"cised 0& the Leag$e 4#$ld 0e ta/en #ve" 0& the nitedNati#ns.


33/75

The "ight #% petiti#n 4as n#t enti#ned in the C#venant #" the Mandate) 0$t 4as#"gani=ed 0& a decisi#n #% the C#$ncil #% the Leag$e. The C#$"t 4as #% #pini#n thatthis "ight 4hich the inha0itants #% !#$th3 est A%"ica had th$s acE$i"ed) 4as

aintained 0& A"ticle 7() pa"ag"aph *) #% the Cha"te") as this cla$se 4as inte"p"eteda0#ve. The C#$"t 4as the"e%#"e #% the #pini#n that petiti#ns a"e t# 0e t"ans itted

0& the #ve"n ent #% the ni#n t# the ene"al Asse 0l& #% the nited Nati#ns)4hich is legall& E$ali@ed t# deal 4ith the .

The"e%#"e) !#$th3 est A%"ica is still t# 0e c#nside"ed a te""it#"& held $nde" theMandate #% Dece 0e" *8th) *+


34/75

intenti#n 4#$ld have 0een e-p"essed in a di"ect anne". It c#nside"ed als# that thisa"ticle did n#t c"eate an #0ligati#n t# ente" int# neg#tiati#ns 4ith a vie4 t#c#ncl$ding a T"$steeship Ag"ee ent as this p"#visi#n e-p"essl& "e%e"s t# dela& #"p#stp#ne ent V#% the neg#tiati#n and c#ncl$si#nV) and n#t t# neg#tiati#ns #nl&.M#"e#ve") it "e%e"s n#t e"el& t# te""it#"ies held $nde" andate 0$t als# t# #the"

te""it#"ies. Finall& the #0ligati#n e"el& t# neg#tiate d#es n#t #% itsel% ass$"e thec#ncl$si#n #% T"$steeship Ag"ee ents. It is t"$e that the Cha"te" has c#nte platedand "eg$lated #nl& #ne single s&ste ) the inte"nati#nal T"$steeship s&ste . I% it a&0e c#ncl$ded that it 4as e-pected that the andat#"& !tates 4#$ld %#ll#4 then#" al c#$"se indicated 0& the Cha"te" and c#ncl$de T"$steeship Ag"ee ents) theC#$"t 4as $na0le t# ded$ce %"# these gene"al c#nside"ati#ns an& legal #0ligati#n%#" andat#"& !tates t# c#ncl$de #" neg#tiate s$ch ag"ee ents. It is n#t %#" theC#$"t t# p"#n#$nce #n the p#litical #" #"al d$ties 4hich these c#nside"ati#ns a&inv#lve.

ith "ega"d t# E$esti#n c; the C#$"t decided that the ni#n had n# c# petence t##di%& $nilate"all& the inte"nati#nal stat$s #% the Te""it#"&. It "epeated that the

n#" al 4a& #% #di%&ing the inte"nati#nal stat$s #% the Te""it#"& 4#$ld 0e t# place it$nde" the T"$steeship !&ste 0& eans #% a T"$steeship Ag"ee ent) in acc#"dance4ith the p"#visi#ns #% Chapte" II #% the Cha"te".

A"ticle 8 #% the Mandate "eE$i"ed the a$th#"i=ati#n #% the C#$ncil #% the Leag$e %#"an& #di@cati#ns #% its te" s. In acc#"dance 4ith the "epl& given t# E$esti#n a; the

C#$"t said that th#se p#4e"s #% s$pe"visi#n n#4 0el#ng t# the ene"al Asse 0l& #%the nited Nati#ns. A"ticles 8+ and 7, #% the Cha"te" "eE$i"ed that a t"$steeshipag"ee ent 0e app"#ved 0& the ene"al Asse 0l&. B& anal#g& it c#$ld 0e in%e""edthat the sa e p"#ced$"e 4as applica0le t# an& #di@cati#n #% the inte"nati#nalstat$s #% a te""it#"& $nde" Mandate 4hich 4#$ld n#t have %#" its p$"p#se the placing#% the te""it#"& $nde" the t"$steeship s&ste .

M#"e#ve") the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica itsel% decided t# s$0 it the E$esti#n #% the%$t$"e inte"nati#nal stat$s #% the te""it#"& t# the V2$dg entV #% the ene"al

Asse 0l& as the Vc# petent inte"nati#nal #"ganV. In s# d#ing) the ni#n "ec#gnisedthe c# petence #% the ene"al Asse 0l& in the atte". On the 0asis #% thesec#nside"ati#ns) the C#$"t c#ncl$ded that c# petence t# dete" ine and #di%& theinte"nati#nal stat$s #% the Te""it#"& "ested 4ith the ni#n) acting in ag"ee ent 4iththe nited Nati#ns.


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!i" A"n#ld McNai" and 6$dge Read appended t# the C#$"t]s Opini#n a state ent #%thei" sepa"ate #pini#ns.

Availing the selves #% the "ight c#n%e""ed #n the 0& A"ticle ,8 #% the !tat$te) 6$dges Alva"e=) De 9issche" and U"&l#v appended t# the Opini#n state ents #% thei"dissenting #pini#ns.

9ice3P"esident $e""e"# decla"ed that he c#$ld n#t c#nc$" in the C#$"t]s #pini#n #nthe ans4e" t# E$esti#n 0;. F#" hi ) the Cha"te" i p#sed #n the !#$th A%"ican ni#nan #0ligati#n t# place the Te""it#"& $nde" T"$steeship. On this p#int and #n the te-tin gene"al) he sha"ed the vie4s e-p"essed 0& 6$dge De 9issche".

6$dges Z#"icic and Bada4i Pasha decla"ed that the& 4e"e $na0le t# c#nc$" in theans4e" given 0& the C#$"t t# the sec#nd pa"t #% the E$esti#n $nde" lette" 0; anddecla"ed that the& sha"ed in the gene"al vie4s e-p"essed #n this p#int in thedissenting #pini#n #% 6$dge De 9issche".

The C#$"t]s #pini#n 4as given in a p$0lic hea"ing. O"al state ents 4e"e p"esented#n 0ehal% #% the !ec"eta"&3 ene"al #% the nited Nati#ns 0& the Assistant !ec"eta"&3

ene"al in cha"ge #% the Legal Depa"t ent) and #n 0ehal% #% the #ve"n ents #%

the Philippines and #% the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica.

!?PARAT? OPINION BY !IR ARNOLD McNAIR

I c#nc$" in the Replies given 0& the a2#"it& #% the C#$"t t# theene"al S$esti#n and t# S$esti#ns 0; and c;. As t# S$esti#n a;) I

"eg"et that * di5e" as t# the #0ligati#n t# a/e "ep#"ts and as t# thet"ans%e" #% the ad inist"ative s$pe"visi#n #% the C#$ncil #% theLeag$e #% Nati#ns incl$ding its R$les #% P"#ced$"e in "espect #%Petiti#ns; t# the nited Nati#ns. As & app"#ach t# the ainp"#0le s di5e"s s# e4hat %"# that #% the a2#"it&) I shall give n "eas#ns %#" ans4e"ing each E$esti#n) e-cept in "ega"d t#S$esti#n 0;.


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ene"al S$esti#n) and S$esti#n a;

The c"$cial p"#0le s "aised 0& S$esti#n a; s$0 itted t# the C#$"ta"e : hat is the e5ect #% the diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e #% Nati#ns in

Ap"il) *+ 1) $p#n the Mandate %#" !#$th3 est A%"ica) and 4hich) i%an&) #% the #0ligati#ns a"ising %"# it a"e still 0inding $p#n the ni#n#% !#$th A%"ica 4hich I shall als# "e%e" t# as Vthe ni#nV;.

The s#l$ti#n s$0 itted 0& C#$nsel %#" the ni#n #ve"n ent %#" the@"st #% these p"#0le s can 0e .stated ve"& si pl& : the Mandate is0ased #n the anal#g& #% the c#nt"act #% andate in p"ivate la4) theLeag$e 0eing the Mandat#" and the ni#n the Mandat#"& J the"elati#nship cann#t s$0sist 4ith#$t a Mandat#" at #ne end and aMandat#"& at the #the" J Vas 0et4een the Leag$e and the ni#n

#ve"n ent) the Mandate the"e%#"e ca e t# an end) and thateans that) as %"# the diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e) the"e has 0een

n# MandateV J Vthe Mandates lapsed and the C#venant itsel% ceasedt# 0e a legall& valid d#c$ entV J and Vthe diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$ehad the e5ect #% e-ting$ishing all inte"nati#nal legal "ights and#0ligati#ns $nde" the Mandates !&ste V. This c#ncl$si#n le%t it t# 0ein%e""ed that the ni#n #ve"n ent 4#$ld the"e$p#n 0e %"ee t#"eg$late the %$t$"e stat$s #% !#$th3 est A%"ica as a d# estic atte".

F#" th"ee sepa"ate "eas#ns I have %#" ed the #pini#n that aMandate is a #"e d$"a0le and a #"e c# ple- instit$ti#n than thiss#l$ti#n s$ggests) and I cann#t accept it. M& "eas#ns "est #n :

p* 8

*. The legal nat$"e #% the Mandates !&ste .


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hat is the d$t& #% an inte"nati#nal t"i0$nal 4hen c#n%"#nted 4ith ane4 legal instit$ti#n the #02ect and te" in#l#g& #% 4hich a"e"e iniscent #% the "$les and instit$ti#ns #% p"ivate la4G T# 4hate-tent is it $se%$l #" necessa"& t# e-a ine 4hat a& at @"st sight

appea" t# 0e "elevant anal#gies in p"ivate la4 s&ste s and d"a4help and inspi"ati#n %"# the G Inte"nati#nal la4 has "ec"$ited andc#ntin$es t# "ec"$it an& #% its "$les and instit$ti#ns %"# p"ivates&ste s #% la4. A"ticle '7 *; c; #% the !tat$te #% the C#$"t 0ea"s4itness that this p"#cess is still active) and it 4ill 0e n#ted that thisa"ticle a$th#"i=es the C#$"t t# Vappl& .... c; the gene"al p"inciples #%la4 "ec#gni=ed 0& civili=ed nati#nsV. The 4a& in 4hich inte"nati#nalla4 0#""#4s %"# this s#$"ce is n#t 0& eans #% i p#"ting p"ivatela4 instit$ti#ns Vl#c/) st#c/ and 0a""elV) "ead&3 ade and %$ll&eE$ipped 4ith a set #% "$les. It 4#$ld 0e di c$lt t# "ec#ncile s$ch ap"#cess 4ith the applicati#n #% Vthe gene"al p"inciples #% la4V. In pini#n) the t"$e vie4 #% the d$t& #% inte"nati#nal t"i0$nals in this

atte" is t# "ega"d an& %eat$"es #" te" in#l#g& 4hich a"e"e iniscent #% the "$les and instit$ti#ns #% p"ivate la4 as anindicati#n #% p#lic& and p"inciples "athe" than as di"ectl& i p#"tingthese "$les and instit$ti#ns. I E$#te a sentence %"# a 2$dg ent 0&Chie% 6$stice Innes in the decisi#n #% the !$p"e e C#$"t #% !#$thA%"ica in Re- v. Ch"istian) !#$th A%"ican La4 Rep#"ts *+< )Appellate Divisi#n) *(*) **< :

VA"ticle


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instit$ti#ns :

a; that the c#nt"#l #% the t"$stee) t$te$" #" c$"ate$" #ve" thep"#pe"t& is li ited in #ne 4a& #" an#the" J he is n#t in the p#siti#n #%

the n#" al c# plete #4ne") 4h# can d# 4hat he li/es 4ith his #4n)0eca$se he is p"ecl$ded %"# ad iniste"ing the p"#pe"t& %#" his #4npe"s#nal 0ene@tJ

0; that the t"$stee) t$te$" #" c$"ate$" is $nde" s# e /ind #% legal#0ligati#n) 0ased #n c#n@dence and c#nscience) t# ca""& #$t thet"$st #" issi#n c#n@ded t# hi %#" the 0ene@t #% s# e #the" pe"s#n#" %#" s# e p$0lic p$"p#se J

c; that an& atte pt 0& #ne #% these pe"s#ns t# a0s#"0 the p"#pe"t&ent"$sted t# hi int# his #4n pat"i #n& 4#$ld 0e illegal and 4#$ld0e p"evented 0& the la4.

These a"e s# e #% the gene"al p"inciples #% p"ivate la4 4hich th"#4light $p#n this ne4 instit$ti#n) and I a c#nvinced that in its %$t$"edevel#p ent the la4 g#ve"ning the t"$st is a s#$"ce %"# 4hich

$ch can 0e de"ived. The i p#"tance #% the Mandates !&ste isa"/ed 0& the %act that) a%te" the e-pe"ience #% a E$a"te" #% a

cent$"&) the Cha"te" #% the nited Nati#ns ade p"#visi#n %#" anVInte"nati#nal T"$steeship !&ste V) 4hich 4as desc"i0ed 0& a p*,(Res#l$ti#n #% the Asse 0l& #% the Leag$e #% Ap"il *7th) *+ 1) ase 0#d&ing Vp"inciples c#""esp#nding t# th#se decla"ed in A"ticle


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the Te""it#"& #0tain "ec#gniti#n as an independent !tate) as hasal"ead& happened in the case #% s# e #% the Mandates) s#ve"eignt&4ill "evive and vest in the ne4 !tate. hat atte"s in c#nside"ingthis ne4 instit$ti#n is n#t 4he"e s#ve"eignt& lies) 0$t 4hat a"e the

"ights and d$ties #% the Mandat#"& in "ega"d t# the a"ea #% te""it#"&0eing ad iniste"ed 0& it. The ans4e" t# that E$esti#n depends #nthe inte"nati#nal ag"ee ents c"eating the s&ste and the "$les #%la4 4hich the& att"act. Its essence is that the Mandat#"& acE$i"es#nl& a li ited title t# the te""it#"& ent"$sted t# it) and that the

eas$"e #% its p#4e"s is 4hat is necessa"& %#" the p$"p#se #%ca""&ing #$t the Mandate. VThe Mandat#"&]s "ights) li/e the t"$stee]s)have thei" %#$ndati#n in his #0ligati#ns J the& a"e ]t##ls given t# hiin #"de" t# achieve the 4#"/ assigned t# hi ] J he has ]all the t##lsnecessa"& %#" s$ch end) 0$t #nl& th#se].V !ee B"ie"l&) "e%e""ed t#a0#ve.;

!# e p"actical c#n@" ati#n #% these s$ggesti#ns #% the "elevantp"inciples can 0e #0tained %"# 2$dg ents delive"ed 0& the C#$"ts#% t4# Mandat#"ies\the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica and the C# #n34ealth #% A$st"alia. As the Rep#"ts #% these decisi#ns a"e "i#tavaila0le eve"&4he"e) I $st E$#te e-t"acts %"# the .; In Re- v.Ch"istian) al"ead& cited) 0e%#"e the !$p"e e C#$"t #% !#$th A%"ica)the >#n#$"a0le 6. de 9illie"s) 6$dge #% ) ppeal) said :

VIt is t"$e the"e is n# cessi#n #% the te""it#"& t# the ni#n#ve"n ent as in the case #% #the" p#ssessi#ns 4hich %#" e"l&

0el#nged t# e" an&. B& A"ticle


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p"#pe"t&) 0$t the p"#pe"t& has t# 0e ad iniste"ed e-cl$sivel& in theinte"ests #% the latte". The legal te" s e pl#&ed in A"ticle


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t# 0e held as a andated te""it#"& is di5e"ent %"# that $nde" 4hicha te""it#"& t"ans%e""ed 0& si ple cessi#n 4#$ld have 0een held. Thea"ticle sh#4s that the intenti#n 4as t# achieve a t"ans%e" #% ate""it#"& 4ith#$t a/ing that te""it#"& in the #"dina"& sense a

p#ssessi#n #% the andat#"&. A te""it#"& 4hich is a ]p#ssessi#n] can0e ceded 0& a p#4e" t# an#the" p#4e" s# that the latte" p#4e" 4illhave c# plete a$th#"it& in "elati#n t# that te""it#"&. !$ch a cessi#n0& a andat#"& p#4e" 4#$ld 0e E$ite inc#nsistent 4ith the 4h#lec#ncepti#n #% a andate. A andated te""it#"& is n#t a p#ssessi#n#% a p#4e" in the #"dina"& sense.V Pp. ,,


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6#lle& v. Main/a *+'';) + C# #n4ealth La4 Rep#"ts <


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The& "eceived 4"itten state ents and hea"d #"al a"g$ ents #n0ehal% #% Finland and !4eden. The 6$"ists "e2ected the a"g$ ent0ased #n an alleged se"vit$de and "ep#"ted that the p"#visi#ns #%the C#nventi#n and T"eat& #% *7,1 %#" de ilita"i=ati#n 4e"e still in

%#"ce. p*,

VThese p"#visi#ns the& said 4e"e laid d#4n in ?$"#pean inte"ests. The& c#nstit$ted a special inte"nati#nal stat$s. "elating t# ilita"&c#nside"ati#ns) %#" the Aaland Islands. It %#ll#4s that $ntil thesep"#visi#ns a"e d$l& "eplaced 0& #the"s) eve"& !tate inte"ested

incl$ding !4eden 4hich 4as n#t a pa"t& has the "ight t# insist$p#n c# pliance 4ith the . It als# %#ll#4s that an& !tate inp#ssessi#n #% the Islands $st c#n%#" t# the #0ligati#ns 0inding$p#n it) a"ising #$t #% the s&ste #% de ilita"i=ati#n esta0lished 0&these p"#visi#ns.V

The Rep#"t FN* c#ntains an& e-p"essi#ns 4hich ill$ inate thisc#ncl$si#n) e.g.)

33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

FN* L. N. O5. 6#. Oct. *+


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Mandate %#" !#$th3 est A%"ica G F"# the @"st pa"ag"aph #% A"ticle


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I n#4 t$"n t# c#nside" the e5ect #% the diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e.

The diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e #n Ap"il *+) *+ 1) did n#t

a$t# aticall& te" inate the Mandates. ?ach Mandate has t# 0ec#nside"ed sepa"atel& t# asce"tain the date and the #de #% itste" inati#n. Ta/e the case #% Palestine. It is inst"$ctive t# n#te that#n N#ve 0e"


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VMe 0e" #% the Leag$e #% Nati#nsVp*,+ is desc"iptive) in & #pini#n) n#t c#nditi#nal) and d#es n#tean Vs# l#ng as the Leag$e e-ists and the& a"e Me 0e"s #% itV J

thei" inte"est in the pe"%#" ance #% the #0ligati#ns #% the Mandate

did n#t )acc"$e t# the e"el& %"# e 0e"ship #% the Leag$e) asan e-a inati#n #% the c#ntent #% the Mandate a/es clea".M#"e#ve") the !tat$te #% the Inte"nati#nal C#$"t e p#4e"s it t# call%"# the pa"ties %#" Van& d#c$ entV #" Van& e-planati#nsV A"ticle

+; J and t# ent"$st an& Vindivid$al) 0#d&) 0$"ea$) c# issi#n #"#the" #"gani=ati#n that it a& select) 4ith the tas/ #% ca""&ing #$tan enE$i"&..3V A"ticle ,(;. A"ticle + #% the Cha"te" e p#4e"s the!ec$"it& C#$ncil #% the nited Nati#ns t# V a/e "ec# endati#ns #"decide $p#n eas$"es t# 0e ta/en t# give e5ect t# the 2$dg entV #% the C#$"t) in the event #% a pa"t& t# a case %ailing t# ca""& #$t a

2$dg ent #% the C#$"t. In additi#n) the ene"al Asse 0l& #" the!ec$"it& C#$ncil #% the nited Nati#ns a& "eE$est the C#$"t t# givean advis#"& #pini#n #n an& legal E$esti#n A"ticle +1 #% the Cha"te";.

On the #the" hand) the ad inist"ative s$pe"visi#n 0& the C#$ncil #%the Leag$e) as advised 0& the Pe" anent Mandates C# issi#n)has lapsed) incl$ding the #0ligati#n i p#sed 0& A"ticle


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!#$th A%"ica is neve"theless $nde" an #0ligati#n t# accept thead inist"ative s$pe"visi#n #% the Mandate 0& the nited Nati#ns)and in pa"tic$la" t# send ann$al "ep#"ts t# that O"gani=ati#n.

The @"st c#ntenti#n 4as that the"e had 0een an a$t# atics$ccessi#n 0& the nited Nati#ns t# the "ights and %$ncti#ns #% theC#$ncil #% the Leag$e in this "espectJ 0$t this is p$"e in%e"ence) asthe Cha"te" c#ntains n# p"#visi#n %#" a s$ccessi#n s$ch as A"ticle '8#% the !tat$te #% the Inte"nati#nal C#$"t #pe"ates in the case #% thec# p$ls#"& 2$"isdicti#n #% the Pe" anent C#$"t in "ega"d t# theMandates. The s$ccessi#n #% the nited Nati#ns t# thead inist"ative %$ncti#ns #% the Leag$e #% Nati#ns in "ega"d t# theMandates c#$ld have 0een e-p"essl& p"ese"ved and vested in the

nited Nati#ns in a si ila" anne") 0$t this 4as n#t d#ne. At the!an F"ancisc# C#n%e"ence in Ma&) *+ ,) 4hen the Cha"te" p*1(4as 0eing d"a%ted) the ni#n #ve"n ent ci"c$lated t# thedelegati#ns p"esent a state ent inti ating that in d$e c#$"se it4#$ld clai Vthat the Mandate sh#$ld 0e te" inated and that the

Te""it#"& sh#$ld 0e inc#"p#"ated as pa"t #% the ni#n #% !#$th A%"icaVp"inted in nited Nati#ns ene"al Asse 0l& O cial Rec#"ds) *st

sessi#n)


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diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e) s# that it is di c$lt t# see the "elevance#% this a"ticle.

A thi"d c#ntenti#n 4as 0ased #n state ents ade #n 0ehal% #% the

ni#n #ve"n ent in lette"s and in the speeches #% its delegatesattending eetings #% the #"gans #% the nited Nati#ns andgene"all& $p#n the c#nd$ct #% that #ve"n ent since the diss#l$ti#n#% the Leag$e. An e-a ple #% these passages\#ne 4hich 4as"eceived a c#nside"a0le deg"ee #% p"# inence\#cc$"s in the%#ll#4ing e-t"act %"# a speech 0& M". Lei% ?geland) delegate #% the

ni#n #ve"n ent) at a eeting #% the Asse 0l& #% the Leag$e #nAp"il +) *+ 1 :

V...: it is the intenti#n #% the ni#n #ve"n ent) at the %#"thc# ingsessi#n #% the nited Nati#ns ene"al Asse 0l& in Ne4 Y#"/) t#%#" $late its case %#" acc#"ding !#$th3 est A%"ica a stat$s $nde"4hich it 4#$ld 0e inte"nati#nall& "ec#gni=ed as an integ"al pa"t #%the ni#n. As the Asse 0l& 4ill /n#4) it is al"ead& ad iniste"ed$nde" the te" s #% the Mandate as an integ"al pa"t #% the ni#n. Inthe eanti e) the ni#n 4ill c#ntin$e t# ad iniste" the Te""it#"&sc"$p$l#$sl&) in acc#"dance 4ith the #0ligati#ns #% the Mandate) %#"the advance ent and p"# #ti#n #% the inte"ests #% the inha0itants)as she has d#ne d$"ing the past si- &ea"s 4hen eetings #% theMandates C# issi#n c#$ld n#t 0e held.

The disappea"ance #% th#se #"gans #% the Leag$e c#nce"ned 4iththe s$pe"visi#n #% Mandates) p"i a"il& the Mandates C# issi#nand the Leag$e C#$ncil) 4ill necessa"il& p"ecl$de c# plete c# 3

p*1* pliance 4ith the lette" #% the Mandate. The ni#n #ve"n ent

4ill neve"theless "ega"d the diss#l$ti#n #% the Leag$e as in n# 4a&di inishing its #0ligati#ns $nde" the] Mandate) 4hich it 4ill c#ntin$et# discha"ge 4ith the %$ll and p"#pe" app"eciati#n #% its"esp#nsi0ilities $ntil s$ch ti e as #the" a""ange ents a"e ag"eed$p#n c#nce"ning the %$t$"e stat$s #% the te""it#"&.V


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The"e a"e als# an& state ents t# the e5ect that the ni#n#ve"n ent 4ill c#ntin$e t# ad iniste" the Te""it#"& Vin the spi"it #%

the MandateV. These state ents a"e in the agg"egate c#nt"adict#"&and inc#nsistentJ and I d# n#t @nd in the adeE$ate evidence that

the ni#n #ve"n ent has eithe" assented t# an i plied s$ccessi#n0& the nited Nati#ns t# the ad inist"ative s$pe"visi#n e-e"cised 0&the Leag$e $p t# the #$t0"ea/ #% the 4a" in *+'+) #" has ente"edint# a ne4 #0ligati#n t#4a"ds the nited Nati#ns t# "evive the p"e34a" s&ste #% s$pe"visi#n.

A %#$"th c#ntenti#n is 0ased #n a Res#l$ti#n #n the Mandatesad#pted 0& the Asse 0l& #% the Leag$e #n Ap"il *7) *+ 1) 0& vi"t$e#% 4hich) the Asse 0l&

V'. Rec#gni=es that) #n the te" inati#n #% the Leag$e]s e-istence) its%$ncti#ns 4ith "espect t# the Mandated Te""it#"ies 4ill c# e t# anend) 0$t n#tes that Chapte"s I) II and III #% the Cha"te" #% the

nited Nati#ns e 0#d& p"inciples c#""esp#nding t# th#se decla"edin A"ticle


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0et4een the nited Nati#ns and the ni#n #ve"n ent) and thatc# petence t# dete" ine and #di%& the inte"nati#nal stat$s #% the

Te""it#"& "ests 4ith the ni#n #% !#$th A%"ica acting 4ith the c#nsent#% the nited Nati#ns.

`!igned; A"n#ld D. McNai". p*1

Fil "tiga v. Peba3I"ala

!&n#psis

Fil "tiga v. Peba3I"ala is a la4s$it @led in *+8+ cha"ging %#" e" Pa"ag$a&an # cialA e"ic# Peba3I"ala 4ith the 4"#ng%$l death #% 6#elit# Fil "tiga.

Desc"ipti#n

On Ap"il 1) *+8+) in the .!. Dist"ict C#$"t %#" the ?aste"n Dist"ict #% Ne4 Y#"/)Fil "tiga v. Peba3I"ala 4as @led #n 0ehal% #% D". 6#el Fil "tiga and D#ll& Fil "tigacha"ging %#" e" Pa"ag$a&an # cial A e"ic# Peba3I"ala 4ith the 4"#ng%$l death #%

6#elit# Fil "tiga. The s$it 4as @led $nde" a p"evi#$sl& little3$sed *87+ %ede"alstat$te) the Alien T#"t Clai s Act) 4hich gives %#"eign nati#nals the "ight t# s$e %#"4"#ng%$l acti#ns that vi#late inte"nati#nal la4.

D#ll& Fit "tiga and he" $nge" 0"#the" 6#elit# lived in As$nci#n) Pa"ag$a&) 4ith thei"

#the" and %athe") D". 6#el Fil "tiga) a 4ell3/n#4n ph&sician) painte") and #pp#nent#% Latin A e"icaKs #st d$"a0le dictat#") ene"al Al%"ed# !t"#essne". In *+81) *83&ea"3#ld 6#elit# 4as a0d$cted and late" t#"t$"ed t# death 0& A e"ic# N#"0e"t# Peba3I"ala) the inspect#" gene"al in the Depa"t ent #% Investigati#n %#" the P#lice #%As$nsi#n. D#ll& Fil "tiga 4as %#"ced #$t #% he" h#$se in the iddle #% the night t#vie4 he" 0"#the"Ks $tilated 0#d&.

Alth#$gh the dist"ict c#$"t initiall& sta&ed PebaKs dep#"tati#n) it $lti atel& g"antedPebaKs #ti#n t# dis iss the c# plaint and all#4ed his "et$"n t# Pa"ag$a&) "$lingthat) alth#$gh the p"#sc"ipti#n #% t#"t$"e had 0ec# e a n#" #% c$st# a"&inte"nati#nal la4) the c#$"t 4as 0#$nd t# %#ll#4 appellate p"ecedents 4hich

na""#4l& li ited the %$ncti#n #% inte"nati#nal la4 #nl& t# "elati#ns 0et4een states.On appeal) the ci"c$it "eve"sed) "ec#gni=ing that %#"eign nati#nals 4h# a"e victi s #% inte"nati#nal h$ an "ights vi#lati#ns a& s$e thei" al%eas#"s in %ede"al c#$"t %#"civil "ed"ess) even %#" acts 4hich #cc$""ed a0"#ad) s# l#ng as the c#$"t has pe"s#nal

2$"isdicti#n #ve" the de%endant. The c#$"t "$led that %"eed# %"# t#"t$"e isg$a"anteed $nde" c$st# a"& inte"nati#nal la4. This decisi#n p"#vides a c"itical%#"$ %#" h$ an "ights vi#lati#ns.


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The Cente" %#" C#nstit$ti#nal Rights CCR; att#"ne&s had 0"ie%ed the eaning #%inte"nati#nal la4 in vie4 #% the p#st3N$"e 0e"g e e"gence #% an inte"nati#nal la4#% h$ an "ights applica0le t# individ$als as 4ell as states. CCR e-pl#"ed the #"igin#% the act as a s#$"ce #% %ede"al 2$dicial p#4e" #ve" atte"s #% inte"nati#naldi ensi#n and its p$"p#se in p"eventing the sanct$a"& this c#$nt"& #5e"s t# the

pe"sec$ted %"# i $ni=ing inte"nati#nal c"i inals. T#da&Ks t#"t$"e"s) CCR a"g$ed)a"e li/e eighteenth cent$"& pi"ates\ene ies #% all h$ anit& h#stes h$ anigene"is;\and sh#$ld pa& %#" thei" c"i es 4he"eve" the& a"e %#$nd.

As/ed 0& the c#$"t t# s$0 it an a ic$s 0"ie%) the !tate Depa"t ent) in $encedpe"haps 0& the I"an h#stage c"isis) s$pp#"ted plainti5sK vie4 #% inte"nati#nal la4 andthe sc#pe #% the actKs 2$"isdicti#n. The ci"c$it c#$"t c# pletel& "e2ected its ea"lie"na""#4 inte"p"etati#n #% inte"nati#nal la4 and #pened the d##" #% the %ede"al c#$"tst# civil acti#ns 0& aliens and citi=ens ali/e %#" da ages %#" h$ an "ights vi#lati#ns.

The decisi#n 4as a p"ecedent %#" clai s inv#lving an inc"easing n$ 0e" #%inte"nati#nall& "ec#gni=ed "ights) incl$ding %"eed# %"# t#"t$"e) slave"&) gen#cide)and c"$el and inh$ an t"eat ent. It 4as 0een hailed 0& inte"nati#nal h$ an "ightse-pe"ts in this c#$nt"& and a0"#ad.

p#n "e and 0& the ci"c$it in 6$ne *+7() the dist"ict c#$"t g"anted plainti5sK #ti#n%#" a de%a$lt 2$dg ent against Peba %#" %ail$"e t# ans4e" the c# plaint and "e%e""edthe case t# a agist"ate %#" dete" inati#n #% the da ages d$e the Fil "tiga %a il&.

The agist"ate a4a"ded the Fil "tigas #ve" *( illi#n in da ages. CCR att#"ne&sc#ntin$ed t# investigate 4a&s t# en%#"ce the a4a"d.

Fila"tiga v. Pena3I"ala case 0"ie%) 1'( F.


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FACT!

Fila"tiga 4as a Pa"ag$a&an dissident. Fila"tiga]s s#n 4as t#"t$"ed and $"de"ed 0& aPa"ag$a&an # cial na ed Pena3I"ala 4he"e d#es #ne get a na e li/e that G; in thestate #% Pa"ag$a&.

The /illing 4as p#liticall& #tivated.

Fila"tigia t"ied t# get 2$stice in Pa"ag$a&) 4as $ns$ccess%$l. :

Pena3I"ala ca e t# the ! #n vacati#n) and 4as s$ed 0& Fila"tiga 4h# lived in the!; $nde" the AT!. Ma&0e he 4ill get s# e 2$stice n#4 ;

PROC?D RAL >I!TORY

The T"ial C#$"t dis issed the clai . Fila"tiga appealed.

T"ial C#$"t %#$nd that the Vla4 #% nati#nsV as $sed in the AT! d#es n#t g#ve"n a!tate]s t"eat ent #% its #4n citi=ens.

The C#$"t 4as stating that the& did n#t have 2$"isdicti#n #ve" 4hat Pa"ag$a&an# cials did t# Pa"ag$a&an citi=ens #n Pa"ag$a&an s#il.

Appellate C#$"t "eve"sed: l##/s li/e he 4ill get s# e 2$stice a%te" all ;

The Appellate C#$"t l##/ed t# The PaE$ette >a0ana *8, .!. 188 *+((;; ) andstated that Vthe la4 #% nati#nsV sh#$ld 0e inte"p"eted as c$st# a"& inte"nati#nal

la4. The C#$"t %#$nd that $nde" c$st# a"& inte"nati#nal la4) the"e e-ists a set #%Vh$ an "ights and %$nda ental %"eed# s.V

The C#$"t als# n#ted that the e-tent #% th#se "ights and %"eed# s is de0ata0le) 0$ts$"el& incl$des the "ight t# n#t t# 0e t#"t$"ed and /illed.

O cial t#"t$"e is p"#hi0ited 0& the la4 #% nati#ns. this is a g##d thing ;

The C#$"t %#$nd that Fila"tigia act$all& did have a clai $nde" the AT! since Pena3I"alia 4as acc$sed #% vi#lating the la4 #% nati#ns.

Fila"tiga v. Pena3I"ala case 0"ie% s$ a"&


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having "ega"d t# A"ticles 1< and 1+ #% the R$les #% C#$"t)

Ma/es the %#ll#4ing O"de":

>aving "ega"d t# the P"eli ina"& O02ecti#n in the case c#nce"ning"ights #% nati#nals #% the nited !tates #% A e"ica in p**( M#"#cc#)@led 0& the nited !tates #ve"n ent #n 6$ne aving "ega"d t# the O"de" #% 6$ne aving "ega"d t# the said 4"itten state ent) p"esented 4ithin theti e3li it @-ed J

>aving "ega"d t# the decisi#n #% the C#$"t #% Oct#0e" th) *+,*)"eE$esting the Agent %#" the #ve"n ent #% the F"ench Rep$0lic t#cla"i%& the capacit& in 4hich the F"ench Rep$0lic 4as p"#ceeding inthat case) and) in pa"tic$la") t# speci%& 4hethe" it 4as appea"ing0#th #n its #4n acc#$nt and as P"#tecting P#4e" in M#"#cc# J

>aving "ega"d t# the lette" dated Oct#0e" 1th) *+,*) 4hich "eachedthe Regist"& #n Oct#0e" +th) and #% 4hich a c#p& 4as the sa e da&sent t# the Agent %#" the #ve"n ent #% the nited !tates #%A e"ica) 0& 4hich the Agent %#" the #ve"n ent #% the F"enchRep$0lic) in ans4e" t# the C#$"t]s "eE$est) stated that the

#ve"n ent #% the F"ench Rep$0lic 4as p"epa"ed) in #"de" t# dispelthe d#$0ts "e aining in the ind #% the #ve"n ent #% the nited!tates #% A e"ica) t# s$pple ent its #0se"vati#ns and s$0 issi#nsin "ega"d t# the O02ecti#n 0& speci%&ing that the F"ench Rep$0lic 4asp"#ceeding in the case 0#th #n its #4n acc#$nt and as P"#tectingP#4e" in M#"#cc#) the 2$dg ent #% the C#$"t t# 0e 0inding $p#n


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F"ance and M#"#cc# J

he"eas 0& a lette" dated Oct#0e"


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state ents 0& * !tates) incl$ding Alge"ia) Ma$"itania) M#"#cc#) !pain and Zai"e!tat$te) A"t. 11;.

Ma$"itania and M#"#cc# each as/ed t# 0e a$th#"i=ed t# ch##se a 2$dge ad h#c t# sitin the p"#ceedings. B& an O"de" #%


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s$0seE$ent peace%$l settle ent) 0$t s#$ght an advis#"& #pini#n 4hich 4#$ld 0e #%assistance in the e-e"cise #% its %$ncti#ns c#nce"ning the dec#l#ni=ati#n #% thete""it#"&) hence the legal p#siti#n #% !pain c#$ld n#t 0e c# p"# ised 0& the C#$"t]sans4e"s t# the E$esti#ns s$0 ittedJ 0; that th#se E$esti#ns d# n#t call $p#n theC#$"t t# ad2$dicate #n e-isting te""it#"ial "ightsJ c; that it has 0een placed in

p#ssessi#n #% s$ cient in%#" ati#n and evidence.!pain s$ggested in the sec#nd place that the E$esti#ns s$0 itted t# the C#$"t 4e"eacade ic and dev#id #% p$"p#se #" p"actical e5ect) in that the nited Nati#ns hadal"ead& settled the eth#d t# 0e %#ll#4ed %#" the dec#l#ni=ati#n #% este"n !aha"a)na el& a c#ns$ltati#n #% the indigen#$s p#p$lati#n 0& eans #% a "e%e"end$ t# 0ec#nd$cted 0& !pain $nde" nited Nati#ns a$spices. The C#$"t e-a ines the"es#l$ti#ns ad#pted 0& the ene"al Asse 0l& #n the s$02ect) %"# "es#l$ti#n *,*

9; #% * Dece 0e" *+1() the Decla"ati#n #n the "anting #% Independence t#C#l#nial C#$nt"ies and Pe#ples) t# "es#l$ti#n '


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4hich) i% n# adic) 4e"e s#ciall& and p#liticall& #"gani=ed in t"i0es and $nde" chie%sc# petent t# "ep"esent the J 0; that !pain did n#t p"#ceed $p#n the 0asis that it4as esta0lishing its s#ve"eignt& #ve" te""ae n$lli$s: th$s in his O"de" #%


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