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PHILIPPINE CHARTER INSURANCE CORPORATION VS. CHEMOIL LIGHTERAGEHITE GOLD CORPORATION G.R. No. 136888. June 29, 2!

"#$%& o' %(e C#&e) P(*+**ne C(#-%e- In&u-#n$e Co-o-#%*on *& # o/e&%*$$o-o-#%*on en0#0e *n %(e u&*ne&& o' non+*'e *n&u-#n$e. Re&onen%

C(e/o*+ L*0(%e-#0e Co-o-#%*on *& #+&o # o/e&%*$ $o-o-#%*on en0#0e *n%(e %-#n&o-% o' 0oo&. On 2 J#nu#-4 1991, S#/54un0 C(e/*$#+ Co/#n4,L%., #&e *n Sou%( o-e#, &(*e 62.6 /e%-*$ %on& o' %(e +*7u* $(e/*$#+DIOCTL PHTHALATE DOP: on o#- MT;TACHI<ANA= >(*$( >#& ?#+ue #%US@9,21.! #n #no%(e- 36. /e%-*$ %on& o' DOP ?#+ue #%US@63,2.89 %o %(e P(*+**ne&. T(e $on&*0nee >#& P+#&%*$ G-ou P(*+&., In$.*n M#n*+#. PGP *n&u-e %(e $#-0o >*%( P(*+**ne C(#-%e- In&u-#n$eCo-o-#%*on #0#*n&% #++ -*&5&. T(e *n&u-#n$e >#& une- M#-*ne Po+*$*e& No.MRN321 #%e 6 "e-u#-4 1991. M#-*ne Eno-&e/en% No. 286 #%e 11M#4 1991 >#& #%%#$(e #n 'o-/e #-% o' MRN321, #/en*n0 %(e+#%%e-B& *n&u-e ?#+ue %o P2,66,22.3, #n -eu$e %(e -e/*u/#$$o-*n0+4. T(e o$e#n %#n5e- MT ;TACHI<ANA= un+o#e %(e $#-0o %o %(e%#n5e- #-0e, >(*$( &(#++ %-#n&o-% %(e &#/e %o De+ P#n <-*0e *n P#&*0 R*?e-#n (#u+ *% 4 +#n %o PGPB& &%o-#0e %#n5& *n C#+#/#, L#0un#. Uon*n&e$%*on 4 PGP, %(e &#/+e& %#5en '-o/ %(e &(*/en% &(o>e*&$o+o-#%*on e/on&%-#%*n0 %(#% *% >#& #/#0e. PGP %(en&en% # +e%%e->(e-e *% 'o-/#++4 /#e #n *n&u-#n$e $+#*/ 'o- %(e+o&& *% &u&%#*ne. Pe%*%*one--e7ue&%e %(e GIT In&u-#n$e Au&%e-&, In$. GIT:, %o $onu$% # u#n%*%4 #nCon*%*on Su-?e4 o' %(e &(*/en% >(*$( *&&ue # -eo-% &%#%*n0 %(#% DOP&#/+e& %#5en >e-e *&$o+o-e. In&e$%*on o' $#-0o %#n5& &(o>e /#n(o+e$o?e-& o' #++#&% %#n5&B $e*+*n0& +oo&e+4 &e$u-e #n %(#% %(e -ue- 0#&5e%&o' %(e /#n(o+e $o?e-& o' %(e #++#&% %#n5& -e#$%e %o%(e $(e/*$#+ $#u&*n0&(-*n5#0e %(u&, +oo&en*n0 %(e $o?e-&#n $#-0o *n0-e&&. Pe%*%*one- #* PGP%(e 'u++ #n n#+#4/en% 'o- %(e +o&& #n *&&ue # Su-o0#%*on Re$e*%.Me#n>(*+e, PGP #* %(e -e&onen% %(e #& 'u++ #4/en% 'o- %(e +#%%e-B&

&e-?*$e&. On 1! Ju+4 1991, #n #$%*on 'o- #/#0e& >#& *n&%*%u%e 4 %(ee%*%*one-*n&u-e- #0#*n&% -e&onen%$#--*e- e'o-e %(e RTC, <-.16, C*%4 o' M#n*+#. Re&onen% +e #n #n&>e- >(*$( #/*%%e %(#% *% une-%oo5 %o%-#n&o-% %(e &(*/en%, u% #++e0e %(#% e'o-e %(e DOP >#& +o#e *n%o *%&#-0e, %(e -e-e&en%#%*?e o' PGP, Au&%/en% S%#n#- Co-o-#%*on,*n&e$%e *% #n 'oun %(e &#/e $+e#n, -4, #n % 'o- +o#*n0, %(u& #$$e%e%(e $#-0o >*%(ou% #n4 -o%e&% o- no%*$e. A& $#--*e-, no '#u+% #n ne0+*0en$e$#n e #%%-*u%e #0#*n&% -e&onen% #& *% eFe-$*&e eF%-#o-*n#-4 *+*0en$e*n (#n+*n0 %(e $#-0o. A'%e- ue (e#-*n0, %(e %-*#+ $ou-% -ene-e # De$*&*on *n'#?o- o' +#*n%*. On #e#+, %(e Cou-% o' Ae#+& -o/u+0#%e *%& De$*&*on-e?e-&*n0 %(e %-*#+$ou-%. A e%*%*on 'o- -e?*e> on $e-%*o-#-* >#& +e 4%(ee%*%*one- >*%( %(*& Cou-%.

I&&ue&) (e%(e- o- no% %(e No%*$e o' C+#*/ >#& +e >*%(*n %(e -e7u*-e

e-*o.

He+) T(e Su-e/e Cou-% o no% e+*e?e &o. A& *&$u&&e #% +en0%( #o?e,%(e-e *& no e?*en$e %o $on-/ %(#% %(e no%*$e o' $+#*/ >#& +e >*%(*n %(ee-*o -o?*e 'o- une- A-%*$+e 366 o' %(e Coe o' Co//e-$e. Pe%*%*one-B&$on%en%*on -o$ee& '-o/ # '#+&e -e&uo&*%*on %(#% %(e no%*$e o' $+#*/ >#&%*/e+4 +e. A-%*$+e 366 o' %(e Coe o' Co//e-$e (#& -o'oun #+*$#%*on *n%(e $#&e #% #-, >(*$( -o?*e& %(#% ;*%(*n%>en%4'ou- (ou-& 'o++o>*n0 %(e-e$e*% o' %(e /e-$(#n*&e # $+#*/ /#4 e /#e #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- on



#$$oun% o' #/#0e o- #?e-#0e 'oun uon oen*n0 %(e #$5#0e&, -o?*e%(#% %(e *n*$#%*on& o' %(e #/#0e o- #?e-#0e 0*?*n0 -*&e %o %(e $+#*/ $#nno%e #&$e-%#*ne '-o/ %(e eF%e-*o- o' &#* #$5#0e&, *n >(*$( $#&e &#* $+#*/&(#++ on+4 e #/*%%e #% %(e %*/e o' %(e -e$e*% o' %(e #$5#0e&.= A'%e- %(ee-*o& /en%*one (#?e e+#&e, o- #'%e- %(e %-#n&o-%#%*on $(#-0e& (#?eeen #*, no $+#*/ >(#%&oe?e- &(#++ e #/*%%e #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- >*%(

-e0#- %o %(e $on*%*on *n >(*$( %(e 0oo& %-#n&o-%e >e-e e+*?e-e. A& %o%(e -&% *&&ue, %(e e%*%*one- $on%en& %(#% %(e no%*$e o' $on%#/*n#%*on >#&0*?en 4 PGP e/+o4ee, %o M&. A#&%*++#&, #% %(e %*/e o' %(e e+*?e-4 o' %(e$#-0o, #n %(e-e'o-e, >*%(*n %(e -e7u*-e e-*o. T(e -e&onen%, (o>e?e-,$+#*/& %(#% %(e &uo&e no%*$e 0*?en 4 PGP o?e- %(e %e+e(one >#& en*e4 M&. A#&%*++#&. T(e Cou-% o' Ae#+& e$+#-e) %(#% # %e+e(one $#++ /#e%o e'en#n%$o/#n4 $ou+ $on&%*%u%e &u&%#n%*#+ $o/+*#n$e >*%( %(e-e7u*-e/en% o' no%*$e. Ho>e?e-, *% /u&% e o*n%e ou% %(#% $o/+*#n$e >*%(%(e e-*o 'o- +*n0 no%*$e *& #n e&&en%*#+ #-% o' %(e -e7u*-e/en% ,*.e..*//e*#%e+4 *' %(e #/#0e *& ##-en%, o- o%(e->*&e >*%(*n %>en%4'ou- (ou-&'-o/ -e$e*% o' %(e 0oo&, %(e $+e#- */o-% e*n0 %(#% -o/% eF#/*n#%*on o' %(e 0oo& /u&% e/#e %o #&$e-%#*n #/#0e *' %(*& *& no% *//e*#%e+4##-en%.e (#?e eF#/*ne %(e e?*en$e, #n >e #-e un#+e %o n #n4

-oo' o' $o/+*#n$e >*%( %(e -e7u*-e e-*o, >(*$( *& '#%#+ %o %(e #$$-u#+ o' %(e -*0(% o' #$%*on #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e-.

No%(*n0 *n %(e %-*#+ $ou-%B& e$*&*on &%#%e %(#% %(e no%*$e o' $+#*/ >#&-e+#4e o- +e >*%( %(e -e&onen%$#--*e- *//e*#%e+4 o- >*%(*n # e-*o o' %>en%4'ou- (ou-& '-o/ %(e%*/e %(e 0oo& >e-e -e$e*?e. T(e Cou-% o' Ae#+& /#e %(e&#/e n*n0. H#?*n0 eF#/*ne %(e en%*-e -e$o-& o' %(e$#&e,>e $#nno% n # &(-e o' e?*en$e %(#% >*++ -e$*&e+4 #nu+%*/#%e+4o*n% %o %(e $on$+u&*on %(#% %(e no%*$e o' $+#*/ >#&%*/e+4 -e+#4e o- +e.T(e-e7u*-e/en% %(#% # no%*$e o' $+#*/ &(ou+ e +e >*%(*n%(e e-*o &%#%e 4A-%*$+e 366 o' %(e Coe o' Co//e-$e *&no% #n e/%4 o- >o-%(+e&& -o?*&o.T(eoe$% &ou0(% %o e #%%#*ne 4 %(e -e7u*-e/en% o' %(e&u/*&&*on o' $+#*/& *nu-&u#n$e o' %(*& #-%*$+e *& %o $o/e+%(e $on&*0nee o' 0oo& en%-u&%e %o #

$#--*e- %o /#5e -o/%e/#n 'o- &e%%+e/en% o' #++e0e #/#0e& &ue-e4 %(e0oo& >(*+e *n %-#n&o-%, &o %(#% %(e $#--*e- >*++ e en#+e %o?e-*'4 #++&u$( $+#*/& #% %(e %*/e o' e+*?e-4 o- >*%(*n %>en%4'ou- (ou-& %(e-e#'%e-, #n*' ne$e&&#-4 F -e&on&**+*%4 #n&e$u-e e?*en$e #& %o %(e n#%u-e #n eF%en%o' %(e #++e0e#/#0e& %o %(e 0oo& >(*+e %(e /#%%e- *& &%*++ '-e&( *n %(e/*n&o' %(e #-%*e&.T(e +*n0 o' # $+#*/ >*%( %(e $#--*e- >*%(*n %(e %*/e+*/*%#%*on%(e-e'o-e #$%u#++4 $on&%*%u%e& # $on*%*on -e$een% %o %(e#$$-u#+ o' # -*0(% o' #$%*on #0#*n&% # $#--*e- 'o- +o&& o', o- #/#0e %o, %(e 0oo&. T(e&(*e- o- $on&*0nee /u&% #++e0e#n -o?e %(e 'u+++/en% o' %(e $on*%*on. I' *% '#*+& %o o &o, no-*0(% o' #$%*on #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- $#n #$$-ue *n '#?o- o' %(e'o-/e-. T(e #'o-e/en%*one -e7u*-e/en% *& # -e#&on#+e$on*%*on-e$een% *% oe& no% $on&%*%u%e # +*/*%#%*on o' #$%*on.

A<OITI SHIPPING VS. INSURANCE CO. O" NORTH AMERICA G.R. No. 1682Au0u&% 6, 28

Re4e&, J)

"#$%& o' %(e C#&e) MSAS C#-0o In%e-n#%*on#+ L*/*%e MSAS: -o$u-e #n;oeno+*$4= /#-*ne *n&u-#n$e '-o/ ICNA U L*/*%e o' Lonon, # 'o-e*0n$o-o-#%*on. T(e *n&u-#n$e >#& 'o- # %-#n&&(*/en% o' $e-%#*n >ooen >o-5%oo+& #n >o-5en$(e& u-$(#&e 4 $on&*0nee S$*en$e Te#$(*n0



I/-o?e/en% P-oe$% STIP:, E$o%e$( Cen%e-, Su+on, L#(u0, Ceu C*%4. T(e$#-0o, #$5e *n&*e one $on%#*ne- ?#n >#& &(*e '-o/ H#/u-0, Ge-/#n4en -ou%e %o M#n*+#, P(*+**ne&. T(e &(* #--*?e #n o$5e >(e-e $#-0o >#&-e$e*?e 4 Ao*%*K S(**n0 Co-o-#%*on, %(e-e#'%e- *% *&&ue # *++ o' +#*n0$on%#*n*n0 # no%#%*on 0-oune ou%&*e >#-e(ou&eB. I% >#& %(en &(*e %oCeu C*%4 #n >#& -e+e#&e %o STIP. T>o #4& #'%e- *%& -e+e#&e, Ao*%*K

-e$e*?e # $#++ '-o/ STIP *n'o-/*n0 *% %(#% %(e $#-0o &u&%#*ne >#%e- #/#0e.STIP %(en *n'o-/e %(e P(*+**ne o$e o' ICNA U L*/*%e o' Lonon 'o-*n&u-#n$e $+#*/&. T(e In&u-#n$e Co/#n4 0o% #n o$*#+ >e#%(e- -eo-% '-o/PAGASA, *% >ou+ #e#- %(#% (e#?4 -#*n& $#u&e >#%e- #/#0e %o %(e&(*/en%, no%*$e#+4 %(e &(*/en% >#& +#$e ou%&*e %(e >#-e(ou&e o' Ao*%*K #&e on %(e *++ o' +#*n0 $on%#*n*n0 #n no%#%*on ;0-oune ou%&*e%(e >#-e(ou&e=. Ao*%*K -e'u&e %o &e%%+e %(e $+#*/, %(e *n&u-#n$e #* %(e#/oun% o' P( 28, 16.92 %o $on&*0nee STIP, #n # &u-o0#%*on -e$e*% >#&%(e-e#'%e- &*0ne.

A $#&e 'o- $o++e$%*on o' #$%u#+ #/#0e& >*%( *n%e-e&% #n #%%o-ne4B& 'ee& >#&+e >*%( RTC. Ao*%*K *&#?o>e #n4 +*#*+*%4 #n #&&e-%e %(#% %(e $+#*/ (#no '#$%u#+ #n +e0#+ #&e&, #n %(#% $o/+#*n% (# no $#u&e o' #$%*on,

+#*n%* *n&u-#n$e $o/#n4 (# no e-&on#+*%4 %o &ue, $#u&e o' #$%*on >#&#--e, &u*% >#& -e/#%u-e %(e-e e*n0 no $+#*/ /#e uon Ao*%*K. RTC-ene-e e$*&*on #0#*n&% %(e *n&u-#n$e $o/#n4 #n $#&e >#& e+e?#%e %oCA, >(*$( -e?e-&e RTC e$*&*on. C#&e >#& %(en e+e?#%e %o SC.

I&&ue) (e%(e- o- no% %(e *n&u-#/$e $o/#n4 $#n $+#*/ une- %(e -*0(% o' &u-o0#%*on

He+) e& une- A-%. 22 o' %(e C*?*+ Coe. T(*& -*0(% o' &u-o0#%*on,(o>e?e-, (#& *%& +*/*%#%*on&. "*-&%, o%( %(e *n&u-e- #n %(e $on&*0nee #-eoun 4 %(e $on%-#$%u#+ &%*u+#%*on& une- %(e *++ o' +#*n0. Se$on, %(e*n&u-e- $#n e &u-o0#%e on+4 %o %(e -*0(%& #& %(e *n&u-e /#4 (#?e #0#*n&%%(e >-on0oe-. I' 4 *%& o>n #$%& #'%e- -e$e*?*n0 #4/en% '-o/ %(e *n&u-e-,%(e *n&u-e -e+e#&e& %(e >-on0oe- >(o $#u&e %(e +o&& '-o/ +*#*+*%4, %(e*n&u-e- +o&e& *%& $+#*/ #0#*n&% %(e +#%%e-. A& &%#%e *n A-%*$+e 366 *%(*n%>en%4 'ou- (ou-& 'o++o>*n0 %(e -e$e*% o' %(e /e-$(#n*&e, %(e $+#*/ #0#*n&%%(e $#--*e- 'o- #/#0e& o- #?e-#0e >(*$( /#4 e 'oun %(e-e*n uon oen*n0%(e #$5#0e&, /#4 e /#e, -o?*e %(#% %(e *n*$#%*on& o' %(e #/#0e o-#?e-#0e >(*$( 0*?e -*&e %o %(e $+#*/ $#nno% e #&$e-%#*ne '-o/ %(e ou%&*e#-% o' &u$( #$5#0e&, *n >(*$( $#&e %(e $+#*/ &(#++ e #/*%%e on+4 #% %(e%*/e o' -e$e*%. T(e $#++ >#& /#e 2 '-o/ e+*?e-4, # -e#&on#+e e-*o$on&*e-*n0 %(#% %(e 0oo& $ou+ no% (#?e $o--oe *n&%#n%+4 o?e-n*0(% &u$(%(#% *% $ou+ on+4 (#?e &u&%#*ne %(e #/#0e u-*n0 %-#n&*%. T(e &(*/en%e+*?e-e %o %(e $on&*0nee &u&%#*ne >#%e- #/#0e. T(e Cou-% #0-ee >*%( %(en*n0& o' %(e CA %(#% e%*o%*one- '#*+e %o o?e-%u-n %(*& -e&u/%*on.

MITSUI VS CA G.R. No. 119!1 M#-$( 11, 1998

MenoK# , J)

"#$%& o' %(e C#&e) Pe%*%*one- M*%&u* O.S.. L*ne& L%. *& # 'o-e*0n $o-o-#%*on-e-e&en%e *n %(e P(*+**ne& 4 *%& #0en%, M#0&#4&#4 A0en$*e&. I% en%e-e*n%o # $on%-#$% o' $#--*#0e %(-ou0( Me*&%e- T-#n&o-%, In$., #n *n%e-n#%*on#+



'-e*0(% 'o->#-e-, >*%( -*?#%e -e&onen% L#?*ne Loun0e>e#- M#nu'#$%u-*n0Co-o-#%*on %o %-#n&o-% 0oo& o' %(e +#%%e- '-o/ M#n*+# %o Le H#?-e, "-#n$e.Pe%*%*one- une-%oo5 %o e+*?e- %(e 0oo& %o "-#n$e 28 #4& '-o/ *n*%*#++o#*n0. On Ju+4 2, 1991, e%*%*one-& ?e&&e+ +o#e -*?#%e -e&onen%&$on%#*ne- ?#n 'o- $#--*#0e #% %(e &#* o-% o' o-*0*n. Ho>e?e-, *n #o&(*un0,

T#*>#n %(e 0oo& >e-e no% %-#n&&(*e *//e*#%e+4, >*%( %(e -e&u+% %(#% %(e

&(*/en% #--*?e *n Le H#?-e on+4 on No?e/e- 1, 1991. T(e $on&*0nee#++e0e+4 #* on+4 (#+' %(e ?#+ue o' %(e &#* 0oo& on %(e 0-oun %(#% %(e4* no% #--*?e *n "-#n$e un%*+ %(e o &e#&on *n %(#% $oun%-4. T(e -e/#*n*n0(#+' >#& #++e0e+4 $(#-0e %o %(e #$$oun% o' -*?#%e -e&onen% >(*$( *n %u-ne/#ne #4/en% '-o/ e%*%*one- %(-ou0( *%& #0en%

I&&ue) (e%(e- o- no% -*?#%e -e&onen%& #$%*on *& 'o- +o&& o- #/#0e %o0oo& &(*e, >*%(*n %(e /e#n*n0 o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$%COGSA:

He+) No. T(e &u*% *& no% 'o- +o&& o- #/#0e %o 0oo& $on%e/+#%e *nSe$%*on 3 6:, %(e 7ue&%*on o' -e&$-*%*on o' #$%*on *& 0o?e-ne no% 4 %(eCOGSA u% 4 A-%. 11 o' %(e C*?*+ Coe >(*$( -?*e& 'o- # -e&$-*%*?e

e-*o o' %en 4e#-&. A& ene *n %(e C*?*+ Coe #n #& #+*e %o Se$%*on36:, #-#0-#( o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$%, +o&& $on%e/+#%e&/e-e+4 # &*%u#%*on >(e-e no e+*?e-4 #% #++ >#& /#e 4 %(e &(*e- o' %(e0oo& e$#u&e %(e &#/e (# e-*&(e, 0one ou% o' $o//e-$e, o-*&#e#-e *n &u$( # >#4 %(#% %(e*- eF*&%en$e *& un5no>n o- %(e4 $#nno% e-e$o?e-e. T(e-e >ou+ e &o/e /e-*% *n #e++#n& *n&*&%en$e %(#% %(e#/#0e& &ue-e 4 (*/ #& # -e&u+% o' %(e e+#4 *n %(e &(*/en% o' (*& $#-0o#-e no% $o?e-e 4 %(e -e&$-*%*?e -o?*&*on o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se#A$% #o?e -e'e--e %o, *' &u$( #/#0e& >e-e ue, no% %o %(e e%e-*o-#%*on #ne$#4 o' %(e 0oo& >(*+e *n %-#n&*%, u% %o o%(e- $#u&e& *neenen% o' %(e$on*%*on o' %(e $#-0o uon #--*?#+, +*5e # -o *n %(e*- /#-5e% ?#+ue.

"IL MERCHANTS VS. ALEJANDRO G.R. No. L!1 O$%oe- 1, 1986Gu%*e--eK, J-., J)

"#$%& o' %(e C#&e) In 196, C(o# T*e5 Sen0 $on%-#$%e "-o%# O$e#n*$#<-#&*+*e-# 'o- %(e +#%%e- %o e+*?e- 0oo&. C(o# T*e5 Sen0 *n&u-e %(e 0oo&>*%( "*+**no Me-$(#n%& In&u-n#$e Co/#n4. T(e 0oo& +e'% %(e o-% o' M#n*+#on De$e/e- 13, 196 #n -e#$(e *%& o*n% o' e&%*n#%*on on De$e/e- 1,196. T(e 0oo& >e-e (o>e?e- #/#0e.

C(o# T*e5 Sen0 %(en +e #n *n&u-#n$e $+#*/. "*+**no Me-$(#n%& -e'u&e %o#4 &o *n Au0u&% 19, *% >#& &ue 4 C(o# T*e5 Sen0. In J#nu#-4 198,"*+**no Me-$(#n%& +e # %(*- #-%4 $o/+#*n% #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- "-o%#O$e#n*$# <-#&*+*e-# #& *% #++e0e %(#% *% *& %(e $#--*e- >(o *& +*#+e %o #4

#/#0e& %o C(o# T*e5 Sen0. Ju0e Jo&e A+e#n-o o' %(e %-*#+ $ou-% -u+e#0#*n&% "*+**no Me-$(#n%&. T(e Cou-% o' Ae#+& #-/e %(e -u+*n0 o' %(e u0e. T(e +o>e- $ou-%& -u+e %(#% "*+**no Me-$(#n%& *& #+-e#4 #--e '-o/+*n0 # $+#*/ e$#u&e une- %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$%, %(e &u*%#0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- /u&% e +e ;>*%(*n one 4e#- #'%e- e+*?e-4 o' %(e 0oo&o- %(e #%e >(en %(e 0oo& &(ou+ (#?e een e+*?e-e= o- one 4e#- '-o/De$e/e- 1, 196. T(e *n&u-#n$e $o/#n4 *& #+-e#4 #--e 'o- *% +e *%&%(*- #-%4 $o/+#*n% on+4 *n J#nu#-4 198.

I&&ue) (e%(e- o- no% "*+**no Me-$(#n%& *& -e$+ue 4 %(e &#* %*/e#-



-u+e.

He+) e&. T(e e-%*nen% -o?*&*on o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$% oe&no% on+4 #+4 %o %(e &(*e- u% #+&o #+*e& %o %(e *n&u-e-. T(e $o?e-#0e o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$% *n$+ue& %(e *n&u-e- o' %(e 0oo&.O%(e->*&e, >(#% %(e A$% *n%en& %o -o(**% #'%e- %(e +#&e o' %(e one 4e#-

-e&$-*%*?e e-*o $#n e one *n*-e$%+4 4 %(e &(*e- o- o>ne- o' %(e0oo& 4 &*/+4 +*n0 # $+#*/ #0#*n&% %(e *n&u-e- e?en #'%e- %(e +#&e o' one4e#-. T(*& >ou+ e %(e -e&u+% *' %(e *n&u-e- $#n, #% #n4 %*/e, -o$ee #0#*n&%%(e $#--*e- #n %(e &(* &*n$e *% *& no% oun 4 %(e %*/e#- -o?*&*on. In %(*&&*%u#%*on, %(e one 4e#- +*/*%#%*on >*++ e -#$%*$#++4 u&e+e&&. T(*& $ou+ no%(#?e een %(e *n%en%*on o' %(e +#> >(*$( (#& #+&o 'o- *%& u-o&e %(e-o%e$%*on o' %(e $#--*e- #n %(e &(* '-o/ '-#uu+en% $+#*/& 4 (#?*n0;/#%%e-& #e$%*n0 %-#n&o-%#%*on o' 0oo& 4 &e# e e$*e *n #& &(o-% #%*/e #& o&&*+e= #n 4 #?o**n0 *n$*en%& >(*$( >ou+ ;unne$e&&#-*+4eF%en %(e e-*o #n e-/*% e+#4& *n %(e &e%%+e/en% o' 7ue&%*on& #e$%*n0%(e %-#n&o-%#%*on.=

MAER STEEL PIPER CORPORATION VS. COURT O" APPEALS G.R. No. 12! June 19, 199

Puno, J)

"#$%& o' %(e C#&e) In 1983, Hon05on0 Go?e-n/en% Su+*e& De#-%/en%HGSD: $on%-#$%e M#4e- S%ee+ P*e Co-o-#%*on 'o- %(e +#%%e- %o /#nu'#$%u-e#n e+*?e- ?#-*ou& &%ee+ *e& #n %%*n0&. <e'o-e M#4e- S%ee+ &(*e %(e&#* *e&, *% *n&u-e %(e/ >*%( %>o *n&u-#n$e $o/#n*e& n#/e+4, Sou%( Se#Su-e%4 #n In&u-#n$e Co., In$. #n C(#-%e- In&u-#n$e Co-o-#%*on e#$(*n&u-e- $o?e-*n0 *e-en% o-%*on& o' %(e &(*/en%. T(e *n&u-#n$e o+*$*e&$o?e- ;#++ -*&5&= >(*$( *n$+ue #++ $#u&e& o' $on$e*?#+e +o&& o- #/#0e.

(en %(e *e& -e#$(e Hon05on0, %(e *e& >e-e *&$o?e-e %o (#?e een#/#0e. T(e *n&u-#n$e $o/#n*e& -e'u&e %o /#5e #4/en%. On A-*+ 11986, M#4e- S%ee+ &ue %(e *n&u-#n$e $o/#n*e&. T(e $#&e -e#$(e %(eCou-% o' Ae#+&. T(e CA -u+e %(#% %(e $#&e +e 4 M#4e- S%ee+ &(ou+ e*&/*&&e. I% (e+ %(#% %(e #$%*on *& #--e une- Se$%*on 36: o' %(e C#--*#0eo' Goo& 4 Se# A$% &*n$e *% >#& +e on+4 on A-*+ 1, 1986, /o-e %(#n %>o4e#-& '-o/ %(e %*/e %(e 0oo& >e-e un+o#e '-o/ %(e ?e&&e+. Se$%*on 36: o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$% -o?*e& %(#% ;%(e $#--*e- #n %(e &(* &(#++e *&$(#-0e '-o/ #++ +*#*+*%4 *n -e&e$% o' +o&& o- #/#0e un+e&& &u*% *&-ou0(% >*%(*n one 4e#- #'%e- e+*?e-4 o' %(e 0oo& o- %(e #%e >(en %(e0oo& &(ou+ (#?e een e+*?e-e.= T(e CA -u+e %(#% %(*& -o?*&*on #+*e&no% on+4 %o %(e $#--*e- u% #+&o %o %(e *n&u-e-, $*%*n0 %(e $#&e o' "*+**noMe-$(#n%& In&u-#n$e Co. In$. ?&. A+en#n-o.

I&&ue) (e%(e- o- no% %(e Cou-% o' Ae#+& *& $o--e$%.

He+) No. Se$%*on 36: o' %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$% &%#%e& %(#% %(e$#--*e- #n %(e &(* &(#++ e *&$(#-0e '-o/ #++ +*#*+*%4 'o- +o&& o- #/#0e %o%(e 0oo& *' no &u*% *& +e >*%(*n one 4e#- #'%e- e+*?e-4 o' %(e 0oo& o- %(e#%e >(en %(e4 &(ou+ (#?e een e+*?e-e. Une- %(*& -o?*&*on, on+4 %(e$#--*e-B& +*#*+*%4 *& eF%*n0u*&(e *' no &u*% *& -ou0(% >*%(*n one 4e#-. <u% %(e+*#*+*%4 o' %(e *n&u-e- *& no% eF%*n0u*&(e e$#u&e %(e *n&u-e-B& +*#*+*%4 *&#&e no% on %(e $on%-#$% o' $#--*#0e u% on %(e $on%-#$% o' *n&u-#n$e. A



$+o&e -e#*n0 o' %(e +#> -e?e#+& %(#% %(e C#--*#0e o' Goo& 4 Se# A$%0o?e-n& %(e -e+#%*on&(* e%>een %(e $#--*e- on %(e one (#n #n %(e&(*e-, %(e $on&*0nee #nQo- %(e *n&u-e- on %(e o%(e- (#n. I% ene& %(eo+*0#%*on& o' %(e $#--*e- une- %(e $on%-#$% o' $#--*#0e. I% oe& no%, (o>e?e-,#e$% %(e -e+#%*on&(* e%>een %(e &(*e- #n %(e *n&u-e-. T(e +#%%e- $#&e *&0o?e-ne 4 %(e In&u-#n$e Coe.

T(e Filipino Merchants case *& *e-en% '-o/ %(e $#&e #% #-. In FilipinoMerchants, *% >#& %(e *n&u-e- >(*$( +e # $+#*/ #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e- 'o--e*/u-&e/en% o' %(e #/oun% *% #* %o %(e &(*e-. In %(e $#&e #% #-, *% >#&%(e &(*e- >(*$( +e # $+#*/ #0#*n&% %(e *n&u-e-. T(e #&*& o' %(e &(*e-B&$+#*/ *& %(e ;#++ -*&5&= *n&u-#n$e o+*$*e& *&&ue 4 %(e *n&u-e-& %o M#4e-S%ee+.

T(e -u+*n0 *n Filipino Merchants &(ou+ #+4 on+4 %o &u*%& #0#*n&% %(e $#--*e-+e e*%(e- 4 %(e &(*e-, %(e $on&*0nee o- %(e *n&u-e-.

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