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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Tanzania

UJAMAA COMMUNITYRESOURCE TEAM

Empowered live

Resilient nation

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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence toThe Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chief: Joseph CorcoranManaging Editor: Oliver Hughes

Contributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Ujamaa Community Resource Team (UCRT), and in particular the guidance a

inputs o Edward Loure Parmelo and Paul Senyael. All photo credits courtesy o UCRT. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikiped

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Ujamaa Community Resource Team, Tanzania. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. N

York, NY.

http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf

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PROJECT SUMMARYUjamaa Community Resource Team works acrossnorthern Tanzania to help secure land and resource rightsor pastoralist, agro-pastoralist, and hunter-gatherercommunities, many o whom are negatively aected bythe existence o the countrys large protected areas. Thegroups approach has capitalized on Tanzanias village landlegislation, which allows communities to develop by-lawsand land use plans or their customary lands, and has alsoocused on improving the ecosystem management capacityo these communities.

By guiding socially marginalized groups through thearduous process o securing ocial rights to land, the NGOhas secured several landmark agreements, including thelegal demarcation o the rst village or hunter-gatherersin Tanzania. Capacity-building, confict resolution, andsustainable livelihoods programming have underpinned theinitiatives work, helping to demonstrate the eectivenesso these rural communities as land and resource managers.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008

FOUNDED: 1998

LOCATION: Northern Tanzania

BENEFICIARIES: Pastoralist & agro-pastoralist communiti

BIODIVERSITY: Community-conserved areas

3

UJAMAA COMMUNITY RESOURCE TEAMTanzania

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 5

Biodiversity Impacts 7

Socioeconomic Impacts 7

Policy Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Replication 10

Partners 10

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4

Ujamaa Community Resource Team (UCRT) is a non-prot

nvironmental and social justice organization that works with

ndigenous groups o dierent cultures in northern Tanzania. The

arget communities are those who depend on communal resource

management regimes to support their livelihoods.

Threats facing ethnic minorities

UCRTs work began in 1998, under what was known as TAZAMA

rust, beore its ocial registration in 2002. The organization

ims to strengthen the capacity o ethnic minorities in northern

anzania, principally pastoralists and hunter-gatherers such as

he Maasai, Barabaig, Akie, Sonjo and Hadzabe. The livelihoods ohese communities are under threat by overexploitation o natural

esources, political marginalization, and limited resources and access

o knowledge. Marginalization has been urther exacerbated by the

eographical remoteness o many ethnic minority communities; the

illage nearest to Arusha, or example, is 85 kilometres away, while

ome are as ar as 370 kilometres rom the nearest urban centre.

Making law and policy work for marginalized communities

UCRTs goal is improved welare o villages in marginalized areas

hrough community-based natural resource management.

articipatory natural resource governance is a central tenet o

he organizations work, as is building on customary institutions,ommunity-based land management practices, and traditional

esource governance systems. UCRT views law and policy as

nstruments or empowering resource-dependent communities,

while also acknowledging the barriers they can (and oten do) pose

o local empowerment. By supporting community-based natural

esource management, local institutions, and community land

ghts, the organization aims not only to protect the rich biodiversity

round the Serengeti and Tarangire ecosystems, but also to protect

ommunities rom the growing trend o illegitimate and exploitative

and appropriation.

The organization works with 40 villages in six districts acros

regions o Arusha, Manyara, and Shinyanga. Capacity building

training is oered to each village in how best to positively infu

and leverage existing policies and legal processes. Local govern

reorm in Tanzania has created opportunities or resou

dependent communities to secure collective property rights

resource entitlements. Taking advantage o these opportun

however, requires knowledge o where and how best to advoca

rights. For this reason, UCRT has ocused on education and tra

or community leaders building their capacity to meaning

engage with policymaking processes and with the legal ramew

that govern land and resource access.

Background and Context

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55

Key Activities and Innovations

UCRT works primarily with pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, andunter-gatherers. The goal is to help these typically marginalized

ommunities secure land and resource rights, improve their natural

esource management capacity, develop the skills and tools to

manage their resources more eectively, establish community

onserved areas based on indigenous land management practices,

nd to enhance the economic benets accruing rom their lands and

cosystems (largely through ecotourism). The geographic scope o

he initiative is northern Tanzania, including the biodiversity-rich

reas o the Serengeti and Tarangire. UCRT work alls into our

ey areas: land use, natural resource management, community

mpowerment, and advocacy.

and use and securing tenureOne central component o the UCRT work is the development o

and use plans that ensure communities have secure property rights

nd resource access. Since the Tanzanian Land Act o 1999, ocial

ocumentation is needed to support land claims. To obtain a village

and or customary right-o-occupancy certicate, communities

must produce land use plans stating who will be given what

and, and or what purpose. UCRT then has been involved in the

urveying, mapping and demarcation o community lands to ease

nter-community conficts and the process o ormalizing tenure. In

ddition to support with drating land use plans, UCRT also helps to

acilitate the implementation o plans within the villages.

Community-based natural resource management

A second key area in which Ujamaa works is the management o

atural resources. The intention is to ensure that villages are able

o identiy and document the natural resources that are available to

hem, and to take advantage o those that can sustainably leveraged

o greatest economic and social benet. To assist in this process,

UCRT orms committees within village councils to oversee resource

plans and to monitor resource use. This resource mapping exercise

as also resulted in innovative partnerships between communities

and cultural tourism operators, establishing ethno-touenterprises which provide communities with an additional sour

income. In these instances, UCRT has ensured that there is a bala

relationship between the tourism enterprise and the commun

particularly in the areas o land and resource access. Other succe

ventures have included a number o womens village bomas: arti

cooperative groups which have ormed to market local product

part o its resource management work, UCRT employs comm

members as game scouts, providing bicycles, GPS devices and o

equipment to ensure the protection and monitoring o end

species. The organization is also involved in the developme

resource management by-laws. These laws a drawn up by UCRT

village-level input, are reviewed at the way and district levels,

are then put into practice by local government authorities.

Community empowerment & building on local instituti

Another dimension o UCRT work is community empowerment

majority o work in this area has involved work with village cou

governing bodies that are created by the central governm

but which have oten received very little ormal training on g

governance standards, nancial management planning (inclu

the allocation o village revenues), and land managem

responsibilities. UCRT has lled this vacuum by providing works

or village council members on some o these issues, and by ma

available basic narrative reports on their work. Each village co

is composed o three committees: security, nancial managemand planning, and general development issues. UCRT pro

appropriate training in each o these areas or the village mem

who participate in specic committees. Trainings also inc

inormation on land and resource legislation, such as that conta

in local government reorm programs. Through these train

communities are supported to better understand their land r

under Tanzanian law. In addition, inormation is provided on

role and unctioning o village land tribunals (Mabaraza ya a

and village assemblies, which are oten the arbiters o village

by-laws.

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66

obbying and advocacy

Another important aspect o UCRT work is educating communities

n existing and emerging government policies so they are equipped

with the inormation needed to eectively lobby or their rights and

dvocate or policy reorm. Among the most important policies

ncluded in this orientation is Tanzanias National Strategy or Growth

nd the Reduction o Poverty (MKUKUTA), a development ramework

which constitutes the nations roadmap or delivering on a Vision025 plan. Inroads into this strategy have ocused on economic

rowth and the reduction o poverty, improved quality o lie and

ocial wellbeing, and improved governance and accountability.

Guidance is also given on other important legislation such as: the

roperty and Business Formalisation Programme (MKURABITA),

which has aimed at acilitating the transormation o property and

usiness entities in the inormal sector into legally held and majority

perated entities in the ormal sector; the Local Government Reorm

rogramme, which has aimed to empower local government

uthorities to improve the quality, access to and equitable delivery

o public services; and the Strategic Plan or the Implementa

o Land Laws, which has been an attempt to coordinate Tanza

various land laws the Land Act (1999), the Village Land Act (1

and the Land Disputes Courts Act (2002).

Through on-site training, UCRT has been able to raise awarene

these dierent policies and how they relate to community na

resource management. Communities are advised on how

can react to new laws, and on how to argue or the amendmencontentious passages. For example, community capacity building

been particularly important in cases where communities have b

dispossessed o land or commercial conservation purposes.

while UCRT has served as an early warning system or commun

on unair land legislation, they have also evolved the unctio

giving local communities a direct voice in legislative proce

Communities have been empowered to contact and lobby

politicians, and have been given the foor at parliamentary hear

or the Wildlie Act (2010) and Tanzanian Rangeland Act (2010).

Policy makers should consider the needs of local people before they impose policies. By th

same token, traditional means of conserving wildlife have been successful for generations an

should be recognised. Conservation and the safeguarding of local livelihoods are not opposin

goals and can be pursued together.

Edward Loure Parmelo, Coordinator, UCRT

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7

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

Ujamaa has had a considerable impact on biodiversity in northern

Tanzania, primarily through the creation o community-conserved

reas in key wildlie corridors and habitats o the Serengeti

ecosystem. Notable among the conservation areas have been

oliondo and Simanjiro, which contain important populations o

wildebeest, Arican wild dogs, cheetahs, and oryx.

An important acet o UCRT work has been to balance conservation

priorities, community resource needs and eco-tourism enterprise

mbitions. The organization has helped ecotourism ventures and

other commercial interests understand the incentives o conservingvegetation or both livestock and wildlie, as opposed to converting

and to agriculture. Through its easement program, started in

2005, tour operating companies give USD 5,000 annually to villages

owning land adjacent to Tarangire (in which the wildebeest come to

graze) in return or community commitment to conserving the land.

Contracts are drawn up between the villages and tour operators to

ensure that the conservation o biodiversity and the socio-economic

well-being o participating communities are legally secured.

UCRT has also worked to mitigate wildlie-livestock confict, which

nevitably leads to tensions between the local population and

wildlie. For example, wildebeest rom Tarangire National Park

migrate to Simanjiro during the wet season, carrying diseases thatre atal to cattle. This has meant that communities are unable to

graze their herds on these lands. UCRT has worked with eected

ommunities to develop alternative strategies that allow or healthy

vestock eeding and protection o the wildebeest populations.

ecuring land and resource rights or local communities has

produced biodiversity benets in the orm o more eective land

management and providing the kind o certainty which makes

or long-term land investments. One notable case o a community

eclaiming its territory was in Hanang. In the 1970s, the state-owned

corporation NAFCO appropriated 100,000 acres o land

pastoralists in Hanang to grow wheat, leaving thousands o am

landless. Ater mismanagement o the arms and ailure o the w

project, the government decided to grant some o the land ba

the Hanang pastoralists. The process was subverted, howeve

local politicians who proposed awarding the land to Mount Ha

cultivators instead. With the support o Oxam Ireland, UCRT

able to put pressure on the government to return the land to

pastoralists. Eventually, 28,000 acres o land were returned to

Mingenyi, Mogitu, Mulbadaw, Gidika, Basotu and Gawidu vill

beneting more than 8,000 amilies.

Another example o UCRT advocacy or the return o commland comes rom Emboreet, where pastoralists living along

eastern edge o Tarangire National Park were similarly disposse

o 29,000 hectares o land by the government. In this inst

the lands were appropriated or a large-scale, commercial

cultivation project. When the project ailed, the government assu

rights to the land rather than returning them to the pastoralist

response, UCRT partnered with the Wildlie Conservation Socie

appeal or the return o the land to its rightul occupants. A

lengthy negotiation, all 29,000 hectares o land were returned t

community.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

One o the main socioeconomic impacts o UCRT work has bee

ostering o private sector partnerships that have enabled vil

to earn income rom wildlie conservation by way o commu

based ecotourism ventures. In Ngorongoro district alone, s

Maasai villages have used ecotourism to increase their incomes

approximately USD 30,000 in 1998 to over USD 300,000 in 2

Participating villages also created cultural bomas, where wo

produce artisanal goods which are sold to tourists. UCRT condu

training in each village on community-based natural reso

management and the development o land-use plans.

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Rather than have ecotourism exist in isolation rom other economic

and social activities, UCRT emphasised balancing ecotourism

priorities with other environmental and economic considerations.

Participating villages were provided with access to legal aid during

negotiations with prospective tourism operators, ensuring that

contracts were not asymmetrically weighted towards the interests

o private sector partners. For example, in the village o Engaresero,

UCRT assisted in drawing up a participatory and transparent contract

between the community and the tour operator which, among otherhings, recognized the communitys rights to their natural resources.

The ecotourism enterprise generated employment or nine villagers,

while annual income in 2009 alone cleared USD 30,000. Revenues

have subsequently been invested into school inrastructure, school

ees, a rotating loan scheme or women and youth, health service

provision, and the construction o a health centre.

UCRT works through the Olalaa Pastoralist Development Initiatives,

Simanjiro Women Income Generating Group, and Hanang women

groups to empower and support alternative livelihoods projects

or local women. To date, more than 20 womens cooperatives

have been ormed. Each o the groups is engaged in subsistence

arming on small, two-acre plots o land. Each has been providedwith an ox-plough, which has eased the manual labor burden and

mproved arm productivity. Local womens cooperatives have also

been provided with goats (more than 600 to date), allowing them

diversiy their livelihoods with livestock rearing. UCRT has also

used these groups to promote genetic diversity and agricultural

diversication, distributing over 300 kilograms o bean seeds and

over 100 kilograms o maize seeds.

Womens empowerment programs are operated in conjunction

with the Pastoral Womens Council o Tanzania: an NGO working

with pastoralist groups in northern Tanzania to advance womens

ights and the education o Masaai girls. Since its inception, UCRT

has recognized the empowerment o women as an essential

dimension o its work to secure community-based property rights

and land tenure. They recognized that a ractured community

whether along ethnic, economic or gender lines cannot advocate

as successully or collective rights as one in which the rights o

members o the community are given equal consideration. As s

UCRT mobilized women to become active and visible in the deand implementation o community projects. In partnership

a number o dierent advocacy groups and non-governme

organizations, UCRT provides trainings to women in land r

issues, economic independence and livelihoods diversica

(including beadwork, soap-making and ecotourism). Local wo

have not only become participants in land rights advocacy

active leaders and champions o community-based property rig

The organization has been equally active in promoting literacy

opening up access to schools and education or geographi

economically and socially marginalized youth. UCRT has a prog

in place which covers secondary school ees or children rom backgrounds who have passed their primary school exams, but

are unable to attend classes because o inadequate nances. A

time this report was written, more than 150 students were b

supported to attend school through this program. Scholar

have also been extended to both pastoralist amilies and the rem

hunter-gatherer communities o Hadzabe and Akie to cover tu

clothing and transportation expenses. In a related initiative, U

unded construction o a local orphanage and currently supp

33 orphans to attend secondary school. An important stipula

o UCRT support or scholarships and school ees is that stud

that graduate are required to return to the village or a minimu

three years and act as a peer educator. Students receiving sup

through UCRT are brought together at an annual orum, whereshare experiences and plans or uture collaboration.

UCRT has also mainstreamed HIV/AIDS education and aware

raising into its programs, with a particular outreach ocus on rem

and marginalized villages. The organization has leveraged its

educators to disseminate knowledge o the disease and ho

is transmitted among ethnic minorities such as the Maasai

Barabaig tribes.

8

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POLICY IMPACTS

UCRT is one o the only organizations in Tanzania to eectively bridge

he gap between national government land policies and community-

ased property rights regimes. In 2008, UCRT mobilized a critical

mass o community representatives to travel to Dodoma in an eort

o convince Tanzanian parliament to reject a proposed Wildlie Bill.

Had it not been voted down, the bill would have orced pastoralist

ommunities out o Game Controlled Areas, which were unilaterallyoned without community consultation as strict conservation

reas, thereby stripping these communities o their traditional

velihoods. Most recently, the organization helped to ensure that

ommunity voices were included in hearings on the Wildlie Act

2009) and the Rangeland Act (2010). The organization serves an

ssential communication and advocacy unction, linking pastoralist

ommunities into dialogue with government representatives and

ther key stakeholders.

Navigating government bureaucracy and local politics is a

rogrammatic constant or UCRT. Even when land use plans and

enure arrangements has been agreed upon within and betweenommunities, there are oten signicant delays at the local level o

government where the approval process or village by-laws t

place. Addressing the barriers aced to getting by-laws appr

can be both time-consuming and costly. As one example, dis

ocials require payment to participate in by-law approval meet

ocials oten charge by the USD 32 per day or a process tha

run as long as three to our weeks. At one stage o the app

process, nine district ocials are required.

In July o 2009, the national government supported a orcommercial hunting company to orcibly evict eight Maasai vil

rom land adjacent to Serengeti National Park village inrastruc

and Maasai cultural bomas where burned to the ground. This wa

latest incident in a long history o dispute over an area o land

has been sustainably managed by Maasai peoples or generat

The eviction aected more than 10,000 pastoralists and displ

more than 50,000 heads o their cattle, many o which died in

ollowing months due to insucient grazing areas and scarce ac

to water. Although the people remain dispossessed, UCRT has

able to involve local, national and international media and ri

groups in documenting the plight o these communities. Knowl

o the eviction within Tanzania has increased and pressure has put on the government to launch an ocial inquiry into the inci

9

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10

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYUCRT is nancially dependent on donor support. The organization

as been able to sustain its work through a number o dierent part-

ership programs, ranging rom one-o to continuous unding. For

xample, Dorobo Fund and Oxam Ireland are annual donors, while

UCRT received a GEF-Small Grants Programme grant o USD 27,000

or 2009-2010. And while individual communities are engaged in

co-tourism ventures, UCRT itsel does not operate prot-making

nterprises. The organization is currently seeking a long-term donor

o support its work and ensure the long-term nancial viability o its

ctivities.

Organisational sustainability is ensured by employing sta members

rom within the communities where UCRT works. The majority o

ta remains connected with grassroots initiatives, and many divide

heir time between on-site activities and the UCRT oce in Arusha.

Field acilitators are permanently based in participating villages to

llow or easy communication between the eld and headquarters.

ta are also supported to pursue degree and certicate programs,

or instance at the Arusha-based Training Centre or Development

Cooperation or at Kenyatta University, Nairobi.

REPLICATION

UCRT has been a model o peer-to-peer learning and successul rep-

cation. The organization has been able to secure land and resource

enure or more than 40 village communities. Not only have these

illages beneted rom improved tenure security, but communities

ave also been supported to improve and diversiy their livelihoods.

he key to UCRTs success has been a combination o holistic land

se plans and leveraging village by-laws. The organizations model

o empowering communities to advocate or security o tenure

been transerred on a demand-driven basis; several commun

have approached UCRT to request support in applying the mod

land use and resource management planning in their village.

Peer-to-peer knowledge exchanges have been critical or UC

eectively mobilizing support or policy change and land re

so too, partnerships with groups such as the Pastoralist Indige

Non-Governmental Organisations Forum and Pastoral Wom

Council have created a support structure and board-based coa

on which eective lobbying eorts have been built. It is thro

partnerships that the responsibilities and risks associated with

vocacy are shared.

PARTNERS

Arican Initiatives (a UK-based NGO) was initially an impo

donor, but phased out their support in 2007

OXFAM Ireland makes annual nancial contributions

Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA) makes annual na

contributions

UNDP-implemented GEF-Small Grants Programme provid

grant or 2009-2010 (USD 27,000)

Wildlie Conservation Society makes an annual na

contribution Cordaid (Netherlands-based NGO) makes an annual na

contribution

Pastoralist Indigenous Non-Governmental Organisations Fo

(PINGOs Forum) advocates at the national level or indige

rights

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Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781 4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Ujamaa Community Resource Team (UCRT). 2010. Participatory Land Use Planning as a Tool for Community Empowerment in Nort

Tanzania. IIED, Gatekeeper 147, December (with Fred Nelson, Malisaili Initiatives). http://pubs.iied.org/pds/14608IIED.pd

ResourceArica UK,A Plain Plan, (YouTube) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuy8h1F7GvE

Ujamaa Community Resource Team PhotoStory (Vimeo) (English) https://vimeo.com/15783140 (Swahili) https://vimeo.com/15783

Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/14608IIED.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuy8h1F7GvEhttps://vimeo.com/15783140https://vimeo.com/15783208https://vimeo.com/15783208https://vimeo.com/15783140http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuy8h1F7GvEhttp://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/14608IIED.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348261414.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348165612.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348163702.pdf