Case Study #1South Africa

Outline Geography Terms & People History Apartheid South African Identity

Write down everything you know about South Africa

Geography

Which picture do you think is

from South

Africa…?

Geography

Geography

Located at the Southern tip of

Africa

Geography

Geography

Geography

1/8 the size of USA

Twice the size of France

Geography

Split into nine provinces

Hmm… looks like there are

ten… are there?

Geography

South Africa has three capital cities:

• Cape Town (legislative capital)

• Bloemfontein (judicial capital)

• Pretoria (admin capital)

Geography

Activity:

With a partner, discuss the following questions:

1. Do you think South Africa’s geography could give it power over other nations? How?

2. What types of benefits and challenges could its geography present? Explain.

3. Compare South Africa’s geography to Canada’s geography… what similarities/differences exist?

Setting the Tone…Activity:

In the computer lab, find information on the following:

Imperialism Apartheid Bantu Education Act Sanctions Steve Biko Nelson Mandela Frederic DeKlerk Desmond Tutu

Setting the Tone…

What did you learn? How did you learn it? Did any information surprise/not surprise you? How do you think this information affects you?

Terms & People Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking over other nations that have important resources

Imperialism & South AfricaDutch &

PortugueseFueling station

BritishKeep it from the French

British MerchantsDiamonds

Terms & People Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking over other nations that have important resources

Imperialism & South AfricaDutch &

PortugueseFueling station

BritishKeep it from the French

British MerchantsDiamonds

• Pushed indigenous people out

• “Afrikaners”

Terms & People Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking over other nations that have important resources

Imperialism & South AfricaDutch &

PortugueseFueling station

BritishKeep it from the French

British MerchantsDiamonds

• Got rid of slavery• Hottentot Rule: Black

Africans needed to carry passes in public – no pass = taken for white labour

• Angered Afrikaners (moved to the interior… pushing indigenous people out)

Terms & People Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking over other nations that have important resources

Imperialism & South AfricaDutch &

PortugueseFueling station

BritishKeep it from the French

British MerchantsDiamonds

• Discovered diamonds & gold

• Mining companies + government = limited the right of black Africans to own mining claims or to trade their products

Terms & People Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking over other nations that have important resources

Imperialism & South AfricaDutch &

PortugueseFueling station

BritishKeep it from the French

British MerchantsDiamonds

• Black workers were forbidden by law from living wherever they wanted… had to stay in segregated neighborhoods or mining compounds

• Businessman Cecil Rhodes was elected prime minister of Cape Colony - he introduced the Glen Grey Act to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development

Terms & People Apartheid

An official policy of separating races in South Africa Included political, legal, and economic

discrimination against non-whites Used to confirm the power of the white elite

Apartheid

Apartheid Examples of Apartheid Laws• Every South African had to be

classified into one of a number of racial "population groups“ (Black, White, Coloured, Indians) – then urban areas were divided into “group areas”

• Public areas, vehicles and services could be segregated by race

• Marriages between white people and people of other races were not allowed

• Black voters did not have the same voting rights as White voters

• Limits on where black labourers were able to work

• Segregation of educational facilities

ApartheidWhites Blacks

Population 20% 80%

Income 80% 20%

Infant Mortality Rate 2.7% 30%

Annual expenditure on education per pupil

$696 $45

ApartheidPass Laws

The Black population were required to carry these pass books with

them at all times. Failure to produce a

pass often resulted in the person being

arrested. Any white person, even a child

could ask a black African to produce his

or her pass.

Apartheid

Terms & PeopleBantu Education Act• Law under apartheid that legally separated the education

for white and black students• Funding was cut for black schools

• In the 1970s, the per capita governmental spending on black education was 1/10 of the spending on white

• Black students were trained to perform unskilled labour• "There is no place for [the Bantu] in the European

community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in practice?“

• Biased average teacher pupil ratio• 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in

Coloured schools, and 1:39 in Black schools

Terms & PeopleSanctions• Definition: A punishment

for disobeying a law or rule

• The UN condemned apartheid in South Africa and imposed economic sanctions

• The South African economy suffered during the 1980s under these trade sanctions… helped to end apartheid

Terms & PeopleSteve Biko• An anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and

1970s• Supported non-violent action (he was influenced by

Mahatma Gandhi)• Was murdered while in the custody of the South African

Security Police

Terms & PeopleNelson Mandela• Born Rolihlahla Mandela , given the name “Nelson in mission

school (assimilation)• Anti-apartheid activist, revolutionary and politician• Was in prison for 27 years for sabotage and conspiracy to

overthrow the government• Led negotiations to end apartheid – won the Nobel Peace

Prize• Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the

first to be elected in a fully representative, multiracial election• As president, he created a new constitution and initiated

the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses

Terms & PeopleFrederic de Klerk• The 7th and last State President of apartheid-era South

Africa (1989-1994)• Best known for engineering the end of apartheid• Released Nelson Mandela from prison• Won the Nobel Peace Prize (1993) with Nelson Mandela

Terms & PeopleDesmond Tutu• South African social rights activist and retired Anglican

bishop• Rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent

of apartheid• Active in the defence of human rights and uses his high

profile to campaign for the oppressed. He has campaigned to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, and homophobia

Investigating South Africa’s History! Lab Activity

Investigate cave paintings in South Africa What are they? What do they tell us about early humans? Explain why drawings a good source of historical information

Investigate the Dutch East India Company What was it? How is it related to South Africa’s history? How is it related to multinationals? Compare it to the Hudson’s Bay Company – how are they similar/different?

Investigate Cecil Rhodes Who was he? How is he related to South Africa’s history? Compare him to Bill Gates – how are they similar/different? Hint: Look at the

Bill and Melinda Gates foundation….

HistoryCave Paintings

HistoryCave Paintings

Peter Garlake• Zimbabwean

archaeologist• Found that African

art has symbolic meaning

• African people are complex, their art is complex

• Modern texts still treat African art with surface level interpretations (think of it as simple/primitive)

History

The Dutch East India Company was one of the first multinational corporations and it had a lot of merchandise sailing back and forth… so they decided to establish a base camp where passing ships could shelter, and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat, fruit, and

vegetables

Dutch are from The

Netherlands

History

The Dutch East India Company

set up Cape Town and called the area “The Cape Colony”

History

Cape Colony = Dutch 7/11

History

Colony: A territory under the control of another state

Example: Canada was a colony of Britain and France before it became its own country

Expansion of the Dutch Cape Colony

History

Dutch East India Company• Company based out of the Netherlands• Established Cape Town, to resupply its ships on the way

to and from Asia… eventually became a colony• Considered to be the first multinational corporation• Traded throughout Asia

• Ships carried supplies for DEIC settlements in Asia• Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with

India and China for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles• These products were either traded within Asia for the

coveted spices or brought back to Europe.

History

People in the Cape Colony farmed in

the area

Relationships with the Indigenous

people started off well (trading) but

deteriorated (slaves)

Critically analyze the painting… what

is it telling us?

Hudson’s Bay Company

Hudson’s Bay Company

“…resulted in the misery, deprivation, and

exploitation of Canada’s Indigenous peoples”

“To think that a King in England, could just by a few words, give a great portion of Canada to a

handful of Englishmen….the Indians

had absolutely no say about it whatsoever”

History

Slavery: Where people are treated as

property (bought and sold) and are forced into

labour

This is related to

HISTORICAL IMPERIALISM

History

Imperialism: The action or attitude of one nation thinking they are better than other nations and

taking them over – economically, culturally,

and/or politically.

It is often considered a negative term… powerful nations exploiting less

powerful nations

History

In the 1600s, the Netherlands and France went to war….

Britain saw an opportunity and went down to the Cape…

Britain fought the Dutch

settlers and took over the Cape Colony…

History

HistoryCecil Rhodes

HistoryCecil Rhodes

• English born, South African businessman• Founded the diamond company De Beers (sells 40%

of the world's rough diamonds)• Went to the Kimberly diamond fields at 18 – bought

up the smaller diamond mining operations and created a monopoly on the world’s diamonds

• Became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony• Created the hut tax

• Families were required to pay money/hut• Many stored their wealth in cattle but the hut

tax forced them into the role of labourers to earn money

• It took a South African mine worker 3 months to earn the amount needed to cover his household for a year

• Wanted British control from “Cape to Cairo” – the best way to “unify the possessions, facilitate governance, enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war, help settlement, and foster trade”

HistoryCecil Rhodes (1853-1902)• English-born South African businessman and politician• Founded the diamond company De Beers (sells 40% of the world's

rough diamonds)• Went to the Kimberly diamond fields at 18 – bought up the smaller

diamond mining operations and created a monopoly on the world’s diamonds

• Decided to go into politics – became Prime Minister of Cape Colony

• Created the hut tax • Families were required to pay money/hut• Many stored their wealth in cattle but the hut tax forced them

into the role of labourers to earn money• It took a South African mine worker 3 months to earn the

amount needed to cover his household for a year

Apartheid: Lab Activity

Investigate and provide a short summary of the following apartheid events:

Sharpeville massacre Soweto uprising South African participation in international sports events Robben Island Release of Nelson Mandela South Africa’s first multiracial election

Choose an event from the list and create two news articles about the event One written from a black South African perspective One written from a white South African perspective

Sharpeville Massacre Who

20,000 black South Africans 130 Police officers

What Protest against pass books – became violent Police fired on the crowd, killing 69 people

Where The police station in the South African township of Sharpeville (note:

“township” in South Africa usually refers to the urban living areas that were reserved for non-whites)

When March 21, 1960

Why Pass books had been used to restrict the movement of black South

Africans Tired of Apartheid Police were scared of the mob… inexperienced

Since 1994, March 21st has been “Human Rights

Day” in South Africa

UNESCO marks March 21 as the yearly

“International Day for the Elimination of Racial

Discrimination,” in memory of the massacre

Do you believe that good things come from bad things? Why/why

not?

Soweto Uprising Who

20,000 high school students 1,500 police officers

What Protests led by high school students

Where The township of Soweto, a non-white area in the city of

Johannesburg When

June 16, 1976 Why

Afrikaans and English were made the official languages in local schools

It was the language of the government - it was seen as the “language of the “oppressor”

Few teachers and few students spoke Afrikaans

Many of you are learning English… how has it been to

have a new language in school?

Why do you think these students

protested?

Sports During Apartheid Olympics

Banned from the Olympics from 1964-1992 because of Apartheid laws

Rugby 1995 Rugby World Cup – first major sporting event

post-Apartheid…. Ended up bringing the nation together

Sports During Apartheid

Do you think it’s fair to not allow athletes from a country to compete...

If that country is acting inappropriately?

Robben Island

An island south of Cape Town Used as a prison for hundreds of years Used during Apartheid to imprison political

opponents Came to symbolise the triumph of the human

spirit over enormous hardship and adversity Where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18

years

Who is a person/place that is a symbol for hope?

What places/people symbolise the triumph of the human spirit over hardship and

adversity?

Release of Nelson Mandela

Release of Nelson Mandela

Sentenced to life in prison in 1964… Released on February 11, 1990

People danced in the streets! Decided not to dwell on the past, but to move

forward for peace

Why do you think many black South Africans were so excited to hear about Mandela’s

release?

South Africa’s First Multi-Racial Election

1994 - South Africa’s first democratic election with universal suffrage

Activity!

Get together in groups of four Share your two articles Discuss the following questions:

What event had the most impact on you? Why? What does “perspective” mean? Do you think your

perspective affected your answer to the previous question? Why?

Do you think two people can see the same event and have two very different opinions of that same event? Why do you think this can happen?

What affects people’s perspectives? What do you think affects Nelson Mandela’s perspective?

Assign a note-taker to take notes of your discussion

South African Languages• During Apartheid:

South Africa had two official languages (English & Afrikaans)

• Soweto Uprising (1976)

• Now it has11 official languages… a matter of national pride

South African Languages• The “language of the

oppressors” - Afrikaans was created through hybridization

• Hybridization: When different things come together to create a mixture

• Afrikaans was created through a mixture of Dutch, English, and African languages

South African Languages

• Read the article, “Tongues under threat”• Have a dictionary beside you to look up words you do not

know• Do you think they should reduce the number of official

languages to three? Why/Why not?

South African Languages

Assimilation: To make different parts all the same (similar). Often means that one part loses things about

itself to become like the other parts.

Sometimes cultures and languages are at risk of becoming assimilated… can you think of an example?

How could globalizatio

n lead to assimilation of culture

and language?

Are languages in South Africa at risk of

becoming assimilated

?

South African Languages

Canada is a bilingual country

Read the article, “Is bilingualism still relevant in Canada?”

How is Canada’s language situation similar/different than South Africa’s language situation?

Do you think Canada should still be bilingual? Why/why not?

South Africa: QuizKnow terms:

Assimilation Hybridization Imperialism Colonialism Exploitation Apartheid Sanctions United Nations Monopoly Nelson Mandela Cecil Rhodes Dutch East India Company Multinational Corporations

Be able to apply terms

You may bring in

a dictionar

y

Which conclusion is best supported by this cartoon?

a) Imprisonment of political protesters rarely ends their opposition to the government b) The United Nations supports punishment for acts of civil disobediencec) Better media coverage would prevent the imprisonment of protestersd) Mistreatment of political prisoners often results in their acceptance of government

policies

Which statement best expresses the motive for European imperialism in South Africa?

a) Living space was needed for the excess population in western Europe

b) European leaders believed imperialism was an effective method of reducing the number of wars

c) European nations would benefit from some aspects of the conquered nation’s culture

d) Imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers

Use the following quote to answer the question:“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.” (Cecil Rhodes)

Based on the quote, which of the following South African events do you think Cecil Rhodes would have supported:

a) Apartheidb) UN Sanctionsc) Freedom of Nelson Mandelad) William de Klerk’s allowance of mixed-race elections