case study: data analytics and pems testing for a final tier 4 excavator

PEMS IN THE UNITED STATES: AND A BROAD LOOK AT ITS APPLICATIONS

Prepared by: Brent Schuchmann, Ph.D.

Senior Research Engineer

SGS North America, Inc

October 24-26, 2017

Automotive Testing Expo North America

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OVERVIEW

SGS AT A GLANCE

PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR

THE ROLE OF TESTING SERVICES WITH PEMS

MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR

ROAD-TO-LAB PEMS CORRELATION

PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE

PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS USING MACHINE LEARNING

TRANSPORTATION ANALYTICS PLATFORM (TAPSM)

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CHEMICAL CONSUMER GOODS AND RETAIL

MINING OIL AND GAS PUBLIC SECTORLIFE SCIENCES

TRANSPORTATIONAGRICULTURE AND FOOD

ENERGY

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING

CONSTRUCTION

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AURORA, CO

High Feature Test Cells with Extreme Environmental Conditions

Variable Altitude Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Testing

• Diesel and Spark Ignited Engines

• AWD/FWD/RWD Vehicles

• Motorcycle and ATV Chassis Dynamometer

• EPA and CARB Compliant Cells

Particulate Matter Characterization

PEMS & RDE Real Driving Emissions Testing

Variable Temperature SHEDs for Evaporative Emissions

Ideal for catalyst conversion efficiency determination,

light-off, drive cycle effects, complete system performance

On-Road program design, consulting and data analytics

7 Eddy Current absorbing, Single 40” Roll, FWD/AWD, rapid non-road

Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers in a modern, secure facility.

Research, Development and Emissions Certification Testing

Mileage Accumulation Facility in Jackson, MI

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PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR

NON-ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

IN-USE, MODAL, ALTITUDE, COLD-START EMISSIONS

ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT

ON-TRACK HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT

LIGHT-DUTY CORRELATION CVS TO PEMS

LIGHT-DUTY RDE DEVELOPMENT

LIGHT-DUTY IN-USE VERIFICATION

LIGHT-DUTY ROAD TO LAB

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING

PEMS

Available Non-road Excavator

MY 2015, Final Tier 4 engine

124kW rated engine

Emission Control Technologies:• Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharger, Charge Air Cooler, Direct Fuel Injection,

SCR-U, AMOX

PM standard: 0.02 g/kWhr (0.015 g/hphr)

NOx standard: 0.4 g/kWhr (0.3 g/hphr)

Series of modal operations were performed mimicking in-use

applications

Several ambient conditions (ambient temperature and

elevations)

Data were analyzed for cold starts, warmups, crawls,

operation, shutdowns and the whole test

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PEMS

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PEMS

AVL 493 GAS PEMS

CO/CO2, NO/NO2, THC

AVL 494 PM PEMS

Real-time soot concentration (black carbon)

Gravimetric collection of total PM

40CFR1065 compliant

494 PM PEMS 493 GAS PEMS

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PEMS

Brake-Specific g/kWh

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

13 days of testing:

300m (MI)

• 1400 ft

1980-2650m (CO)

• 6500 – 8700 ft

-10C to 35C

• 14 - 95F

Data processed with

no exclusions

comparing similar

“modal operations”

Warmups, crawls,

operations

Outside NTE Zone

~ 20x NOx

emissions

at 2650 m

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

13 days of testing:

300m (MI)

• 1400 ft

1980-2650m (CO)

• 6500 – 8700 ft

-10C to 35C

• 14 - 95F

Data processed with

no exclusions

comparing similar

“modal operations”

Warmups, crawls,

operations

Fuel-Specific g/kg

~ 20x NOx

emissions

at 2650 m

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PEMS

< -1 °C 1670 m 2650 m

NOx emission

reduction strategies

can be observed in

real-time with PEMS

streaming data

It is easy to observe

when EGR and urea

dosing are shut off or

reduced when above

the altitude

requirements for NTE

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

NOx emissions

during “operations”

are similar to the

overall result for each

testing day

An “operation”

represents the work

performed for a

specific job (i.e.

excavation,

trenching)

Fuel-Specific g/kg

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C

Average NOx g/mi

during a “crawl” event

are nearly 2x during

cold temperatures

excluded from the NTE

Zone at the same

elevation

A “crawl” event

represents the machine

traveling to or from job

site, refueling, or

maintenance

The “crawls” shown to

the right represent a

distance of 0.6 - 1 km

2000 – 3000 ft

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C

Average NOx

emissions during a

“Warmup” event are

37g/kg for multiple

conditions outside of

the NTE Zone

A “Warmup” event

represents first

stationary 10-15

minutes after engine

start. In most cases

the ECU controlled

the RPM until the

coolant reached a

certain temperature

> 1670 m > 1670 m > 1670 m

< -1 °C

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION

Highwa

y

FTP and

City

Real World Cycle

LA9

2

Downhi

ll Uphill

SR

C

US0

6

Accel

s

NOx vs CO2 (g/mi)

for a variety of drive

cycles for on-road

and on-dyno

2013 Jeep Wrangler

3.6L V6

T2B4: 40 mg/mi

NOx

Similar emissions are

measured within the

standards for both

on-road and on-dyno

cycles

Simulated road-grade

for on-dyno cycles

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION

12mg/mi

Average

(±3mg/mi

St.Dev)

18.2mpg

Average

(±0.5mpg

St.Dev)

50mg/mi

Average

(±6mg/mi

St.Dev)

21mpg Average

(±0.4mpg

St.Dev)

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American

WLTP

DurationStop

DurationDistance p_stop v_max

v_ave w/o

stops

v_ave w/

stopsa_min a_max

s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²

Low 589 156 1.9 26.50% 35.1 16.0 11.7 -1.47 1.47

Middle 433 48 3.0 11.10% 47.6 27.7 24.5 -1.49 1.57

High 455 31 4.4 6.80% 60.5 37.8 35.2 -1.49 1.58

Extra-High 323 7 5.1 2.20% 81.6 58.4 57.2 -1.21 1.03

Total 1800 242 14.5 81.6 28.9

Phase

PEMS route

IUVP

DurationStop

DurationDistance p_stop v_max

v_ave w/o

stops

v_ave w/

stopsa_min a_max

s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²

Low 471 - 1.8 - 25.5 - 7.3 -2.361 2.0809

Middle 259 - 2.1 - 41.0 - 15.3 -1.944 2.3611

High 591 - 5.2 - 63.4 - 21.9 -2.639 3.1944

Extra-High 738 - 7.5 - 70.2 - 35.5 -2.5 2.6389

Total 2059 16.6 70.2 29.3

Phase

Urban Rural Motorway

% % %

Low 100 0 0

Middle 58.9 41.1 0

High 23 55.5 21.5

Extra-High 14.4 18.1 67.5

Whole Trip 32.4 30.6 37

Phase

An IUVP on-road test

route was created

based from the

WLTP

26.7km (16.6 miles)

and 34 minutes long

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On-road NOx

emissions for

gasoline vehicles

were at or below their

respective standard.

On-road NOx

emissions for the

diesel vehicle were 4-

5x greater than its

respective standard

(200 mg/mi)

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On-road routes were

driven for different

durations and over

different locations

Urban, Rural, and

Motorway sections

were driven in

different orders and

magnitudes

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CASE STUDY:

PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE

PERFORMANCEChassis Dyno Testing

On-Road Testing

PEMS provides laboratory-grade fuel consumption and emissions

data but may not be practical for testing all fleet vehicles over long

duration test campaigns

SGS has used “machine learning” to determine if vehicle

performance can be learned in the chassis dyno lab and then used

to predict on-road fuel consumption and emissions

MY 2013 Jeep Wrangler, 3.6L V6, PFI, EPA T2B4, no MAF

• On Dyno: 122 micro trips, 3.1 hours of operation

• On Road: 93 micro trips, 3.8 hours of operation

Predictions were compared to measurements from AVL 493

MOVES

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LDV FUEL ECONOMY PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

The range of engine operation on-dyno was similar

to on-road tests

Micro Trip R2 = 0.972

Good fuel economy predictions were achieved,

and were more accurate than “OBD dongle”

estimates (not shown)

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LDV EMISSIONS PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Vehicle Specific Power bins were used to compare overall emissions rates

The predictions showed potential to faithfully represent the real-world emissions rate

distribution by Vehicle Specific Power operating mode

More explanatory data would improve predictions at the highest power conditions

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THANK YOU