CASE STUDY ON HOT AND DRY

CLIMATE

BY- ANKIT, SAUMYA, AKKANSHA,NEHA AND TANMAY B.Arch 5TH SEMANSAL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURELUCKNOW

INTRODUCTION TO THE CLIMATE

BASED ON NATIVE VEGETATION AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AND HUMIDITY LEVELS

BASED ON DIVISION OF EARTH ON THE BASIS OF SOLAR GAIN

HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

ALSO KNOWN AS ARID REGION OR DESERT CLIMATE

EXPERIENCES LOW OR NO PRECIPITATION

THERE IS LARGELY UNBROKEN SUNSHINE

MAX. TEMPERATURE 40°C-50°CMIN. TEMPERATURE MAY BE FREEZING POINT

VEGETATION IS SPARSE DUE TO HIGH AMOUNT OF EVAPORATION

SAHARA DESERT, NUBIAN DESERT, INDIAN DESERT, LIBYAN DESERT AND EASTERN DESERT

SUBJECT OF STUDY - JAISALMER

LOCATIONLongitude: 69.3 to 72.2° East Latitude: 26.01 to 28.02° North

• A WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE• IN THE HEART OF THAR DESERT

• LARGEST DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

• COVERS AN AREA OF 5.1 SQUARE KM

FEATURES

• MAXIMUM SUMMER TEMPERATURE IS AROUND 41.6 °C WHILE THE MINIMUM IS 25 °C• MAXIMUM WINTER TEMPERATURE IS USUALLY AROUND 23.6 °C AND THE MINIMUM IS 7.9 °C• AVERAGE RAINFALL IS 209.5 MILLIMETRES• HIGHEST EVER RECORDED TEMPERATURE WAS 48.0 °C AND THE LOWEST EVER RECORDED TEMPERATURE

BEING −5.9 °C• JAISALMER IS ALMOST ENTIRELY A SANDY WASTE • SOLAR RADIATION IS INTENSE• WATER IS SCARCE, NO PERRINIAL STREAMS• ONLY RAINCROPS, SUCH AS BAJRA, JAWAR, MOTIF, TILL, ETC., ARE GROWN; SPRING CROPS

OF WHEAT, BARLEY, ETC., ARE VERY RARE

CLIMATIC FEATURES

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCHAPRIL

MAYJU

NEJU

LY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Chart Title

MONTHLY MEAN MAXIMA MONTHLY MEAN MINIMA AVERAGE

TEMPERATURE

JANUARY

FEBURARY

MARCHAPRIL

MAYJU

NEJU

LY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Chart Title

MAXIMUM MINIMUM AVERAGE

PRECIPITATION

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM

LOOSE SAND LEADS TO SAND STORMS

SUN MOVEMENT OVER JAISALMER

WATER RESOURCES AND SUPPLY

• JAISALMER BEING A PART OF THAR DESERT IS A DROUGHT PRONE AREA

• GROUND WATER RESOURCES ARE SCARCE

• FRESH WATER RESOURCE ARE SCARCE

• BRACKISH WATER ALSO FOUND

• 600 VILLAGES HAS FRESH WATER SUPPLY

• TANKAS OR TANKS FOR STORING WATER

• EMBANKMENTS FOR HARVESTING

• AQUIFERS ARE PRESENT

Figure 2. Population versus per capita water availability in Rajasthan.

Per capita water availability, m3

Year National State average

average2001 1,820 8402025 1,341 561

2050 1,140 439

STATS

Water Resources

BAWARI• Bawari and jhalara are local names given to step wells. • These were mainly set up in cities and big towns to provide a

water supply to the community.• They were constructed at exorbitant cost and were often

monumental, beautiful mansions with fine embroidery stone works covering large areas and were associated with religion and culture.• At present, 88 jhalaras and bawaris are found in Rajasthan.

NADI• A nadi or dug-out village pond is the oldest and still

prevalent storage structure for rainwaterharvesting. • The water stored in a nadi is generally used for drinking by

livestock and human beings. • A nadi also acts as a source of groundwater recharge through

seepage and deep percolation.

TANKA• The tanka (underground cistern) is another major source of

drinking water in western Rajasthan.• It is constructed in a circular or rectangular shape, normally

on bare ground where surface runoff can be diverted to the tanka by creating a clean catchment around it. • A traditional tanka con- structed with lime plaster and

thatched with bushes has a life span of 3-4 years

KHADIN

• The khadin is a runoff farming and groundwater recharging system, is popular in the hyper-arid part of Rajasthan.• Here, runoff from upland and rocky surfaces is collected in

the adjoining valley against an earthen embankment.• Sometimes a sluice gate is provided in an earthen

embankment for draining out stand- ing water for crop cultivation.

Figure 6. Dependency on drinking water resources in western Rajasthan.

SUPPLY OF WATER

• AQUIFERS ARE A SOURCE OF FRESH GROUND WATER

• AQUIFER IS AN UNDERGROUND LAYER OF WATER-BEARING PERMEABLE ROCK OR UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS (GRAVEL, SAND, OR SILT) FROM WHICH GROUNDWATER CAN BE EXTRACTED USING A WATER WELL

• DIGWELLS ARE DUG

AN AQUIFER IN AFRICAN DESERT

Table 1.0 Water potential of the jodhpur district.

LIFESTYLE

• LIFESTYLE MEANS , WAY A PERSON LIVES• CLIMATE IS THE BASIC FACTOR BEHIND

THEIR LIFESTYLE

•PEOPLE OF JAISALMER WEAR BEAUTIFUL AND COLOURFUL CLOTHS•MOSTLY THEY WEAR COTTON CLOTHS

PEOPLE OF RAJASTHAN•RELIGIONS IN JAISALMER COMPRISE OF A VAST POPULATION OF HINDUS, MUSLIMS, SIKHS, JAINS AND CHRISTIANS.

•PEOPLE OF RAJASTHAN ARE ENERGETIC •RAJASTHANI IS THE WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGE IN RAJASTHAN

• FOUR IMPORTANT LANGUAGES OF RAJASTHAN ARE-MARWARI-BAGRI-SHEKHAWATI-DHUNDHARI

•ACCORDING TO THE 2011 CENSUS JAISALMER DISTRICT HAS A POPULATION OF 672,008

•THE MAIN OCCUPATIONS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN THE DESERT ARE AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

•THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS MAINLY FROM THE KHARIF CROPS

•OTHER CROPS ARE –BAJRA, PULSES, JOWAR, MAIZE, AND GROUNDNUTS

•DESERT DEPEND ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD. COW, BUFFALO, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMEL, AND OX CONSISTS OF MAJOR CATTLE POPULATION.

CLOTHING

•LADIES WEAR GHAGRAS,ODHNIS,CHOLIS AND LAHENGA.•THEY ALSO WEAR HEAVY JWELLERY•PEOPLE OF ALL AGES WEAR COLOURFUL TURBANS ON FESTIVITIES AND FAMILY FUNCTIONS .

•TURBAN IS CONSIDERED A MATTER OF PRIDE •MEN LIKE TO WEAR DHOTI, KURTA AND CHOLAS•ALSO WEAR COLOURFUL JUTIES•PEOPLE OF RAJASTHAN MAKES INDIA COLOURFUL •LADIES USE ODHNI TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM SUN RAYS WHERE AS MEN USE TURBAN

•THE DESERT SONGS ARE MOSTLY ABOUT WATER, HOLY FESTIVAL, PEACOCKS , FLOWERS ETC

FOLK SONG AND DANCE

•THE WATER SONGS SUNG BY WOMEN ARE CENTERED AROUND THE VILLAGE WELL•THIS SINGING STYLE IS CALLED PANIHARI

•GHOOMER DANCE: PERFORMED BY THE FEMALE FOLK OF JAISALEMR ON SPECIAL FESTIVLE OCCASIONS.

•KHATPUTALI DANCE: THE KATHPUTLI DANCE REFLECTS THE ARTISTIC IMAGINATION OF THE ORGANIZERS

TWO FAMOUS DANCES OF JAISALMER

DESERT FESTIVAL•DESERT FESTIVAL OF JAISALMER IS A COLORFUL FESTIVAL HELD IN FEBRUARY EVERY YEAR

MOSTACLE COMPETATION

CAMEL DECORATION

•AN EXCITING CAMEL TATTOO, CAMEL DECORATION, CAMEL POLO COMPETITION.

ONE OF THE STAR ATTRACTIONS AT THE JAISELMER IS THE MISS MOOMAL & MR. DESERT

THRILLING COMPETITIONS BETWEEN THE INDIAN HOSTS AND THEIR FOREIGN GUESTS

CAMEL RACE HAPPENS AT SAM SAND DUNES

FOODING

BAJRA ROTIS: IT IS POPULAR IN RAJASTHAN AND IT IS PREFERRED IN THE WINTER MONTHS AS BAJRA IS CONSIDERED TO BE HEAT PRODUCING.

BAJRE KI KHICHDI: VERY POPULAR DISH IN RAJASTHAN MADE OF RICE AND LENTILS AND SOME VEGETABLE SUCH AS POTATO, GREEN PEA CAULIFLOWER ARE COMMONLY ADDED INTO IT

DAL BATI CHURMA : DAL IS MADE UP OF LENTIL, BATI WITH BAKED WHEAT BALLS AND CHOORMA IS MADE UP OF SWEET CEREAL.

POWDER DAL : IT IS SERVED WITH BATI AND CHURMA IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PREPARATION IN ALL KIND OF FUNCTIONS

PYAAJ KI KACHODI : IT IS A SPICY DISH, MOST POPULAR IN RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN IS CONNECTED WITH THE MAIN CITIES OF INDIA

•BY RAIL :: THERE ARE SO MANY EXPRESS TRAINS TO JAISALMER. THE JODHPUR-JAISALMER EXPRESS LEAVES TO JODHPUR ALSO.

• BY ROAD :: THERE ARE DELUXE & SEMI-DELUXE BUSES TO JODHPUR IN EVERY HOUR. 

•TAXI : JAISALMER IS AVAILABLE FROM DELHI, JAIPUR, BIKANER AND OTHER CITIES IN RAJASTHAN.

TRANSPORTATION

•CAMEL: JAISALMER IS FAMOUS FOR CAMEL TRIPS•BULLOCK CARTS: ARE USED TO CARRY GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER•CAMEL CARTS: IN RURAL TOWNS AND THEY PLY IN THE CITIES OF RAJASTHAN

LOCAL TRANSPOTATION

•JEEP : THEY USUALLY PLY ON THE INTRA- CITY ROUTES•TONGA, CYCLE RICKSHAWS : USED IN SMALLER REGION OF TOWN TO COVER SHORTER DISTANCE •AUTO RICKSHAWS,TAXIS :COMMON MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION ALMOST IN ALL CITIES OF RAJASTHAN

SOIL AND VEGETATION OF JAISALMER

• THE JAISALMER REGION HAS AEOLIAN SAND THAT VARIES FROM SANDY TO SANDY LOAM.

• THE SOIL IS USSUALLY DUSTY AND VERY DRY.• SOIL DRY QUICKLY AFTER RAIN AND WOULD GENERALLY BE FERTILE IF IRRIGATED.• THE SUB-SOIL WATER TABLE IS VERY LOW.• IN FACT JAISALMER IS RENOWNED FOR ITS YELLOW SANDSTONE.• VEGETATION IS SPARSE AND DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF

RAIN AND LOW HUMIDITIES.• DUE TO LACK OF AVAILABILITY, VEGETATION COMPRISES OF ONLY THORNY BUSH

AND CACTI. THERE IS ONLY SEASONAL VEGETATION SUCH AS A FEW GRASS SPECIES, SHRUBS AND DWARF TREES.

CALLIGONUM POLYGONOIDES

•  LOCALLY KNOWN AS PHOG• HEIGHT :USUALLY 4 FEET TO 6 FEET HIGH

BUT OCCASIONALLY MAY REACH EVEN 10 FEET  

• GIRTH OF 1 TO 2 FT. •  IS EASILY PROPAGATED BY CUTTING AND 

LAYERING. • USES:• ITS CHARCOAL IS USED TO MELT IRON. • ITS FLOWERS, KNOWN AS PHOGALO IN 

RAJASTHANI, ARE USED TO PREPARE RAYATA.

• THE PLANT IS FED TO CATTLE. IT IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE HABITAT FOR SEMI-DESERT WILDLIFE

SHORT TREES

ACACIA JACQUEMONTII

• ALSO KNOWN AS BAONḶĪ • HEIGHT : 6 FEET (1.8 M) TO 10 FEET (3.0 M)• USES o TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, INCLUDING TREATMENT OF

SNAKEBITE, INDUCTION OF ABORTION, AND FOR CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

• THIS SHRUB ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STABILIZING THE SAND DUNES OF ITS NATIVE DESERT HABITAT.

• THE WOOD IS VALUABLE AS FIREWOOD BECAUSE IT PRODUCES A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT.

• THE BRANCHES ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF HUTS AND FENCES AND THE STURDY ROOTS ARE USED AS ROPE.

ACACIA JACQUEMONTII

• ALSO KNOWN AS BAONḶĪ • HEIGHT : 6 FEET (1.8 M) TO 10 FEET (3.0 M)• USES o TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, INCLUDING TREATMENT OF

SNAKEBITE, INDUCTION OF ABORTION, AND FOR CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

• THIS SHRUB ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STABILIZING THE SAND DUNES OF ITS NATIVE DESERT HABITAT.

• THE WOOD IS VALUABLE AS FIREWOOD BECAUSE IT PRODUCES A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT.

• THE BRANCHES ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF HUTS AND FENCES AND THE STURDY ROOTS ARE USED AS ROPE.

BALANITES ROXBURGHII

• A SPINY, EVERGREEN TREE• HEENG(MOST COMMON WORD)• USESo BARK, FRUIT SEED, LEAVES OF THE TREE AND THE OIL FROM

SEEDS IS OF MEDICINAL VALUE.

ZIZIPHUS NUMMULARIA• ALSO CALLED JHARBER• IS A SHRUB BRANCHING TO FORM A THICKET• USESo FOOD :THE FRUIT IS EITHER EATEN FRESH, PICKLED, DRIED OR MADE INTO CONFECTIONERY. THE JUICE CAN

BEMADE INTO A REFRESHING DRINK. IN INDIA, THE FRUIT, WHEN FULLY RIPE AND LESS THAN ONE CENTIMETER IN DIAMETER, ARE GATHERED IN THE BEGINNING OF THE WINTER MONTHS, DRIED, GROUND, AND SIEVED. THE POWDER FORMED IS EATEN EITHER ALONE, MIXED WITH GUR (A SUGAR CONDIMENT) OR BAJRA (MILLET) FLOUR.

o FODDER :THE LEAVES OF Z. NUMMULARIA PROVIDE EXCELLENT FODDER FOR LIVESTOCK. IN INDIA, THE AVERAGE TOTAL YIELD OF FORAGE WAS ABOUT 1000 KG HA-1. THE LEAVES ARE COLLECTED DRIED AND STORED.

o FUEL :IT IS A SOURCE OF HIGH CALORIFIC VALUE (4400 KCAL/KG) FUEL AND CHARCOAL TIMBER: THE HEARTWOOD IS YELLOW TO DARK BROWN, HARD, 738 KG/M3 AND IT IS USED IN FARM IMPLEMENTS AND FOR HOUSE CONSTRUCTION.

o MEDICINE: DRIED FRUIT USED MEDICINALLY AS ASTRINGENT IN BILIOUS AFFLICTION IN INDIA. THE LEAVES ARE USED TO TREAT SCABIES AND OTHER SKIN DISEASES. POISON: THE FRUITS ARE GREEDILY EATEN BY GERBILS AND RATS AND ARE USED AS BAITS FOR POISONING THESE RODENTS.

o INTERCROPPING: Z. NUMMULARIA SHRUBS ARE OFTEN INTERCROPPED WITH MILLET, LEGUMES AND OIL SEEDSo EROSION CONTROL :THE SHRUBS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO EFFECTIVELY CHECK WIND EROSION, HELP IN

DEPOSITION OF SOIL, AND BRING ABOUT A CHANGE IN THE MICROHABITAT, CAUSING FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE APPEARANCE OF SUCCESSIONAL SPECIES SUCH ASPERENNIAL GRASSES

o BOUNDARY OR BARRIER OR SUPPORT :IN INDIA, IT IS COMMONLY ERECTED AS ‘BRUSH-WOOD BARRIERS’ (MICRO-WINDBREAKS) TOGETHER WITH CROTALARIA BURHIA.

o RECLAMATION :IT HAS PROVED SUCCESSFUL IN SAND DUNE STABILIZATION IN INDIA.

MIMOSA HAMATA

• IS A SPECIES OF FLOWERING SHRUB IN THE PEA FAMILY

• USES : GOOD CAMEL AND GOAT FODDER AND SOIL BINDER.

CAPPARIS DECIDUA

• COMMONLY KNOWN AS KERDA, KAIR, KARIR, KIRIR, KARRIL• IT BEARS A MASS OF SLENDER, LEAFLESS BRANCHES, THE SMALL CADUCOUS

LEAVES BEING FOUND ONLY ON YOUNG SHOOTS.• HEIGHT OF 5 METERS (15 FEET).[

• THE NEW FLUSH OF LEAVES APPEARS IN NOVEMBER–JANUARY. RED CONSPICUOUS FLOWERS APPEAR IN MARCH TO APRIL AND AUGUST–SEPTEMBER AND RIPE BY MAY AND OCTOBER.

• THE PINK FLESHY BERRIES ARE READILY EATEN BY BIRDS. IT COPPICES WELL AND PRODUCES ROOT SUCKERS FREELY.

• IT IS EXTREMELY DROUGHT-RESISTANT AND TOLERATES SOME FROST• USES:• THIS IS A USEFUL PLANT IN ITS MARGINAL HABITAT.• ITS SPICY FRUITS ARE USED FOR PREPARING VEGETABLES, CURRY AND FINE PICKLES• CAN ATTRACT HELPFULINSECTIVORES; • THE PLANT ALSO IS USED IN FOLK MEDICINE AND HERBALISM. • CAPPARIS DECIDUA CAN BE USED IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING, AFFORESTATIONAND

REFORESTATION IN SEMIDESERT AND DESERT AREAS; • IT PROVIDES ASSISTANCE AGAINST SOIL EROSION.[2]

COMMIPHORA WIGHTII

• COMMONLY KNOWN AS GUGGAL, GUGGUL OR MUKUL MYRRH TREE

• IS A FLOWERING PLANT• HEIGHT : 4 M• THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWERS ARE RED TO PINK, WITH FOUR

SMALL PETALS. THE SMALL ROUND FRUIT ARE RED WHEN RIPE.

• USES:• IN THE TRADITIONAL MEDICINEHAVE BEEN FOR REDUCING

OBESITY, AS WELL AS IN THE TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS AND SCIATICA.

• HAS A FRAGRANCE SIMILAR TO THAT OF MYRRH AND IS COMMONLY USED IN INCENSE AND PERFUMES

LEPTADENIA PYROTECHNICA

• ALSO KNOWN AS KHIMP• HIGHLY DROUGHT-RESISTANT, IS A STRONG SOIL-BINDER AND AS SUCH IS ONE OF

THE PIONEER SPECIES IN SAND DUNE FIXATION• USES:• THE PLANT IS USED IN THATCHING HUTS. • THE PODS OF THIS SHRUB, KNOWN AS KHIMPOLI (, RIPE IN THE MONTH OF MARCH

WHICH ARE OF MEDICINAL VALUE AND USED AS VEGETABLES. • THE PLANT FIBER IS USED FOR MAKING ROPES. • THE PLANT IS BROWSED BY ALL STOCK, BUT ESPECIALLY BY CAMELS FOR WHICH IT

IS CONSIDERED A GOOD FODDER

AERVA JAVANICA

• HEIGHT OF ABOUT 1.6 METRES (5 FT 3 IN).• USES :o THIS HERB IS DEEP ROOTED, AND IS USED AS SOIL BINDER IN

DESERT RECLAMATION. o IT IS USED FOR FUEL AND FOR FODDER FOR GOATS.o IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE THIS PLANT HAS MANY USES. IT IS

USED EXTERNALLY TO REMOVE SWELLING, RELIEVE INFLAMMATION AND PROMOTE HEALING OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS.

o THE FLOWERS AND ROOTS ARE USED TO ALLEVIATE KIDNEY PROBLEMS AND RHEUMATISM AND THE SEEDS ARE BELIEVED TO CURE HEADACHES.

o A GARGLE IS MADE FROM THE PLANT TO TREAT TOOTHACHE.

CROTALARIA BURHIA

• ALSO KNOWN AS SANIYA• USES :• IT IS A GOOD SOIL BINDER AND HAS MEDICINAL VALUE. • IT IS USED TO MAKE ROPES AND SHEDS FOR ANIMALS IN THE DESERT

AND ALSO USED TO MADE JHUMPA(DESERT HUTS). • IT IS A FOOD FOR GOATS.

CENCHRUS BIFLORUS

• ALSO KNOWN AS BHURAT OR BHURUT IN INDIA• USED TO MAKE BREAD, EITHER ALONE OR MIXED WITH

BAJRA

HERBS AND GRASSES

CYNODON DACTYLON

• ALSO KNOWN AS DŪRVĀ GRASS, DHOOB.• THE BLADES ARE A GREY-GREEN COLOUR AND ARE

SHORT, USUALLY 2–15 CM (0.79–5.91 IN) LONG WITH ROUGH EDGES.

• THE ERECT STEMS CAN GROW 1–30 CM (0.39–11.81 IN) TALL.

• THE STEMS ARE SLIGHTLY FLATTENED, OFTEN TINGED PURPLE IN COLOUR

• USES :• IT HAS A DEEP ROOT SYSTEM;IN DROUGHT

SITUATIONS WITH PENETRABLE SOIL, THE ROOT SYSTEM CAN GROW TO OVER 2 M DEEP, THOUGH MOST OF THE ROOT MASS IS LESS THAN 60 CM UNDER THE SURFACE.

TRADITIONAL BUILDING PLANNING• JAISALMER WAS FOUNDED IN THE YEAR 1156 AD. BY

MAHARWAL JAISAL SINGH WHO WAS LOOKING FOR A SECURED LOCATION FOR THE STATE CAPITAL.

• HE THUS FOUNDED THIS FORT CITY ON ONE OF THE HILLY OUT-CROPS OF THE ARAWALI RANGE CALLED `TRIKUT` BECAUSE OF ITS TRIANGULAR SHAPE.

• THE LANDSCAPE OF SURROUNDING REGION IS FLAT, ROCKY AND

BARREN, THE REGION IS CHARACTERIZED BY SPARSE VEGETATION AND SCARCITY OF WATER.

BUILDING PLANNING

• CITY FORM -

The construction of the city was started in 1725A.D. For various sociocultural reasons,the town plan of Jaisalmer developed in the form of "padas“. ,

Its overall irregular polygon shape with a double line of fortification.

The city is triangular in shape due to the shape of the hill on which it is built.

COURTYARDS:•A wide range of house hold activities could extend into courtyards. These spaces became the living areas of all domestic architecture.

•This room without a roof is often bounded by verandahs along its periphery. Other rooms open into these verandahs creating a spatial organisation based on a hierarchical sequence of spaces ranging from open to enclosed.

• The rooms get their light and ventilation from this courtyard and have very few openings onto the exterior. This spatial sequence encourages the intermittent flow of activities responding to various private needs. Also, the tropical climate of India demands air movement as well as shaded spaces for comfort.

•Variations in the generic form of the courtyard come from changes in materials, articulation of the enclosing elements, scale, proportion and complexity of plan.

Typical vernacular architecture

ENTRANCES:THE COMPLEXITY OF TRANSITION AS AN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT VARIES FROM COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY.•A SINGLE DOOR IS TOTAL AND ONLY LINK BETWEEN THE INSIDE AND THE OUTSIDE. IN YET ANOTHER FORM, AN ENTRANCE MAY BE THE PRELUDE THROUGH WHICH ONE IS INTRODUCED TO THE INTERIOR RIGHT FROM THE FIRST STEP.

PROTECTION FROM DUST STORM :• IN CASES WHERE NORMAL LOW LEVEL DUST SWIRLS WITHIN THE SETTLEMENT THE INTERIORS OF BUILDINGS ARE PROTECTED BY ALMOST BLANK WALLS WITH VERY SMALL OPENINGS.•ALL MAJOR STREETS ARE ORIENTED ALMOST IN THE EAST-WEST DIRECTION AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE DIRECTION OF DUST STORMS.

CONTROL OF HEATING BY TEXTURE OF SURFACES:THE HEAT INSIDE OF THE BUILDING IS CONTROLLED BY THE USE OF TEXTURES IN JAISALMER. THE FRONT PART OF THE FACADE WHICH REMAINS EXPOSED ARE CONTROLLED BY CREATING DEEPLY CARVED PATTERNS. MINIMIZES THE HEAT GAIN BY PROVIDING SHADING DUE TO TEXTURE. INCREASED CONVECTIVE TRANSFER OF HEAT BECAUSE OF INCREASED SURFACE AREA. IN SUMMER IN DAY TIME WHEN THE MAJOR HEAT SOURCE IS SUN THE EXPOSED TEXTURED SURFACES WILL BE COOLER THAN PLAIN SURFACES.IN EVENING WHEN AMBIENT CONDITIONS ARE COOL THE INCREASE SURFACE AREA HELPS IN COOLING IT FASTER. HOWEVER, AN EXTENDED SURFACE WILL WARM UP FASTER THAN A PLAIN SURFACE UNDER WINTER CONDITIONS DUE TO LOW SOLAR ALTITUDE, THEREFORE THE LOCATION IN CONTEXT OF THESE SURFACES IS VERY IMPORTANT.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILSTHE PEOPLE USE LOCAL AVAILABLE PLANTS AND TREES FOR CONSTRUCTION.

MATERIAL : KEJRI (PROSOPIS CINERARIA), BUSHES (HINIYA) ,DOKA (BAJARA WATE), AKANDA PLANT, CLAYED SAND , WATER, ROPES OF BUSHES, COW DUNK

METHOD : CLAY SAND + WATER+ COW DUN +BAJRA WASTE = TO CONSTRUCT WALLS WOOD OF KEJRI TO CONSTRUCT CEILING(USE INSIDED) MAKE 2-3 LAYERS OF BUSHES AT THE OUTER SIDE OF THE ROOF USE BUSHES ROPE TO TIE UP BUSHES TIGHTLY

KEJRI

AKANDA PLANT

Process of construction

Cow dung

Clay sand

making Rope with shrubs

TOP ( INSIDE VIEW)

SHADING AND SUPPORTING WOOD

Appling cow dung over the walls

Roof view from outside

•WOMEN DECORATING THE WALLSTHEY USUALLY DECORATE THE SMALL WINDOWS AND SHELVES ETC.THEY DECORATE WITH THE LIME STONE OF RED AND WHITE

Kitchen Hang utensils on wooden ends

Small size decoratedwindow

STREET PLANNING

• NARROW WINDING STREETS WITH DENSELY BUILT CONSTRUCTION ON BOTH SIDES.•ALL MAJOR STREETS WERE ORIENTED IN THE EAST-WEST DIRECTION AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE DIRECTION OF DUST STORMS.• THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING COMPARED TO THE WIDTH OF STREETS IS LARGE TO CREATE SHADED COOL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PEDESTRIAN AND OTHER SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ON THE STREETS.•THE STREET ORIENTATION ENSURES THAT THE BUILDING FACADES ARE EITHER SHADEDBY JHAROKHAS OR CHAJJAS PROJECTIONS.

STREET PLAN OF JAISALMER

• AN E-W STREET ORIENTATION, IN SUMMER THE SUN WOULD BE SHINING ON THE SOUTH FACADE FROM 9.30AM TO 2.30PM.

• THE CORRESPONDING SOLAR ALTITUDES DURING THIS TIME ARE 54° TO 86° AND EVEN SMALL HORIZONTAL PROJECTIONS ARE SUFFICIENT TO SHADE THE SOUTH-FACING BUILDING.

• THE NORTH FACE OF THE BUILDING RECEIVES SOLAR RADIATION BEFORE 8 AM AND AFTER 4PM WITH SOLAR ALTITUDE BEING LESS THAN 35°.

• AT THIS TIME THE BUILDING OPPOSITE SHADES THE NORTHERN FACADE EVEN IF THE STREET IS RELATIVELY WIDE.

• IN JAISALMER THE LAYOUT OF TOWN IS THE FIRST MECHANISM OF CONTROL AGAINST CLIMATE.

TRADITIONAL HOUSES

PEOPLE OF JAISALMER LIVE IN FORT . NOW MANY OF HOUSES HAS BEEN CONVERTED INTO SHOPS.

THEY USE THE GOLDEN STONE FOR CONSTRUCTION. DON'T USE ANY MORTAR , THEY MAKE BOND BY USING SCISSORS IN BETWEEN

THE GOLDEN STONES. THE GOLDEN STONE IS A SOFT STONE HENCE, VERY NICE CARVINGS COULD

BE DONE OVER IT.

PATWON KI HAVELI

•THE PATWON JI KI HAVELI IS AN INTERESTING PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE AND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AMONG THE HAVELIS IN JAISALMER.•IT WAS THE FIRST HAVELI ERECTED IN JAISALMER IN 1805 BY GUMAN CHAND PATWA AND IT IS NOT A SINGLE HAVELI BUT A CLUSTER OF 5 SMALL HAVELIS.• IT IS BELIEVED THAT PATWA WAS A RICH MAN AND WAS A RENOWNED TRADER OF HIS TIME. HE COULD AFFORD AND THUS ORDERED THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEPARATE STORIES FOR EACH OF HIS 5 SONS. 

IT WAS WELL DESIGNED HAVELI , INCORPORATES FOLLOWING ROOMS:DRAWING ROOM, COMMON COURTYARD, BEDROOM (FEMALE) WITH DRESSING ROOM ATTACHED, BEDROOM (MALE) WITH ATTACHED DRESSING ROOM, MUSIC ROOM, GAME ZONE , DINNING ROOM ,KITCHEN, UTILITY AREA.

ENTRANCERICH CARVED DOORS ,WINDOWS, PILLARS AND BALCONIE ON ENTRANCE.THEY STORE FOOD FOR CAMEL IN BASEMENT .

Carved door

Balconies, window pillars

Common courtyard

SHEESH MAHALWALLS AND CEILING ARE DECORATED WITH GLASS AND PAINT.BEAUTIFUL PAINTINGS WERE ALSO THERE.

Drawing room Music room

KITCHEN

Direct access to utility area

Preparation area

Water storage

GAME ZONE

SMALL DECORATIVE HOLES OVER THE WALL TO ALLOW THE HOT AIR FROM INSIDE TO BLOW OUT .ITS SIZE IS SMALL TO GET RIDE OF HOT CLIMATE.

Decorated ceiling

CEILING OF TOP MOST FLOOR IS MADE WITH WOOD TO KEEP THE ROOM COOL.

BALCONY AROUND COURTYARDWALLS WERE 95 DEGREE TO THE FLOOR

SHOPS IN FORT

HOUSE FORM• DEPENDING UPON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE

INHABITANT, THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF HOUSES IN JAISALMER .

1. POOREST PEOPLE

2. MIDDLE INCOM PEOPLE• UNDRESSED STONE•MUD MORTAR FINISHED WITH MUDPLASTER. •SINGLE STORY HOUSE

• TWO STORY•THE FRONT PART OF THE FIRST FLOORHAS A BALCONY PROJECTING ONTO THE STREET.

3. RICH MERCHANT S PEOPLE

AIR VENTILATION PLAN

• FOUR OR FIVE-STORIED HOUSES. •COURTYARD IS SURROUNDED BY ROOMS OR VERANDAHS ON ALL SIDES. • TWO LEVELS ONE BELOW THE OTHER. •THE HOUSE IS BUILT AROUND TWO COURTYARDS.

COURTYARD IS SURROUNDED BY ROOMS OR VERANDAHS ON ALL SIDES.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

THE COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL USED IN JAISALMER IS STONE OF WHICH THERE ARE TWO TYPES.

LIGHT YELLOWISH SANDSTONE IS USED FOR WALLS, WHICH ARE 0.45M OR MORE IN THICKNESS.

50 MM THICK PANELS OF LIMESTONE USED ON UPPER LEVELS FOR ELEMENTS ON PROJECTING WALL FACADES.

IN BETTER QUALITY CONSTRUCTION THE STONE IS DRESSED AND JOINTS MADE

ACCURATELY WITHOUT ANY MORTAR. THE INDIVIDUAL STONES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STONE

KEYS CUT INTO THE BLOCKS THEMSELVES OR BY IRON CRAMPS.

TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION USED FOR FLOORS AND ROOFS– TRADITIONAL METHOD: LAYING CLOSELY SPACES TIMBER BEAMS AND COVERING THEM WITH A LAYER OR REED OR GRASS MATTING WITH A LAYER OF EARTH ON TOP.BECAUSE OF LACK OF AVAILABILITY IN THE DESERT, STONE BEAMS ARE BEING USED.

THE HEAT INSIDE OF THE BUILDING IS CONTROLLED BY THE USE OF TEXTURES INJAISALMER, HIS MINIMIZES THE HEAT GAIN BY PROVIDING SHADING DUE TOTEXTURE. SUMMER IN DAY TIME WHEN THE MAJOR HEAT SOURCE IS SUN THE EXPOSED TEXTURED SURFACES WILL BE COOLER THAN PLAIN SURFACES.

• IN THE WARM CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN JAISALMER AND DUE TO SCARCE AVAILABILITY OF WATER THE ONLY EFFECTIVE MEANS TO ACHIEVE THERMAL COMFORT IS TO INCREASE VENTILATION.

• THIS IS EFFECTIVELY DONE BY THE COMBINED EFFECT OF COURTYARD AND THERMAL VERTICAL SHAFTS. THE COURTYARD IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ELEMENT OF CLIMATIC UTILITY IN A HOT CLIMATIC REGION.

• AIR MOVEMENT CAUSED BY TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES IS UTILIZED IN THE NATURAL VENTILATION OF BUILDING.

• THE DENSE COMPACT SETTLEMENT PLANNING GENERATES A LARGE THERMAL MASS ATTENUATING THE EXTERNAL AMBIENT CONDITIONS.

• THE DENSELY BUILT STREET WITH NARROW WINDING PATTERN AND ORIENTATION(EAST-WEST) ELIMINATES THE HIGH VELOCITY AND HIGH TEMPERATURE DAYTIME WIND.

YELLOW SAND STONE

GOLDEN CITY JAISALMER

WHAT ARE DISASTERS THAT MAY HAPPEN ?• SAND STORM

CAUSES OF SAND STORM

• WITH WIND SPEED OF AROUND 70-100 KM/H

• SAND PARTICLES FLOWING WITH IT SAND STORMS BECOMES A FEARCE FORCE OF NATURE

• IT ALSO LEADS TO MOVEMENT OF SAND DUNES AND SHIFTING OF VILLAGES REGULARLY

FLOODS

• IN 2010 BARMER DISTRICT IN JAISALMER WAS AFFECTED BY FLASH FLOOD

• DUE TO EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MONTH OF JULY

CAUSE OF FLOODING

DROUGHT

STATS•  23,406 VILLAGES IN 26 OUT OF 32 DISTRICTS WITH A POPULATION OF 262 LAKHS WERE

REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN AFFECTED.•  CATTLE POPULATION OF 345.60 LAKHS FACED SHORTAGE OF FODDER.  GROUND WATER

LEVEL WENT DOWN AND THERE WAS SHORTAGE OF DRINKING WATER•  FOODGRAIN PRODUCTION WAS ESTIMATED TO BE LESS BY 22.88% AS COMPARED TO

THAT OF LAST YEAR AND OILSEEDS PRODUCTION WAS ESTIMATED TO BE LESS BY 17.20%. THE CROP AREA UNDER FOODGRAINS, OILSEEDS AND COTTON WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE GONE DOWN BY 25.97 LAKH HA DURING THE LAST KHARIF AND RABI SEASONS.

• DAMAGED CROPS DUE TO UNEVEN PRECIPITATION IN MONTH OF AUGUST

DROUGHT PRONE JAISALMER

EARTHQUAKE

• HALF OF JAISALMER IS PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES

• BEING ON BONDARY OF INDAIN PLATE

• TILL NOW THERE HAS BEEN NO INCIDENT LIKE THIS HAPPENED IN LAST 30 YEARS

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

CONCLUSION

• ROOF SHOULD HAVE A HIGH CLEAR HEIGHT• NO WINDOWS SHOULD BE PLACED AT WEST FACADE.• THE LONGER EDGE SHOULD BE ORIENTED TO NORTH SOUTH DIRECTION.• COURTYARD PLANNING WITH A WATER BODY AT CENTER CAN ALSO BE INTRODUCED.• FOR ROW HOUSING, THE BUILDING ENVALOPES CAN PLACED CLOSELY WITH NARROW

STREETS.• AIR REGULATOR SYSTEM CAN ALSO BE INTRODUCED • NON HABITABLE ROOMS SHOULD BE PLACED AT WEST OR EAST SIDE OF BUILDING.• RAIN WATER TECHNIQUES CAN BE INTRODUCED• SOIL BINDING TREES SHOULD BE PLANTED• WIND SCOOPS ARE USED• EVAPORATIVE COOLING PHENOMENA IS USED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ONLINE DATA REFERENCES

• WWW.WIKIPEDIA .ORG• WWW.JAISALMER.CO.UK• GOOGLE IMAGES• WWW.WUNDERGROUND.COM• WWW.SUNCALC.COM• WWW.RAJASTHAN.GOV.IN• WWW.UNESCO.ORG• WWW.JHIDC.ORG• WWW.INDIANWATERPORTAL.ORG• WWW.BHASKARFOUNDATION.ORG

Thank you