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8/13/2019 casestudies-130502053145-phpapp01

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NIGER RAPID POPULATION GROWTHLEDC One of the poorest countries in the world

Population Growth Rate of 2.9% (very high)Almost half of the population is under 15 years oldFertility Rate of 7.1 children per mother

Population Growth is due to falling death rates-Reliable, clean water supply

-Babies are inoculated against disease-Better diets are eaten-More clinics + hospitals-Better health education-Women are becoming more educated


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RUSSIA FALLING BIRTH RATES + HIVPopulation decline from 143m (2007) to a predicted 111m (2050)

Due to:-High death rate (Low life expectancy Male = 59y/o)

-High level of alcohol related deaths-More than 1,000,000 Russians with AIDS

-Low birth rate ( 1.1 children per woman )

-Russian women are well educated and so do not want to havelarge numbers of children-Low level of immigration

-High level of emigration to other European countries, in search ofa better lifestyle


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CHINA BIRTH CONTROL POLICIES

L A T E R , L O N G E R ,F E W E R ( 1 9 7 0 - 7 9 )

China realised that therewould not be enough food,

jobs etc. and so introducedthis policy

Encouraged:

- delay before 1 st child

- longer interval betweenchildren

- fewer children overall

O N E C H I L D P O L I C Y( 1 9 7 8 - P R E S E N T D A Y )

The rapid population growthseemed to be stalling Chinasdevelopment and so theyintroduced this policy

One child per familyPopulation growth has slowed

down China has avoidedhaving an extra 300,000,000births

However:- there are many female

orphans- much pressure is place onthe child to succeed- too many boys/not enoughgirls


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SINGAPORE PRENATAL POLICIESIn the 1980s, the Singaporean government decided that it

needed a young, vibrant work force to develop its economy

- encouraged rapid population growth through naturalgrowth and immigration

- even though Singapore already has a highpopulation density

- encouraged more educated women to have more children

Introduced Stop at Two in 1970 to slow down birth rates

(successful)- gave grants of US$7000 to less well educated women whoagreed to be sterilized after 2 children

Introduced Have Three or More, if you can afford it in the mid1980s to raise the birth rate

- tax rebates for the 3 rd child

- subsidies for day-care- priority in enrolling in the best schools


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EU - MIGRATION

Almost 500m people are able to travel freely between the EU countries- no need for a visa or even show a passport

Lots of movement between the EU countriesAdvantages

- mixing of culture- job vacancies are filled quickly- EU funds can improve infrastructure

Disadvantages- loss of distinctive culture- racism- conflict- over migration in some places

Polish Workers in the UK-Perform many unskilled jobs-Boomerang Migrants

- work hard in UK- then return to Poland to set up a business


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READING CBD AND INNER CITY PLANNING

Construction of The Oracle Shopping Centre (late 1999) revitalised

Readings shopping facilities , providing more and larger modern shops,attracting more shoppers (wide sphere of influence), to supportReadings economy

Encouraged by the local authority by making the planning easy for thedevelopers

Pedestrianised Broad St. , the road just outside the Oracle to make it more

attractive to shoppers and to raise the footfall in these areas, benefittinglocal shops

-Added street furniture (benches and public art) to make the areamore aesthetically pleasing to the shoppers

-Because of these developments it turns into a secondary highorder shopping area , but still manages to keep a traditionalhigh street, which compliments the Oracle


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ATLANTA URBAN SPRAWLFastest growing metropolitan city in USA

Population increase from 1.4m to over 5m in 36 years results in urban sprawl (expandinginto rural areas RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

Problems Created

- air + noise pollution is the 4 th worst in the US 90% of residents drive to work respiratory illnesses are common (bronchitis, asthma etc.)

- suburbs along Chattahoochee river increase run-off and contaminate drinking water septic tanks are necessary

- farmland has been bought up and replaced with shopping malls etc. farmerslivelihoods taken

- 125 hectares of trees are lost per day by deforestation in the city

- concrete and asphalt mean that surface water cannot drain away FLASH FLOODS +CONTAMINATION

- Hotlanta: concrete and removal of trees leads to a heating effect 10C higher than in

the countryside


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CAIRO POLLUTION, SHANTY TOWNS + CONGESTIONP R O B L E M S

- lack of housing- 80% of Cairo covered byillegally built brick houses onfarmlands by the Nile- 2-3m people set up homesamongst the tombs of Old Cairo

- congestion

- in the last 30 years, no. of cars

rose from 100,000 to >1m- slow journeys to work

- pollution

- burning of fuel leading toheavily polluted air

- leaking sewers- illegally dumped waste

contaminating ground water

S O L U T I O N S

- satellite + dormitory townsbuilt around the city- ring road built around the city- people with donkey cartslicensed to collect + recyclerubbish

- the Greater Cairo WasteWater Project extended andrepaired the sewage system- modern metro system wasbuilt

- homes + public services wereupgraded in the most rundown parts of the city

1950-2000: Population rose from 2m to 18m - Infrastructure not able to cope


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CHAITEN, CHILE - VOLCANO

2 May 2008 Chaiten Volcano erupted previously thought to be dormantCaldera volcano

Formed at a convergent boundary- sits on edge of South American and Nazca plates (beneath because sea plate)- subducting plate melts and pressure builds up due to friction between plates- magma tricked through plate boundary and built up huge chamber under crater

4000 people fled homes

- evacuation was difficult because of terrain

- evacuated by Naval shipAsh went 20km up and settled over Chile and Argentina

Town coated in ash 15cm thick

Forests set on fireSchools used as shelters


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HAITI - EARTHQUAKE

Haiti lies on the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault which is a product of the transformplate boundary between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate .

- these plates, after much friction, moved violently apart, creating the earthquakeDeath toll was so high due as the earthquake took place during the evening rush hour

- lots of children coming back from school (unsupervised)- workers coming home from work- crossing unstable bridges and going past unstable buildings

- unstable because there was not enough money in the country to build

stable buildings as the country is nearly always in major debt due to the commonnature of hazards in the countryEpicentre right underneath the capital city, Port-au-Prince most densely populated

part of Haiti many tall buildings affected by the earthquake7 on the Richter ScaleIt was not the major earthquake that caused the damage, but the smaller scale

aftershocks which collapsed all of the ready weakened buildings


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MADAGASCAR - RAINFORESTS

9 th poorest country in the world78% of workers work in the primary sector

Deforestation people have used land for agriculture- lots of species under threat because of deforestation (eg. flying fox) LOSS OFBIODIVERSITY

People are cutting down rainforests because countries exports rely on agriculture (70%) soneed to grow fast crops like rice in more areas

Woods such as ebony and rosewood can be sold worldwide at a high priceTrees are burned to create farm land

- ash supplies nutrients for a while

- crops grow well for number of years- heavy rainfall washes away nutrients SOIL EROSION- crops no longer grow because all nutrients used up

- FARMERS MOVE ON SHIFTING CULTIVATIONAnimals lose food and habitat


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SAHARA AND THE SAHEL - DESERTS

The Sahel: the transitional zone between the true desert to the north andthe savanna grasslands to the south currently moving further south- average rainfall of 300-600mm per year

Desertification: the process by which fertile land becomes desert , typicallyas a result of drought , or inappropriate agriculture

- overcultivation- overgrazing

- deforestation- overpopulation- climate change

Topsoil erosion by wind due to lack of rain + lack of vegetation protecting it


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MALI - DESERTIFICATION

Largest country in West Africa but one of the poorest in the world

80% of Malis population work in agriculture 65% of Malis land is desert or semi -desert

- large amount of drought and food shortages in these areas

Overcultivation in the areas south of the SAHEL (due to a populationgrowth rate of 3%) leads to LAND DEGRADATION

- results in topsoil erosion by wind due to a lack of vegetation +moisture to protect it

- extends the SAHEL south


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3rd May 2008 Cyclone Nargis hitMyanmar

Wind Speeds between 200-300km/hFlooding & mudslides due to heavy

rainfall.3.6 meter storm surge flooded

Irrawaddy Delta2.4 million people affected

140,000 people killed or missing

Infrastructure damageAgricultural damage

LONG TERM DAMAGE- homelessness

- lack of food and clean watersupply

- rise in food prices

TROPICAL STORM HOW IS ITFORMED

Warm air from North meets warm airfrom South in tropicsSea temp. 27C and sea 60m deep ,

winds begin to circleanticlockwise due to the Earthsrotation

Intense low pressure creates the eyeof the storm as the spiralling airrises to create low pressurealong the equator. Tropicalstorms develop as depressionsand wind speeds increase.

Easterly winds at high levels movethem east to west at first, as theymove further from the equator itloses power as the seatemperature decreases.

Die out over land as there is less heatand no water to keep them going.

MYANMAR CYCLONE NARGIS


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AUSTRALIA - DROUGHT

The Murray-Darling rivers provide over 70% of irrigation to the farming areaswhich produce 40% of Australias food (New South Wales and Victoria)

Since 2002, rainfall has been well below average and rivers + reservoirs are toolow to provide enough water for crops and livestock to survive

- Average rainfall in outback can be 336 mm per year - very low

In Goulburn , farmers cannot keep livestock in the hills as the Pejar reservoir hasrun dry

- abattoirs and wool plants cut consumption by 30%- tap water is unfit for human consumption , so bottled water must be bought

In Melbourne, residents are fined or imprisoned if they wash their cars, fillswimming pools or sprinkle gardens

In Sydney, after 4 years of drought, the main reservoir is at 40% capacity + bushfires regularly occur due to the dry weather


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MOZAMBIQUE - FLOODS

February 2000: Zambezi, Limpopo and Save rivers flood

Many of the countrys 19m people live on the floodplains of these rivers- most of the population are farmers, and these are the most fertile soils

The banks of the Limpopo river burst, causing severe flood damage

About 2 weeks later, Cyclone Eline hit the Mozambique coast near Beira,north of the areas previously affected by flooding

Flash floods inundated low farmlands around Chokwe + Xai-Xai- more than 180,000 people affected

Dirt roads easily turned to mud + so it took 2 days for a food lorry to travel200 miles from the port at Beira to Caia, the town used as a fooddistribution centre


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INDIA SUBSISTENCE RICE FARMINGRice is the staple of the diet in SE Asia

Grown to feed themselves and their families- labour intensive and requires the whole family

The farmer would also grow a secondary crop on the same land beans,lentils or peas. They may also keep chickens for eggs or meat

Grows best in the heavy monsoon seasons or where irrigation water can beprovided

The floodwaters are usually useful from the Ganges however- floods can be catastrophic + destroy the rice crop- some years rainfall is lower than expected + the crop is ruined

Rice gives a high yield per hectareHeavy alluvial soils provide an impervious muddy layer


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NEW ZEALAND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Warm, wet climate ideal for growing grass great for pastoral farming

HARWOODS FARM , NORTH CANTERBURY- over 1500 hectares in size mostly hill country or rolling downs

- special grasses planted on this land, providing high quality feedfor large herds of sheep + cattle during the winter

- fed on hay + silage when it snows in winter

- Corriedale sheep : provide good quantity of meat + wool- Hereford cattle : sold for meat in October to save the cost of feedingthem over the winter

- Rabbits are regularly culled to stop them from eating large quantitiesof grass


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BANGALORE HI TECH INDUSTRYOne of Indias largest industrial cities. In 1991 a Software Technology Plant

was created and since then multinational IT companies have set uptheir offices in Bangalore

Due to:- pleasant climate conditions: 900km above sea level making it coolerthan most of India- dust-free environment

- the state government having a long history of sup port of science andtechnology

Companies OUTSOURCE to India because:

- labour costs are considerably lower- many high skilled workers available- India has a large English speaking population (about 50m)

925 software companies80,000 ICT workers21 engineering colleges workers taken straight from these

colleges

>100 electrics companies in The Electronic City


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PAKISTAN STEEL INDUSTRYFirst steel factories were built in Pakistan in 1973 in order to develop the

industrial sector of their economyBuilt on cheap flat land at Pipri near Gharo Creek in Karachi , out of the way

so no residents of the city could see itAlso build downwind from Karachi so noise and air pollution would not

blow into residential areasIn the past few years, Pakistan steel have reforested the area around the

factories and set new targets for waste and pollution reductionWater has been treated in freshwater supplies that feed lakes and

reservoirsAlso created a cricket ground, lakes, bird sanctuaries and a running track

for employeesCreates more jobs benefits the city of Karachi


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SEYCHELLES - TOURISM

Made up of 115 islands in Indian Ocean, 1500km east of Africa

Tourism industry provides the islands with 70% of total incomeMoney raised is invested back into the country

Tourism employs about 30% of the labour force many jobs created

Over-tourism results in drought + this can affect sanitation

The drought is made worse by 75% of the water being lost through old and

leaking pipesDue to the drought, the government are forced to take out a $25m loan to

pay for a desalination plant which is not only expensive, but takes awayfrom the natural beauty of the island

Management: The minister of tourism for theSeychelles wants to limit the no. of tourists to 200,000per year to ensure stability and sustainability in the

industry


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DUBAI - TOURISM

1 of the 7 Emirates that make up the UAE

Subtropical climate Arid Infrequent rainfall (5 days of rain per year) Mean daily temperature of 30C in January, rising to >40C in July

Tourism makes up 30% o f Dubais GDP

Hotels and Apartments recorded 6.5m guests in 2006 with a revenue of>US$3 billion

Tourism has transformed an area of desert into one of the worlds toptourist destinations of the 21 st Century

However tourism stretches water supply and the rapid growth could lead tothe place losing some of its attractive aspect that first brought touriststhere

But tourism provides a medium to long term addition to Dubais oil and gas

exports


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D.R. CONGO - FUELWOOD

40% of the worlds population rely on fuelwood to cook and heat theirhomes

DEFORESTATIONMost of these countries burn fuelwood because they have no alternative

70% of the population rely on subsistence farming and on collectingfuelwood to survive

Puts D.R. Congos rare species at risk

Villagers have to walk 7km for 3kg of firewood70% is transported by cart and 30% on peoples heads What is left over is sold to Kinshasa , the capital, where its used for

bakeries and food processing

Alternative is dung, but it deprives the fields of fertiliser, reducing cropyields


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ITAIPU DAM HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

Located along River Paran

- second longest river in S. America- large reliable flow of water

Joint venture between Brazil and Paraguay

Hard impermeable rock was ideal for constructing both the dam andreservoir

However 40,000 people had to be relocated because of constructionBefore construction there was already a reasonable amount of

infrastructure in place thanks to the nearby towns of Foz de Iguau andPuerto Strossner

The depth of the valley and the relief of the wider area flooded for thereservoir means that Itaipu has the lowest flooded area per unit ofpower production of all major HEP schemes in Brazil


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DAYA BAY, CHINA NUCLEAR POWER

4 of Chinas 11 nuclear reactors are located at Daya Bay in Guangdong,south-east China

Coastal location permits seawater to be used in the cooling process

Hard rock in the area provides solid foundation for these large and heavyinstallations

No major threat from earthquakes or faulting in the area

Major cities not too far away (Hong Kong 50km, Shenzhen 40km) so littleenergy is lost in transmission , but are a reasonable distance away incase of a nuclear accident

Nearby supply of labour

General infrastructure is very good


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KINGSNORTH, UK THERMAL POWER

Major 2000MW thermal power station in south-east England

Located on the Hoo Peninsula on the banks of the Medway estuary- lots of water for cooling

Has a port facility to allow the importation of coal and oil

The station is adjacent to farmland and there are no significant residentialareas nearby lots of space

Not too far away from the houses that it provides for not much energy islost in transmission


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LESOTHO WATER RESOURCES

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project is the largest civil engineering projectin Africa

When completed it will divert about 40% of the Senqu/Orange river waterthrough 5 large-scale damns (estimate 2027)

After taking the water for its own use, much will be sold to South Africawhere the demand is greater than the supply

The income can be used to develop its infrastructure and economy

Lots of highlands in Lesotho which receive high rainfall , so the valleys areideal for building dams and reservoirs

Able to generate HEP from the dam

Lakes will attract tourism , creating jobs and benefitting the economy

However Lesotho will become solely dependent on South Africa for futureincome


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OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS INRAINFORESTSAbout 200m people live in areas that are/were covered by tropical rainforests

Fertile soils for farming

- for palm oil

Potential for Hydro Electric Power Stations

- high rainfall

Tourism

Fishing and Food Supply

Forestry

- expensive hardwoods such as mahogany

But the removal of vegetation can lead to the disruption to the circulation andstorage of nutrients, surface erosion and compaction of soils, sandification,increased flood levels and sediment content of rivers, climate change and aloss of biodiversity


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OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS IN DESERTS

Land use in deserts is limited

Farming is possible, with irrigation from rivers (e.g.. Nile) and deep aquifers(e.g.. Below Libya and south-west USA), and is profitable

In semi arid areas, cattle/sheep ranching is economically viable withoutirrigation

Tourism has great potential in countries such as Dubai

However:

- weathering has the ability to weaken engineering structures veryrapidly

- stream flow can be erratic causing flooding

- there is increased soil erosion with high rates of overland runoff


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ALBANIA - POLLUTION

Tirana, the capital city, is one of the most polluted cities in the world

Deaths due to illness caused by pollution have increased by 20% in thepast 2 years

This is due to 90% of vehicles being too old

- 70% use diesel

- 30% petrol

- mostly petrol with lead and a huge quantity of sulphurHeavy industry , especially in Elbasan, produces pollution 15x above

acceptable levels

Babies are being born with deformities as well as deformed animals (4legged roosters, 2 headed calves)

Soil is so contaminated that some places have banned planting crops


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THE MALDIVES EFFECTS OF GLOBALWARMINGMade up of 1200 tiny islands but highest point is only 2.4m above sea level

80% of the islands are no more than 1m above sea levelRising sea levels put these islands at threat DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING

In Male, a 3m high wall , which took 14 years to build and cost US$63m, hasbeen constructed in an attempt to protect the capital

The government has identified 5 safe islands, designed to resist the risingsea

Government has proposed to artificially raise the height of some of theislands

Near Male, a land reclamation project is taking place to create a new islandwhich could potentially house 50,000 people , most of the nationspopulation


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NEPAL SOIL EROSION

Deforestation occurring for the growing need for fuelwood

18% of Nepal is forested but 25% of the forest was removed between 1990and 2005

Removing trees on steep slopes leads to soil erosion

Monsoon rains between May and September increase erosion

Villagers in Tadiya have easy access to the forest to collect fuel and fodder

- however they are having to travel further and furtherWomen spend 1/3 of their day collecting firewood for fuel

Tourism is important 70,000 per year creates many jobs

- using fuelwood for tourists has increased deforestation and soilerosion by 10%

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