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REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION (CASR) PART 60 SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES

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Page 1: CASR PART 60  Amdt.0

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION

CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION (CASR)

PART 60 SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES

Page 2: CASR PART 60  Amdt.0

LAMPIRAN PERATURAN MENTERI PERHUBUNGAN NOMOR : KM 56 Tahun 2010 TANGGAL : 12 Oktober 2010

CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATIONS (C.A.S.R.)

PART 60

SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION

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Table of Contents i

PART 60 SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBPART A - GENERAL..............................................................................................1

60.1 Applicability..........................................................................................1 60.3 Definition...............................................................................................1 SUBPART B - FLIGHT SIMULATORS AND FLIGHT TRAINING DEVICES ................3 60.5 Qualification levels...............................................................................3 60.7 Application for flight simulator qualification or flight training

device qualification ..............................................................................3 60.9 Initial evaluation and qualification …………………………………… 4 60.11 Issue of flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training

device qualification certificate…………………………………………. 4 60.13 Period of validity of flight simulator qualification or flight training

device qualification………………………………………………………. 4 60.15 Recurrent evaluation of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight

training device………………………………………………….................. 5 60.17 Variation, revocation or suspension of flight simulator qualification

or flight training device qualification………………………………….. 5 60.19 Reserved ...............................................................................................5 60.21 Quality system......................................................................................5 60.23 Ongoing fidelity requirements ............................................................6 60.25 Modification of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight

training devices....................................................................................6 60.26 Operation with missing, malfunctioning, or inoperative

components………………………………………………………………… 7 60.27 Change in qualification level of qualified flight simulator or

qualified flight training device.............................................................7 60.29 Deactivation, relocation or reactivation of qualified flight

simulator or qualified flight training device.......................................7 60.31 Change of operator of qualified flight simulator or qualified

flight training device ............................................................................8 60.33 DGCA Evaluation..................................................................................8 60.35 Records.................................................................................................8 60.36 Applications, logbooks, reports, and records: Fraud, falsification,

or incorrect statements………………………………………………… 9

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Table of Contents ii

APPENDIX A - General Requirement Level of Synthetic Training Devices- Aeroplane……………………………………………………………… 10 APPENDIX B - General Requirement Level of Synthetic Training Devices- Helicopter……………………………………………………………… 30

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SUBPART A - GENERAL

60.1 Applicability

This Part applies to synthetic training devices that may be used by a person to gain aeronautical experience.

60.3 Definitions Full Flight Simulator (FFS) —a replica of a specific type, make, model, or series

aircraft. It includes the equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an out-of-the-flight deck view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent to those of a three-degree-of-freedom motion system, and has the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 of this chapter and the QPS for a specific FFS qualification level.

Flight Training Device (FTD) —a replica of aircraft instruments, equipment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft flight deck replica. It includes the equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft (or set of aircraft) operations in ground and flight conditions having the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification performance standard (QPS) for a specific FTD

Master Qualification Test Guide (MQTG) The authority approved test guide which incorporates the results of tests witnessed by the authority. The MQTG serves as the reference for future evaluations

Qualification Test Guide (QTG), for a synthetic training device, means a document that: (a) shows that:

(i) the performance and handling qualities of the synthetic training device agree, within the limits set out in the Manual of Standards, with those of the aircraft to which it relates; and

(ii) all applicable requirements in these Regulations have been met; and (b) includes the following information that relates to the matters mentioned in

paragraph (a): (i) data relating to the performance and handling qualities of the aircraft and

synthetic training device; (ii) the validation tests, and all functions and subjective tests for the device.

Certificate holder is a person who seeks or maintains synthetic training devices qualification and is responsible for the prescribed actions as prescribed in this part.

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Qualification level, for a flight simulator or flight training device, has the meaning given by this part.

Statement Of Compliance (SOC) - Statement of Compliance and Capability.

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SUBPART B : FLIGHT SIMULATORS AND FLIGHT TRAINING DEVICES

60.5 Qualification levels (a) The qualification level of a flight simulator is the level met by the simulator

determined in accordance with the simulator standards level in the Appendices CASR 60 mentioned in the following table :

ITEM LEVEL

1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D

: (b) The qualification level of a flight training device is the level met by the simulator

determined in accordance with the standards in the Appendices CASR 60 mentioned in the following table:

ITEM LEVEL 1

Level 1 2

Level 2 3

Level 3 4

Level 4 5

Level 5 6

Level 6 7

Level 7

60.7 Application for flight simulator qualification or flight training device

qualification (a) The applicant of a flight simulator or flight training device may apply to DGCA, in

writing, for qualification of the simulator or device. (b) An application must include:

(1) a Qualification Test Guide (QTG) for the simulator or device; and (2) a document describing the quality system that the operator proposes to use to

satisfy this regulation.

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60.9 Initial evaluation and qualification (a) If DGCA receives an application for the qualification of a flight simulator or flight

training device, DGCA must conduct an evaluation (an initial evaluation) of the simulator or device, including consideration of: (1) any inspection or trial of the simulator or device; and (2) the data provided in the QTG; and (3) information available from any test conducted during the initial evaluation.

(b) If, after the initial evaluation, DGCA is satisfied that: (1) the operator’s quality system will be suitable for the simulator or device; and (2) the simulator or device meets a qualification level; DGCA must qualify the

simulator or device at the qualification level. (c) DGCA may qualify a simulator or device that will simulate a new type of aircraft for

which fully validated aircraft data is not available at an interim qualification level that is based on partially validated aircraft data.

(d) An interim qualification level applies for the period agreed between DGCA and the operator of the simulator or device.

(e) If DGCA qualifies a simulator or device, it must at the same time approve the QTG for the simulator or device.

60.11 Issue of flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training device

qualification certificate (a) DGCA must issue a flight simulator qualification certificate to the operator of a flight

simulator, or a flight training device qualification certificate to the operator of a flight training device, if DGCA qualifies the simulator or device.

(b) The certificate must include the name of the operator and: (1) include information identifying the simulator or device; and (2) specify the aircraft that is simulated by the simulator or device; and (3) specify the qualification level for the simulator or device.

60.13 Period of validity of flight simulator qualification or flight training device

qualification (a) (a) A flight simulator qualification or flight training device qualification is valid for:

(1) 12 months from the month of issue of the flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training device qualification certificate; or

(2) if a shorter period is specified in the certificate — that period. (b) However, a qualification ceases to be valid if:

(1) the simulator or device is deactivated or relocated; or, (2) there is a change of certificate holder of the simulator or device; or, (3) it is revoked by DGCA; or, (4) it is surrendered to DGCA

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(c) A qualification is no longer valid for the period of any suspension imposed by DGCA.

60.15 Recurrent evaluation of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training

device (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device at

least 60 days before the expiry of the flight simulator qualification or flight training device qualification, ask DGCA, in writing, to conduct an evaluation (a recurrent evaluation) of the simulator or device.

(b) Subject to section 60.9 (c) and section 60.11 apply in respect of a recurrent evaluation in the same way as they apply to the initial evaluation.

(c) During a recurrent evaluation, a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device must be assessed against: (1) the qualification level at which the simulator or device was qualified at the initial

qualification or accreditation of the simulator or device; or (2) if DGCA has changed the qualification level since the initial evaluation — the

qualification level as changed.

60.17 Variation, revocation or suspension of flight simulator qualification or flight

training device qualification (a) DGCA may, by notice in writing to the certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator

or qualified flight training device, vary, revoke or suspend the qualification of the simulator or device if: (1) the simulator or device no longer meets the qualification level specified in its

qualification certificate; or (2) the certificate holder has failed to comply with a requirement of this Part in

relation to the simulator or device. (b) If an certificate holder receives a notice of variation or revocation under paragraph

(a) of this section, the certificate holder must return the qualification certificate to DGCA at least 14 days after receiving the notice.

(c) If DGCA varies a qualification, DGCA must reissue the qualification certificate specifying the qualification as varied.

60.19 (Reserved)

60.21 Quality system (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must establish and maintain a quality system that ensures the correct operation and maintenance of the simulator or device.

(b) The quality system must cover at least the following matters: (1) quality policy;

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(2) management responsibility; (3) document control; (4) resource allocation; (5) quality procedures; (6) internal audit.

60.23 Ongoing fidelity requirements (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must, progressively during the 12 months after the issue of the applicable flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training device qualification certificate, perform: (1) all validation tests mentioned in the master QTG for the simulator or device; and (2) all functions and subjective tests within the current (and any planned) training

program (or an equivalent sample approved by DGCA). (b) The requirement of paragraph (a) of this section must be fulfilled on four-monthly

basis. (c) The certificate holder must establish a configuration management system to ensure

the continued integrity of the equipment and software of the simulator or device. (d) The certificate holder must maintain an on-going modification program to ensure that

the equipment, software and performance of the simulator or device accurately simulates the aircraft specified in the certificate.

(e) The certificate holder must notify each user of the simulator or device, before its use, if the simulator or device is unsuitable for any training, testing or checking sequence specified in the certificate.

60.25 Modification of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training devices (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must notify DGCA, in writing, if it proposes to modify the equipment or software of the simulator or device in a way that will change the characteristics of the simulator or device.

(b) If DGCA receives a notice, DGCA may conduct an evaluation (a special evaluation) of the simulator or device as it is proposed to be modified.

(c) Subject to paragraph (d) and (e), section 60.9 and 60.11 of this part apply in respect of a special evaluation in the same way as they apply to the initial evaluation.

(d) If DGCA decides not to conduct a special evaluation: (1) the operator may make the proposed modification of the simulator or device;

and (2) the flight simulator or flight training device qualification continues to be in

force. (e) During a special evaluation, a simulator or device must be assessed against:

(1) the qualification level at which the simulator or device was qualified at the initial qualification or accreditation of the simulator or device; or

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(2) if DGCA has changed the qualification level since the initial evaluation — the qualification level as changed.

(f) This regulation does not apply to the modification of a device for the purpose of a change in the qualification level of the simulator or device.

60.26 Operation with missing, malfunctioning, or inoperative components. (a) No person may knowingly use or allow the use of or misrepresent the capability of an flight simulator or flight training device for any maneuver, procedure, or task that is to be accomplished to meet training, evaluation, or flight experience requirements of this chapter for flight crewmember certification or qualification when there is a missing, malfunctioning, or inoperative (MMI) component that is required to be present and correctly operate for the satisfactory completion of that maneuver, procedure, or task. (b) Each MMI component as described in paragraph (a) of this section, or any MMI component installed and required to operate correctly to meet the current Statement of Qualification, must be repaired or replaced within 30 calendar days, unless otherwise required or authorized by the DGCA (c) A list of the current MMI components must be readily available in or adjacent to the

flight simulator or flight training device for review by users of the device. Electronic access to this list via an appropriate terminal or display in or adjacent to the flight simulator or flight training device is satisfactory. The discrepancy log may be used to satisfy this requirement provided each currently MMI component is listed in the discrepancy log.

60.27 Change in qualification level of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight

training device (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

may ask DGCA, in writing, to change the qualification level of the simulator or device. (b) If DGCA receives a request under paragraph (a), it must conduct a special evaluation

of the simulator or device, applying the standards in the Appendices. (c) If DGCA changes the qualification level, it must:

(1) approve any resulting amendments to the master QTG of the simulator or device; and

(2) issue a revised flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training device qualification certificate.

60.29 Deactivation, relocation or reactivation of qualified flight simulator or

qualified flight training device (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must notify DGCA, in writing, if the simulator or device is deactivated. (b) A certificate holder must notify DGCA, in writing, before the operator reactivates or

relocates a simulator or device, and DGCA may then conduct a special evaluation of the simulator or device.

(c) During a special evaluation, a flight simulator or flight training device must be assessed against:

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(1) the qualification level at which the simulator or device was qualified at the initial qualification or accreditation of the simulator or device; or

(2) if DGCA has changed the qualification level since the initial evaluation — the qualification level as changed.

60.31 Change of certificate holder of qualified flight simulator or qualified flight

training device (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must notify DGCA, in writing, of any proposed change of certificate holder of the simulator or device.

(b) If there is a change of certificate holder of a simulator or device: (1) the former certificate holder must give to the new certificate holder the records

mentioned in section 60.35 of this part that apply to the simulator or device; and (2) the new certificate holder may apply to DGCA, in writing, for qualification of the

simulator or device. (c) An application under paragraph (b) (2) must be accompanied by a plan of transfer

setting out in detail how the new certificate holder will comply with the requirements of this part.

(d) If DGCA is satisfied that the new certificate holder is able to comply with the requirements of this part, DGCA must: (1) approve the plan; and (2) issue a new flight simulator qualification certificate or flight training device

qualification certificate.

60.33 DGCA Evaluation Teams DGCA may: (a) Arrange for an evaluation mentioned in this section to be conducted by a DGCA

evaluation team; and (b) DGCA will appoint a person to be an evaluation team leader, having regard to the

skills, qualifications and experience necessary to undertake the evaluation. 60.35 Records (a) The certificate holder of a qualified flight simulator or qualified flight training device

must keep the following records relating to the simulator or device for at least 2 years after the simulator or device is decommissioned:

(1) the master QTG and Results of the qualification evaluations (initial and each upgrade) since the issuance of the original Statement of Qualification.

(2) modification records; (3) quality system records.

(4) A record of all discrepancies entered in the discrepancy log over the previous 2 years, including the following:

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(i) A list of the components or equipment that were or are missing, malfunctioning, or inoperative.

(ii) The action taken to correct the discrepancy.

(iii) The date the corrective action was taken.

(iv) The identity of the person determining that the discrepancy has been corrected.

(b) The certificate holder must also keep the results of each test carried out under section 60.23 (a) for the simulator or device for at least 2 years after the test.

(c) If there is a change of certificate holder of a simulator or device, the new certificate holder must keep the records and test results relating to the simulator or device that were kept by the former certificate holder.

60.36 Applications, logbooks, reports, and records: Fraud, falsification, or incorrect statements. (a) No person may make, or cause to be made, any of the following:

(1) A fraudulent or intentionally false statement in any application or any amendment thereto, or any other report or test result required by this part.

(2) A fraudulent or intentionally false statement in or a known omission from any record or report that is kept, made, or used to show compliance with this part, or to exercise any privileges under this part.

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APPENDIX A

GENERAL REQUIREMENT LEVEL OF SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES -AEROPLANE

(1) This paragraph describes the general simulator requirements described in table A1.

TABLE A1: Standard Requirement for Flight Simulator

Requirements A B C D Comments 1. GENERAL

a) Flight deck: a full-scale replica of the aeroplane simulated. Direction of movement of controls and switches identical to that in the aeroplane. Equipment for operation of the cockpit windows should be included in the flight simulator, but the actual windows need not be operable.

Note: The flight deck, for flight simulator purposes, consists of all that space forward of a cross section of the fuselage at the most extreme aft setting of the pilots' seats. Additional required flight crew member duty stations and those required bulkheads aft of the pilot seats are also considered part of the flight deck and shall replicate the aeroplane.

X X X X Flight deck observer seats are not considered to be additional flight crew member duty stations and may be omitted (See 1 f)) below). Bulkheads containing items such as switches, circuit breakers, supplementary radio panels, etc. to which the flight crew may require access during any event after pre-flight cockpit preparation is complete are considered essential and may not be omitted. Bulkheads containing only items such as landing gear pin storage compartments, fire axes or extinguishers, spare light bulbs, aircraft document pouches etc. are not considered essential and may be omitted. Such items, or reasonable facsimile, shall still be available in the flight simulator but may be relocated to a suitable location as near as practical to the original position. Fire axes and any similar purpose instruments need only be represented in silhouette.

b) Circuit breakers that affect procedures and/or result in observable flight deck indications properly located and functionally accurate.

X X X X

c) Flight dynamics model that accounts for various combinations of drag and

X X X X For Level A, generic ground handling, flare and

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Requirements A B C D Comments thrust normally encountered in flight corresponding to actual flight conditions, including the effect of change in aeroplane attitude, thrust, drag, altitude, temperature, gross mass, moments of inertia, centre of gravity location and configuration.

touchdown effect are acceptable.

d) All relevant instrument indications involved in the simulation of the applicable aeroplane to automatically respond to control movement by a flight crew member or external disturbance to the simulated aeroplane, i.e., turbulence or wind shear.

X X X X Numerical values shall be presented in accordance with ICAO Annex 5.

e) Communications, navigation and caution and warning equipment corresponding to that installed in the applicable aeroplane with operation within the tolerances prescribed for the applicable airborne equipment.

X X X X

f) In addition to the flight crew member duty stations, three suitable seats for the instructor/observer and authority inspector. The authority will consider options to this requirement based on unique flight deck configurations. These seats shall provide adequate vision to the pilots' panels and forward windows. Observer seats need not represent those found in the aeroplane, but shall be adequately secured to the floor of the flight simulator, fitted with positive restraint devices and of sufficient integrity to safely restrain the occupant during any known or predicted motion system excursion.

X X X X

g) Flight simulator systems to simulate the applicable aeroplane system operation, both on the ground and in flight. Systems shall be operative to the extent that all normal, abnormal and emergency operating procedures can be accomplished.

X X X X

h) Instructor controls to enable the operator to control all required system variables and insert

X X X X

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Requirements A B C D Comments abnormal or emergency conditions into the aeroplane systems.

i) Control forces and control travel which correspond to that of the replicated aeroplane. Control forces should react in the same manner as in the aeroplane under the same flight conditions.

X X X X

j) Ground handling and aerodynamic programming to include: 1) Ground effect. For example:

round-out, flare and touchdown. This requires data on lift, drag, pitching moment, trim and power in ground effect.

2) Ground reaction. Reaction of the aeroplane upon contact with the runway during landing to include strut deflections, tyre friction, side forces and other appropriate data, such as weight and speed, necessary to identify the flight condition and configuration.

3) Ground handling characteristics. Steering inputs to include cross-wind, braking, thrust reversing, deceleration and turning radius.

X X X X SOC required. Tests required. For Level A flight simulators, ground handling may generically be represented to the extent that allows turns within the confines of the runway and adequate control on the landing and roll-out from a cross-wind landing.

k) Wind shear models which provide training in the specific skills required for recognition of wind shear phenomena and execution of required manoeuvres. Such models shall be representative of measured or accident derived winds, but may include simplifications which ensure repeatable encounters. For example, models may consist of independent variable winds in multiple simultaneous components. Wind models should be available for the following critical phases of flight: 1) prior to take-off rotation; 2) at lift-off; 3) during initial climb;

X X Tests required. See Section 3.2 Test 2 g).

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Requirements A B C D Comments 4) short final approach.

Note: The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wind shear Training Aid, wind models from the United Kingdom Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE), the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project or other recognised sources may be implemented and shall be supported and properly referenced in the QTG. Wind models from alternative sources may also be used if supported by aeroplane related data and such data are properly supported and referenced in the QTG. Use of alternative data must be coordinated with the authority prior to submission of the QTG for approval.

l) Representative cross-winds and instructor controls for wind speed and direction.

X X X X

m) Representative stopping and directional control forces for at least the following runway conditions based on aeroplane related data: 1) dry; 2) wet; 3) icy; 4) patchy wet; 5) patchy icy; 6) wet on rubber residue in

touchdown zone.

X X SOC required. Objective tests required for 1), 2), 3). Subjective check for 4), 5), 6). See Section 3.2 Test 1 e).

n) Representative brake and tyre failure dynamics (including antiskid) and decreased braking efficiency due to brake temperatures based on aeroplane related data.

X X SOC required. Subjective test required for decreased braking efficiency due to brake temperature, if applicable.

o) A means for quickly and effectively conducting daily testing of flight simulator programming and hardware.

X X SOC required.

p) Flight simulator computer capacity, accuracy, resolution and dynamic response to fully support the overall

X X X X SOC required.

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Requirements A B C D Comments flight simulator fidelity.

q) Control feel dynamics which replicate the aeroplane simulated. Free response of the controls shall match that of the aeroplane within tolerance given in Section 3.2. Initial and upgrade evaluations will include control-free response (pitch, roll and yaw controllers) measurements recorded at the controls. The measured responses shall correspond to those of the aeroplane in take-off, cruise and landing configurations. 1) For aeroplanes with irreversible

control systems, measurements may be obtained on the ground if proper pitot static inputs are provided to represent conditions typical of those encountered in flight. Engineering validation or aeroplane manufacturer rationale shall be submitted as justification to ground test or to omit a configuration.

2) For simulators requiring static and dynamic tests at the controls, special test fixtures will not be required during initial evaluations if the QTG shows both test fixture results and alternate test method results, such as computer data plots, which were obtained concurrently. Repeat of the alternate method during initial evaluation may then satisfy this requirement.

X X Tests required. See Section 3.2, Tests 2 b) 1), 2 b) 2) and 2 b) 3). See Section 3.3.1 for a discussion of acceptable methods of validating control dynamics.

r) Verify the relative response of the visual system, flight deck instruments and initial motion system response to ensure that they are coupled closely to provide integrated sensory cues. Visual scene changes from steady state disturbance, i.e., the start of the scan of the first video field containing different information,

X

X

X

X

Test required. See Section 3.2, Test 4 a) and AC 60-3 Section 11. For Level A and B simulators the maximum permissible delay is 300 milliseconds. For Level C and D simulators the maximum permissible delay is 150 milliseconds.

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Requirements A B C D Comments shall occur within the permissible delay. Motion onset shall also occur within the permissible delay. Motion onset should occur before the start of the scan of the first video field containing different information; but shall occur before the end of the scan of the same video field. The test to determine compliance with these requirements shall include simultaneously recording the output from the pilot's pitch, roll and yaw controllers, the output from the accelerometer attached to the motion system platform located at an acceptable location near the pilots' seats, the output signal to the visual system display (including visual system analogue delays) and the output signal to the pilot's attitude indicator or an equivalent test approved by the authority. The following two methods are acceptable means to prove compliance with the above requirement: 1) Transport Delay. A transport

delay test may be used to demonstrate that the flight simulator system response does not exceed the permissible delay. This test shall measure all the delays encountered by a step signal migrating from the pilot's control through the control loading electronics and interfacing through all the simulation software modules in the correct order, using a handshaking protocol, finally through the normal output interfaces to the motion system, to the visual system and instrument displays. A recordable start time for the test should be provided by a pilot flight control input. The test mode shall permit normal computation time to be consumed and shall not alter the flow of information through the

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Requirements A B C D Comments hardware/ software system. The transport delay of the system is then the time between the control input and the individual hardware responses. It need only be measured once in each axis.

2) Latency. The visual system, flight deck instruments and initial motion system response shall respond to abrupt pitch, roll and yaw inputs from the pilot's position within the permissible delay, but not before the time, when the aeroplane would respond under the same conditions. The objective of the test is to compare the recorded response of the flight simulator to that of the actual aeroplane data in the take-off, cruise and landing configuration for rapid control inputs in all three rotational axes. The intent is to verify that the simulator system response does not exceed the permissible delay (this does not include aeroplane response time as per the manufacturer’s data) and that the motion and visual cues relate to actual aeroplane responses. For aeroplane response, acceleration in the appropriate corresponding rotational axis is preferred.

s) Aerodynamic modelling that includes, for aeroplanes issued an original type certificate after June 1980, low altitude level flight ground effect, Mach effect at high altitude, normal and reverse dynamic thrust effect on control surfaces, aeroelastic effect and representations of non-linearities due to side-slip based on aeroplane flight test data provided by the aeroplane manufacturer.

X SOC required. See Section 3.3.2 and Section 3.2, Test 2 f) for further information on ground effect. Mach effect, aeroelastic representations and non-linearities due to side-slip are normally included in the flight simulator aerodynamic model. The SOC shall address each of these items. Separate tests for thrust effects and an SOC are required.

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Requirements A B C D Comments t) Modelling that includes the effects of

airframe and engine icing. X X A statement of compliance

shall be provided describing the effects, which provide training in the specific skills required for recognition of icing phenomena and execution of recovery.

u) Aerodynamic and ground reaction modelling for the effects of reverse thrust on directional control.

X X X SOC required. Tests required. See Section 3.2, Test 2. e) 8) and 2. e) 9).

v) Realistic implementation of aeroplane mass properties, including mass, centre of gravity and moments of inertia as a function of payload and fuel loading.

X X X X SOC required. SOC should include a range of tabulated target values to enable a demonstration of the mass properties model to be conducted from the instructor’s station.

w) Self-testing for simulator hardware and programming to determine compliance with the simulator performance tests as prescribed in Section 3.2. Evidence of testing must include flight simulator number, date, time, conditions, tolerances and the appropriate dependent variables portrayed in comparison to the aeroplane data. Automatic flagging of ‘out-of-tolerance’ situations is encouraged.

X X SOC required. Tests required.

x) Timely permanent update of flight simulator hardware and programming subsequent to aeroplane modification sufficient for the qualification level sought.

X X X X

y) Daily pre-flight documentation either in the daily log or in a location easily accessible for review.

X X X X

2. MOTION SYSTEM

a) Motion cues perceived by the pilot representative of aeroplane motions, e.g., touchdown cues should be a function of the simulated rate of descent.

X X X X

b) A motion system: 1) providing sufficient cueing which

may be of a generic nature to accomplish the required tasks.

X

SOC required. Tests required.

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Requirements A B C D Comments 2) having a minimum of 3 degrees

of freedom (pitch, roll and heave).

3) which produces cues at least equivalent to those of a six degree-of-freedom synergistic platform motion system.

X

X

X

c) A means of recording the motion response time as required.

X X X X See Section 3.2, Test 4 a).

d) Motion effects programming to include: 1) effects of runway rumble, oleo

deflections, ground speed, uneven runway, centreline lights, and taxiway characteristics;

2) buffets on the ground due to spoiler/speedbrake extension and thrust reversal;

3) bumps associated with the landing gear;

4) buffet during extension and retraction of landing gear;

5) buffet in the air due to flap and spoiler/speedbrake extension;

6) approach to stall buffet; 7) touchdown cues for main and

nose gear; 8) nose-wheel scuffing; 9) thrust effect with brakes set; 10) Mach and manoeuvre buffet; 11) tyre failure dynamics; 12) engine malfunction and engine

damage; 13) tail and pod strike.

X X X X See Section 3.3.4 and Section 3.4. For Level A, effects may be of a generic nature sufficient to accomplish the required tasks.

e) Motion Vibrations. Tests with recorded results that allow the comparison of relative amplitudes versus frequency are required: 1) Characteristic motion vibrations

that result from operation of the aeroplane, in so far as vibration

X SOC required. Tests required. See Section 3.3.4 and Section 3.2 Test 3. e).

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Requirements A B C D Comments marks an event or aeroplane state that can be sensed at the flight deck, shall be present. The flight simulator shall be programmed and instrumented in such a manner that the characteristic vibration modes can be measured and compared to aeroplane data.

2) Aeroplane data are also required to define flight deck motions when the aeroplane is subjected to atmospheric disturbances. General-purpose disturbance models that approximate demonstrable flight test data are acceptable. Tests with recorded results that allow the comparison of relative amplitudes versus frequency are required.

3. VISUAL SYSTEMS

a) Visual system capable of meeting all the standards of this Section, Section 3.2 (Validation Tests) and Section 3.4 (Functions and Subjective Tests).

X X X X

b) Continuous minimum collimated visual field of view of 45 degrees horizontal and 30 degrees vertical field of view simultaneously for each pilot.

Continuous cross-cockpit minimum collimated visual field of view providing each pilot with 180 degrees horizontal and 40 degrees vertical field of view. Application of tolerances require the field of view to be not less than a total of 176 measured degrees horizontal field of view (including not less than +/- 88 measured degrees either side of the centre of the design eye point) and not less than a total of 36 measured degrees vertical field of view from the pilot’s and co-pilot’s eye points.

X X X

X

See Section 3.2 Test 4. b) 1). A SOC is acceptable in place of this test. Consideration should be given to optimising the vertical field of view for the respective aeroplane cut-off angle.

c) A means of recording the visual response time for visual systems as

X X X X See Section 3.2 Test 4 a).

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Requirements A B C D Comments required.

d) System geometry. The system fitted shall be free from optical discontinuities and artefacts that create non-realistic cues, e.g., image swimming and image roll-off, that may lead a pilot to make incorrect assessments of speed, acceleration and/or situational awareness.

X X X X See Section 3.2 Test 4.b) 2.

A SOC is acceptable in place of this test.

e) Visual textural cues to assess sink rate and depth perception during take-off and landing.

X X X X For Level A, visual cueing sufficient to support changes in approach path by using runway perspective.

f) Horizon and attitude shall correlate to the simulated attitude indicator.

X X X X SOC required. Tests required. See Section 3.4 Test 2. e).

g) Occulting shall be demonstrated. A minimum of ten levels of occulting.

X X X

X

SOC required. See Section 3.4, Test 2. g) 4).

h) Surface (vernier) resolution shall be demonstrated by a test pattern of objects shown to occupy a visual angle of not greater than 2 arc minutes in the visual display used on a scene from the pilot's eyepoint.

X X SOC required containing calculations confirming resolution. See Section 3.2, Test 4. b) 5.

i) Lightpoint size: not greater than 5 arc minutes.

X X SOC required. See paragraph 3.3.5.1 d). This is equivalent to a lightpoint resolution of 2.5 arc minutes.

j) Lightpoint contrast ratio: not less than 10:1.

Lightpoint contrast ratio: not less than 25:1.

X X

X

X

SOC required. See Section 3.2, Test 4. b) 7.

k) Daylight, twilight (dusk/dawn) and night visual capability as applicable for level of qualification sought.

The visual system shall be capable of meeting, as a minimum, the system brightness and contrast ratio requirements as identified in Section 3.2, Test 4. b).

Total scene content shall be comparable in detail to that produced by 10 000 visible textured surfaces and (in day) 6 000 visible

X X

X X

X X X

X X X

SOC required for system capability. Scene content tests are also required—see Section 3.4, Test 2.

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Requirements A B C D Comments lights or (in twilight or night) 15 000 visible lights and sufficient system capacity to display 16 simultaneously moving objects.

The system when used in training, should provide:

1) In daylight, full colour presentations and sufficient surfaces with appropriate textural cues to conduct a visual approach, landing and airport movement (taxi). Surface shading effects should be consistent with simulated (static) sun position.

2) At twilight, as a minimum, full colour presentations of reduced ambient intensity, sufficient surfaces with appropriate textural cues that include self-illuminated objects such as road networks, ramp lighting and airport signage to conduct a visual approach, landing and airport movement (taxi). Scenes shall include a definable horizon and typical terrain characteristics such as fields, roads and bodies of water and surfaces illuminated by representative ownship lighting, e.g., landing lights. If provided, directional horizon lighting shall have correct orientation and be consistent with surface shading effects.

3) At night, as a minimum, all features applicable to the twilight scene, as defined above, with the exception of the need to portray reduced ambient intensity that removes ground cues that are not self-illuminating or illuminated by ownship lights, e.g., landing lights.

X

X

X X X

X X X

4. SOUND SYSTEM

a) Significant flight deck sounds which result from pilot actions corresponding to those of the aeroplane.

X X X X

b) Sound of precipitation, rain removal equipment and other significant aeroplane noises perceptible to the

X X SOC required.

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Requirements A B C D Comments pilot during normal and abnormal operations and the sound of a crash when the simulator is landed in excess of limitations.

c) Comparable amplitude and frequency of flight deck noises, including engine and airframe sounds. The sounds shall be co-ordinated with the required weather.

X See Section 3.3.6 and Section 3.2, Tests 5.a), 5.b) and 5.c).

d) The volume control shall have an indication of sound level setting which meets all qualification requirements.

X X X X

(2) This paragraph describes the general Flight Training Devices requirements for level

1, 2, and 4, 5, 6 described in table A2. TABLE A2 :

Standard Requirement for Flight Training Devices Level 1 and Level 2

Qualification

Level

General Technical Requirements Maximum Credits

1 Type specific with at least 1 system fully

represented

Closed or open flight deck

(Note: Choice of systems simulated is the

responsibility of the Organisation seeking approval or

re-approval for the course)

Suitable for :

- Selective system management credits (except for pilot manual control handling skills) as follow :

part of an approved conversion/transition course, recurrent training, checking

2 - Type specific - All applicable systems fully

represented - Closed flight deck - Type specific or Generic Flight

Dynamics (but shall be representative of aircraft performance)

- On board Instructor station - Significant sounds - Control of atmospheric conditions - Navigation Data Base (sufficient to

support aeroplane systems)

Suitable for : - Systems Management

Initial and Recurrent training, checking and testing, (except pilot manual control handling skills i.e. those flight manoeuvres executed via the pilots primary flying controls).

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- Adequate test capability - Primary flight controls which control

the - flight path and be broadly

representative of aeroplane control characteristics.

- CRM Training, as part of approved course.

- LOFT (Route and area familiarisation only where at least

- Level A simulator visual system fitted).

Standard Requirement for Flight Training Devices for Level 4, 5, and 6

Information

FTD level

Entry No. General FTD requirements 4 5 6 Notes

1. General Flight Deck Configuration

1.a. The FTD must have a flight deck that is a replica of the airplane simulated with controls, equipment, observable flight deck indicators, circuit breakers, and bulkheads properly located, functionally accurate and replicating the airplane. The direction of movement of controls and switches must be identical to that in the airplane. Pilot seat(s) must afford the capability for the occupant to be able to achieve the design “eye position.” Equipment for the operation of the flight deck windows must be included, but the actual windows need not be operable. Fire axes, extinguishers, and spare light bulbs must be available in the flight simulator, but may be relocated to a suitable location as near as practical to the original position. Fire axes, landing gear pins, and any similar purpose instruments need only be represented in silhouette

X For FTD purposes, the flight deck consists of all that space forward of a cross section of the fuselage at the most extreme aft setting of the pilots' seats including additional, required flight crewmember duty stations and those required bulkheads aft of the pilot seats. For clarification, bulkheads containing only items such as landing gear pin storage compartments, fire axes and extinguishers, spare light bulbs, aircraft documents pouches are not considered essential and may be omitted.

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1.b. The FTD must have equipment (e.g., instruments, panels, systems, circuit breakers, and controls) simulated sufficiently for the authorized training/checking events to be accomplished. The installed equipment must be located in a spatially correct location and may be in a flight deck or an open flight deck area. Additional equipment required for the authorized training/checking events must be available in the FTD, but may be located in a suitable location as near as practical to the spatially correct position. Actuation of equipment must replicate the appropriate function in the airplane. Fire axes, landing gear pins, and any similar purpose instruments need only be represented in silhouette

X X

2. Programming

2.a. The FTD must provide the proper effect of aerodynamic changes for the combinations of drag and thrust normally encountered in flight. This must include the effect of change in airplane attitude, thrust, drag, altitude, temperature, and configuration

X X

Level 6 additionally requires the effects of changes in gross weight and center of gravity

Level 5 requires only generic aerodynamic programming

An SOC is required

2.b. The FTD must have the computer (analog or digital) capability (i.e., capacity, accuracy, resolution, and dynamic response) needed to meet the qualification level sought

X X X

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An SOC is required.

2.c. Relative responses of the flight deck instruments must be measured by latency tests, or transport delay tests, and may not exceed 300 milliseconds. The instruments must respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position within the allotted time, but not before the time when the airplane responds under the same conditions

X X The intent is to verify that the FTD provides instrument cues that are, within the stated time delays, like the airplane responses. For airplane response, acceleration in the appropriate, corresponding rotational axis is preferred. Additional information regarding Latency and Transport Delay testing may be found in Appendix A, Attachment 2, paragraph 15.

• Latency: The FTD instrument and, if applicable, the motion system and the visual system response must not be prior to that time when the airplane responds and may respond up to 300 milliseconds after that time under the same conditions

• Transport Delay: As an alternative to the Latency requirement, a transport delay objective test may be used to demonstrate that the FTD system does not exceed the specified limit. The sponsor must measure all the delay encountered by a step signal migrating from the pilot's control through all the simulation software modules in the correct order, using a handshaking protocol, finally through the normal output interfaces to the instrument display and, if applicable, the motion system, and the visual system

3. Equipment Operation

3.a. All relevant instrument indications involved in the simulation of the airplane must automatically respond to control movement or external disturbances to the simulated airplane; e.g., turbulence or winds

X X

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3.b. Navigation equipment must be installed and operate within the tolerances applicable for the airplane

X X

Level 6 must also include communication equipment (inter-phone and air/ground) like that in the airplane and, if appropriate to the operation being conducted, an oxygen mask microphone system

Level 5 need have only that navigation equipment necessary to fly an instrument approach

3.c. Installed systems must simulate the applicable airplane system operation, both on the ground and in flight. Installed systems must be operative to the extent that applicable normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures included in the sponsor's training programs can be accomplished

X X X

Level 6 must simulate all applicable airplane flight, navigation, and systems operation

Level 5 must have at least functional flight and navigational controls, displays, and instrumentation

Level 4 must have at least one airplane system installed and functional

3.d. The lighting environment for panels and instruments must be sufficient for the operation being conducted

X X X Back-lighted panels and instruments may be installed but are not required.

3.e. The FTD must provide control forces and control travel that correspond to the airplane being simulated. Control

X

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forces must react in the same manner as in the airplane under the same flight conditions

3.f. The FTD must provide control forces and control travel of sufficient precision to manually fly an instrument approach

X

4. Instructor or Evaluator Facilities

4.a. In addition to the flight crewmember stations, suitable seating arrangements for an instructor/check airman and FAA Inspector must be available. These seats must provide adequate view of crewmember's panel(s)

X X X These seats need not be a replica of an aircraft seat and may be as simple as an office chair placed in an appropriate position.

4.b. The FTD must have instructor controls that permit activation of normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions as appropriate. Once activated, proper system operation must result from system management by the crew and not require input from the instructor controls

X X X

5. Motion System (not required)

5.a. The FTD may have a motion system, if desired, although it is not required. If a motion system is installed and additional training, testing, or checking credits are being sought on the basis of having a motion system, the motion system operation may not be distracting and must be coupled closely to provide integrated sensory cues. The motion system must also respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position within the allotted time, but not before the time when the airplane responds under the same conditions

X X The motion system standards set out in part 60, Appendix A for at least Level A simulators is acceptable.

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5.b. If a motion system is installed, it must be measured by latency tests or transport delay tests and may not exceed 300 milliseconds. Instrument response may not occur prior to motion onset

X The motion system standards set out in part 60, Appendix A for at least Level A simulators is acceptable.

6. Visual System

6.a. The FTD may have a visual system, if desired, although it is not required. If a visual system is installed, it must meet the following criteria:

X X X

6.a.1. The visual system must respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position An SOC is required.

X X

6.a.2. The visual system must be at least a single channel, non-collimated display An SOC is required.

X X X

6.a.3. The visual system must provide at least a field-of-view of 18° vertical / 24° horizontal for the pilot flying An SOC is required.

X X X

6.a.4. The visual system must provide for a maximum parallax of 10° per pilot An SOC is required.

X X X

6.a.5. The visual scene content may not be distracting An SOC is required.

X X X

6.a.6. The minimum distance from the pilot's eye position to the surface of a direct view display may not be less than the distance to any front panel instrument An SOC is required.

X X X

6.a.7. The visual system must provide for a minimum resolution of 5 arc-minutes

X X X

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for both computed and displayed pixel size An SOC is required.

6.b. If a visual system is installed and additional training, testing, or checking credits are being sought on the basis of having a visual system, a visual system meeting the standards set out for at least a Level A FFS (see Appendix A of this part) will be required. A “direct-view,” non-collimated visual system (with the other requirements for a Level A visual system met) may be considered satisfactory for those installations where the visual system design “eye point” is appropriately adjusted for each pilot's position such that the parallax error is at or less than 10° simultaneously for each pilot An SOC is required.

X Directly projected, non-collimated visual displays may prove to be unacceptable for dual pilot applications.

7. Sound System

7.a. The FTD must simulate significant flight deck sounds resulting from pilot actions that correspond to those heard in the airplane

X

(3) This paragraph describes the general Flight Training Devices requirements for level

1 and 2 described in table A3.

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APPENDIX B

GENERAL REQUIREMENT LEVEL OF SYNTHETIC TRAINING DEVICES -HELICOPTER

(1) This paragraph describes the general Flight Simulator requirements described in

table B1

TABLE B 1

Simulator

levels Information Entry No. General simulator requirements B C D Notes

1. General Flight Deck Configuration

1.a. The simulator must have a flight deck that is a replica of the helicopter being simulated The simulator must have controls, equipment, observable flight deck indicators, circuit breakers, and bulkheads properly located, functionally accurate and replicating the helicopter. The direction of movement of controls and switches must be identical to that in the helicopter. Pilot seats must afford the capability for the occupant to be able to achieve the design “eye position” established for the helicopter being simulated. Equipment for the operation of the flight deck windows must be included, but the actual windows need not be operable. Fire axes, extinguishers, and spare light bulbs must be available in the FFS but may be relocated to a suitable location as near as practical to the original position. Fire axes, landing gear pins, and any similar purpose instruments need only be represented in silhouette

X X X For simulator purposes, the flight deck consists of all that space forward of a cross section of the fuselage at the most extreme aft setting of the pilots' seats including additional, required flight crewmember duty stations and those required bulkheads aft of the pilot seats. For clarification, bulkheads containing only items such as landing gear pin storage compartments, fire axes and extinguishers, spare light bulbs, and aircraft documents pouches are not considered essential and may be omitted.

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1.b. Those circuit breakers that affect procedures or result in observable flight deck indications must be properly located and functionally accurate

X X X

2. Programming

2.a. A flight dynamics model that accounts for various combinations of air speed and power normally encountered in flight must correspond to actual flight conditions, including the effect of change in helicopter attitude, aerodynamic and propulsive forces and moments, altitude, temperature, mass, center of gravity location, and configuration An SOC is required

X X X

2.b. The simulator must have the computer capacity, accuracy, resolution, and dynamic response needed to meet the qualification level sought An SOC is required

X X X

2.c. Ground handling (where appropriate) and aerodynamic programming must include the following:

2.c.1. Ground effect Level B does not require hover programming An SOC is required

X X X Applicable areas include flare and touch down from a running landing as well as for in-ground-effect (IGE) hover. A reasonable simulation of ground effect includes modelling of lift, drag, pitching moment, trim, and power while in ground effect.

2.c.2. Ground reaction Level B does not require hover programming

X X X Reaction of the helicopter upon contact with the landing surface during landing (e.g., strut deflection, tire or skid friction,

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An SOC is required side forces) may differ with changes in gross weight, airspeed, rate of descent on touchdown, and slide slip.

2.d. The simulator must provide for manual and automatic testing of simulator hardware and software program.

X X This may include an automated system, which could be used for conducting at least a portion of the QTG tests. Automatic “flagging” of out-of-tolerance situations is encouraged.

(*)

2.e. The relative responses of the motion system, visual system, and flight deck instruments must be measured by latency tests or transport delay tests. Motion onset must occur before the end of the scan of that video field. Instrument response may not occur prior to motion onset. Test results must be within the following limits:

The intent is to verify that the simulator provides instrument, motion, and visual cues that are like the helicopter responses within the stated time delays. It is preferable motion onset occur before the start of the visual scene change (the start of the scan of the first video field containing different information). For helicopter response, acceleration in the appropriate corresponding rotational axis is preferred.

2.e.1. Response must be within 150 milliseconds of the helicopter response

X

2.e.2. Response must be within 100 milliseconds of the helicopter response

X X

2.f. The simulator must simulate brake and tire failure dynamics (including antiskid failure, if appropriate) An SOC is required.

X X The simulator should represent the motion (in the appropriate axes) and the directional control characteristics of the helicopter when experiencing simulated brake or tire failures.

2.g. The aerodynamic modelling in the simulator must include:

X X (*)

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(1) Ground effect, (2) Effects of airframe and rotor icing (if applicable), (3) Aerodynamic interference effects between the rotor wake and fuselage, (4) Influence of the rotor on control and stabilization systems, (5) Representations of settling with power, and (6) Retreating blade stall. An SOC is required.

2.h. The simulator must provide for realistic mass properties, including gross weight, center of gravity, and moments of inertia as a function of payload and fuel loading An SOC is required.

X X X

3. Equipment Operation

3.a. All relevant instrument indications involved in the simulation of the helicopter must automatically respond to control movement or external disturbances to the simulated helicopter; e.g., turbulence or windshear. Numerical values must be presented in the appropriate units

X X X

3.b. Communications, navigation, caution, and warning equipment must be installed and operate within the tolerances applicable for the helicopter being simulated

X X X (*)

3.c. Simulated helicopter systems must operate as the helicopter systems operate under normal, abnormal, and emergency operating conditions on the ground and in flight

X X X

3.d. The simulator must provide pilot controls with control forces and control travel that correspond to the

X X X

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simulated helicopter. The simulator must also react in the same manner as the helicopter under the same flight conditions

3.e. Simulator control feel dynamics must replicate the helicopter simulated. This must be determined by comparing a recording of the control feel dynamics of the simulator to helicopter measurements. For initial and upgrade evaluations, the control dynamic characteristics must be measured and recorded directly from the flight deck controls, and must be accomplished in takeoff, cruise, and landing conditions and configurations

X X

4. Instructor/Evaluator Facilities

4.a. In addition to the flight crewmember stations, the simulator must have at least two suitable seats for the instructor/check airman and DGCA inspector. These seats must provide adequate vision to the pilot's panel and forward windows. All seats other than flight crew seats need not represent those found in the helicopter but must be adequately secured to the floor and equipped with similar positive restraint devices

X X X The team leader will consider alternatives to this standard for additional seats based on unique flight deck configurations.

4.b. The simulator must have controls that enable the instructor/evaluator to control all required system variables and insert all abnormal or emergency conditions into the simulated helicopter systems as described in the DGCA approved training program, or as described in the relevant operating manual as appropriate

X X X

4.c. The simulator must have instructor controls for all environmental effects

X X X

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expected to be available at the IOS (Instructor Operating Station) ; e.g., clouds, visibility, icing, precipitation, temperature, storm cells, and wind speed and direction

4.d. The simulator must provide the instructor or evaluator the ability to present ground and air hazards

X X For example, another aircraft crossing the active runway and converging airborne traffic.

4.e. The simulator must provide the instructor or evaluator the ability to present the effect of re-circulating dust, water vapour, or snow conditions that develop as a result of rotor downwash

X X This is a selectable condition that is not required for all operations on or near the surface.

5. Motion System

5.a. The simulator must have motion (force) cues perceptible to the pilot that are representative of the motion in a helicopter

X X X For example, touchdown cues should be a function of the rate of descent (RoD) of the simulated helicopter.

5.b. The simulator must have a motion (force cueing) system with a minimum of three degrees of freedom (at least pitch, roll, and heave) An SOC is required.

X

5.c. The simulator must have a motion (force cueing) system that produces cues at least equivalent to those of a six-degrees-of-freedom, synergistic platform motion system (i.e., pitch, roll, yaw, heave, sway, and surge) An SOC is required.

X X

5.d. The simulator must provide for the recording of the motion system response time An SOC is required.

X X X

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5.e. The simulator must provide motion effects programming to include the following:

(1) Runway rumble, oleo deflections, effects of ground speed, uneven runway, characteristics.

X X X

(2) Buffets due to transverse flow effects.

(3) Buffet during extension and retraction of landing gear.

(4) Buffet due to retreating blade stall.

(5) Buffet due to vortex ring (settling with power).

(6) Representative cues resulting from touchdown.

(7) High speed rotor vibrations.

(8) Tire failure dynamics X X

(9) Engine malfunction and engine damage

(10) Airframe ground strike

(11) Motion vibrations that result from atmospheric disturbances

X For air turbulence, general purpose disturbance models are acceptable if, when used, they produce test results that approximate demonstrable flight test data.

5.f. The simulator must provide characteristic motion vibrations that

X The simulator should be programmed and instrumented in

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result from operation of the helicopter (for example, retreating blade stall, extended landing gear, settling with power) in so far as vibration marks an event or helicopter state, which can be sensed in the flight deck

such a manner that the characteristic buffet modes can be measured and compared to helicopter data.

6. Visual System Additional horizontal field-of-view capability may be added at the sponsor's discretion provided the minimum field-of-view is retained.

6.a. The simulator must have a visual system providing an out-of-the-flight deck view

X X X

6.b. The simulator must provide a continuous field-of-view of at least 75° horizontally and 30° vertically per pilot seat. Both pilot seat visual systems must be operable simultaneously. The minimum horizontal field-of-view coverage must be plus and minus one-half ( 1/2) of the minimum continuous field-of-view requirement, centered on the zero degree azimuth line relative to the aircraft fuselage. An SOC must explain the geometry of the installation An SOC is required.

X

6.c. The simulator must provide a continuous visual field-of-view of at least 146° horizontally and 36° vertically per pilot seat. Both pilot seat visual systems must be operable simultaneously. Horizontal field-of-view is centered on the zero degree azimuth line relative to the aircraft fuselage. The minimum horizontal field-of-view coverage must be plus and minus one-half ( 1/2) of the minimum continuous field-of-view requirement, centered on the zero degree azimuth line

X Optimization of the vertical field-of-view may be considered with respect to the specific helicopter flight deck cut-off angle. The sponsor may request the team leader to evaluate the FFS for specific authorization(s) for the following: (1) Specific areas within the database needing higher resolution to support landings, take-offs and ground cushion exercises and training away from a heliport, including elevated

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relative to the aircraft fuselage. An SOC must explain the geometry of the installation. Capability for a field-of-view in excess of the minimum is not required for qualification at Level C. However, where specific tasks require extended fields of view beyond the 146° by 36° (e.g., to accommodate the use of “chin windows” where the accommodation is either integral with or separate from the primary visual system display), then the extended fields of view must be provided. When considering the installation and use of augmented fields of view, the sponsor must meet with the team leader to determine the training, testing, checking, and experience tasks for which the augmented field-of-view capability may be required An SOC is required.

heliport, helidecks and confined areas. (2) For cross-country flights, sufficient scene details to allow for ground to map navigation over a sector length equal to 30 minutes at an average cruise speed. (3) For offshore airborne radar approaches (ARA), harmonized visual/radar representations of installations.

6.d. The simulator must provide a continuous visual field-of-view of at least 176° horizontally and 56° vertically per pilot seat. Both pilot seat visual systems must be operable simultaneously. Horizontal field-of-view is centered on the zero degree azimuth line relative to the aircraft fuselage. The minimum horizontal field-of-view coverage must be plus and minus one-half ( 1/2) of the minimum continuous field-of-view requirement, centered on the zero degree azimuth line relative to the aircraft fuselage. An SOC must explain the geometry of the installation. Capability for a field-of-view in excess of the minimum is not required for qualification at Level D. However, where specific tasks require extended fields of view beyond the 176° by 56° (e.g., to accommodate the use of “chin windows” where the accommodation is either integral with or separate from the primary visual system display), then the extended fields of

X Optimization of the vertical field-of-view may be considered with respect to the specific helicopter flight deck cut-off angle. The sponsor may request the team leader to evaluate the FFS for specific authorization(s) for the following: (1) Specific areas within the database needing higher resolution to support landings, take-offs and ground cushion exercises and training away from a heliport, including elevated heliport, helidecks and confined areas. (2) For cross-country flights, sufficient scene details to allow for ground to map navigation over a sector length equal to 30 minutes at an average cruise speed. (3) For offshore airborne radar approaches (ARA), harmonized visual/radar representations of installations.

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view must be provided. When considering the installation and use of augmented fields of view, the sponsor must meet with the team leader to determine the training, testing, checking, and experience tasks for which the augmented field-of-view capability may be required An SOC is required.

6.e. The visual system must be free from optical discontinuities and artifacts that create non-realistic cues

X X X Non-realistic cues might include image “swimming” and image “roll-off,” that may lead a pilot to make incorrect assessments of speed, acceleration and/or situational awareness.

6.f. The simulator must have operational landing lights for night scenes. Where used, dusk (or twilight) scenes require operational landing lights.

X X X

6.g. The simulator must have instructor controls for the following: (1) Visibility in statute miles (kilometers) and runway visual range (RVR) in ft. (meters). (2) Airport or landing area selection (3) Airport or landing area lighting

X X X

6.h. Each airport scene displayed must include the following: (1) Airport runways and taxiways (2) Runway definition (a) Runway surface and markings (b) Lighting for the runway in use, including runway threshold, edge, centerline, touchdown zone, VASI (or PAPI), and approach lighting of appropriate colors, as appropriate (c) Taxiway lights

X X X

6.i. The simulator must provide visual system compatibility with dynamic response programming

X X X

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6.j. The simulator must show that the segment of the ground visible from the simulator flight deck is the same as from the helicopter flight deck (within established tolerances) when at the correct airspeed and altitude above the touchdown zone

X X X This will show the modelling accuracy of the scene with respect to a predetermined position from the end of the runway “in use.”

6.k. The simulator must provide visual cues necessary to assess rate of change of height, height AGL, and translational displacement and rates during takeoffs and landings

X

6.l. The simulator must provide visual cues necessary to assess rate of change of height, height AGL, as well as translational displacement and rates during takeoff, low altitude/low airspeed maneuvering, hover, and landing

X X

6.m. The simulator must provide for accurate portrayal of the visual environment relating to the simulator attitude

X X X Visual attitude vs. simulator attitude is a comparison of pitch and roll of the horizon as displayed in the visual scene compared to the display on the attitude indicator.

6.n The simulator must provide for quick confirmation of visual system color, RVR, focus, and intensity An SOC is required.

X X

6.o. The simulator must be capable of producing at least 10 levels of occulting

X X

6.p. Night Visual Scenes. The simulator must provide night visual scenes with sufficient scene content to recognize the airport, the terrain, and major landmarks around the airport. The scene content must allow a pilot to successfully accomplish a visual landing. Night

X X X

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scenes, as a minimum, must provide presentations of sufficient surfaces with appropriate textural cues that include self-illuminated objects such as road networks, ramp lighting, and airport signage, to conduct a visual approach, a landing, and airport movement (taxi). Scenes must include a definable horizon and typical terrain characteristics such as fields, roads and bodies of water and surfaces illuminated by helicopter landing lights

6.q. Dusk (Twilight) Visual Scenes. The simulator must provide dusk (or twilight) visual scenes with sufficient scene content to recognize the airport, the terrain, and major landmarks around the airport. The scene content must allow a pilot to successfully accomplish a visual landing. Dusk (or twilight) scenes, as a minimum, must provide full color presentations of reduced ambient intensity, sufficient surfaces with appropriate textural cues that include self-illuminated objects such as road networks, ramp lighting and airport signage, to conduct a visual approach, landing and airport movement (taxi). Scenes must include a definable horizon and typical terrain characteristics such as fields, roads and bodies of water and surfaces illuminated by representative aircraft lighting (e.g., landing lights). If provided, directional horizon lighting must have correct orientation and be consistent with surface shading effects. Total scene content must be comparable in detail to that produced by 10,000 visible textured surfaces and 15,000 visible lights with sufficient system capacity to display 16 simultaneously moving objects An SOC is required.

X X

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6.r. Daylight Visual Scenes. The simulator must have daylight visual scenes with sufficient scene content to recognize the airport, the terrain, and major landmarks around the airport. The scene content must allow a pilot to successfully accomplish a visual landing. No ambient lighting may “washout” the displayed visual scene. Total scene content must be comparable in detail to that produced by 10,000 visible textured surfaces and 6,000 visible lights with sufficient system capacity to display 16 simultaneously moving objects. The visual display must be free of apparent and distracting quantization and other distracting visual effects while the simulator is in motion An SOC is required.

X X

6.s The simulator must provide operational visual scenes that portray physical relationships known to cause landing illusions to pilots

X X For example: short runways, landing approaches over water, uphill or downhill runways, rising terrain on the approach path, unique topographic features.

6.t. The simulator must provide special weather representations of light, medium, and heavy precipitation near a thunderstorm on takeoff and during approach and landing. Representations need only be presented at and below an altitude of 2,000 ft. (610 m) above the airport surface and within 10 miles (16 km) of the airport

X X

6.u. The simulator must present visual scenes of wet and snow-covered runways, including runway lighting reflections for wet conditions, and partially obscured lights for snow conditions

X X The team leader will consider suitable alternative effects.

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6.v. The simulator must present realistic color and directionality of all airport lighting

X X

7. Sound System

7.a. The simulator must provide flight deck sounds that result from pilot actions that correspond to those that occur in the helicopter

X X X

7.b. Volume control, if installed, must have an indication of the sound level setting

X X X

7.c. The simulator must accurately simulate the sound of precipitation, windshield wipers, and other significant helicopter noises perceptible to the pilot during normal and abnormal operations, and include the sound of a crash (when the simulator is landed in an unusual attitude or in excess of the structural gear limitations); normal engine sounds; and the sounds of gear extension and retraction An SOC is required.

X X

7.d. The simulator must provide realistic amplitude and frequency of flight deck noises and sounds. Simulator performance must be recorded, compared to amplitude and frequency of the same sounds recorded in the helicopter, and made a part of the QTG

X

(2) This paragraph describes the general Flight Training Devices requirements for level

1, 2, and 4, 5, 6, 7described in table B 2.

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TABLE B 2 : Standard Requirement for Flight Training Devices Level 1 and Level 2

Qualification

Level

General Technical Requirements Maximum Credits

1 Type specific with at least 1 system fully

represented

Closed or open flight deck

(Note: Choice of systems simulated is the

responsibility of the Organisation seeking approval or

re-approval for the course)

Suitable for :

- Selective system management credits (except for pilot manual control handling skills) as follow :

part of an approved conversion/transition course, recurrent training, checking

2 - Type specific - All applicable systems fully

represented - Closed flight deck - Type specific or Generic Flight

Dynamics (but shall be representative of aircraft performance)

- On board Instructor station - Significant sounds - Control of atmospheric conditions - Navigation Data Base (sufficient to

support aeroplane systems) - Adequate test capability - Primary flight controls which control

the - flight path and be broadly

representative of aeroplane control characteristics.

Suitable for : - Systems Management

Initial and Recurrent training, checking and testing, (except pilot manual control handling skills i.e. those flight manoeuvres executed via the pilots primary flying controls).

- CRM Training, as part of approved course.

- LOFT (Route and area familiarisation only where at least

- Level A simulator visual system fitted).

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Standard Requirement for Flight Training Devices for Level 4, 5, 6 and 7

Information

FTD level

Entry No. General FTD requirements 4 5 6 7 Notes

1. General Flight Deck Configuration.

1.a. The FTD must have a flight deck that is a replica of the helicopter, or set of helicopters simulated with controls, equipment, observable flight deck indicators, circuit breakers, and bulkheads properly located, functionally accurate and replicating the helicopter or set of helicopters. The direction of movement of controls and switches must be identical to that in the helicopter or set of helicopters. Crewmember seats must afford the capability for the occupant to be able to achieve the design “eye position.” Equipment for the operation of the flight deck windows must be included, but the actual windows need not be operable. Those circuit breakers that affect procedures or result in observable flight deck indications must be properly located and functionally accurate. Fire axes, extinguishers, landing gear pins, and spare light bulbs must be available, and may be represented in silhouette, in the flight simulator. This equipment must be present as near as practical to the original position

X X For FTD purposes, the flight deck consists of all that space forward of a cross section of the flight deck at the most extreme aft setting of the pilots' seats including additional, required crewmember duty stations and those required bulkheads aft of the pilot seats. Bulkheads containing only items such as landing gear pin storage compartments, fire axes and extinguishers, spare light bulbs, and aircraft documents pouches are not considered essential and may be omitted. If omitted, these items, or the silhouettes of these items, may be placed on the wall of the simulator, or in any other location as near as practical to the original position of these items.

1.b. The FTD must have equipment (i.e., instruments, panels, systems, circuit breakers, and controls) simulated sufficiently for the authorized training/checking events to be accomplished. The installed equipment, must be located in a spatially correct configuration, and may be in a flight deck

X X

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or an open flight deck area. Those circuit breakers that affect procedures or result in observable flight deck indications must be properly located and functionally accurate. Additional equipment required for the authorized training and checking events must be available in the FTD but may be located in a suitable location as near as practical to the spatially correct position. Actuation of this equipment must replicate the appropriate function in the helicopter. Fire axes, landing gear pins, and any similar purpose instruments need only be represented in silhouette

2. Programming.

2.a. The FTD must provide the proper effect of aerodynamic changes for the combinations of drag and thrust normally encountered in flight. This must include the effect of change in helicopter attitude, thrust, drag, altitude, temperature, and configuration. Levels 6 and 7 additionally require the effects of changes in gross weight and center of gravity. Level 5 requires only generic aerodynamic programming. An SOC is required

X X X

2.b. The FTD must have the computer (analog or digital) capability (i.e., capacity, accuracy, resolution, and dynamic response) needed to meet the qualification level sought. An SOC is required

X X X X

2.c. Relative responses of the flight deck instruments must be measured by latency tests or transport delay tests, and may not exceed 150 milliseconds. The instruments must respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position within the allotted time, but not before the time that the helicopter or set of helicopters respond under the same conditions • Latency: The FTD instrument and, if applicable, the motion system and the visual system response must not be prior

X X X The intent is to verify that the FTD provides instrument cues that are, within the stated time delays, like the helicopter responses. For helicopter response, acceleration in the appropriate, corresponding rotational axis is preferred.

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to that time when the helicopter responds and may respond up to 150 milliseconds after that time under the same conditions • Transport Delay: As an alternative to the Latency requirement, a transport delay objective test may be used to demonstrate that the FTD system does not exceed the specified limit. The sponsor must measure all the delay encountered by a step signal migrating from the pilot's control through all the simulation software modules in the correct order, using a handshaking protocol, finally through the normal output interfaces to the instrument display and, if applicable, the motion system, and the visual system

3. Equipment Operation.

3.a. All relevant instrument indications involved in the simulation of the helicopter must automatically respond to control movement or external disturbances to the simulated helicopter or set of helicopters; e.g., turbulence or winds

A X X X

3.b. Navigation equipment must be installed and operate within the tolerances applicable for the helicopter or set of helicopters. Levels 6 and 7 must also include communication equipment (inter-phone and air/ground) like that in the helicopter. Level 5 only needs that navigation equipment necessary to fly an instrument approach

A X X X

3.c. Installed systems must simulate the applicable helicopter system operation both on the ground and in flight. At least one helicopter system must be represented. Systems must be operative to the extent that applicable normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures included in the sponsor's training programs can be accomplished. Levels 6 and 7 must simulate all applicable helicopter flight, navigation, and systems operation. Level 5 must have functional

A X X X

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flight and navigational controls, displays, and instrumentation

3.d. The lighting environment for panels and instruments must be sufficient for the operation being conducted

X X X X Back-lighted panels and instruments may be installed but are not required.

3.e. The FTD must provide control forces and control travel that correspond to the replicated helicopter or set of helicopters. Control forces must react in the same manner as in the helicopter or set of helicopters under the same flight conditions

X X

3.f. The FTD must provide control forces and control travel of sufficient precision to manually fly an instrument approach. The control forces must react in the same manner as in the helicopter or set of helicopters under the same flight conditions

X

4. Instructor or Evaluator Facilities.

4.a. In addition to the flight crewmember stations, suitable seating arrangements for an instructor/check airman and DGCA Inspector must be available. These seats must provide adequate view of crewmember's panel(s)

X X X X These seats need not be a replica of an aircraft seat and may be as simple as an office chair placed in an appropriate position.

4.b. The FTD must have instructor controls that permit activation of normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions, as appropriate. Once activated, proper system operation must result from system management by the crew and not require input from the instructor controls.

X X X X

5. Motion System

5.a. A motion system may be installed in an FTD. If installed, the motion system operation must not be distracting. If a

X X X X

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motion system is installed and additional training, testing, or checking credits are being sought, sensory cues must also be integrated. The motion system must respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position within the allotted time, but not before the time when the helicopter responds under the same conditions. The motion system must be measured by latency tests or transport delay tests and may not exceed 150 milliseconds. Instrument response must not occur prior to motion onset

5.b. The FTD must have at least a vibration cueing system for characteristic helicopter vibrations noted at the pilot station(s)

X May be accomplished by a “seat shaker” or a bass speaker sufficient to provide the necessary cueing.

6. Visual System

6.a. The FTD may have a visual system, if desired, although it is not required. If a visual system is installed, it must meet the following criteria:

6.a.1. The visual system must respond to abrupt input at the pilot's position. An SOC is required

X X X

6.a.2. The visual system must be at least a single channel, non-collimated display. An SOC is required

X X X

6.a.3. The visual system must provide at least a field-of-view of 18° vertical/24° horizontal for the pilot flying. An SOC is required

X X X

6.a.4. The visual system must provide for a maximum parallax of 10° per pilot. An SOC is required

X X X

6.a.5. The visual scene content may not be distracting.

X X X

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An SOC is required

6.a.6. The minimum distance from the pilot's eye position to the surface of a direct view display may not be less than the distance to any front panel instrument. An SOC is required

X X X

6.a.7. The visual system must provide for a minimum resolution of 5 arc-minutes for both computed and displayed pixel size. An SOC is required

X X X

6.b. If a visual system is installed and additional training, testing, or checking credits are being sought on the basis of having a visual system, a visual system meeting the standards set out for at least a Level A FFS (see Appendix A of this part) will be required. A “direct-view,” non-collimated visual system (with the other requirements for a Level A visual system met) may be considered satisfactory for those installations where the visual system design “eye point” is appropriately adjusted for each pilot's position such that the parallax error is at or less than 10° simultaneously for each pilot. An SOC is required

X X X

6.c. The FTD must provide a continuous visual field-of-view of at least 146° horizontally and 36° vertically for both pilot seats, simultaneously. The minimum horizontal field-of-view coverage must be plus and minus one-half ( 1/2) of the minimum continuous field-of-view requirement, centered on the zero degree azimuth line relative to the aircraft fuselage. Additional horizontal field-of-view capability may be added at the sponsor's discretion provided the minimum field-of-view is retained. Capability for a field-of-view in excess of these minima is not required for qualification at Level 7. However, where specific tasks require extended fields of view beyond the 146° by 36° (e.g., to accommodate the use of “chin windows”

X Optimization of the vertical field-of-view may be considered with respect to the specific helicopter flight deck cut-off angle. When considering the installation/use of augmented fields of view, as described here, it will be the responsibility of the sponsor to meet with the team leader to determine the training, testing, checking, or experience tasks for which the augmented field-of-view capability may be critical to that approval.

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where the accommodation is either integral with or separate from the primary visual system display), then such extended fields of view must be provided. An SOC is required and must explain the geometry of the installation

7. Sound System

7.a. The FTD must simulate significant flight deck sounds resulting from pilot actions that correspond to those heard in the helicopter

X X

(*) DGCA may qualify Helicopter FTD using the criteria, validation tests, and function and subjective tests detailed in either:

1. The Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 60 Appendix D, Qualification Performance Standards for Helicopter Flight Training Devices; or

2. The Joint Aviation Requirement – Flight Simulation Training Devices Helicopter Flight Simulation Training Devices (JAR FSTD H).

MINISTER OF TRANSPORTATION

ttd

FREDDY NUMBERI