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Caste away?

Unfolding the Mori indian

edwina Pio

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Contents

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Prelue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Histrical Interlues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Mixe Ethnicity in the 21st Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Methlgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Finings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Summary Threas an Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Limitatins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Ca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Select Bibligraphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Enntes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Authr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Acknwlegements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Winsme Sita Emery (ne Grant) an her yunger sister Beatrice Yates (ne Grant) at

the 2009 pening the Unitec wharenui Ngkau Mhaki, carve by their nephew

Linel Grant.

WINSoME SITA EMERY ANd FAMILY

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1

Executive Summary

The oce Ethnic Aairs cmmissine this research n the Mri Inian

in July August 2008 with the aim being t pruce a preliminary scping

stuy paper that examines the emergence ientity r the Mri Inian.

This prject is an initial explratin the ientity cnstructin an wrk

experiences the Mri Inian. The 2006 census reprts that there are 2,610

Mri Inian (1,299 males an 1,311 emales). While such wrk can have many

vantage pints, this prject is embee in the bra el ientity an

emplyment, with specic reerence t mixe ethnicity an interracial r

ethnic intermarriages.

Mst the iniviuals interviewe r this stuy ientiy strngly with

the Mri cmmunity, while their links with the Inian cmmunity are

mre tenuus, particularly when there was an Inian an Mri wie. All

the iniviuals enjy Inian an curry was ten mentine amng

special recipes passe wn rm their parents/granparents. Mrever,

sme Inian phrases were use, such as chingwa (Inian jingwa) r craysh/

prawns. Sme the participants als sang Inian sngs which they ha

hear their amily sing. All ha a yearning t cnnect with the lan in Inia

a ew ha visite the Inian subcntinent. The nings can be grupe

int three themes: acceptance, dierence an rejection. Within these three

themes were ur cmmn threas, variusly expresse: Ientity (acceptance

an belngingness, relatives/cmmunity, schl), wrk experiences, cultural

cntext (religin; ; clthing, incluing jewellery; an language), an theuture (mkpuna/granchilren).

The research has ptential implicatins r the mkpuna the uture,

particularly in a bicultural/multicultural natin such as Ateara where

immigrants an Mri have merge in varius ways an at varius mments

in histry. This research has ptential benets r the tangata whenua

in terms a eeper an layere unerstaning their whakapapa, t

urther unerstan an appreciate ur cmbine cultural lineage an thus

acknwlege an mve twars greater enhancement a harmniusNew Zealan. Hence this prject unctins as an invitatin t unerstan the

wven strans in ur lie stries an appreciate the rich iversity peple

within Ateara.

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2

Prelude

The oce Ethnic Aairs cmmissine this research n the Mri Inian in

July August 2008 with the main aim being t pruce a preliminary scping

stuy paper that examines the emergence ientity r the Mri Inian. The

tw phases this research, which verlap an cmplement each ther, are:

A brie literature review in the area mixe ientity/intermarriage/1.ethnic intermarriage; an

Semi-structure ace-t-ace interviews with up t twenty Mri Inian2.

alng with an analysis the emerging trens an challenges r this

grup.

Mnthly reprts between August 2008 an February 2009 etaile the

prgress this prject an inclue a etaile table with the literature in

this area as well as inrmatin n the qualitative research r this prject.The surces r this reprt inclue three bra mains: a literature search

pertaining t mixe-ientity; inrmatin rm Statistics New Zealan an

qualitative research base n interviews.

In my hans I hel a remarkable phtgraph, a wman great beauty

rape in an Inian sari. The wman was Mri. I try an lk int her

eyes t lk r her emtins. Is she happy an jyus? Is she sa an

grieving? My curisity an imaginatin pique, I venture int that

elusive an enigmatic wrl the Mri Inian.

Many ecaes ag, in 1810, an Inian man, riginating rm Bengal n the

east cast Inia, is sai t have jumpe ship t marry a Mri wman in

Ateara New Zealan1. In the years that llwe, the ral traitin tells

Inian men plying their wares, as part the cuntry trae, alng the

meanering waterways the great rivers in the Nrth an Suth Islan.

Many these men, wh were ew an ar between, merge with the Mri

cmmunities, an eventually they became invisible their Inianness was

absrbe int the inclusiveness the tangata whenua.

In Rtrua, a Mri man wh wrke as a guie spke abut his granather

wh was Inian, an ha been save by Mri rm a shipwreck. N ne

else ha survive. The rescue man was the nly Inian in this Mri amily

an succeeing generatins chse t ientiy with the Mri part their

heritage. A thir-generatin Inian wman recalls hw a number the early

Inian pineer men wul live with an/r marry Mri wmen an have

chilren with them. Saving r the cst a passage n a ship back t Inia

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tk apprximately ten years, an sme these men ha wives back in

Inia. Immigratin laws in New Zealan in the 1800s an early 1900s i nt

encurage Asians an there was a preerence r men in a pineer sciety.It was als icult r Inian wmen t cme t New Zealan. The istance

seeme rmiable, an as well they were part a cmplex weave the

Inian cultural traitins a patriarchal sciety, respect r elers an lking

ater the lan. A number these early Inian settlers were rm the Gujarat

regin western Inia, an rm the nrthern prvinces, which uner the

British regime inclue the prvince Punjab, a part which tay is

Pakistan.

Black Peter (Ewar Peter), wh was purprtely an Inian man rm Gar Bmbay n Inias west cast an wh helpe n gl in otag, is a

amus example an Inian pineer man. He claime t have riginate

rm Bmbay, Inia, an is sai t have been a Hinu, which cul mean he

was an Inian. one reprt says that he lane in New Zealan in 1853 ater

spening time in Calirnia. While wrking n Run 137, a 5,000-acre arm

between Hrata an Selwyn, Black Peter prspecte successully in the

Shareena Slman (Ngai Tuhe) presente with a krwai anpatu n her 21st birthay.PHoTo TAUHA TE KANI

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4

Tuapeka tgether with a mate Jhn Thmsn, later Waipri, an an America

negr. They prspecte arun Evans Flat an the neighburing gullies. He

later live in a cttage at Prt Mlyneux until his health aile an he wasremve t a benevlent institutin in dunein where he ie in June 1893.

His imprtance lies in the act that he ha inicate t thers where success

may be un, thugh he struggle t be reware r his erts. Black Peter

ha wrke n a whaling ship an ha been n gl els in Australia; he

was prbably the rst t set up a claim arun 1858, but was nly recgnise

by the otag Prvincial Cuncil an receive a rewar in 1885.2

In the late 1800s an early 1900s a trickle Inian men an later wmen

starte arriving rm Inia. A number them came irectly t New Zealanbut sme came via Fiji an thers via British clnies such as Burma r n

steamships the Empire, many which were built in Inia an ha Inian

seamen n their ecks. In this grup early Inian pineer men were thse

wh came t New Zealan as chilren (between 12 an 18 years age).

These yung men were generally lke ater by the Mri cmmunity, an

tene t have unins with Mri wmen3. Mst these early migrants were

rm rural backgruns an put in lng hurs physical labur as their aim

was t earn mney t sen back t Inia an then return hme. Wrking as

scrub-cutters, fax wrkers, brick-layers an rain-iggers meant that they

were less a target r racial hstility, ha ewer language an scial custms

prblems an cmpete less with Pkehs. The Punjabis an Gujaratis chse

t express sliarity with each ther as an Inian cmmunity espite caste

ierences which were cnsiere imprtant in Inia. They set great stre

in being g citizens New Zealan an becming sel sucient, while

at the same time maintaining their culture.4 Yet the caste system (Brahmins

the priestly highest class, Kshatriyas the warrir caste, Vaishyas the

merchant class, Shudras the lwest caste)an arrange marriages cntinue an still

cntinue t hl sway within the Inian

cmmunity, thugh such marriages have

been ecreasing in recent years.

Sme authrs argue that ethnic

intermarriage acilitates integratin.5 Yet

until airly recently in a number cuntries,

intermarriage was iscurage by law,6an there was hysteria assciate with

Whanga-a-rangi Grant (ne Fraser) with

Mr an Mrs Ewar Grant n hliay rm Fiji at

Whakarewarewa Rtrua in the 1950s. Ewar

is the brther Whanga-a-rangi's husban

oswal Grant.

WINSoME SITA EMERY ANd FAMILY

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such marriages.7 Sme recent interpretatins nte that such marriages cul

be viewe as resistance t clnisatin.8 Furthermre, there are numerus

examples pineer migrants, particularly in previus centuries, teningt marry amng thse cnsiere lwer wn in the scial hierarchy, r

thse wh ha similar status t themselves in the eyes the hst sciety,

r example Native Inians with Arican-Americans, r Inian Sikhs with

Mexicans.9 New settler scieties tene t have a high prprtin men.

In sme early migrant cmmunities there were n wmen rm the same

ethnic cmmunity available, an bringing bries rm the hme cuntry was

t expensive. Sme theries n ethnic intermarriage stress the imprtance

status exchange, where members lw-status grups will cmpensate

r their lwer status by marrying int higher sciecnmic status an

cultural resurces.10 Marrying a lcal cul als mean access t resiency an

citizenship in the hst cuntry.

The Mari term r hal-caste (where there is Mri an Pkeh lineage) is

hwhe-kehe, thugh there were als ergatry terms such as utu pihikete

(pai r in biscuits), huipaina (hp irn) an te parra (ut the whalers

barrel).11 It is yet t be ascertaine what terms were use r the Mri Inian,

besies the usual terms use r Inians such as curry munchers, black Hinu

an bly Inians. It is prbable that in the early years such unins, the

mixe heritage serve t bin the tw cmmunities an t give the migrants,

in this case the Inian cmmunity, a sense security in the new cuntry. But

as mre Inian wmen came t New Zealan, such unins were generally

rwne upn an bth anectal evience as well as this research pints

t the act that such hal-caste iniviuals were, by an large, cnsiere

utcasts an were literally cast ut by the Inian cmmunity. Hwever, such

chilren cntinue t be welcme int the Mri cmmunity. When they

were accepte, it generally meant that that the Inian man ha marrie theMri wman. This research pruce a number examples such happy

situatins.

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Historical Interludes

The census classicatins in the early 1900s use the term race alien r

classiying Inians. An alien cul nt be appinte t the Public Service

New Zealan an was therere barre rm entering the army r plice rce

(Public Service Act 1912, s. 36).12 Hwever, an exceptin cul be mae with

the cnsent the Gvernr General. Race aliens were nt pai ol-Age an

ther pensins (Pensin Act 1926, s.91). Table 1 prvies an example race

aliens (Inian wmen) an their gegraphical lcatin in the early 1900s.

Table 1: Race aliens (Indian women) based on provincial distribution,census 191636

1916 1921 1926 1936

AreaFull

BloodMixedBlood

FullBlood

MixedBlood

FullBlood

MixedBlood

FullBlood

MixedBlood

Aucklan 3 2 14 10 23 38 34 48

Canterbury 2 1 6 1 19 2 26

Hawkes Bay 1 3 5 3 12

Marlbrugh 16 1 8

Nelsn 1 2 3 3

otag 1 2 5 2 27 1 12

Suthlan 11 2 4

Taranaki 2 2 4

Wellingtn 1 2 4 4 31 12 40

Source: Williams (1976), Table 9, p 107, census NZ race aliens prvincial istributin 1916-1936

Note: The 1926 an 1936 gures inclue Inian-Mri uner mixe bl; race aliens were

ene as ull r hal caste, rm 1926 they were ull r mixe bl (Census NZ 1921 an

census 1916-1936).

Mri chilren, irrespective their bl purity, were ten care r by the

Mri cmmunity thrugh varius amily members an they were aware

their lineage r whakapapa. But icult ecnmic cnitins at particular

times cause sme men wh ha chilren with Mri wmen t esert them;

r example, sme Eurpean men went t the gl els, leaving their

wives an chilren in a icult psitin. As the gangs r grups Inian

wrkers mve t varius lcatins, they t may have let their part-Mri

chilren, reerre t in the census as mixe bl. Thus in the early years

settler New Zealan, estitute, neglecte, rphane Mri an hal-caste

chilren were care r in baring schls uner Gvernr Grays inustrial

schl system, r New Zealan classie hal-caste chilren in the same

categry as neglecte an estitute.13 In this early peri hal-caste chilren,

particularly when there was a Eurpean ather, were seen as requiring

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eucatin t civilize them s that

they cul apprpriately unctin

in Eurpean sciety.14

Researchals inicates that British settlers

intermarrie with hal-caste an

quarter-caste aughters whalers

in otag which was clnise rm

1848 nwars, ushering in a new era

intermarriage, r intermarriage

was seen as a way welcming an

integrating newcmers.15

Mechanisms exclusin an inclusin

have always existe in Inia. The caste

system initially serve t elineate

ccupatinal grupings, but later

became ssie, particularly with

reerence t marriages which ha t

be between members the same

caste an smetimes even the same

sub-caste. other rms exclusin,

such as racism, abun in the histries natins. In New Zealan r

example, Mri experience racism, as i als Asians, Yugslavs an Pacic

Islaners in the late nineteenth an twentieth century. A 1929 Cmmissin

Inquiry by Mri Minister Parliament Sir Apirana Ngata was set up

t ascertain hw many emale Mri were living with Chinese r Hinus,

whether lawully marrie r nt, an t etermine whether it be in the

interest public mrality that the emplyment Mri wmen an girls

by Chinese an Hinus shul be permitte.16

The Cmmissin cnemnesuch unins, as miscegenatin wul result in an inerir ppulatin

being pruce, an recmmene that Mri wmen must be 21 bere

accepting emplyment by Asiatics n the market garens.17

Histrically, in varius parts the wrl, chilren mixe unins were

reerre t as mestiza/mestizo, r mixe ancestry r mixe bl. This

was a Eurpean term erive rm the Spanish/Prtuguese mulatto.18 Such

iniviuals were ten marginalise. Census classicatins smetime use the

wr miscegenatin r chabitatin persns ierent races t reer tthe chilren mixe unins. An Inian wman in New Zealan spke abut

her hal-siblings wh were Mri, saying:

When I was a chil an we went shpping with my a, sme yung

Mri chilren wul cme up t him an call him da they have

the same amily name as us, an apparently my a prvies r them

an lks ater them well. Hwever, my mum is still alive an s we

ten nt t talk abut this

Mther an sn, Janie an Jhnny Emns,

Pukekhe, 1956.EdMoNdS FAMILY

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other Inian wmen narrate similar instances. Fr example, ne wman sai:

When I was a teenager cming hme rm schl, this Mri wman

apprache me when I was staning at the bus stp an she sai that

she was my cusin I lke clsely at her an she lke just like

ne my as sisters

Categrisatin by ethnicity is immensely cmplex in mixe marriages/unins,

particularly when there is a histrical lineage ierent ethnicities. When

cmpleting cial surveys, incluing the census surveys, New Zealan allws

respnents t chse mre than ne ethnic grup. Hence, while images

impermeable ethnic grups may be useul r plitical purpses, they isguise

the true cmplexity New Zealan sciety.19 Intermarriage, with its ual an

multiple ethnicities, necessarily implies that multiple wrl-views r hybri

ientities may infuence what is cmmnly seen in plicy ebates as a Mri

perspective as als a Eurpean perspective r perhaps a Pacic, Chinese

r Inian perspective. Yet, regarless the theretical merits r therwise

ethnic targeting, intermarriage an cmplex ethnicity creates sme challenges

r implementatin plicies.20

The questins t be aske are: Hw es ethnic ata help ientiy the tensinsbetween avantages an isavantage? Hw can avantages be extene

t the isavantage? Hw can this sprea avantages be implemente

withut taking away rm the avantage? Hw can the avantage be

nuge int serving as rle mels/mentrs/leaers, s pprtunities are

create r resurce sharing? Ethnic ata cllectins can be use psitively

t help ientiy an vercme isavantages. Hwever, they can als create

negative steretypes an an emphasis n bra ethnic-base isparities can

isguise wier, but mre cmplex, class-base inequalities.21

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Mixed Ethnicity in the 21st Century

Mori Indian snapshot in 200622

The 2006 census reprts that there are 2,610 Mri Inian (1,299 males an

1,311 emales).

Interestingly, there are 567 Mri Inian reprte between the ages 04years an 6 iniviuals are between the ages 7579 years; 24 speak French

an 12 speak Japanese; 219 are Anglican an 99 are Muslim; 15 are in the

categry CEo/GM/Legislatr; 111 wrk r the central gvernment, an

15 r the lcal gvernment; 30 have a persnal incme between $70,001

$100,000; 300 are marrie an 33 have 6 r mre chilren.

Summary o literature review process

In the area the brie literature review, the keywrs utilise r the search

were the llwing: exgamy; interracial ientity, marriages, relatinships,

chilren; Mri-Inian marriage, racial hybris; mixe ientity, marriages,

chilren, parentage, cuples; blurre ientity, ethnic mixing, hybri race,

Chinese-Mri, In-Mri, Mri, Mri-Hinu, Mri Inian, New Zealan,

Pkeh-Mri, hal-caste.

The time rame r this search was January 2000 June 2008 (with a ew

exceptins surces publishe bere 2000). The atabases searcheinclue the llwing: Multisearch (Business, AUT catalgue, general interest,

scial sciences, theses an issertatins), Prquest 5000 Internatinal,

Ebsc megale premier, cial websites Statistics NZ, Ministry Scial

develpment, oce Ethnic Aairs, department Labur, Ministry

Wmen Aairs). There was a search at three levels. Level ne inclue the

9

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initial search using key wrs. This resulte in a ttal apprximately 800

cuments (apprximately 20 items per search). Level tw cnsiste

scanning thrugh these cuments t lk r issues pertaining t mixeientity an interracial ientity. The nal stage cnsiste elving urther t

lcate cuments with a relevant New Zealan cntext. A select bibligraphy

r this literature is presente at the en this reprt (pages 2933).

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Methodology

Treaty o Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi

The Treaty Waitangi/Te Tiriti Waitangi in its preamble herals the issue

immigrants t New Zealan, cuple with the nee r sustenance in a

new cuntry the cuntry resettlement, New Zealan. Inians in New

Zealan wul all uner the categry immigrant (migrant). It is pssiblethat with their interactin with the Mri they erive emtinal an material

sustenance an this sustenance may have fwe bth ways. Hence, this

research has a thematic link t the Treaty.

The Partnership Principle has been implemente thrugh cnsultatin with

bth Mri an Inian cmmunities in rer t apprpriately refect the

spirit this principle. This principle has als been implemente when ne

cnsiers the linkages in terms bl an the mixing cultures between

the Mri Inian. The research is explratry an therere there will cntinuet be an nging iscussin with the Mri an the Inian cmmunities in

rer t have an nging relatinship pertaining t the cllectin, analysis

an interpretatin ata.

The Participation Principle has been implemente thrugh the reem given

t iniviuals t chse t be a part this prject as well as thrugh the

pen-ene questins which acilitate the cntrl which the participant

has n the inrmatin sharing. Thus, r example, sme Inian amilies an

sme Mri amilies preerre nt t talk abut certain tpics cvere by the

research an this was respecte.

The Protection Principle has been implemente thrugh the practice cultural

sensitivity r each the participants an by ensuring that cnentiality

an ecrum are maintaine thrughut the research prcess. Furthermre,

pprtunities will be sught t enhance the inrmatin sharing with

participants in this research thrugh nging cmmunicatin with them.

This research is thus sensitive t the values, practices an belies the MriInian participants, as bth a cultural an scial grup. The research has

been carrie ut with a humble heart (he ngkau mhaki), an with integrity

(kia tika mahi).

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Qualitative research

A qualitative apprach has been use in rer t explre the layers ientityan seek eeper engagement in hw ientity rmatin takes place as well as

emplyment experiences the Mri Inian. Participants were invite t take

part in an interview apprximately ne hur. Therere, bth micr an

macr perspectives have intermeshe t she light n large-scale scietal

prcesses an phenmena. In this cntext the task the researcher is t

eeply appreciate hw an why peple cnstruct their lie stries an in the

prcess experience their ientity. Furthermre, r a researcher wh is als

cmmitte t cnnecting schlarship t scial struggle an transrmatin

there is bth an intellectual an plitical purpse in making linkages betweenhistry, structures an iniviual lives.

The research is abut the Mri Inian, an thus it is pertinent t nte that the

researcher-authr is Inian rigin. This ienticatin as an ethnic minrity

Inian has pssibly acilitate a layere unerstaning an perhaps a richer

class lie experiences the participants, while at the same time generating

tensin in being cnsciusly critical research as a site struggle. In this

quest r cgnizance, as the viceless gain vice, base n the writings

schlars clur an minrity-grup perspectives, the pignant hpe is

that this initial explratry stuy n the Mri Inian will serve as a meium

awareness an sensitisatin r the macr an micr wrls wrk an

perceptins ientity.

The interview prtcl was evelpe base n the literature ethnic

intermarriage, management, ethnic stuies, an iversity at wrk. The main

aim the research was t explre the live-in an live-thrugh experiences

pertaining t wrk an ientity the Mri Inian. The iscussin guie ha

questins which range rm hw iniviuals see their ientity t perceptins

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by ther peple in the envirnment with reerence t ientity, as well as hw

wrk is secure an sustaine in the emplyment trajectry.

Participants were recruite base n their mixe ethnicity an being

intruce t the researcher by a member either the Inian an/r Mri

cmmunity, an/r persns Mri Inian ethnicity. Hence the snwball

meth was utilise r recruiting participants. Participants were aults 20

years an abve. The interviews were cnucte in hmes, cmmunity

centres, at AUT University an in public places such as caes.

In-epth, semi-structure interviews were cnucte with 12 Mri Inian

iniviuals, with the average interview time being 100 minutes an the

lngest interview being three an a hal hurs. In the recruitment these

participants it is crucial t nte that since yung chilren an babies were

lke ater by varius members the Mri cmmunity, bl an scial

relatinships were tw crucial aspects mixe-bl iniviuals being

mkpuna r being brught up by varius elers in the Mri cmmunities.

Hence at times a persn may ientiy with a particular ethnicity base mre

n scial relatinships than n bl.

The age range the participants was rm 30 t 60+ years. Interestingly,the majrity the participants in the research shwe the researcher

phtgraphs an cuments their Mri an Inian cnnectins. The

12 iniviuals wh were interviewe in the current sample were lcate in

Wellingtn, Pukekhe, Aucklan an Rtrua. They belnge t a number

key amilies amng the Mri Inian an their prgeny tay wul be

upwars 50 in each the amilies, with a range rm 50 t upwars 300

iniviuals. It is acknwlege that there are a number ther key amilies

t be interviewe in varius parts New Zealan an it is hpe that this

prcess will take place in 201012. Within the shrt time rame available rthis part the prject (apprximately 12 mnths) it was challenging t lcate

Mri Inian iniviuals. While a number have been lcate, the next issue is

time t interview them an this is particularly relevant as the varius amilies

are sprea in varius parts New Zealan.

Analysis the transcripts was ne thrugh a cmbinatin manual cing

themes an cmputer analysis using Leximancer as stware.

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Findings

Themes & interwoven threads

Three general themes, which intertwine in the iniviuals stries, emerge

rm the interviews:

Theme ne acceptance the mixe heritage with a spirit inclusivenessan eagerness t embrace ierence.

Theme tw eeling ierent an as a cnsequence struggling t cme

t terms with the larger cmmunity as the cmmunity sent signals which

inicate that being ierent was nt k.

Theme three eeling rejecte but still lnging t be embrace equally by

bth cmmunities.

Within these three themes were ur interwven threas, expresse variusly:ientity (acceptance an belngingness, relatives, schl); wrk experiences;

cultural cntext (religin, , clthing incluing jewellery, an language);

an the uture (mkpuna).

overall there are strng inicatins histrically that, t use the wrs a

participant: The Pkeh treated all o us equally badly the Mori, the Indians and

the Chinese. Hwever, as ierence melte int ierence, the current century

sees mixe ientity as a enite avantage, r ne can have a treasure

huse mre than ne culture an its mres. An as anther participantsai: We can legally play rugby or two, three and our nations!Hwever, it is

imprtant t learn rm the past an t mve twar a uture where wism,

intelligence an peples all clurs can truly be themselves, nurture by

a cuntry which accepts an values ierence.

Sotware analysis

Using stware analysis Leximancer, a thematic analysis was ne the

participants in this research. As an illustratin, ne the Mri Inian wmans

analysis (age range 3040 years) inicate the imprtance the Inian sie

the amily, which was a largely unexplre area an r which there was

harly any belngingness. Yet there was yearning r knwing that part the

sel which is Inian. The granmther wh is Mri wre a sari an this was

a clear memry this Mri Inian wman. She ienties as Mri, but als

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acknwleges the act that i things in her amily ha been ierent, the Inian

sie her lie wul be mre easily acknwlege.

Anther illustratin is that a Mri Inian man (age range 4050 years)

whse analysis inicates the imprtance the amily an the granather

wh is Inian, as well as the aunties wh are Mri, alng with the mix

varius ethnicities. In speaking abut his wn upbringing as well as that his

chilren he spke the market garens, Inian bys wanting t assciate

with the Mri bys as they wul be prtecte by the Mri bys,

wrking har rm an early age as ne i what ha t be ne t cntribute

t the amily nances, an the mixe heritage recent chilren which is

acknwlege wiely by amilies as well as schls.

Each the ur interwven threas mentine abve is presente belw

thrugh extracts rm the interviews.

Identity

Sme nt like t acknwlege their Inian sie as they were

brught up by Mri.

All brught up uner ne r, an i there were any isagreements

we ha t srt them ut. Fining ut nes true sel, ten cmes with

maturity in years an experience.

He (ather) i nt really tell us much abut his Inian sie.

I nt min peple knwing me as Inian an Mri.

Althugh I nt practice it (Inian culture), when we are arun ur

Inian relatives we respect the culture.

We take ur Mri hat an respect the Inian culture.

da never encurage us t g t Inia he always sai negative

things abut Inia an sai we wulnt be able t hanle it.

It is a bnus being mixe.

Sme the granchilren lk like Inians.

one girl ha an Inian ather but she never accepte him aneveryby thinks she is ur (Mri Inian) sister we nt min, as

we have a number hal siblings.

Names such as: curry, Hinu, black Hinu, curry muncher, rag hea,

bly Hinu.

In my heart I have ha n pririty r being Mri r Inian, I am bth.

We i nt knw anything much abut being Mri an we nt

want that r ur chilren.

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I was aware that smething was ierent but i nt knw what.

The Inian part is always there an has t be acknwlege.

The Mri are easily pru whm they are an hw they g abut

things an they can be quite erce.

We are pucca [true] Brahmins.

I became seriusly pru my Inian sie.

We were nt allwe t g t the marae.

We are prbably relate t 70 percent peple in the area.

Being a Mri an an Inian gave me the skills t practically

anything.

We ha Mri an Inian names.

Figures 1 an 2 present aspects ientity thrugh ethnic grup cmpsitin

the Mri Inian, age range.

Figure 1: The Mori Indian based on ethnic group composition (total = 2,610)

Note: Cnentiality rules have been applie t sme ata where there are very ew

iniviuals. All graphs prepare by Statistics New Zealan rm census 2006 ata r dr Ewina

Pi, Re EWJ 21504.

Mixe ientity seems t be prnunce amng this grup Mri Inian

with many iniviuals acknwleging mre than tw ethnicities. Ethnicity is

base n a respnent inicating they are bth Mri an Inian ethnicity,

regarless any ther ethnicity they may ientiy with.

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Figure 2: Ethnic groups by age

Work experiences

He was a taxi river.

da use t clean buses.

da was emplye by the Mri gangs wh cut scrub etc.

da wante t wrk r himsel an he starte a small sawmillemplying Mri, Pkeh an Inians.

da ha racehrses an was knwn as a maharajah (king)

our amily ha tp jckeys.

Wrke r Lan Inrmatin.

Wrke as a laburer.

Wrke as an executive assistant.Wrke as a chie executive.

We ha market garens.

on a number bars in the cuntry.

My a was a cnjurer, a magician an my mum ha a beautiul vice

an playe the pian.

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Aspects wrk pertaining t the Mri Inian peple.

Figure 3: Work and labour orce status by gender (total = 1,284) (aged >15)

While there seems t be a mre r less matching number men an wmenwh are unemplye, there are mre wmen in part-time wrk than men an

als mre wmen nt in the labur rce than men.

Figure 4: Industry by gender (total = 904) (aged >15)

Large numbers bth men an wmen wrk in business services. Hwever,

there seems t be a cncentratin wmen in business services, eucatin,

health services, accmatin, caes an restaurants.

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Figure 5: Personal income by gender (total = 1,284) (Aged >15)

Mre wmen seem t be in the lwer incme brackets than men.

Figure 6: Employment status o the Mori Indian and total peoplein New Zealand

The prle the Mri Inian clsely matches that the ttal peple in

New Zealan with reerence t emplyment status.

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Cultural context

We i nt llw ur a (Muslim), we srt llwe ur mum(Christian).

We speak English an Mri.

My a save my mum rm beatings with her rst husban wh was

Mri an s he was always welcme by my mums Mri amily.

da knew a bit Mri but when he mae mistakes they (Mri)

wul laugh an he i nt like that as he was a very pru man.

My a i nt eat prk.

My a wul ck his kai rst an then my mum wul make prk

curry.

Inians arun here, i they wante anything they wul cme t my

a.

My a never pushe religin n us.

Peple cul cunt n us, we ha market garens r the cmmunity

an peple cul cme there an take what they neee.

We knw sme Inian nursery rhymes an i anyne asks i I can speak

Hini, I just rattle it .

I am calle the spice girl as I sing an always say that I am hal Inian.

I the Mri wman marrie an Inian man, she wre a sari.

Inian clthes are pretty, clurul an eminine.

Inian culture is quite guare an suspicius thers.I want my chilren t be aware an acknwlege all parts their

heritage.

The Mri are always accmmating.

Naming yur chil Inia is cl.

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Figures 7, 8 an 9 present varius cultural ata.

Figure 7: Languages spoken (n, 1 or more language = 2,541)

English is the mst cmmnly spken language, llwe by Mri, espite

the large ierence in numbers thse wh speak Mri, as inicate in

Figure 7. This prbably ties in with the histrical act that Te Re was nt

allwe t be spken in schls an als t the qualitative research carrie

ut r this prject n the Mri Inian, where a number iniviuals werevery keen that their chilren spke Mri. In the abve gure the varius

languages als inicate the pssibility mixe lineage varius ethnicities.

21

Mo

ri

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Figure 8: Religious afliation (n, 1 or more religion = 2,181)

N religius aliatin seems t be the preerre me, llwe byCathlicism, as inicate in Figure 8.

Figure 9: Smoking status

Figure 9 shws that mre Mri Inian men an wmen smke cmpare t

the general ppulatin.

22

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Future

I actually think the uture is very g r peple mixe heritage.I think its g t see Inians, Mri, Chinese, Pkeh, an Aricans

intermarry.

Im nt a prejuice persn an this is the uture with mixe peple.

The past was ierent, we have t pen urselves an nw Inian

peple have pene themselves t an the reasn is that this is t

survive.

But the uture t can be like the early ays the past when theMri an Inians mixe an there were mvies shwn nce a mnth

r all t atten an the chilren playe tgether an it was a amily

event.

Nicknames nt wrry me, they inicate acceptance.

My chilren have ur ierent ethnicities an in schl they speak a

mixe language with their riens.

My granchilren think its cl t be Inian.

We have Mri an Inian names.

Slman whanau celebrate Shareena's 21st birthay at Mataatua Marae, Rtrua.PHoTo TAUHA TE KANI

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Summary of Threads and Themes

Table 2 epicts the intersectin the threas an themes as a summary

the nings this research.

There was a strng esire amng the participants t respect bth sies

their amilies an t learn abut their mixe heritage an with this a esire

t llw the apprpriate prtcls. overall the Mri cmmunity seemet be mre accepting mixe heritage than the Inian cmmunity in the

perceptin the participants, which was als linke t their chilh

memries. Hwever, it must be stresse that the participants als emphasise

that in the New Zealan tay there is a tremenus mix ierent

ethnicities an that this may be the way the uture, espite the nee t

always have a space r nesel within a cmmunity which gives ne the right

an respnsibility t sit by the re.23

Theme 1: Acceptance Theme 2: Diference Theme 3: Rejection

CULTURALCONTEXT

Enjys bth Mri an Inian s,

respects the cultural nrms bth

cultures. In general es nt practise

religin, but remembers each

the parents perrming their wn

separate religius rites: e.g. Mther

Mri Christian, Father Inian Muslim

r Hinu.

Enjys bth Mri an

Inian s, but ienties

mre with ne r ther

culture, epening n

which sie the amily,

the Mri r the Inian,

was respnsible r their

upbringing.

Enjys all kins , but

remembers the Inian

when there were specic

instances acceptance by the

Inian sie the amily.

The wmen lve wearing the sari

an Inian jewellery an ten t

wear them r cultural unctins an

weings.

The wmen lve wearing

the sari an Inian

jewellery an ten t wear

them r cultural unctins

an weings.

The wmen wul like t n

ut mre abut their Inian

rts but are nt sure hw t

g abut this as they nt

eel a sense belnging r

cnnectin with their Inian

sie hence aware the sari

but have nt trie wearing it.

At schl remembers teasing, but

sees that as part grwing up an

chilrens behaviur, remembers

names such as rag hea, but mae

n ierence t the security their

cultural cntext. In these instances

the Inian sie was usually a well-

acknwlege member the

cmmunity.

At schl remembers

being calle terms such

as Black Hinu, Curry

muncher, Hinu

At schl ientie mre

with Mri, but i air skinne

elt that Mri teachers i

nt view them kinly as they

preerre the arker skin

chilren wh lke mre

Mri.

Table 2: Depiction o the threads and the themes

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Theme 1: Acceptance Theme 2: Diference Theme 3: Rejection

IDENTITy

Eager t embrace mixe ientity

an enjys having mre than neethnicity, eels accepte by bth the

Inian an Mri relatives an thus

enjys the ual/mixe heritage.

Eager t embrace mre

than ne ethnicity, but alevel iscmrt as eels

ierent an therere nt

ully accepte by either

ne cmmunity r bth

cmmunities the Mri

an Inian.

Eager t embrace all parts

the sel in terms ethnicity,but has elt rejecte by ne

cmmunity (generally Inian)

an thus has elt mre an

utcaste with Inians, but has

been accepte by the Mri

cmmunity.

Has been able t carve ut a space

r sel base n mixe ethnicity,

but in general has chsen t ientiy

mre with the Mri part sel,while als acknwleging the Inian

part. Hwever, where the Inian

cmmunity has been accepting, the

iniviual can either wear the Mri

r the Inian hat epening n the

cntext.

Has elt an urge t search

r rts an n ut

the heritage an lineage

rm rebears. This hassmetimes resulte in

visits t Inia as well as

the ancestral sites the

marae rm the Mri sie.

Has a lnging t belng

t the Inian an Mri

cmmunities. Has nstalgia r

stries tl abut Inia basen the athers/granathers

memries. Nees a acilitatr

t transitin sel int the Inian

cmmunity. In many cases has

strngly ientie with the

Mri cmmunity wh have

been much mre inclusive

mixe ientity.

WORk

Being Mri Inian has nt

necessarily given an avantage risavantage at wrk. Hwever,

the mixe heritage has ten been

cnsiere special r example

has the brains the Inians, but the

cultural capital the Mri

Being Mri has given an

avantage at wrk, anbeing Inian as t the

nvelty value.

Strng ienticatin with the

Mri cmmunity an withMri rganisatins.

With increasing ethnic intermarriages, such unins are viewe as an inicatr

integratin by ethnic an hst cuntry cmmunities.24 In the schlarship

n this area, stuies inicate that ethnic exgamy tens t ccur mre

requently amng secn-generatin immigrants an thse wh have arrive

in the hst cuntry at a yunger age as well as thse wh are mre highly

eucate.25 Mrever, pprtunities t meet peple ther ethnicities

an the rle the amily, religin an the state als play their part in the

cmplexity interracial marriages.26 In preminantly white cuntries, arker

skins are nt viewe avurably27 an there is a cus n racial bunaries.

Furthermre, when immigrants have iculties speaking the hst language,there are ewer pprtunities r scial interactin an hence cultural istance

may be maintaine.28 Age migratin is als a actr that is pertinent t

mixe marriages, as the yunger the migrant, the less likely they are t be

scialise in their hme cuntry.29 Yet the ppsite cul als be true in that

ethnic cmmunities are particularly careul t instruct an scialise yunger

members their grup int the mres their culture. Fr example, there is a

perceptin that sme sectins the Inian cmmunity in New Zealan ten

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t be mre culturally cnscius their Inian rts, as shwn bth in their

behaviur an strng traitins.

Secn-generatin migrants generally have mre sciecnmic resurces

than their parents, leaing t gegraphical mbility an resience in nn-

ethnic neighburhs, as well as higher levels eucatin, ten resulting

in higher level emplyment. Such mvement results in mre pprtunities t

meet peple the hst sciety an the pssibility less requent interactin

amng c-ethnics. Yet interracial marriages can be a surce r psychlgical

istress as the cuple may experience intense isapprval an scial pressure

rm bth their ethnic cmmunities.30 Traitinally, mutually exclusive

ientities i in act marginalise the multiracial persn an the interracialcuple by prmting the assumptin that the ieal amily was racially an

ethnically hmgeneus.31 Yet, current research inicates that marginalisatin

r such marriages is eclining, an questins the ntin that exgamus

marriages are very ierent rm engamus nes.32

Tay in areas New Zealan which are hrticultural, a number the

rchar wrkers are Inians wh ten t marry amng the lcal Mri

ppulatin, as well as ccasinally have unins with Pkeh. Fr example,

2,613 ientiy as Mri Inian in the 2006 census, which 1,311 are emales.33It is ntable that rates intermarriage are especially high r well-eucate

Mri an Pacic peples.34 Accring t the 2001 census, Asian iniviuals

ten t marry amng Asians (88%); marry Eurpeans (8.4%); marry Mri

(1.7%) marry Pacic peples (1.6%).35 Thus unins where partners are rm

ierent ethnic grups r exgamus unins transmit mre than ne

ethnicity t their chilren. Mrever, ierences in timing migratin als

have an infuence n the interethnic marriages. Chilren rm such unins

have the ptential t align with mre than ne ethnic grup. The New

Zealan census recgnises this, allwing iniviuals t tick mre than ne

bx r their ethnicity, r t ientiy with multiple ethnic grups. Hwever

ethnicity is nt nly bilgically transmitte but als scially transmitte an

hence can be a fui prcess an a signicant mechanism r change.36

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Limitations

despite the integrity an epth this prject within the cnstraints the

timerame an ther resurces, a number limitatins have t be mentine.

Firstly, it is necessary t have mre cntact with the Mri cmmunity an t

spen mre time with them t urther iscuss this research. Secnly, mre

resurces are neee t interview a number leas which have evelpe

thrugh this research, as well as the imprtance having cnversatins

with senir members bth the Mri an Inian cmmunities. Finally,

a eeper unerstaning the census ata wul be mae pssible thrugh

cmparisns the Mri Inian with the general ppulatin, the Inian

ppulatin an the Mri ppulatin.

Future Research

The limitatins presente abve pint t exciting pssibilities r uture

research. There is nee r urther interviews, eeper analysis an mre

cnversatins with elers within the Mri an Inian cmmunities.

A cumentary Mri Inian iniviuals ging back t Inia t the village their Inian ancestr is an interesting cncept that cul be explre.

A cnerence presentatin, jurnal entries an a bk are ther pssibilities,

epening n availability resurces.

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Coda

drawing n The Bill Rights r Racially Mixe Peple,37 a number rights

have been evelpe r iniviuals mixe heritage:

I have the right not tojustiy my existence in the wrl, keep the

races separate within, be respnsible r peples iscmrt with

my physical ambiguity, nt t justiy my ethnic legitimacy;

I have the right to identiy myselierently than strangers expect me

t, ientiy ierently than hw my parents ientiy, ierently

than my brthers an sisters, ierent in ierent situatins;

an nally

I have the right to create a vcabulary t cmmunicate abut being

multiracial, change my ientity ver my lietime an mre than

nce, have lyalties an ientiy with mre than ne grup peple, reely chse whm I berien an lve.38

And so as the wind blows through the blood-red phutukawa, I look again at the

picture o the Mori woman in the Indian sari. I know her heart is happy or her

story has been told and she has been acknowledged in her love o two cultures.

Jhnny an Elaine Emns an amily, Wellingtn, 2009.

EdMoNdS FAMILY

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Notes

1 Nancy Swarbrick. Inians, Te Ara the Encyclpeia New Zealan, upate April 9, 2008.www.TeAra.gvt.nz/NewZealaners/NewZealanPeples/Inians/en Retrieve March 21, 2009

2 Mayhew, W.R. (1949). Tuapeka: The land and its people A social history o the borough o Lawrenceand its surrounding districts. dunein: Whitcmbe & Tmbs. p.21); Rea, Gabriel (1966), rmAn Encyclpaeia New Zealan, eite by A. H. McLintck, riginally publishe in 1966.www.TeAra.gvt.nz/1966/R/ReaGabriel/en Retrieve September 16, 2007 rm www.TeAra.gvt.nz/1966/G/Gldiscveries/en; www.intune.c.nz/gl.html

3 Pi (2008)

4 Base n numerus iscussins with rst an secn generatin Inians arun New Zealan

5 Hwang, et. al. (1997)

6 Fr example in Suth Arica especially uring the aparthei era (1948-1994); see darity, Masnan Stewart (2006) an in Australia in 1901 in the newly cnstitute state Queenslan marriagebetween inigenus wmen an nn-inigenus men were restricte; see McGrath (2005); Rbert(2001). In the USA r example 29 states pssesse laws which prhibite intermarriage, an aNegr in these laws was ene as ne-urth r mre Negr bl t persns with any trace Negr bl; Glen (1958)

7 Hyslp (1995); See als Beaglehle, A. Immigratin regulatin. Te Ara the Encyclpeia NewZealan, upate September 21, 2007 www.TeAra.gvt.nz/NewZealaners/NewZealanPeples/ImmigratinRegulatin/en where the esire t keep NZ white an prejuice against the Asianswas accmpanie by a sense the angers miscegenatin, r interbreeing ierent races.

8 Plane (2000)

9 Basran (1993)

10 Qian (1997)

11 Byes (2006)

12 Hall (1931)

13 Newman (2007)

14 Newman (2007)

15 Wanhalla (2004)

16 Lee (2007)

17 Lee (2007)

18 Mestiz (2007). In Encyclpeia Britannica, retrieve Nvember 29, 2007 rm EncyclpeiaBritannica nline: www.britannica.cm/eb/article-9052254

19 Callister (2007), p. 15520 Callister (2007), p. 152

21 Callister (2007), p. 153

22 Tables specially prepare by Ewan Jnasen, Statistics New Zealan, r the authr. Ewj21921 MriInian

23 Emery (2008)

24 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006); Neckerman et. al. (1999)

25 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006); Glen (1958, 1959)

26 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)

27 Qian an Cbas (2004)

28 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)

29 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)

30 Bratter an Eschbach (2006); Piper (1997)

31 Bratter an Eschbach (2006), p. 1027

32 Bratter an Eschbach (2006)

33 Census 2006, inrmatin prvie by Rbert diham rm Statistics NZ, Christchurch

34 Callister (2007), p. 150

35 Callister et. al. (2005)

36 Hwar, S. an diham, R. ethnic intermarriage an ethnic transerence amngst the Mrippulatin: implicatins r the measurement an enitin ethnicity (www.stats.gvt.nz//0/EthnicintermarriageanethnictranserenceamngMri.p retrieve 29 Nv 2007).

37 Rt (1992)

38 Byes (2006)

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Author

Dr Edwina Pio (PhD, BEd, MNZAC) is Assciate Pressr

at the Business & Law Schl AUT University,

Aucklan, New Zealan, Visiting Pressr at Bstn

Cllege, Massachusetts, USA, an Visiting Acaemic

at Cambrige University UK, with research interests

at the intersectin management, psychlgy

an spirituality. She travels extensively n research

an isseminatin her wrk an has been invite

t Austria (University Vienna), The Netherlans

(Rabu University), Spain (ESAdE) an Sween

(Jnkping Internatinal Business Schl). She is

n the eitrial bar a number jurnals an

has wn awars at the Acaemy Management

USA an in Japan at the internatinal cnerence

the Sciety Glbal Business & Ecnmicdevelpment. She is n the Phd/M Phil Cmmittee

an MBA Avisry Bar at her university an n the bar Hme & Family

Cunselling, Aucklan. She is a registere cunsellr an wrks n a vluntary

basis with migrants. Ewina has Inian rts.

Acknowledgements

With happiness t Alisn Nrman, Yashika Vijai, Paul Mn, Kate Biggs,

Berlina Chin, Kate Mitchell, Ewan Jnansen an Rbert diham r

jurneying with me n this pathway; t the wnerul participants in this

wrk; an especially t my sn Isaac, r his upbeat, inspiratinal presence an

cnstant supprt.

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