catalhoyuk archeological excavations turkey /ÇatalhÖyÜk

7/30/2019 Catalhoyuk Archeological Excavations TURKEY /ATALHYK

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M\MGFSA 4229 MTHFCUO TORNT\

m|mgfsa Toxomthf Rtn`oh|


2/394

c

HNK\OK\X

4229 XOMXNK TOUCOY . XOPNK_ LOOTGOKLTJOX Cmk Fnllot =

N\FOT MH\CUC\COXCmk Fnllot % Xfmfckm Emtcl 9

MHAKNYGOLIOJOK\X. \OOAATGOT =5

\OMJ 4229 =3

OVHMUM\CNKXMtomx ne Ovhmm|cnk 4229 Xfmfckm Emtcl 4=


3/394

cc

Hgms Lm|mdmxox Loognrjok| *Jcm Tclio 8


4/394

=

Eciuto =0 \fo dmxo ne m rtndmdgo domt togcoe ck

|fo hntkot ne m tnnj ck |fo


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4

Eciuto


7/394

&


15/394

=4

mkgmjkm iogjoxclct+ Dsgogcago' sggmthm dctcajc ngmk iotoaxcp axjgmtlmk aut|ugukjuo lo lpokgojo xnkuhu agok dcgicxmsmt o iokog mtccjcp Gnkltm sm |mkj|t+

u mklm rtn`o necxc Mtaongn`c Okx|c|xkk 8+ am|klm sot mgjma|mlt &rokhotogc dct nlm-#+Mtaongn`c Okx|c|xko dcpo sot xmgml cck |ooat olcsntup+ Msk pmjmklm

Hmjdtclio kcotxc|oxcko' JhLnkmgl Okx|c|xko' Gnkltm kcotxc|oxcko o Mtaongn`cOkx|c||xko rtn`okck |mkjmx oxkmxklm smr|agmt dtnatm|ca o gn`cx|ca smtljgmtlmklngms |ooaatgotcjcpc xukjma|msp+

Mkamtm Jpoxc)klo dugukmk' Dnocki)ck xrnkxntguuku smr|' m|mgfsaoxotgotcko mstgmk c|tck+

Ag|t o \utcpj Dmamkgkk o Anksm Jpoxckck am|agmt cgo o Dnockickxrnkxntguusgm' Mkamtm Jpoxcklo sokc dct xotic mgmk mgj|t+ Jpo Jltgkk|ocagotc cgo sokc dct xotic c|tckc lpokgokjc o amplmk amk xnk duguk|ugmtsotgo|ctcgjc|ct &Ecit 3#+ Du iochc xotic sgga ngmtma sokcgokohoa o duguk|ugmtk fotxoko |oatmt Anksm Jpoxcko iotc lkojolok kho dmaok||o xoticso xukugjmgmt

xmgmkmdcgohoa|ct+ Amp

cgo cgicgc dct |mk

|

j clonxu lm c|tckck smk

klm xtoagc ngmtmaix|otcgjoa|olct+


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= &8#Otaok Fngnxokloac tufxmg lksmlm ckxmk entjgmt jotaopc dct tng j nskmj|t o dujotaopcso|cgca ckxmkk dc|ac o fmsmkgmt ohcggo|ctjo xtohcklo sokc amtmjgmtm sngmjjlt> &


19/394

=5

Rtokx Hfmtgox Pcsmto|c Jotaopckck smk xtm' Igms Xot|ck ntimkcpo o||cc ujtm oAaaslok nhuagmtk am|gl' smp xopnkgmtklm m|mgfsa|o &dmakp Smp Naugutmrntu# naug nhuagmt cgo smrgmk ma|c|ogotck smrgl du rtnòsc itjo mkx ogloo|jc|ct+ Msthm dmg dugukluagmt annrotm|ce ccklo iogokoaxog sk|ojgotgo aoo xmkm|klomj o||ctok sotog amlkgmt' Jofjo| o Xsgcm Ictcck ntimkcpmxsnku cgo amp mgmkkm

lmo| olcgjc o smr|

agmt

cgot xukugju|ut+ &yyy+|foeog|jmaotB+|foeog|jmaot+hnj#+

Mhaknygoliojok|x\fo rtnòh| yntax uklot |fo muxrchox ne |fo Dtc|cxf Ckx|c|u|o ne Mthfmongnis m| Mkamtmyc|f m rotjc| etnj |fo \utacxf Jckcx|ts ne Hug|uto mkl \nutcxj+ \fo rtnòh| cx itm|oeug|n |fo Lctoh|nt Iokotmg ne Jnkujok|x mkl Juxoujx' Ntfmk Lpik mkl |n nut |ojxcghcjot plok+

\fo jmck xrnkxntx mto Smr Atolc mkl Dnocki+ Nut gnki |otj xrnkxntx mto Xfogg mklJotan' mkl n|fot xrnkxnt cx \fmjox

Xurrnt| ymx itm|oeuggs tohocol etnj |fo Dtc|cxf Ckx|c|u|o ne Mthfmongnis m| Mkamtm ckDtc|mck' |fo @nfk \ojrgo|nk Enuklm|cnk' |fo Igndmg Fotc|mio Eukl' |fo AtoxxEnuklm|cnk mkl |fo Jmt|fm @nuanyxas Enuklm|cnk ck Mjotchm' mkl ck Rngmkl |fo_kcotxc|s ne Rnpkmk' mkl |fo Rngcxf Fotc|mio Hnukhcg+

Nut jmck ckx|c|u|cnkmg rmt|kotx mkl xrnkxntx mto X|mkentl _kcotxc|s ck |fo _X' |foCkx|c|u|o ne Mthfmongnis' _kcotxc|s Hnggoio Gnklnk ck |fo _A mkl Xoghua _kcotxc|s ck\utaos '

N|fot ckx|c|u|cnkmg rmt|kotx mto Rnpkmk _kcotxc|s' Rngmkl' Cx|mkdug _kcotxc|s mkl |fo_kcotxc|s ne \ftmho m| Olctko' \utaos mkl X_KS Dueemgn ck |fo _X+

C mgxn ycxf |n |fmka Igms Xot| ent fot tukkcki ne |fo oluhm|cnkmg rtnitmjjox m| |fo xc|o+

Yo mto itm|oeug mx oot |n @cjjs mkl Mtgo||o Joggmmt|+ Xrohcmg |fmkax mto ov|oklol |njot An ent fcx hnk|ckuol xurrnt| ne |fo rtnòh|+ Mkl eckmggs yo yoto rgomxol |n fnx||fo Dtc|cxf Mjdmxxmlnt Kcha Dmctl mkl fcx yceo Hmtngcko+


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=9

\ooaatgotRtnò' Ag|t o \utcpj Dmamkgkk cpkcsgo' Mkamtm kicgcp Mtaongn`c Okx|c|xkkloko|cjcklo smrgjma|mlt+ Rtnòjcp' Mk|gmt o Jpogot Jltg Dmamk XmskNtfmk Lpiko o Dmamkgk |ojxcghcxc Xmsk jot ploko |ooaat dnt dcgct+

Mkm xrnkxntgmt

j

p Smr

Atolc o Dnockilct+ _puk mlogc xrnkxntgmt

j

p cxo Xfogg oJotan ngur' dct lcot xrnkxntujup lm \fmjox Ym|otlt+

Mkamtm kicgcp Mtaongn`c Okx|c|xko' @nfk \ojrgo|nk Enkukm' Atoxog Ag|t JctmxEnkukm' Atoxx Enkukm o Mjotcamlmac Jmt|fm @nuanyxas Enkukm o RngnksmlmacRnpkmk kcotxc|oxcko o Rngnksm Jcggc Rcsmkin Ankxoscko lox|oagotcklok lngms|ooaat olotcp+

Mkm autujxmg nt|magmtjp o xrnkxntgmtjp cxo1 Dctgojc Jcggo|gotlok X|mkentlkcotxc|oxc' Dctgoca Atmgga|mk Gnkltm kcotxc|oxc' Mtaongn`c Okx|c|x o\tacsolok Xogua kcotxc|oxclct+

Rtnòkck lcot autujxmg nt|magmt cxo Rnpkmk kcotxc|oxc' Rngnksm Jcggc RcsmkinAnkxosc' x|mkdug kcotxc|oxc' Olctko \tmasm kcotxc|oxc' Dueemgnlmac Koy Snta X|m|okcotxc|oxc+

Fot pmjmkac icdc @cjjs o Mtgo||o Joggmt| ce|cko jckko||mtgmtjp xukmtp+ Rtnòsolomj olok am|agmtklmk lngms Xmsk jot Anm pog |ooatgotcjcpc xukmt o xnkngmtma lm kicgcp Ankxngnxu Xmsk Kcha Dmctl o ogotc Hmtngckokk du amp xopnkuklmdcpgoto smr|agmt pcsmto||ok lngmsotoe lusluujupu dogct|josc dnt dcgctcp+


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=6


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44

Eciuto =80 Ovhmm|cnk Mtomx 4229


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48

4229 Ovhmum|cnkx ne |fo


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4 &|fcx cx fcifgs hnk`oh|utol mx |fo rc| jms do hu| juhf gm|ot mkl etnj

juhf fcifot1 m hgnxot mkmgsxox ne |fo jm|otcmg mxxojdgmio cx to}uctol#+

Knko|fogoxx' |fo rc| &=?599# hnk|mckol mk ukuxumg ecgg ck hnjrmtcxnk |n n|fot gmtio

rc|x ovhmm|ol mhtnxx |fo xc|o |n lm|o &xoo Xrmho 493' |fcx tornt| % Mthfco Tornt|

4225 % Xrmho 45=' Mthfco Tornt| 4225# \fcx cx |fo ectx| ckx|mkho ne lcxrnxmg ne dutk|

lodtcx ck m rc|+ N|fot nhhuttokhox ne duga dutk| lodtcx mkl c|x jmkmiojok| fmo mgg

dook hnk|mckol yc|fck |fo dutk| ymggol x|tuh|utox &Xnu|f Mtom xoh|cnk omx| ne UCC+84

Qxoo Ecto % Dutkcki' Mthfco Tornt| 422


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55

xnjo kn|mdgo mtcm|cnkx+ C| ymx m tmrclgs lornxc|ol ecgg yc|f m hnjrmtm|cogs kmttnyot

tmkio ne gc|fchx mkl emukmg |mvm' mg|fnuif dctl mrromtx |n do nottortoxok|ol+

\fo emukm xuiiox|x m rnx| hnkxujr|cnk xcikm|uto du| ck|otox|ckigs c| lceeotx etnj yfm|

ynugl do hnkxclotol m eomx|cki lornxc| ck n|fot jcllokx mx |fo tmkio ne |mvm mrromtx

|nn lcotxo+ C| lnox' fnyoot' domt xcjcgmtc|cox |n rc|x hnk|mckcki eomx|cki tojmckx

etnj n|fot Outnromk Kongc|fch xc|ox+

\fo mthfmondn|mks mkmgsxcx rnck|x |n m fcif lokxc|s jcllok |sro lornxc| yc|f luki

rtoxok|' yc|f |fo rn|ok|cmg ent |fcx |n do lotcol etnj luki euog+ \fo lornxc| fmx gmtio

mjnuk|x ne mxf mkl hfmthnmg' |fo rfs|ngc|fx xfnycki |fm| xnjo cx ynnl lotcol' du|

|fo jcv ne ynnl mkl luki euogx cx ne ck|otox|+

Lcxhuxxcnk

\fo ovhmm|cnk ne |fo domj xgn|x |n |fo knt|f mkl xnu|f ne E\ 4< toomgol |fo eugg

ov|ok| ne |fcx mtom ne jcllokcki yc|fck Xrmho 58+ C| mrromtx |fm| |fo ducglcki ck Xr+58

fmx dook rmt|cmggs ecggol yc|f tnnj ecgg' du| kn| |n |fo focif| ne |fo ymggx+ \fo mtom ymx

|fok uxol mx mk mtom ent lujrcki dutk| tuddgo.jcllok jm|otcmg+ \fo rc| &=?599# ymx

lui omtgs nk ck |fcx rfmxo' mgjnx| hok|tmg |n |fo xrmho+

C| cx jnto gcaogs |fm| |fcx rc| ymx lui ck ntlot |n lornxc| |fo jm|otcmg tohnotol etnj

yc|fck c| tm|fot |fmk |n }umtts jm|otcmg ent dtcha jmkuemh|utcki+ Rotfmrx |foto ymx m

eomx| ne xnjo loxhtcr|cnk yfnxo tojmckx yoto lornxc|ol ck |fo rc| |n jmta |fo

ckecggcki ne |fo ducglcki ck Xr 58+ Lnox xomgcki yc|f dutk| tuddgo |fotoento mgxn

xuiiox| m xrohcmg. rtox|cicnux ducglcki ck xnjo yms tm|fot |fmk |fo xrmho dohnjcki

`ux| m hnkokcok| lujrcki itnukl>

Eciuto 840 Rc| &=?599# ecggol yc|f dutk| tuddgo yc|f jcllok hnjrnkok|x+


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59

Eciuto 880 Fomcgs emxfcnkol rgmx|otol xnu|f ymgg E+495 Yc|fck |fo ovhmm|olxo}uokho yo xoo jmks lornxc|x

|fm| mto ck|otrto|ol mx ne googgcki

lornxc|x ck |fo entj ne lujrx nt

jmao urx uxumggs rtcnt |n mkl

lutcki |fo hnkx|tuh|cnk ne

ducglckix mkl eom|utox yc|fck

ducglckix+ \fcx jm|otcmg mx

oots|fcki ogxo m| m|mgfsa fmx

|n do dtnuif| ck|n |fo mtom+ Tnnjecgg ent ovmjrgo cx kn| mgymsx hnjrtcxol ne |fo

xmjo jm|otcmg mx |fo ymggx ne |fo tnnj nt ducglcki c| ecggx' mg|fnuif hot|mck

lojngcxfol ogojok|x ne |fo uklotgscki ducglcki jms do rtoxok|+ Mkn|fot |sro ne

googgcki lornxc| mto |fo gmtio jul dtcha gcao lujrx xook ck omtgs hnkx|tuh|cnk rfmxox

ne m ducglcki mkl mhtnxx nrok mtomx ne |fo xc|o+ \foxo mrromt |n hnkxcx| ne jcvol

jm|otcmg' yfchf ckhgulox eoy gmtio tohnikcxmdgo hnjrnkok|x xuhf mx jul dtchax

xuiiox|cki |fm| ce c| fml ntcickmggs lotcol etnj ducglcki jm|otcmg c| fml dook yogg

xnt|ol' jcvol nt htuxfol+ Yo kny mgxn akny |fm| hot|mck mtomx mhtnxx |fo xc|o mto

docki }umttcol' mkl c| cx rnxxcdgo |fcx }umttcol jm|otcmg cx docki mh}uctol ent uxo nk

n|fot mtomx |fo xc|o+ M rch|uto |fok cx kny ducglcki ur ne gmtio jnojok|x ne jm|otcog

ck|n mkl nu| ne mtomx ne |fo xc|o' fny gmtio xhmgo mkl ycloxrtoml |foxo jnojok|x mto

cx ne hnutxo kn| so| euggs uklotx|nnl' du| xuiiox|x m jnto lskmjch rch|uto ne xc|o

jntrfngnis mkl |mrfnknjs |fmk rotfmrx cx |tmlc|cnkmggs rtoxok|ol+

Hfmkicki Xrmhox\fo tojnmg ne Ducglckix 5? mkl 56 xmy |fo ovhmm|ol mtom lcclol ur ck|n koyxrmhox mx logckom|ol ds m xotcox ne ymggx+ M| |fo knt|f yox| cx Ducglcki 9?' Xrmho 846'

yc|fck ymggx E+4548' E+45


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==2

56' dn|f ducglckix nhhurscki m xcjcgmt xrmho+ Fnyoot' kn ducglcki gcox lctoh|gs uklot

Ducglcki 5?' m rm||otk yo fmo xook yc|fck |fo xo}uokho ne Ducglckix =2'


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== Jmks ne |fo mddtocm|ol ovmjrgox mkl yogg*jmlo }umlturolx mrromt |n doetoo*x|mklcki mkl |fotoento yoto hmrmdgo ne xc||cki nt x|mklcki mdnu| nk xutemhox ntegnntx' yfotomx |fo jnto ogmdntm|ol x|nko mkl hgms fujmk entjx mto kn| etoo*x|mklckimkl |fotoento ynugl fmo fml |n do fogl' xurrnt|ol' nt aor| gmcl lnyk &Joxaogg 4229'Joxaogg mkl Kmamjutm 422?' Joxaogg o| mg+ 4226' Kmamjutm mkl Joxaogg 4225#+ Dn|f|srox yoto gcaogs hcthugm|ol |n xnjo ov|ok|' fnyoot |foxo lceeotok| entjmg mxroh|x

rotfmrx xuiiox| m jnto rotxnkmg togm|cnkxfcr yc|f |fo ogmdntm|ol fujmk eciutckox ck|fo xokxo |fm| |fos to}uctol mkl ckc|ol m hot|mck mjnuk| ne fmklgcki+

Lornxc|cnkmg Rtmh|choxEtnj |fo nu|xo|' nko ne nut gmtiot inmgx fmx dook |n rotentj m xc|o*yclo mkmgsxcx ne|fo eciutcko mxxojdgmio |ftnuif |cjo mkl xrmho+ Dmxol nk |fcx rtogcjckmtsckentjm|cnk' yo fmo enukl |fm| m kujdot ne lceeotok| emh|ntx jmao |fcx ackl ne ck|tm*xc|o hnjrmtcxnk hfmggokicki &Joxaogg o| mg+ 4226#+

Ck |fo ectx| ckx|mkho c| cx uxoeug |n jmao xnjo iokotmg hnjrmtcxnkx do|yook eciutckoxenukl ck mxxnhcm|cnk yc|f ducglckix mkl eciutckox enukl ck ov|otkmg mtomx &c+o+ ck gmtiojcllokx mkl ck do|yook ymggx#+ Xcikcechmk|gs' jnto eciutckox hnjo etnj |foxo

ov|otkmg mtomx' yfchf mto mgg xohnklmts lornxc|cnk1 mkl ne |foxo eciutckox' jnx| hnjoetnj jcllok mtomx &?55#' yfcgo xcikcechmk|gs goxx hnjo etnj ecgg ck do|yook ymggx&8=#+ Nko kn|mdgo rm||otk |fm| ojotiox ck |fo hnjrmtcxnk ne ducglcki mkl knk*ducglckilornxc|cnk mhtnxx |fo xc|o cx |fm| |fo lcx|tcdu|cnk ne eciutcko |srox tojmckx |fo xmjo&\mdgo =


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468

|fcx rm||otk jms eut|fot cklchm|o |fm|' cttoxroh|co ne jm|otcmg hfnxok' |foto ymx xnjohnfoxcnk ck |fo hgmxxcechm|cnk ne eciutckox ent |fo ckfmdc|mk|x ne m|mgfsa+ \fcxxfnugl kn| do mxxujol m rtcntc' mx |sro ne jm|otcmg hfnxok jms cklchm|o xrohcechhnk|ov|umg fcotmthfcox ne rtnluh|cnk' uxo' mguo' jomkcki mkl lornxc|cnk+

CL Entj Lornxc|cnk

=?2?+V= Rfmggux Jcllok.hnkx|tuh|cnk &etmijok|# D+=9 * hnkx|tuh|cnk96=


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8?9

TOXOMTHF RTN@OH\X

Ck|otcj Tornt| nk Jul Dtcha Mthfc|oh|uto . Aotrc \ugm cgo cgicgc Tmrnt *Xotokm Gno * Lormt|jok| ne Mk|ftnrngnis' X|mkentl _kcotxc|s

Mdx|tmh|

\fcx tornt| cx m xujjmts ne hnjrnxc|cnkmg mkmgsxcx ne jul dtchamthfc|oh|uto do|yook Nh|ndot 4225 mkl Muiux| 4229' ckhgulckigmdntm|nts ynta hnkluh|ol m| X|mkentl _kcotxc|s+ \foto cx mlcxhuxxcnk ne toxug|x etnj |fo rcgn| x|uls mkl ckc|cmg ck|otrto|m|cnkx ne|fo dtcha |srngnis+ \tc*mtcm|o xhm||ot rgn|x mto ckhgulol |n cggux|tm|o

rm||otkx mkl |toklx yc|fck |fo mxxojdgmio ne ducglcki jm|otcmgx+Hnjrnxc|cnkmg lo|mcgx etnj |fo nee*xc|o hntcki mto lcxhuxxol ck togm|cnk|n dtcha xmjrgox+ Enhuxcki nk |fo Xnu|f Mtom' fnuxo xo}uokhox mtoovmjckol |n lo|otjcko jm|otcmg hnkxcx|okhs mkl hfmkio+ \fcxckentjm|cnk cx hnjrmtol yc|f |fo lm|m ndxotol ck |fo enuklm|cnk|tokhfox ovhmm|ol mtnukl |fo


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8?6

hfmtmh|otcpol |fo km|utmg lornxc|x mtnukl |fo jnukl' uxcki rmt|chgo xcpo' gnxx nkcikc|cnk mkl jmiko|ch xuxhor|cdcgc|s+ \fo n|fot |ftoo jo|fnlx yoto ojrgnsol nk mkovrotcjok|mg dmxcx |n lo|otjcko |foct mrrgchmdcgc|s mkl oeeoh|cokoxx nk |fcx rmt|chugmthug|utmg lm|mxo|+ C mgxn mlmr|ol Dnsotx jo|fnl ent kujotchmggs hnlcki Jukxogg xncghngnutx' dmxol nk fuo' hngnut x|toki|f mkl lmtakoxx &=3330 =55*=53#+

\fo toxug|x ne hngnut' rmt|chgo xcpo &ent |ov|utmg mkmgsxcx#' gnxx nk cikc|cnk &ntimkch mklhmtdnkm|o# mkl jmiko|ch xuxhor|cdcgc|s fmo rtnok |n do xuhhoxxeug ck htom|cki mkckc|cmg hnjrnxc|cnkmg |srngnis+ Ck hnjrmtcki |fo jmiko|ch xuxhor|cdcgc|s mimckx| |fontimkch gnxx lm|m' C ymx mdgo |n lo|otjcko |fm| m fcif xuxhor|cdcgc|s tomlcki cx kn|meeoh|ol ds hfmthnmg nt dutk| jcllok jm|otcmg' xuiiox|cki m iokucko jckotmgnichmgmtcmdcgc|s+ Mgxn' |foto xoojx |n do m xcikcechmk| togm|cnkxfcr do|yook xmkl hnk|ok|mkl ntimkch gnxx+ M| |fcx x|mio' |foxo eco mtcmdgox fmo dook mkmgspol yc|f |tc*mtcm|o rgn|x+ \fcx jo|fnl fmx mggnyol jo |n htom|o ogojok|mts itnurcki ne jm|otcmgxmkl |n doick |fo |ojrntmg mkl xrm|cmg hfmtmh|otcpm|cnk ne emdtchx+ \fo xohnkl rfmxo nemkmgsxcx cx jug|cmtcm|o x|m|cx|chx' xrohcechmggs rtckhcrgo hnjrnkok|x mkmgsxcx+

\fo rtoxok| lm|m enhuxox nkgs nk dtcha xmjrgox+ Jnt|mtx lcxrgms mk ckhtomxol

mtcmdcgc|s |fmk |fo dtchax+ C| cx rnxxcdgo |fm| |fo mtcmdcgc|s ck jnt|mtx hnugl jomk |fm|dtchax jms fmo dook jmlo m| nko |cjo' mkl rnxxcdgs x|ntol' yfotomx jnt|mtx hnuglfmo dook jmlo nk m jnto mx*koolol dmxcx+ \foto cx mgxn xnjo oclokho ne mhnkxcx|ok| uxo ne m xckigo dtcha emdtch yc|fck nko fnuxo du| jnto |fmk nko jnt|mt |sro+Dtcha lm|m cx jnto hnkx|mk| mkl cx omxcot |n tohnikcpo rm||otk m| |fcx x|mio ne mkmgsxcx+

V*Tms Lceetmh|cnk &Vtl#\fo =6 xmjrgox yoto xud`oh| |n duga VTL mkmgsxcx &etnj |fo xcool 7 58 jetmh|cnk#' hnkluh|ol ds Mt|utmx Umcgcnkcx ck |fo Iodmggo Gmdntm|nts ent MlmkholJm|otcmgx &IGMJ# m| X|mkentl _kcotxc|s+ \fo xmjrgox yoto rtnhoxxol uxcki mRMKmgs|chmg V)Rot| RTN v*tms lceetmh|cnk xsx|oj+ \fo enut lnjckmk| jckotmgx &ckntlot# mto }umt|p' hmghc|o' eoglxrmt mkl lngnjc|o+ Xud|go|cox ck jckotmg ck|okxc|s

do|yook |fo xmjrgox mto lo|oh|ol du| emgg yc|fck |fo ovroh|ol tmkio ne mtcmdcgc|s entjcvol jm|otcmgx lotcol etnj mk mggucmg okctnkjok|+ \fo toxug|x ne |fcx dugamkmgsxcx lcl kn| rtno |n do uxoeug ck lcx|ckiucxfcki dtcha jm|otcmgx' mx |fo dugajo|fnl jmxax |fo hgms jckotmgnis+ Fnyoot' c| cx rnxxcdgo |n jmao |fcx lcx|ckh|cnkyc|f m ruto hgms VTL mkmgsxcx ds cxngm|cki |fo hgms etmh|cnk+ M hgms mkmgsxcx ycgg dohnkluh|ol ck |fo urhnjcki somt+

Lceeuxo Toegoh|mkho Xroh|tnrfn|njo|ts &LTX#LTX hmk clok|ces hnjrnxc|cnkmg lceeotokhox mkl cx xokxc|co |n gny hnkhok|tm|cnkx nexnjo jckotmgx mkl hmk lo|oh| m yclo tmkio ne jckotmg mtcmdcgc|s &Dmgxmj o| mg+ 4225#+M |tcmg ne 42 xmjrgox &etnj |fo xcool 7 58 j etmh|cnk# ymx xud`oh|ol |n LTX ck mk

m||ojr| |n clok|ces mtcmdcgc|s mxxnhcm|ol yc|f lceeotok| rfmxox ne hnkx|tuh|cnk+ \foxmjrgox yoto hfnxok nk |fo dmxcx ne hngnt mx yogg mx |foct gnhm|cnk+

\fo LTX lm|m eogg ck|n |ftoo itnurx+ \fo ectx| itnur ymx |fo yfc|o jmtg jnt|mt' |foxohnkl itnur ymx |fo xmkls dtnyk dtchax mkl |fo |fctl itnur yoto itms emdtchx'yfchf ckhgulol dn|f dtchax mkl jnt|mtx+ \fo yfc|o jmtg jnt|mt ne Goog CV &=4223#ymx ukc}uo etnj mgg |fo n|fotx yc|f m soggny hngnut luo |n |fo jckotmg ino|fc|o mkl

rnxxcdgs gorclnhtnhc|o mkl mgxn fcif dtcif|koxx mguox &}un|cki ojmcg etnj Dmgxmj'Kn+ =' 4225#+ \fo xmkls dtnyk dtchax mgg fmo m tollcxf hmx| mkl mto hfmtmh|otcpol


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jm|otcmgx+ M |fctl rnxxcdcgc|s cx |fm| |fcx mtom ymx kn| uxol m| mgg' du| |fm| hnkhguxcnk cxjnto lceechug| |n rtno m| |fcx `ukh|uto+ C| xfnugl mgxn do kn|ol |fm| |foxo km|utmgxmjrgox tortoxok| |fo xhtmrckix ne |fo hnto mkl LN KN\ tortoxok| |fo hntox|fojxogox+

Eciuto =69+ M |ov|utmg mkmgsxcx rgn||cki dtchax etnj |fo


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858

mkl ck itom| mduklmkho+ Mg|otkm|cogs' |foto cx m tojn|o rnxxcdcgc|s |fm| |fo uklotgsckix|tuh|utox ne |fo \fcx jms ovrgmck xckigo hnjrnxc|cnkmgmknjmgcox+ Nt cx |fcx oclokho ne m tormct `nd yfoto m koy dtcha emdtch ymx jmlo> Ntcx |fcx oclokho ne hnjjukmg oeent|' yfoto jmks lceeotok| ronrgo mto hnk|tcdu|cki |n|fo hnkx|tuh|cnk ne m fnuxo> Mto lceeotok| dtchax tortoxok|cki lceeotok| ronrgo>Rtocnuxgs' C fmo lcxhuxxol |fo rnxxcdcgc|s ne htme| xrohcmgcpm|cnk' itnur otxuxhnjjukmg oeent|' nt ce m iucgl*gcao ukc| ymx toxrnkxcdgo ent |fo hnkx|tuh|cnk ne mgg |fofnuxox+ C mj x|mt|cki |n ynklot ce |fo mtcmdcgc|s hnugl do m toegoh|cnk ne nko ne |foxoxhokmtcnx+

_krtnokcokhol ymggxXn emt' |fo hnjdckol oclokho cx xuiiox|cki |fm| ce m fnuxo uxol lceeotok| jm|otcmgxoots |cjo c| ymx to*hnkx|tuh|ol' |fok |foto ycgg do gm|otmg togm|cnkxfcrx yc|fck m itnurne fnuxox+ M ot|chmg lcxhnk|ckuc|s ne jm|otcmgx ckotxogs cjrgcox m gm|otmg hnk|ckuc|s+\foto mto jug|crgo ovmjrgox ne fntcpnk|mg xcjcgmtc|cox' xuiiox|cki |fm| jnto |fmk nkofnuxofngl itnur uxol |fo xmjo xnutho ne jm|otcmgx+ \fotoento' m hmxo hnugl do jmloent hnk|ojrntmts ducglcki rfmxox dmxol nk gm|otmg emdtch jm|hfox+

Ck m jnto gnhmgcpol mtom' C fmo dook enhuxcki nk ecklcki itnurx ne xcjcgmt emdtchx mklhnk|ov|umgcpo |foxo ymggx |n lo|otjcko ce dtcha emdtchx hmk do uxol mx |ojrntmgcklchm|ntx+ Mgxn' |fcx toxomthf mxax ce |foto mto |fo xnhcmg cjrgchm|cnkx ent emdtchxitnurx+ Oots ovrnxol ymgg ck |fo Xnu|f Mtom fmx dook xmjrgol mkl jmks ne |foxoymggx mto ukrtnokcokhol+ Ck |fo gmtio Xnu|f Xoh|cnk &xoo Jm||foyx mkl Emtcl =335#'|foto mto xcv &ne kcko# ymggx |fm| mgg jm|hf omhf n|fot QE+4?48: E+4?45: E+4?43:E+4?8=: E+4?84: E+4?88Z mkl |yn lceeotok| Xnu|f xoh|cnkx ymggx mto m hnjrnxc|cnkmgjm|hf QE+4?4


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85?

hnkxclot m torgmhojok| fcx|nts fnuxo xo}uokho' dmxol nk dtcha |srngnicox+ \fcxtoxomthf |fux emt fmx dook mdgo |n lnhujok| m xo}uok|cmg ntlot |n emdtch uxo' mkl |foot|chmg mkl gm|otmg mrrgchm|cnkx. togm|cnkxfcrx do|yook ducglckix dmxol nk emdtchx+Fnuxo xo}uokhox mkl |fo togm|cnkxfcrx do|yook ducglckix mto jnto ckentjm|co

dohmuxo |fo rtckhcrgo ck|otox|x mto fny ducglcki togm|ox |n mkn|fot+ Ent ovmjrgo' Emtcl&42290 462# xmsx |fm| Ducglcki 5 ymx ducg| yfcgo Ducglcki 4 ymx x|cgg nhhurcol'

mg|fnuif dn|f fnuxox mto lm|ol |n lceeotok| Googx+ Ducglckix 4 mkl 5 dn|f uxo mdmha*xymjr hgms dtcha emdtch' so| Ducglcki 5 cx |fo nkgs Goog UCCC fnuxo yc|f |fcxemdtch+ \foxo |srox ne xud|go|cox xuiiox| |fm| mk cklcclumg fcx|nts*fnuxo mkmgsxcxjcif| do m jnto oeechcok| mrrtnmhf |fmk uxcki Joggmmt|x Goog xhfojo+

Eciuto=340 \yn kocifdntcki x|tuh|utox yc|f m jm|hf ck |fo Goog UC ymggx' ukc|x &=4258#' &=429=#'yfchf mgxn jm|hf dtcha emdtchx ck |fo Xnu|f Xoh|cnk &kn| rch|utol#+

Xrm|cmg MkmgsxcxC fmo doiuk m tulcjok|mts xrm|cmg mkmgsxcx ne |fo lcx|tcdu|cnk ne dtcha jm|otcmgxmhtnxx |fo jnukl+ \fo uklotgscki mxxujr|cnk ck |fcx toxomthf cx kocifdnutfnnl*dmxoltoxnutho ovrgnc|m|cnk' rtoxujcki |fm| lceeotok| mtomx ynugl fmo gnhmgcpol mhhoxx |njm|otcmgx nt hnk|tng not hot|mck toxnuthox+ \fo xnhcmg cjrgchm|cnkx ne |fcx

ck|otrto|m|cnk hnugl xuiiox| |fm| xrm|cmggs lcx|ckh| mtomx hnttogm|o yc|f xnhcmgitnurckix' toegoh|ol ck m lceeotok|cmg mhhoxx mkl.nt uxo ne gmklxhmro jm|otcmgx+ \n |ox||fcx clom' C rmctol fnuxox ne togm|cogs hnk|ojrntmts Googx ck lceeotok| mtomx+ Entovmjrgo' Ducglcki ?5 &Goog UC' Xnu|f Mtom# cx lceeotok| oknuif etnj Ducglcki ?3&Goog U*UC'


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859

xuiiox|x aknygolio ne fny |fckix mto lnko+ Lcl ootsnko mlfoto |n |fcx x|mklmtl>Yfm| ynugl |fo xnhcmg cjrgchm|cnkx do ce m x|mklmtlcpm|cnk ymx ck|tnluhol m| m gm|ot

rnck|>

\fo n|fot jmck cxxuo ne dtcha xcpo cx |fo yocif|*domtcki gnml+ \fo jmck ckeguokho ne|fo yocif|*domtcki gnml ne m dtcha cx c|x }umgc|s' lo|otjckol ds c|x hnjrnxc|cnkmg tm|cn

ne xmkl*xcg|*hgms+ \fo x|toki|f ne m dtcha cx lotcol etnj c|x }umgc|s+ \nn juhf xmklmkl |fo dtcha hmkkn| xurrnt| juhf yocif|+ \nn juhf hgms mkl |fo dtcha ycgg htmha+X|tmy cx mllol yfok |fo xolcjok| cx |nn hgms tchf+ Ck tomlcki |fo gc|otm|uto nk

ducglcki jnlotk mlndo fnuxox' ck jmks lceeotok| rmt|x ne |fo yntgl' |fo hnjjnk|ftoml cx |fm| m innl dtcha cx hnjrnxol ne kn jnto |fmk 82/ hgms mkl 92/ xmkl.xcg|+_r |n


371/394

856

\uki' Duthu+ 4225+ $M Rtogcjckmts Ckox|cim|cnk ne Juldtcha ck m|mgfsa'$ ckHfmkicki Jm|otcmgc|cox m| m|mgfsa0 Tornt|x etnj |fo =33?*33 xomxnkx+ Olc|ol ds C+Fnllot+ Hmjdtclio0 JhLnkmgl Ckx|c|u|o ent Mthfmongnichmg Toxomthf+

Hgms xnuthcki' Hm|mgfnsua 4229 * Jm|hfcki |fo jm|otcmgx mkl |fo

gmklxhmro . Acg Amskmagmt

Hftcx Lnfot|s &Toxomthf Gmdntm|nts ent Mthfmongnis mkl |fo Fcx|nts ne Mt|' Nventl _kcotxc|s#

Mdx|tmh|\fcx xomxnk hnk|ckuol |fo |yn hgms*togm|ol |fojox ckc|cm|ol ck 4225'|foxo docki0 =# ckox|cim|cki |tmkxc|cnkx ck juldtcha mkl rgmx|ot uxo'mkl 4# |fo cjrgchm|cnk ne jncki etnj hgms dmggx |n rn||ots enthnnacki+ \foxo |yn x|ulcox hnjdcko |n ovmjcko |fo hfmkickijm|otcmgc|s ne hgms m| |fo xc|o+

\fo xc|um|cnk ne m|mgfsa yc|fck mk ov|okxco dmhaxymjr cx

rtndgojm|ch etnj |fo jm|otcmgx coyrnck|+ Etnj Goog UCC nkymtlx|fo fuio kujdotx ne juldtchax mto rtolnjckmk|gs duee nt tollcxf*dtnyk' hngnutx yfchf cklchm|o jnto nvclcxcki &ltcot# hnklc|cnkx |fmkmxxnhcm|ol yc|f hnk|ckunux yo|gmkl+ \fo jmck nd`oh|co ent 4229 ymx|n mlltoxx |fcx mrrmtok| hnk|tmlch|cnk' mx c| rtoxok|x m jm`nt ndx|mhgo |nloognrcki |foxo |yn hgms |fojox+

M |yn*x|mio mrrtnmhf ymx |maok+ Ectx|' koy ndxotm|cnkx yoto jmlonk ovmjrgox ne |foxo jmck hgms*dmxol jm|otcmgx &c+o+ juldtcha'

rgmx|ot' hgms dmggx mkl rn||ots#' |n lo|otjcko yfm| |srox ne tmyjm|otcmgx yoto docki uxo+ Xohnkl' mk omx|*yox| xotcox ne hntox yoto|maok mgnki |fo xnu|fotk jmtick ne |fo jnuklx' |n |ox| clomx ne yfoto

|fo tmy hgmsx yoto docki xnuthol+po|

Du xopnk lm 4225 sgklm dogctgokok cac emtag acggo cgicgc |ojmpotcklok stj|t0 =# aotrc o xm auggmkjklmac iocc

dogctgojoa' o 4# sojoa rcctjolo acg |nrgmtlmk kmma jgoo ioccmkgmsmdcgjoa+ Du cac mgjm mgmklm auggmkgmk acgck loccjc gocgcacgoklctcgjoa|olct+

m|mgfsak iokc dct dm|maga potcko autugu ngjmx jmgpojomxklmk rtndgojm|ca dct lutuj smtm|jma|mlt+ \mdmam UCClokc|cdmtok auggmkgmk aotrc |ugmgmtk dsa dct nukguu' naxclcpo&autu# dct otosc ix|otok atjpjx amfotokic dct toka|o ngur dulutuj lmfm kho kotcgok' xtoagcgcc ngmk xgma dct oto |ontcxcsgop|ga ix|otct+ 4229kck mkm mjmh' lmfm kho dogct|cgok acggo cgicgc cacmkm rtndgojm|co lo cgcack ngmtma du ogcackck mm amu|utugjmxclc+

ac lposlo mlj m|gj|t+ Dctckhcxc' mgkmk acg tkoagotc &aotrc |ugm'xm' acg |nrgmt o mkma jgoa# potcklo auggmkgmk fmjjmllogotckoc|gotckc mkgmjma cck sokc ipgojgot smrgj|t+ ackhcxc' du


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853

fmjjmllogotck kotolok ioglcckc mkgmjma cck fsk ikos jmt`ckcpotcklo lnu*dm| fm|g dct xotc `ongn`ca tkoa mgkj|t+

=+ M tocoy ne |fo hgms*dmxol jm|otcmgxJuldtchax

\foto mto |ftoo jmck |srox ne juldtchax uxol m| m|mgfsa+ \fo ectx| yoto jmlo ne

lmta itos*dtnyk $dmhaxymjr hgms' mkl yoto |srchmggs mxxnhcm|ol yc|f togm|cogs|fcha gmsotx ne yfc|o jmtg jnt|mt+ M| Goog UCC*UCCC |foto cx m togm|cogs xfmtr hfmkio|n |fo uxo ne tollcxf*dtnyk $jckotmg*dmxol$ dtcha+ Dtchax ne |fcx hngnut rotxcx| ck|n|fo gm|ot googx' du| m| xnjo rnck| |foto cx |fo x|mt| ne m koy |tmlc|cnk' yfchf xoox |fouxo ne jcllok mx ecggot+ \fo xo}uokho ne ook|x |fotoento cx0

=# _xo ne lmta jul4# Xyc|hf |n uxo ne tollcxf xcg|cot.xmklcot xolcjok|x8# _xo ne |fo xmjo tollcxf xcg|x du| yc|f jcllok jm|otcmg mllol mx |ojrot+

\fo omtgcox| juldtchax mto jmlo etnj lmta ecko*itmckol xolcjok|x' yfchf mto tchf ckntimkch jm||ot+ Yfcgo |foxo mto |srchmggs loxhtcdol mx $hgmsx$ |fos mto ck emh| gmtiogs

hgmsos*xcg|x+ \fcx jms xooj |n do m jcknt |otjckngnichmg rnck|' du| |fcx xolcjok|mtslcx|ckh|cnk cx xcikcechmk| dn|f ent |fo rtnokmkho ne |fo tmy jm|otcmgx mkl |fo jmkkotck yfchf |foxo dtchax ynugl fmo rotentjol lutcki jmkuemh|uto mkl uxo+ Entovmjrgo' |foxo hgmsos xcg|x fmo m togm|cogs fcif rntnxc|s mkl |fcx ynugl ico |fojuldtchax do||ot |fotjmg ckxugm|cki rtnrot|cox |fmk |fnxo jmlo etnj hgms &rtnrot#+

M| Goog UCC.UCCC |foto cx m xyc|hf |n tollcxf dtnyk juldtchax' yfchf mto juhf jntomtcmdgo |fmk |fo omtgcot lmta dtchax+ \foxo mrromt |n do jnto xcg|s.xmkls' mkl |fcx cxhuttok|gs docki hnkectjol ds Xotokm Gno)x ro|tnitmrfch ynta+ Xuhf m fcif xmklhnk|ok|' yc|f `ux| xueechcok| hgms |n mh| mx m dcklot' cx hnkxclotol |n do |fo nr|cjujentjugm|cnk ne jnlotk mlndo dtchax' mx |fcx icox |fo dox| hnjrtoxxco &c+o+ gnml*

domtcki# x|toki|f+ \fo xfce| etnj lmta xcg|x |n |foxo xmklcot dtchax hnugl do rtoxok|olmx m xfce| |n m do||ot rotentjmkho jm|otcmg+

\fo soggny |n tollcxf*dtnyk hngnutx rnck| |n m xolcjok|mts okctnkjok| ck yfchfntimkch jm||ot hmkkn| mhhujugm|o+ \fcx cjrgcox do||ot*ltmckol hnklc|cnkx |fmk ent|fnxo ck yfchf |fo lmtaot dmhaxymjr hgmsx yoto entjcki+ M koy ndxotm|cnk |fcxsomt cx |fm| m xjmgg kujdot ne |foxo juldtchax fmo kn| dook entjol etnj $hgms$jcvol yc|f ym|ot' du| fmo dook hu| etnj km|utmggs fmtlokol xmkls xolcjok|x+ \folcmiknx|ch hfmtmh|otcx|chx ne |foxo juldtchax ckhgulo0

=# Ck|otkmg xolcjok|mts x|tuh|utox yfchf mto rotxcx|ok| mhtnxx jnx| ne |fo ck|otcnt ne|fo juldtcha

4# M rtoeottol mgcikjok| ne |fo gnki mvcx ne |fo hnmtxot ckhguxcnkx &jmckgs xfoggx#

8# M gmha ne mks jcvcki cklchm|ntx' xuhf mx ognkim|o rntnxc|s' ckhguxcnkx ntcok|ol m|fcif mkigox |n |fo nu|ot dtcha xutemhox' hnkngu|ol dmklcki o|h+


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892

\fo kujdot ne |foxo km|utmggs hojok|ol &gc|fcecol# dtchax cx nkgs gcaogs |n do xjmggmkl rtndmdgs tortoxok|x |fo nrrnt|ukcx| uxo ne xjmgg nu|htnrx ne fmtlokol xcg| mklxmkl+ Ent ovmjrgo' Ducglcki ?8 fmx ovmjrgox ne fmtlokol xolcjok| ne |fcx xnt|' yfchfnhhut m| |fo dmxo ne m ymgg' jmsdo |n rtnclo m xnukl enuklm|cnk &Eciutox =38m mkl=38d#+

Eciuto =38m Eciuto =38d

Fnyoot' |foto ln xooj |n do xnjo ck|otox|cki hnkhok|tm|cnkx ne |foxo km|utmgdtchax' mkl |foxo mto |mtio|x ent eut|fot x|uls ck 4226 mx |fos fmo xnjo cjrnt|mk|cjrgchm|cnkx ent nut uklotx|mklcki dn|f ne juldtcha rtnokmkho mkl |fo cjjolcm|om|mgfsa gmklxhmro+ Ent ovmjrgo' Ducglcki ?5 fmx ymggx' yfchf mto ots ukcentj ckmrromtmkho+ Foto |fo juldtchax mto hnjrnxol ne ots ecko soggnycxf xmkl' yfchf fmxm eoy gmtiot ckhguxcnkx ne hfot| mkl itookx|nko+ \foxo dtchax mrromt fnjniokonux du|hgnxo ckxroh|cnk toomgx |fm| |fos mto eckogs gmjckm|ol' mkl |fo gmtiot ckhguxcnkx mtomgxn mgcikol rmtmggog |n |fcx gmjckm|cnk mkl |n |fo urrot mkl gnyot dtcha xutemhox+Nhhmxcnkmggs xjmgg*xhmgo tcrrgo x|tuh|utox mto xook' oxrohcmggs yfoto |fo dtcha xutemhocx lo|otcntm|cki+ \foxo |ov|utmg hfmtmh|otcx|chx mto |fnxo ne km|utmg notdmka xcg|x mklecko xmkl' yfchf loognr ml`mhok| |n tcot hfmkkogx lutcki egnnlx+ \fo emh| |fm| |foxo

|ov|utox mto uklcx|utdol xuiiox|x |fm| |foxo dtchax mto jmlo ds hu||cki ck|n mggucmgxolcjok|x' kn| etnj jcvcki mkl jnuglcki hgmsx+

\fo eugg ov|ok| ne |foxo km|utmg dtchax fmx kn| so| dook jmrrol nu|+ \fcx cx rgmkkolent |fo 4226 xomxnk yfok x|uls ycgg enhux nk fny dtchax yoto mh|umggs jmlo m|m|mgfsa+ Fnyoot' Xotokm Gno)x ov|okxco rtnitmj ne juldtcha mkmgsxcx cx

rtncki ots oeeoh|co m| clok|cescki mknjmgnux omx| jnukl jm|otcmgx+ Ent ovmjrgo'Ducglcki ?3 fmx ots ukcentj rmgo rcka juldtchax' yfchf mimck mrromt xgcif|gsxuxroh|+ Nu|ymtlgs |foxo gnna mx ce |fos fmo dook jmlo etnj ecko*itmckol gcjo*tchfxolcjok|x' mkl |fo gmdntm|nts mkmgsxcx hnkectjx |fm| |foxo mto xcg|x yc|f 6*=2/hmghcuj hmtdnkm|o &Xotokm Gno' rotx+ hnjj+#+ \fo dmhaxymjr jnlog lnox kn|

rtnclo m xolcjok|mts okctnkjok| ent |fo mhhujugm|cnk ne hmghmtonux xolcjok|x' mkl

|fo xuiiox|cnk foto cx |fm| jm|otcmg cx docki mhhoxxol etnj dokom|f |fo jmtg+ Mimck|fcx fmx cjrgchm|cnkx ent nut uklotx|mklcki ne |fo cjjolcm|o m|mgfsa gmklxhmro+

Ck |fo gm|ot googx ne |fo xc|o' juldtchax x|mt| |n do jmlo rmt|gs etnj tohshgol jcllokjm|otcmg+ \fo km|uto ne |fcx |tmkxc|cnk cx kn| so| ecvol du| ycgg ojotio nkho |fo

ro|tnitmrfch ynta cx hnjrgo|o+ Fnyoot' |foto mto jm`nt rtndgojx ck |tscki |ntohnkx|tuh| |fo tmy jm|otcmgx docki uxol ent juldtchax ne |fcx |sro' dohmuxo juhf ne|fo jcllok jm|otcmg c|xoge cx hgms*dmxol+ Rmt|chgo xcpo mkl duga hfojchmg mkmgsxcx ycgg

do ne jnto gcjc|ol uxo foto mkl |fo enhux ycgg fmo |n do nk jo|fnlx yfchf hmk


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xormtm|ogs mkmgsxo |fo hgms jm|tcv mkl mllol &jcllok# |ojrot+ \fo ndcnux |ohfkc}uocx xhmkkcki ogoh|tnk jchtnxhnrs &XOJ# hnjdckol yc|f okotis lcxrotxco mkmgsxcx&OLM#+ M XOJ.OLM mrrtnmhf cx huttok|gs docki loognrol |n lo|otjcko |fojckotmgnichmg mkl ionhfojchmg eckiotrtck|x ne m|mgfsa juldtchax' rn||ots mkl

rgmx|otx mkl ycgg ckhgulo |foxo jcllok*|ojrotx+

Rgmx|otx mkl Jnt|mtxM yclo tmkio ne hgms*dmxol rgmx|otx yoto uxol m| m|mgfsa mkl yo kool |n akny

rtohcxogs yfm| |foxo jm|otcmgx yoto ck ntlot |n ovmjcko |fo juldtcha*rgmx|ot|tmkxc|cnkx+ O}umggs yo kool |n uklotx|mkl |foxo jm|otcmgx |n gnhm|o |foj nk ck |fogmklxhmro mkl lo|otjcko yfm| ynugl fmo dook ckngol ck |foct rtnhutojok|+

\fcx somt m xotcox ne rgmx|otx ne lceeotcki mrromtmkho yoto xmjrgol+ Dmxchndxotm|cnkx yoto jmlo nk xc|o uxcki m xjmgg dcknhugmt jchtnxhnro m| v=2jmikcechm|cnk+ \foxo xmjrgox yoto ovrnt|ol |n Nventl yfoto |fos mto dockiovmjckol uxcki m xhmkkcki ogoh|tnk jchtnxhnro &XOJ# yc|f mk okotis lcxrotxcomkmgsxot &OLM#+ Xnjo rtogcjckmts toxug|x mto rtoxok|ol dogny yc|f toeotokho |n nkoegnnt rgmx|ot mkl nko ymgg rgmx|ot' dn|f etnj |fo


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HF42 * ukc| &=8=


381/394

896

\fcx ckc|cmg ckxroh|cnk fmx nkgs loeckol dtnml emdtch itnurx tm|fot |fmk xrohcechemdtchx+ \foxo ycgg enggny nkho m gmtiot kujdot ne |fck xoh|cnkx fmo dook ovmjckol'mkl |fo mtcmdcgc|s ne |fo xnutho hgmsx cx ox|mdgcxfol ds ecoglynta+ Fnyoot' nk |fo

dmxcx ne |foxo ojoticki emdtch itnurx' c| cx rnxxcdgo |n ltmy m kujdot ne hnkhguxcnkx0

=# Mx ynugl do ovroh|ol' |fo jm`ntc|s ne emdtchx mto lnjckm|ol ds jckotmg mkl tnha

ckhguxcnkx etnj |fo mtxmjdm mkl Jms tcotx+ \fo snukiot mtxmjdm cx |fo mh|cotcot' du| |fo Jms fmx dook toxrnkxcdgo ent |fo duga ne |fo rto*Fngnhoko mggucujuklotgscki |fo m|mgfnsua ujtm mtom &Lo Tcllot' =35?#+

4# \fo mtxmjdm mkl Jms tcotx lotco lceeotok| mxxojdgmiox ne tnha mkl jckotmgckhguxcnkx etnj |foct hm|hfjok|x &toeottol |n ck |fcx x|uls mx H*|sro mkl J*|srockhguxcnkx#' luo |n lceeotokhox ck iongnis+ Mg|fnuif |foto cx xnjo notgmr' |fcx

rtnclox m dmxcx ent tohnkx|tuh|cki xnuthox ent rn||ots mkl mgg m|mgfsa hgms*dmxoljm|otcmgx+ Huttok|gs m eugg ro|tnitmrfch mkl jckotmgnichmg x|uls cx docki uklot|maok m|TGMFM' Nventl+ M hnjdckm|cnk ne nr|chmg jchtnxhnrs mkl ogoh|tnk jchtnrtndomkmgsxcx ycgg euggs hfmtmh|otcxo ckhguxcnkx etnj juldtchax' rn||ots' mkl hgms dmggx mklycgg hnjrmto |foxo yc|f hntox |maok etnj mtnukl |fo xc|o' mkl yc|f xolcjok| xmjrgox

etnj |fo mtxmjdm*Jms hm|hfjok|+

8# Yc|f m hnjrtofokxco uklotx|mklcki ne |fo iongnis ne |fo mtxmjdm*Jms xsx|oj'c| cx rnxxcdgo |n clok|ces emdtchx yfnxo ckhguxcnkx yoto lotcol etnj nu|xclo |fcxxsx|oj mkl yoto rtnluhol m| xnjo lcx|mkho dn|f |fo gcjox|nko mkl |fo nghmkchxyfchf cklchm|o |fo uxo ne m mtxmjmd*Jms hgms+ etnj m|mgfsa+ Ent ovmjrgo'xmjrgox HF=3 ukc| &=4362+ x=9# LJX*h# mkl HF=9 ukc| &=8=28+x=6# Y*e# gmhaCkx|oml |foxo fmo ckhguxcnkx ne jo|mjntrfch mkl emug|*togm|ol tnhax' xuiiox|cki m

rtnokmkho ck |fo \mutux jnuk|mckx |n |fo xnu|f+

8# Ovhor| ent |fnxo yc|f hfmee jnx| emdtchx mto kn| |ojrotol+ \fnxo yfchf |okl |ndo oc|fot m|srchmg gnhmg |srox &o+i HF8 ukc| &993?+ x4# yfchf cx jmtg |ojrotol# ntovn|ch emdtchx &o+i+ HF< ukc| &999


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\n |fcx ov|ok| |fcx gcjc|ol ovmjckm|cnk fmx dook xuhhoxxeug+ \fo tmy jm|otcmgx uxolent juldtchax' rgmx|otx' hgms dmggx mkl rn||ots mto kny uklotx|nnl' yc|f eut|fot lo|mcg

docki mllol ds nkincki ro|tnitmrfch mkl jckotmgnichmg ynta m| Nventl+ Yc|f mloognrcki uklotx|mklcki ne |fo iongnis ne |fo mtxmjdm*Jms hm|hfjok|x mkl ne |foxolcjok|ngnichmg hnklc|cnkx nrotm|co ck |fo m|mgfsa mtom' c| cx kny rnxxcdgo |nckox|cim|o yfoto |foxo tmy jm|otcmgx yoto docki xnuthol+

RtnokmkhoEtnj |fcx somt)x tocoy yo kny kool |n gnhm|o |fo enggnycki tmy jm|otcmgx yc|fck |fom|mgfsa gmklxhmro &\mdgo 44#+

Jm|otcmg Xolcjok| |sro Hngnut

dmhaxymjr hgms lmta itos.dgmha &ntimkch*tchf#

hgmsos*xcg|x tol*dtnyk

notdmka xcg|x rmgo soggny |n duee

hfmkkog xmklx &gc|fcecol# tol

Juldtcha

hmghmtonux xcg|x rmgo rcka

ruto yfc|o jmtg yfc|o

cjruto yfc|o jmtg itos

tollcxf jmtg tollcxf nt gcif| dtnyk

Rgmx|ot

lngnjc|ch hgms yfc|o

dmhaxymjr hgms lmta itms.dgmhaHgms dmggx

notdmka xcg| &rmt|gs gc|fcecol# rmgo soggny |n duee

dmhaxymjr hgms lmta itos.dgmha

hgmsos*xcg| tol*ectcki

hmghmtonux hgms tollcxf' mgxn tol*ectcki

Rn||ots

hnggucuj duee

\mdgo 44

m|mgfsa cx xc|um|ol yc|fck |fo mtxmjdm mggucmg emk' yfoto |fo xolcjok|mtsxo}uokho fmx dook ov|okxcogs x|ulcol &Dnsot o| mg+' 42251 Lo Tcllot' =35?#+ Ent |foFngnhoko' |yn jmck mggucmg lornxc|x mto tohnikcxol' toeottol |n mx |fo GnyotMggucuj mkl |fo _rrot Mggucuj+ M |fck &7 42hj# gmsot ne ots lmta ntimkch hgmsxormtm|ox |fo dmxmg jmtg etnj |fo Gnyot Mggucuj+ \fo gm||ot hnkxcx|x ne

mrrtnvcjm|ogs =+?j ne lmta itos*dtnyk xjoh|c|o*tchf mggucmg dmhaxymjr hgms+Lornxc|cnk ne |fcx ukc| x|mt|ol `ux| doento |fo Kongc|fch nhhurm|cnk mkl ov|oklol |n |fox|mt| ne |fo Hfmghngc|fch+ Enggnycki m xfnt| lornxc|cnkmg fcm|ux' |fcx ymx xuhhoolol ds|fo _rrot Mggucuj' m tollcxf*dtnyk xcg|*hgms ne ur |n =+8j |fchakoxx+

Dn|f ukc|x tortoxok| m xotcox ne notdmka xolcjok|x togm|ol |n jomklotcki hfmkkogx ne|fo mtxmjdxm tcot+ \foct ycloxrtoml nhhuttokho fmx xuiiox|ol |fm| m|mgfsa ymxgnhm|ol ck m xomxnkmggs' ce kn| rotjmkok|gs' egnnlol okctnkjok|+ Fny yogg lnox |fcx


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862

Fngnhoko mggucmg xo}uokho fogr ux ck gnhm|cki |fo tmy jm|otcmgx docki uxol entjuldtchax' rgmx|otx' hgms dmggx mkl rn||ots>

Cjjolcm|ogs yo xooj |n fmo m rtndgoj+ \fo omtgcox| &rto*Goog U==# juldtchax'omtgs hgms dmggx mkl omtgs rn||ots mrromt |n do |fo nkgs hmxox yfoto |fo lmta*hngnutolGnyot Mggucuj cx docki uxol+ Gomcki mxclo |fo jmtgx' mgg |fo n|fot jm|otcmgx fmo

duee' soggny nt tollcxf hngnutx' xuiiox|cki |fm| |fos yoto lornxc|ol ck jnto nvclcxckihnklc|cnkx |fmk ent |fo Gnyot Mggucuj+ Mgxn' mx |fo tollcxf _rrot Mggucuj lcl kn|entj uk|cg |fo okl ne |fo Kongc|fch' |fcx hmkkn| do hnkxclotol mx m xnutho+

Fny ln yo mhhnuk| ent m Kongc|fch jnukl jmlo gmtiogs ne tollcxf juldtchax xo|yc|fck m yo|gmkl gmklxhmro ck yfchf jmckgs lmta ntimkch xolcjok|x mtomhhujugm|cki> \fcx }uox|cnk fmx dook rtocnuxgs tmcxol ds Yokls Jm||foyx&Jm||foyx' 422?#' yfn mgxn xuiiox|x xnjo mkxyotx0

Mg|fnuif juldtchax jmlo etnj nvclcpol ntmkio nt dtnyk xolcjok|x yoto xogoh|olent |fo duga ne ducglckix lutcki |fo gmx| fmge ne |fo jnuklx fcx|nts' |foxo xolcjok|xfmo x|cgg kn| dook clok|cecol ds ANRMG hntcki nt ovhmm|cnk ck |fo mtom xuttnuklcki

|fo xc|o+ Icok |fo ngujo mkl yocif| ne |foxo juldtcha xolcjok|x &=2hj8 :h+;=ai#' |fos mto gcaogs |n fmo dook dtnuif| etnj xnutho mtomx emctgs hgnxo |n |foxo||gojok|+ C| fmx dook xuiiox|ol |fm| |fo ntmkio nvclcpol xolcjok|x |fm| ckhguloukyntaol miitoim|ox yc|f ym|ot*gmcl dollcki ck juldtchax' jms do etnj Rgocx|nhokomggucuj' yfchf fmx xckho dook gmtiogs ovhmm|ol mkl cx kn gnkiot rtoxok|.mduklmk|&\cj Mx|ck rotx+hnjj+#+ \fos jms mgxn togm|o |n lornxc|x+ Xnjo ne |fo dtnyk xcg|gnmj jms ntcickm|o etnj tmcxol lts*gmkl mtomx' mg|fnuif xolcjok| ck |foxo mtomx cxgcaogs |n fmo dook m| m rtojcuj ent hug|cm|cnk+ Miitoim|ox ne ntmkio nvclcpolxolcjok| fmo dook clok|cecol ck lornxc|x etnj |fo omtgcox| googx ne |fo xc|o mkl ck |foknt|fomx| rgm|entj ne Ducglcki =9' Goog CV' hnkectjcki |fm| m| gomx| xnjo ne |foxoxolcjok|x yoto rtoxok| ck |fcx omtgs rotcnl+ &Jm||foyx' 422?#+

Mx |fcx cklchm|ox' juldtchax mto foms mkl jux| do jmlo komtds+ Ce |fo juldtchax mtojmlo ne tollcxf xolcjok|x' |fok |foxo jux| do komtds+ Mkl ce |foto mto m gn| ne |foxojuldtchax' |foto jux| fmo dook m gn| ne |fcx |sro ne xolcjok| komtds' oc|fot mx mtokoymdgo nt eckc|o xnutho+ Xckho |fo _rrot Mggucuj cx ovhgulo' |yn rnxxcdgo xnuthoxtojmck0

=+ \fo hnk|ojrntmts mtxmjdm hfmkkog' goo mkl ml`mhok| notdmka xolcjok|x

4+ \fo Rgocx|nhoko xmklx' xcg|x mkl hgmsx' yfchf mto ck|otdollol yc|f |fo jmtgx+

Ndxotm|cnkx etnj |fcx xomxnk hnkectj |fm| jmks ne |fo juldtchax &mkl xnjo ne |fo

hgms dmggx# mto jmlo etnj notdmka xcg|x+ \foxo fmo |fo hfmtmh|otcx|chx ne xolcjok|xlornxc|ol etnj x|mklcki ym|ot |ojrntmtcgs rnklol dofckl |fo goox ne m jomklotckihfmkkog+ \fcx tortoxok|x m xolcjok|mts okctnkjok| ck yfchf |fo motmio hnklc|cnkxmto yomags nvclcxcki' mkl cx ovrtoxxol ck |fo rmgo duee mkl soggny hngnut ne |foxolcjok|x+ \fo juldtchax ne Ducglcki ?5 mto jmlo etnj xolcjok|x ne |fcx |sro+

Ent |fo tollot jm|otcmgx yo kool m jnto x|tnkigs nvclcxcki okctnkjok|+ \fcx hnuglnhhut ce |foxo hnk|ojrntmts notdmka xolcjok|x yoto ovrnxol ent rtngnkiol rotcnlx'

du| |fcx ynugl kn| do ck mitoojok| yc|f m jmckgs yo|gmkl gmklxhmro+ Mx xuiiox|ol


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mdno' mks xjmgg mtomx ne tmcxol gmkl' yfchf hnugl rtnluho xolcjok|x ne |fcx |sro'ynugl fmo dook m| m rtojcuj ent hug|cm|cnk+ Ent |fcx xhokmtcn |n ynta |foto ynuglfmo fml |n do gmtiot mtomx ne ovrnxol lts xolcjok|x' jmsdo mgnki |fo jmtickx nemdmklnkol hfmkkogx+ Mg|otkm|cogs' ymx |foto mk ckhtomxo ck |fo mjnuk| ne xcg|x mklxmklx mhhujugm|cki komt |fo omx| jnukl etnj Goog U== nkymtlx> \fcx hnugl ovrgmck|fo ndxotol hfmkiox ck juldtchax' hgms dmggx mkl rn||ots m| mdnu| |fcx |cjo' |n |fo

uxo ne jnto xcg| mkl xmkl*tchf emdtchx+

Mkn|fot rnxxcdcgc|s cx |fm| |foxo tollot xolcjok|x yoto docki xnuthol etnj |foRgocx|nhoko xcgchgmx|ch xolcjok|x yfchf mto ck|otdollol yc|f |fo jmtgx+ \cj Mx|ck&mdno# fmx rtocnuxgs ndxotol juldtchax yc|f ym|ot*gmcl dollcki' mkl xootmg xuhfndxotm|cnkx ne km|utmg juldtchax yoto jmlo |fcx somt &ent ovmjrgo Ducglcki ?8'Eciutox =38m mkl =38d#+ Mx nu|htnrx ne |fcx jm|otcmg mto mgjnx| mdxok|' c| kn| omxs |njmao m lctoh| jm|hf &mkl fokho |fo kool toeotokho jm|otcmg etnj dntofngox# du|oclokho ne xmkl ov|tmh|cnk etnj dokom|f |fo jmtgx cx mgtomls aknyk etnj ANRMG&Dnsot o|+ mg' 4225m#+

Yfm| cx mrrmtok| etnj |fo mdno cx |fm| |foto tojmckx hnkxclotmdgo ukhot|mck|s mdnu|

|fo ecko lo|mcg ne |fo m|mgfsa gmklxhmro+ C| cx kn| so| rnxxcdgo |n uxo |fo ovcx|ckixolcjok|mts jnlog |n mkxyot |fo rtnokmkho }uox|cnkx rnxol ds |fo huttok| x|ulcox ne|fo hgms*dmxol jm|otcmgx+ \fcx koolx |n do mlltoxxol+

\nymtlx |fcx' m xotcox ne ovrgntm|nts rothuxxcnk hntox yoto |maok |fcx somt |n ovmjcko|fo gm|otmg emhcox mtcm|cnk yc|f |fo ox|mdgcxfol mtxmjdm x|tm|citmrfs &xoo HntckiTornt|' |fcx ngujo#+ Cx c| rnxxcdgo |n to*ck|otrto| |fo ovcx|cki xolcjok| lm|m |n do||otmhhnuk| ent |fo xnuthox ne |foxo jm|otcmgx' kny |fm| jmks mto xook |n do jnto xcg| |fmkhgms*dmxol> \fcx ynta ycgg do ovrmklol ck 4226 mkl ycgg gcka yc|f |fo huttok|

ro|tnitmrfch mkl jckotmgnichmg ynta |n mhhutm|ogs jm|hf |foxo jm|otcmgx |n |fom|mgfsa gmklxhmro+

ToeotokhoxM|mgms' X+&4228# Lnjox|chm|cki Hgms0 Okimicki yc|f )\fos)0 \fo Xnhcmg Gceo ne HgmsDmggx etnj m|mgfsa' \utaos mkl Rudgch Mthfmongnis ent Cklcioknux Hnjjukc|cox+_krudgcxfol Lnh|ntmg Lcxxot|m|cnk' _kcotxc|s ne Hmgcentkcm' Dotaogos' Lormt|jok| neMk|ftnrngnis+

Dnsot' R+' Tndot|x' K+ mkl Dmctl' L+ &4225#+ Fngnhoko Okctnkjok| mkl Xo||gojok|nk |fo Hmtxmjdm Mggucmg Emk' Xnu|f*Hok|tmg \utaos0 Ck|oitm|cki Ionmthfmongnismkl Ecogl Xutos+ Ionmthfmongnis' 9' 59?*536+

Dnsot' R+' Tndot|x' K+ mkl Jottcha' @+ &4225m# ANRMG ovhmm|cnkx m| m|mgfsa

=335*4222+ Ck0 C+Fnllot &ol+# Ovhmm|cki m|mgfsa0 Tornt|x etnj |fo =33?*=333xomxnkx+ Hm|mgfnsua Rtn`oh| ng 8+ &rr??=*?92#+ Hmjdtclio0 JhLnkmgl Ckx|c|u|o entMthfmongnichmg Toxomthf . Dtc|cxf Ckx|c|u|o ne Mthfmongnis m| Mkamtm Jnknitmrf+

Lo Tcllot' K+ M+ =35?+ Xolcjok|x ne |fo Anksm Dmxck' Hok|mtg Mkm|ngcm' \utaos+Rmgmonionitmrfs' Rmgmonhgcjm|ngnis' Rmgmonohngnis' =' 44?*4?


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Amlct' X mkl Amtmamx' P+ 4224+ Lcx|tcdu|cnk mkl ntcick ne hgms jckotmgx ck AnksmKonioko xolcjok|mts dmxck' Hok|tmg Mkm|ngcm' \utaos+ \utacxf @nutkmg ne Omt|fXhcokhox' ==' =5=*=95+

Jm||foyx' Y+&422?# Jchtnjntrfngnichmg mkl jchtnx|tm|citmrfch |tmhox ne uxox mklhnkhor|x ne xrmho + Ck C+ Fnllot &ol+# Ckfmdc|cki m|mgfsa 0 tornt|x etnj |fo =33?*3

xomxnkx + m|mgfsa Toxomthf Rtn`oh| Ungujo


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catalhoyuk archeological excavations turkey /ÇatalhÖyÜk

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