RadiographicFilm Systems

A W O R L D W I D E R E S P O N S E

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CONTENTS

AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF

COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY,

YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE . . . . . . . . . 4

STRUCTURIX FILM SYSTEMS . . . . . . 5

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY . . . . . 7

CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY . . . . . . . 7

PROTECTIVE COATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . 8

OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

IMAGE QUALITY AND

FILM SYSTEM CLASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Structurix F8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Structurix Intensifying Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

THE RIGHT PACKAGING

FOR EVERY STRUCTURIX FILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Pb Vacupac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Pb ETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

DW ETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Pb Rollpac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

DW Rollpac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Rollpac Precut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

FW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

BLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

OPTIMAL STORAGE

OF STRUCTURIX FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

STRUCTURIX EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . 27

STRUCTURIX NDT Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

STRUCTURIX NDT U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

STRUCTURIX NDT M eco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

STRUCTURIX FEEDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

STRUCTURIX DRYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

STRUCTURIX CHEMICALS . . . . . . . . . . 42

MANUAL/AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

CLEANING PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

STRUCTURIX QUALITYASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP

(Processing Monitoring Control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

STRUCTURIX (CERTIFIED) DENSTEP . . . . . . . . 46

STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS

FOR AGFA NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

AGFA NDT IN THE WORLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMSBest known for its photographic product business, which dates back to 1894, today Agfa is the leading supplier

of imaging solutions across many applications – Graphic Systems, Consumer Imaging, HealthCare, Industrial

Imaging, and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Agfa NDT now offers an expanded product assortment which

includes conventional and digital radiography, digital network solutions, X-ray equipment, ultrasonic testing

instruments and automated inspection systems. Agfa NDT has achieved leading positions in these areas through

its customer focus and stands ready to meet its customers’ needs today and in the future with ongoing innova-

tions, new products and an extensive worldwide support and service organization.

Agfa’s Krautkramer Ultrasonic Systems is the world’s largest developer,

manufacturer and supplier of high technology ultrasonic equiment and

product specific testing systems. The product line includes ultrasonic

flaw detectors, complete testing systems, thickness gauges, portable

hardness testers, transducers and application software. We can also

offer specially prepared training courses and customized application

solutions.

Agfa’s Pantak Seifert X-ray Systems offer a single source for all cus-

tomers’ X-ray requirements. The advanced design of the ERESCO

portable and ISOVOLT HS stationary units results in the highest out-

put power for film radiography applications, allowing the shortest of

exposure times.

Employing two modern applications laboratories in Europe and the

US, solutions to customer’s most difficult X-ray inspection problems

can be determined and a system designed to meet their exact needs.

This also includes high-end 3D-CT applications and those that require

extreme high-speed automated defect recognition (SABA).

Agfa’s RADView Digital Systems is an industry leader in Direct

Radiography (DR) technology, which, instead of film, uses an amor-

phous selenium imaging plate to create digital images. The images

are viewed on the RADView Digital Systems workstation. Powered by

the RADView software, the workstation provides rich image enhance-

ment, analysis functions, flexible information management, which

leads the world in its user friendliness. Other RADView products

available are Computed Radiography (CR) readers, NDT Phosphor

Imaging Plates & Cassettes and Film Digitizing Systems.

Agfa’s Structurix Film Systems is a manufacturer and supplier of a fully

integrated range of X-ray films, chemicals and processing equipment.

The ‘STRUCTURIX’ brandname, another industry leader has achieved

international acclaim through product excellence, reinforced by well-

qualified and experienced technical and service specialists. Lloyds, BSI

and TÜV approvals and accreditations are held covering development,

manufacture, supply and service of sensitized films for use in industrial

radiography and processing equipment.

For further information about Agfa’s products and services, please visit our web site at AgfaNDT.com

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Agfa NDT offers innovative indus-trial X-ray film systems and ser-vices that give you the edge inquality control and customer satis-faction.

With its worldwide response capa-bility, Agfa meets your needs. Nomatter where they occur you getwhat you would expect from themarket leader.

AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY, YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE “There is

no substitute for quality”

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S T R U C T U R I X F I L M S Y S T E M S

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS

STRUCTURIX film systems are thefilm types most widely used inindustrial radiography, in whichAgfa is the world market leader.

Our customers worldwide areenthusiastic about our universaland reliable products.

Compliance with ISO 9001demonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-tinuously striving for the highestproduct quality. Our Marketingand Research staff keeps closetrack of your needs, requirementsand technological advancements.As a result, we can more preciselydesign and develop products and systems to meet increasingdemands of the market.

STRUCTURIX films for many yearshave enjoyed an excellent reputa-tion, but have now furtherimproved their quality as the resultof a high cost, large scale researchand development project lastingfor several years.

The STRUCTURIX family is basedon Agfa’s advanced film technology, which has two mainfoundations of great importance inNDT: image quality and consistentrugged behavior.

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OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY

All the STRUCTURIX films benefitfrom an Agfa emulsion break-through that gives increased con-trast and maximum detail percepti-bility. In fact, it results in the high-est intrinsic defect recognizabilityfor each speed range. Even thesmallest details can be interpretedeasily.

The finished X-ray film has a highquality with a brilliant surface, andthe image has a pleasant blue tint.

High image qualityand perceptibilitythrough optimiza-tion of “the signalto noise ratio” forevery STRUCTURIXfilm.

Contrast (signal) ofall films is opti-mized to approachthe maximum con-trast for a lineardetector (industrialX-ray Film), therebyoptimizing imagequality and percep-tibility. An excep-

tion to the rule is D2, a super lineardetector, where image quality is opti-mized through more than linear(extreme high) contrast in combinationwith very low noise.

D2

D2

D3

D4 D5

D7 D8

D3

D4

D5

D7

D8

SPEED

IMAGEQUALITY

SPEED

LOCALCONTRAST

Technological axis of STRUCTURIX D family

Optimization of contrast

Faster

Bet

ter

Faster

Bet

ter

Theoretical maximum for linear detection

7

CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY

STRUCTURIX NDT films are manu-factured in large quantities. Toensure that they meet the mostrigorous worldwide quality stan-dards, they are produced at onefacility under tightly controlledconditions in an ultramodern coat-ing room.

Agfa’s Total Quality Management(TQM) approach, certified by theISO 9001 label, is the foundationof the system leading to thisexceptional performance in pro-duction consistency. People, pro-duction equipment, and organiza-tion all become one system gearedto consistency and continuousimprovements. What we call themoving target quality philosophy.

Moving target means that to meetthe increasing needs of our cus-tomers, quality has to be built intoour products; not by additionaltesting, but by design. Agfa’semulsion technology, for example,helps to provide a highly homoge-neous emulsion over the totalcoating area.

CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY

For many years STRUCTURIX filmshave had the reputation of provid-ing consistent and excellent resultsover a wide range of operatingconditions.

Productionprocess

consistencyFilm batches

Not only do the STRUCTURIXfilms have outstanding quality,they also have an exceptionallyhigh level of batch to batch unifor-mity (see figure).

Cubic Grain Plus technology

The Cubic Grain Plus technology isat the base of this consistent stablebehavior. The extreme narrowgrain size distribution, in combina-tion with the cubic shape, assuresthat all exposed grains (latentimage) will simultaneously developthe same density over a widerange of processing conditions.Moreover, they will do so render-ing the very high contrast which isresponsible for the high imagequality.

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

2.10

2.00

1.90

97% 95% 68%

Film density

Speed(Rel LogE)

8

PROTECTIVE COATING

An important feature in theSTRUCTURIX films is a special pro-tective top coat resulting directlyfrom Agfa’s Split Antistress Layer(SAL) technology.

This top coat gives the Agfa filmsunique high resistance to pressure,scratching and creasing.

Another advantage of the Agfatop coat is that surface roughnesshas been optimized for problem-free processing in automatic feed-ers such as the STRUCTURIXFEEDER.

DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY

STRUCTURIX D films may beexposed to darkroom safelightconditions longer without sensito-metric fogging (ANSI PH 2.22).This means that brighter safelightillumination can be used, resultingin more ergonomic and efficientworking conditions.Recommended Agfa filters are R1 (orange-red) and G7 (green).

43

34

2

2

1

Cubic grain plusMatting agent

STRUCTURIX quality... rugged performance

The emulsion coatings are covered bytwo separate antistress layers (3+4).To achieve a rugged surface, the toplayer has received the matting agent.

Split Anti-stress Layer

Emulsion Layer

Base

Emulsion Layer

Split Anti-stress Layer

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3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURIX D2 D3 s.c. D4 s.c. D3 D4D5 D7 D8 Exposure and processing

parameters: 200 kV, Pb screens, autom.proc.,

8 min. cycle, devel G 135, 28°C - 82°F

1) In accordance with ANSI PH 2.8, lSO 7004 without lead screens.

2) ln accordance with ANSI PH 2.8, lSO 7004 and EN 584-1 with leadscreens 0.027 mm.

3) 8 mm Cu filtration, 0.1/0.2 mm leadscreens.

4) Exposure with lead screens 0.1/0.2 mm.

5) Exposure with Fe screens front: 1 mm, back: 1 mm.Object Fe 160 mm. FFD = 2 m.

D3

D4

D5D8

D7

D2

D3 s.c.

Sensitometric curves

Blue-base

Log. rel. exp.

(*) CONTRAST. The average gradient ofthe section of the characteristiccurve between densities 1.5 and 3.5(obtained at 200 kV in accordancewith lSO 7004).

Den

sity

Relative exposure factors

100 kV (1) 200 kV (2) Ir 192 (3) Co 60 (4) LINAC/8 MeV(5) CONTRAST(*)

STRUCTURIX D2 9.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 6.0

STRUCTURIX D3 s.c. 9.5 8.0 - - - 5.3

STRUCTURIX D4 s.c. 5.4 4.8 - - - 4.6

STRUCTURIX D3 4.1 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5

STRUCTURIX D4 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.4

STRUCTURIX D5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 5.4

STRUCTURIX D7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.4

STRUCTURIX D8 0.6 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.3

D4 s.c.

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IMAGE QUALITY AND FILM SYSTEM CLASSES

T O W A R D S A N E WF I L M S Y S T E M

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

As a result of being able to objec-tively determine the performance ofa specific Film System ( Film +Chemistry + Processing) film radio-graphy remains the number one andmost widely used NDT technique.

The classification system classifiesa film inclusive of processing (typeand chemicals). This illustrates theimportance of processing in rela-tion to imaging.

The parameters are:G2 (contrast) Net density: D = 2G4 (contrast) Net density: D = 4σD (noise) Net density: D = 2G/σD Net density: D = 2

These parameters are selected onthe basis of insight into imagingtheory applied to the industrial X-ray film systems. G is a measureof the signal gain factor and σDindicates the noise, so that G/σdrepresents the signal/noise ratio.

In the context of growing qualityawareness the new perception offilm system classification, described inEN 584, ASTM 1815, ISO 11699and JIS-K7627, is gradually flowinginto the industry.

The introduction of the Industrial FilmSystems Classification Standards EN584-1, ASTM E-1815, ISO 11699-1and JIS-K7627 provide an importantmeans to assign film systems (filmtypes in combination with processing)to the appropriate film system class.

These standards identify the vari-ous types of industrial X-ray filmsystems and classify them basedon objectively quantified parame-ters that are the foundation of filmimaging performance.

The standards for control of filmprocessing EN 584-2 and ISO11699-2 provide the means tocontrol the processing at theprocessor user level. The objectiveis to make sure that a classifiedsystem will also produce theexpected capabilities in daily use.(See: Structurix Quality Assurance)

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A/Automatic

Chemicals G 135/G 335 - development immersion time : 100 sec. Developing temperature: 28°C - (82°F)

GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSESPEED m Gy

FILM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2

D2 C1 T1 special 5.2 9.1 0.014 371 32 22.3

D3 C2 T1 I 4.7 8.6 0.016 294 64 14.0

D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 7.6 0.020 232 100 8.7

D5 C4 T2 I 4.4 7.6 0.026 169 200 4.6

D7 C5 T3 II 4.4 7.6 0.031 142 320 3.2

D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 5.2 0.035 114 400 2.2

B/Manual

Chemicals G 128/G 328 - development immersion time : 300 sec. Developing temperature: 20°C - (68°F)

GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSESPEED m Gy

FlLM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2

D2 C1 T1 special 5.1 9.0 0.013 392 32 23.5

D3 C2 T1 I 4.8 8.4 0.016 303 64 14.0

D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.020 232 100 8.7

D5 C4 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.026 177 160 4.4

D7 C5 T3 II 4.6 8.0 0.032 144 320 3.2

D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 6.8 0.035 117 400 2.2

Image Quality & Film System Classes

FILM TYPE CEN ASTM ISO JIS-K7627STRUCTURIX EN 584-1 E 1815-96 11699-1

D2 C1 special T1 T1

D3 s.c. T1 T1

D4 s.c. T1 T1

D3 C2 I T1 T1

D4 C3 I T2 T2

D5 C4 I T2 T2

D7 C5 II T3 T3

D8 C6 III T4 T4

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CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURIX D2Extremely fine grain film with very high contrast. Ideal for exposuresrequiring the finest possible detail rendering.

STRUCTURIX D3 s.c.Single coated films with very high image quality, (accurate interpretabili-ty,) high contrast and pleasant image tint. The ideal films for opticalenlargements. The colorless back coating prevents film curl under allconditions.

STRUCTURIX D3Ultra fine grain film with very high contrast. This film obtaines a veryhigh detail perceptability which meets the requirements of the mostcritical NDT applications. For exposure with lead screens using either X-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D4Extra fine grain film with very high contrast. Suitable for a wide varietyof critical applications. For exposure with lead screens using eitherX-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D5Very fine grain film with high contrast. Excellent for visualization of dis-continuities. This film is intended for use with lead screens using eitherX-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D7Fine grain film with high contrast and high speed. Designed for directexposure or with lead screens. For exposure with lead screens usingeither X-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D8Medium grain film with high contrast and very high speed. Suitable fora variety of applications. This film can be used for direct exposure, orwith lead screens. It gives good image quality with short exposuretimes. If even higher speed is required, fluorescent screens, in combi-nation with Structurix F8 (not D8) should be used.

STRUCTURIX D4 s.c.

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APPLICATIONS

• electronic components• composite materials• castings (light metals and alloys)• multiple film techniques

• electronic components• composite materials• neutron radiography

• electronic components• composite materials• castings• very high quality welds

• nuclear quality• aerospace and aircraft industry• multiple film techniques

• electronic components• composite materials• castings• very high quality welds

• defence and nuclear industry• aerospace and aerospace industry• multiple film techniques

• welding• castings• shipbuilding

• aerospace and aircraft industry• multiple film techniques

• welding and casting• defence industry• aerospace and aircraft industry

• composite materials• multiple film techniques

• concrete and heavy construction work• castings• multiple film technique

• inspections whereby optical enlargement is required• multiple film techniques

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100120kV

mm

140 160 180 200 220

240

260

9080706050

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1098765

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110 20 30 40

100100 120kV

m.A

.min

m.A

.min

100100 120kV

mm

140 160 180 200

240

220

260

9080706050

40

30

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1098765

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110 20 30 40

m.A

.min

100100 120kV

mm

140 160 180 200

240

220

260

9080706050

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20

1098765

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110 20 30 40

m.A

.min

100100 120kV

mm

140 160 180

240

200

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260

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1098765

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m.A

.min

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140 160 180 200220

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100kV

m.A

.min

mm

140 160 180 200 220 24026090

80706050

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1098765

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110 20 30 40

EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS

Exposure diagrams can be very useful for settingthe correct exposure. The diagrams shown hereare meant only as a guide, as the correct expo-sure will mainly depend on the variations of theobject, the exposure equipment used and on theprocessing conditions.

STRUCTURIX D5

STRUCTURIX D2

STRUCTURIX D7

STRUCTURIX D3

STRUCTURIX D8

STRUCTURIX D4

Steel (Fe) • Type of X-ray tube:constant potential

• Pb-screens• Density: 2• FFD: 1m• Autom. proc.:

8 min. cycle G 135,28°C (82.4°F).

15

10050

kV

mm

70 90 110

130

9080706050

40

30

20

1098765

4

3

2

12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

10050

kV

mm

70 90 130110

9080706050

40

30

20

1098765

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3

2

12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

10050

kV

mm

70 90

130

110

9080706050

40

30

20

1098765

4

3

2

12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

10050

kV

mm

70 90

110

130

9080706050

40

30

20

1098765

4

3

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12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

10050

kV

mm

70 90

110

130

9080706050

40

30

20

1098765

4

3

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12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

10050

kV

mm

70 90

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130

9080706050

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1098765

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12010 4030 6050 8070

m.A

.min

Aluminium (AI) • Type of X-ray tube: constant potential

• Density: 2• FFD: 1m• Autom. proc.:

8 min. cycle G 135,28°C (82.4°F).

STRUCTURIX D5

STRUCTURIX D2

STRUCTURIX D7

STRUCTURIX D3

STRUCTURIX D8

STRUCTURIX D4

16

10 20 30 40 50 60

1000

Ci.h

GBq

.h

10000

1000

100

100

10

170 80 90

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 110 120 130 140mm Fe

1000

Ci.h

GBq

.h

10000

1000

100

100

10

1

mm Fe

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1000

Ci.h

GBq

.h

10000

1000

100

100

10

1

mm Fe

Cobalt 60

Iridium 192

Selenium 75

D3

D4 D5

D8D7

D2

D3

D4D5

D8D7

D2

D3

D4D5

D8D7

D2

Pb screensDensity 2SFD 1m

Pb screensDensity 2SFD 1m

Pb screensDensity 2SFD 1m

17

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

S T R U C T U R I X F 8

Designed as a high quality film forfluorometallic (RCF) screen expo-sure when the speed obtainablewith Pb screen system is insuffi-cient or radiation safety is of primeimportance.

Sensitive to all UV and blue-emit-ting screens. Calcium tungstatewith lead or lead oxide backing, socalled fluorometallic screens(STRUCTURIX RCF Screens) aremost suited for industrial applica-tions.

F8 with fluorescent screens is usedin a variety of heavy constructionapplications, concrete, in lineexamination of piping, where X-ray energy has to be limited,flash radiography and microfocusenlargement techniques.

STRUCTURIX F8 is well-suited foroff-shore pipelines and similarapplications.

Those areas need short exposuretime through the use of fluoro-metalic screens and fast processingcycles.

F8 is preferably processed in shortcycle (90 sec.). If needed standard8 min. cycle can be used alterna-tively.

Relative exposure factor with fluorometallic screensdepends on:• temperature • radiation energy • exposure time

(see page 20 for more details)

When maximum speed is impor-tant the use of very fast screenssuch as the Agfa NDT 1200screen can further reduce theexposure time 3 to 6 times com-pared to RCF screens.

F8 is the ideal fast, high contrast,high definition film for fluorescentscreen applications.

When higher sharpness is requiredwe advise the use of D8 with Pbscreens.

-0,5 00

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

Sensitometric curves with RCF fluorometallic screens.

F8 High speed, high contrast fine grain film,

for exposures in combination with

fluorometallic (RCF) screens or

fluorescent screens

• high system speed is main requirement

• on stream corrosion/erosion

radiography

• concrete and heavy constructions

• low dosage output, e.g. microfocus

F8 + RCF

D8 + Pb

Log. rel. exp.

Den

sity

Blue base

(at 200 kV,F8 + RCF, 5 sec.)

18

STRUCTURIX intensifyingscreens: featuresWhen excited by X-rays orgamma-rays the STRUCTURIXRCF fluorometallic screen becomesblue emitting. The screen has anincorporated filter of lead oxide forscattered radiation. The emissionspectrum is matched to the spec-tral sensitivity of the STRUCTURIXF type films. The strong fluores-cent STRUCTURIX RCF screenoffers the ideal compromisebetween detail perceptibility andworking efficiency. The extrastrong Electron-Beam-Cured (EBC)protective coating and the poly-ester support make the screen par-ticularly durable.

One of the most important applica-tions of the STRUCTURIX RCFscreens lies in the inspection of off-shore pipelines. Combining thescreen sensitivity and rapid process-ing of the STRUCTURIX F8 filmprovides an ideal film-screen sys-tem. In the in line as well, the use ofthe STRUCTURIX RCF-screen incombination with the STRUCTURIXF8 film means a considerableamount of time-saving.

The blue emitting STRUCTURIXNDT 1200 fluorescent screen hasan extremely high absorption andconversion efficiency together withacceptable detail perceptibility. Thecombination with a STRUCTURIXF8 film makes this film-screen system convenient for high-energyapplications like the non-destruc-tive testing of heavy specimens,the examination of large concretestructures (bridges and buildings).The STRUCTURIX NDT 1200screen can also be a solution forflash radiography by which expo-sure times are extremely short andfor microfocus-enlargment tech-niques by which radiation dosesare very low.

S T R U C T U R I XI N T E N S I F Y I N GS C R E E N S

The STRUCTURIX range offers twointensifying screens. The STRUC-TURIX RCF fluorometallic screenand the high speed STRUCTURIXNDT 1200 fluorescent screen.

STRUCTURIX intensifyingscreens: AdvantagesThe STRUCTURIX fluorometallic(RCF) and fluorescent screens(NDT 1200) based on the conven-tional phosphor material calciumtungsten (CaWO4) reduce radia-tion exposure, and/or the neces-sary level of radiation energy. Theydetect the radiographic penetra-tion of thick objects.

Being a more productive andeffective testing method the use ofthe STRUCTURIX RCF and NDT1200 screens reduces the exposureequipment load.

The flexible screen enables radiog-raphy of curved objects.

19

Relative Exposure

F8 D7

100 kV NDT 1200 0.010

RCF 0.030

No screen 1.000

300 kV NDT 1200 + Pb 0.008

RCF 0.022

Pb 1.000

Ir 192 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.007

RCF 0.035

Pb 1.000

Co 60 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.006

RCF 0.040

Pb 1.000

Treatment of STRUCTURIXintensifying screensThe STRUCTURIX screens shouldbe protected from moisture, heatand ultra-violet radiation. Dust andmarks should be removed from thescreen immediately using anapproved Screen Cleaner. The AgfaScreen Cleaner obviously cleans thescreen but also contains an anti-static element which provides dirtand dust on the screen caused bystatic electricity.

Relative Exposure FactorWhen making exposures with fluo-rescent screens it is important tounderstand the potential impact ofvariables such as temperature, expo-sure energy and exposure time:

• Intensifying screens fluorescemore brilliantly at low tempera-ture. Therefore the screen effi-ciency will drop with increasingtemperature.

• With increasing energy, theabsorption of fluorescent screensis reduced and, as a result, theintensifying effect is diminished.

• Due to the “reciprocity effect”with fluorescent screen systems,the gain in exposure time com-pared to lead screen systems,diminishes with increasing expo-sure length.

8060

40

20

108

6

4

2

100100

200

400

300 350 400 450 500 550

8060

40

20

108

6

4

2

Spectral sensitivity of STRUCTURIX F8 (for density 1.0 above fog)Relative emmission spectrum ofintensifying screens

S = ( uJ )cm

Spectograms

20

THE RIGHT PACKAGING FOR EVERYSTRUCTURIX FILM

Agfa has a very wide range of dif-ferent forms of packaging, whichare in accordance with the ISO5655 norm. For every applicationof industrial radiography there isthe right STRUCTURIX film in theright packaging. No object is toolarge or too small, an X-ray film ofthe appropriate size is available forevery exposure. STRUCTURIXfilms are supplied in all standardsheet and roll sizes (special sizes ondemand) and in darkroom or day-light packaging.

S H E E T F I L M I N D A Y L I G H T

P A C K A G I N G

P b VA C U PA C

Completely light tight,airtight and moisture-proof

Pb VACUPAC is the perfect day-light packaging. The STRUCTURIX X-ray films withPb screens, with a standard thick-ness of 0.027 mm, are vacuumpacked in a completely light tight,airtight and moistureproof foilcomplex. The foil, a spin off fromspace technology, is a metalizedpolymer involving the depositionof vaporized aluminium under vacuum. The synthetic foil ensuresthat VACUPAC can be used underextremely dirty and damp condi-tions. Pb VACUPAC is ideal forapplications with energies higherthan 100 kV.

Optimal image quality As a result of the vacuum, contactbetween the STRUCTURIX filmand the lead screens is perfectguaranteeing optimal image defini-tion. Even if VACUPAC is placedaround a spherical or curved work-piece, film/screen contact isretained fully.

Easy to use Either side of the wrapper can beplaced on the object to be tested.A center cross on the envelopeallows easy positioning. In addition, VACUPAC can beopened in one movement thanksto the easy peel-off effect.

P R A C T I C A L D A Y L I G H T

P A C K A G I N G

Time saving Agfa packages its STRUCTURIXfilms on ultramodern packagingmachines. This ready to use pack-aging can be placed directly on theobject to be X-rayed. This savesvaluable time which would other-wise be used to place the filmmanually in cassettes in the dark-room.

Improved qualityAgfa packages all its films auto-matically in an ISO 9001 environ-ment using new lead screens forevery packaging. This methodguarantees optimal quality. Byexcluding all so called film faults,such as dust in the packaging andfaults caused by the lead. Reshotsdue to these faults are a thing ofthe past.

More economical The “time is money” principlemeans that ease of use, both dur-ing exposure and in the darkroom,and the avoidance of reshoots leadto increased productivity.

On all daylight film packages thefilm type is clearly marked. “Pb”means the film is sandwichedbetween lead screens (.001”/0.027 mm). Daylight packedsheets have a center cross on theenvelope to allow for easy posi-tioning. Sheets are provided in aneasy to use strong fliptop box.Rolls are supplied in a rigid dis-penser box.

AN AGFAINNOVATION

21

P b E T E (EDGE T0 EDGE)

The edge to edge Pb versions are still availablefor the less popular sheet

sizes for which a VACUPAC ver-sion does not exist. A specificadvantage of the edge to edge isthe double sided edge. This makesit possible to place the film againstor between elements of a work-piece easily and accurately.Opening the edge to edge pack-aging is easy: by tearing open thewrapper using the thread includedfor this purpose, the film is easy toremove via the long side. The Pbedge to edge version is designedfor exposures with energies higherthan 100 kV and isotopes.

D W E T E (EDGE T0 EDGE)

Light tight, moistureproof andgreaseproof packaging without Pbscreen. Ideal for exposures usingradiation energy lower than 100kV. The envelopes can easily be cutand taped for use in odd shapedangles and corners. They are alsoeasy to tape to the workpiece.

Extra vacuum protection Each pack of 100 sheets is alsosupplied “in vacuo” to preservethe vacuum well beyond theexpiry date.

AN AGFAINNOVATION

Easy to use Cassettes are not necessary withROLLPAC packaging. The film ispacked in accordance with theedge to edge system with whichROLLPAC can be placed accuratelyon the object, for example a longweld, to be tested, or right into thecorner of a flange. ROLLPAC isplaced around the object andattached with adhesive tape.Identification of the exposure needsonly occur once. This time savingROLLPAC packaging is supplied ina convenient dispenser box.

P b R O L L PA C

Light tight, moisture-proof and greaseproof The film is sandwiched

between two .001”/0.027 mmlead screens. ROLLPAC packagingis completely light tight. Becausethe packaging is also resistant tomoisture and grease it may comeinto contact with damp or greasyobjects without affecting the film.

Optimal image quality The unique way of packagingROLLPAC on our ROLLPACmachines ensures that excellentcontact between the film and leadfoil is retained when applied tospherical or tubular objects, eventhose with a small diameter.Because the screens are only usedonce optimal results are guaran-teed.

R O L L S I N D A Y L I G H TP A C K A G I N G :

Whether you have to X-raypipelines, pressure vessels, air-planes or storage tanks, with theroll film packaging you can deter-mine the length of film yourself sothat your radiographs can be madein one piece.

Can be opened quickly andeasily The special design of the ROLL-PAC wrapper means that it can beopened quickly and easily. The filmis removed by taking the unprintedwrapper together with the leadscreen and the film in one handand the printed wrapper and theother lead screen in the other. Inthis way the film can be easilystripped from the packaging.

The packaging of Rollpac in widerformats (>10cm) has a tearstrip oneither side of the wrapper. This enables the film to beremoved from the packaging easilyand above all quickly.

Length indication on the wrapperThis allows you to easily determinewhere to cut the film, it enablesyou also to see how much film isleft. The film can be cut to anylength. This should be done in thedarkroom.

AN AGFAINNOVATION

22

23

D W R O L L PA C

DW ROLLPAC packagingis specifically intended formaterial testing using low

to very low radiation energy (<100 kV).

Widths-up-to 35 cm (14 inches)are available.

For testing at higher radiationenergy levels (>100 kV), e.g.welding in boilers, storage tanksand pipelines, Pb ROLLPAC isused.

R O L L PA C P R E C U T

Even more economical If specially ordered, thefilms in ROLLPAC packag-

ing can also be supplied in precutlengths from 70 cm (27.5”) on.This exclusive form of packagingsaves you a considerable amountof time and money. Ideal forpipeline projects, which generallyconsist of large series of pipes ofthe same diameter. We can supplyROLLPAC precut in the lengthrequired for your project.

AN AGFAINNOVATION

AN AGFAINNOVATION

24

Films for use with reloadable metalor plastic cassettes and exposureholders. The high level of dark-room lighting tolerated by STRUC-TURIX D films allow more com-fortable loading and unloadingconditions.

Film type and size are clearlymarked on bottom, top and sideof each box for easy storage.

In the first instance, darkroompackaging appears to be the mosteconomical solution because this isthe cheapest to buy. However,before deciding on what to use,the total radiography cost shouldbe considered. The film handlingcosts, for example in the dark-room, and the cost of reshoots areimportant factors to consider. Theextra cost of cassettes and screensshould also be taken into account.The total of this cost price calcula-tion also depends of course on thelocal conditions.

The conclusion is therefore: “lesscostly is not always economical” A quality evaluation can also bemade in addition to this cost eval-uation. VACUPAC image qualitycannot be obtained with the stan-dard cassette system.

S H E E T F I L M I ND A R K R O O M P A C K A G I N G

N I F (NON INTERLEAVED FILMS)

This is the most economic way tobuy sheet film. The intrinsic filmquality is the same as that ofprepacked film. Sheets of film arepacked per 100 (except extremelylarge sizes) in a paalpo bag insidea cardboard box. The paalpo bags allow for easyfilm removal and re-closure.

F W (FOLDER WRAPPED)

Each film is wrapped in a paperfolder to prevent handling faults inthe darkroom. The paper folderscan also be used to make it easyto store the films and protect themafter processing. This form ofpackaging is also a solution whenboxes remain in use for some timeafter opening in areas with a highrelative humidity and temperatureas it prevents the films from stick-ing together.

Sheets of film are packed per 100in a sealed bag and placed in astrong cardboard box.

25

R O L L S I N D A R K R O O M P A C K A G I N G :

B L R (BULK LOAD ROLL)

Packaging with bare film on acardboard core. This film can becut to any length and loaded withor without lead screens in reload-able cassettes, in the darkroom.Available in a standard width of 70 mm and in lengths of 550 ft.(167.75 m) and 1000 ft. (305 m).

T A I L O R M A D E P A C K A G I N G

In addition to the aforementionedstandard products special orderscan also be made, such as nonstandard sheet sizes, other formsof packaging, e.g. Bi and Tri Packs.For the special order procedure,please contact your Agfa agent.

Bipack is an ETE daylight packag-ing containing 2 films. The Tripackcontains 3 films in one envelope.Combinations with lead screensare possible. Bipacks can also besupplied in DW Rollpac packaging.

OPTIMAL STORAGE OF STRUCTURIX FILMS

Handling and storage of X-ray filmis a very important aspect of theradiographic process. Guidelinesare given in several internationalstandards e.g. ASTM E1254-98.The recommendations for unex-posed X-ray film are described inthe paragraphs below.

First of all, storage facilities forunexposed X-ray films should pro-vide adequate protection from anypenetrating radiation. If the filmsare stored for longer than 3months, background radiation maynot exceed 90 nGy/h (18 x 10-10

C/Kg/h). Films in containers sealedby the manufacturer should bestored with the films on edge,whenever possible. Storage tem-perature should be between 40°F(4.4°C) and 75°F (23.8°C) at a rela-tive humidity range of 30 to 60 %.

As higher temperatures acceleratecertain physicochemical processesin the emulsion, STRUCTURIXfilms should always be stored in acool place (within the above men-tioned temperature range).

While films in opened packagesare also affected by humidity, it isadvisable to ensure that the rela-tive humidity in the storage roomremains under 60 %. It is also recommended that thefilms are not stored in the immedi-ate vicinity of X-ray chemicals.

If STRUCTURIX films are handledand stored in accordance with thedirections given above, Agfa guar-antees their good quality at leastuntil the expiry date on the box.

26

27

S T R U C T U R I X E Q U I P M E N T

The Agfa STRUCTURIX NDT sys-tem consists of an innovativeassortment : films, equipment andchemicals are perfectly geared toone another. That is why theSTRUCTURIX processors are sup-plied as a standard 100 secs.immersion in each processing sec-tion, with developer and fixer tem-peratures controlled at 82.4°F(28°C).

Together with STRUCTURIX films,Agfa STRUCTURIX processors andSTRUCTURIX chemistry are widelyused in industrial radiography as atotal system. The satisfaction ofour customers is the best exampleof the reliability and performanceof the STRUCTURIX equipment.Several decades of experience andknow-how in equipment designand construction are the basis.

Moreover all STRUCTURIX NDTequipment comply with VDE, ULand CSA safety regulations and areEMC-compliant according to VDE.All units are supplied with the GSlabel and CE label as well as theCE Declaration of Conformity andare manufactured to ISO 9001.These are extra proofs of our com-mitment to quality and reliability.

28

STRUCTURIX NDT Si

ECOLOGY AND ECONOMYGO HAND IN HAND

Building on its years of experience,Agfa now introduces the STRUC-TURIX NDT Si film processor. TheNDT Si film processor forms thebasis of a NEW Structurix HighCapacity Film System that boasts arevolutionary design and takes X-ray film processing to the next level.

The STRUCTURIX NDT Si is aleading-edge processor that bringsspeed, operational flexibility,money-saving innovations, andenvironmentally friendly designtogether in a single package.

Agfa is an industry leader inprocessors that use a leading edge"Cascade-Fixing" system.Featuring a double-fixing tank, theSTRUCTURIX NDT Si generatesimproved results, yet requires fewresources to achieve those results.

Comprised of Optimized Film,industrial Chemistry, and a NewProcessor, the High Capacity FilmSystem extracts the maximum ineconomic and ecological benefitsby delivering:

• Higher processing "throughput"(on the order of 20 percent)when compared to its predeces-sor, the NDT3

• A reduction of fixer replenish-ment is possible. Check with your local legislation require-ments.

• Optimized archiving results• Less handling of the products• Dramatically lower silver level in

the waste water, representing areduction of 90 to 95 percent

• Fewer chemical waste resultingin lower disposal cost

• Lower warehousing and handlingcosts and less packaging wastedue to the need for fewer chemicals

• Substantially lower costs forenergy and water usage

• At the same time, the StructurixHigh Capacity Film System iscertified to the followingIndustrial Film SystemsClassification Standards (100 sec developer immersiontime, G 135, 82.4°F)

• EN 584-1• ASTM E-1815• ISO 11699-1• JIS-K7627

High CapacityThe throughput or processingrate, of the STRUCTURIX NDT Siis designed to meet the needs of awide range of users, includingthose with large film processingdemands and companies withhigh production peaks. Set to aneight-minute cycle, the NDT Siboosts the processing speed to 20inches of film per minute, or 70films (size 14x17") per hour.

29

A N E WR E V O L U T I O N A R Y

T E C H N O L O G Y" C A S C A D E F I X I N G "

Agfa’s new Cascade Fixing Systemdelivers consistently high-qualityimages. What makes the systemspecial is that it delivers thoseimages at a higher throughputrate, while reducing the environ-mental impact. Thanks to a designthat features two successive fixingtanks that are replenished on thecounter-flow principle, theSTRUCTURIX NDT Si significantlyreduces the silver residue presentin the waste water.

The exposed film is first developedin the developer tank and thenrinsed in the intermediate-washingtank. Intermediate washingensures that little of the developersolution carries into the fixingtanks, thus keeping the ‘fixer bath’in optimum condition. At the sametime, the intermediate washingprocess helps to prevent faultsfrom occurring on the film beingdeveloped.

The operating method of the Cascade Fixing System issimple but effective. The film is 100 percent fixed inthe first fixer tank and rinsed inthe second fixer tank. With fixerreplenishment being executed inthe second fixer tank, the concen-tration of silver in that tank stayslow. As the silver carryover into thewater tank is minimal, waste waterfrom the STRUCTURIX NDT Siprocessor readily complies withstringent standards for silver content.

Silver recovery is also optimizedby the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’sdesign. The first fixer tank beingreplenished by overflow from thesecond fixer tank, nearly all of thesilver released in the fixing stageends up in the overflow from thefirst tank, providing optimum sil-ver recovery. This unique film pro-cessing system ensures that theamount of silver in the washwater is up to 25 times lower thanfound in conventional processingsystems.

Superior Image QualityThe STRUCTURIX NDT Si wasdesigned to satisfy applicationsthat demand the highest imagequality. Agfa’s innovative rack con-struction and roller configurationscontribute significantly to the top-of-the-line performance deliveredby the NDT Si. A "smart" micro-processor embedded in the NDT Sicontrols all process functions andensures superior film drying at aneven rate under all ambient condi-tions. The STRUCTURIX NDT Sioffers maximum flexibility with

respect to drying rates and filmsizes, so that no matter whichoption is selected it delivers thesame high-quality output.

Precise ReplenishmentThe design of the STRUCTURIXNDT Si minimizes replenishmentdemands thanks to a unique scan-ning feature. Instead of relyingonly on a measurement of filmlength, the STRUCTURIX NDT Siprecisely maps the film surfacearea by using 11 detection rollers,assuring accurate minimumreplenishment usage.

1 2 2

3

D IW F1 F2 W

30

mode the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’sdrive cycle activates its rollers forshort periods. This means that ener-gy consumption is minimized andthe life of the processor maximized.

Processing CyclesThe NDT Si’s microprocessor alsofeatures six pre-programmed pro-cessing cycles that vary from 2.5to 12 minutes. As with all Agfaprocessors, standard cycles areeasily set. Once the desired cycletime has been selected, the otherprocessing parameters – namelytemperature, dryer level, fixingtemperature, and replenishmentrate – are adjusted automaticallyby the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’smicroprocessor.

Minimum Processing CostsThe more precise that control ofthe replenishment process is, thelower the consumption of process-ing chemicals is, and thus thelower costs are. One of the keyways the STRUCTURIX NDT Siachieves this low-cost profile is byautomatically switching to standbymode once all films have left theprocessor. Thus electricity is savedand water conserved. Moreover,the less water used for processing(13l/m2) the greater the environ-mental benefits.

The design of the STRUCTURIXNDT Si incorporates a low-energyinfrared drying technology.Additionally, when in standby

12 3

7

89

7 7

4 5a 5b 10

11

14a

14b 12

15 13

6

16

7

Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

a LCD display

b Menu selection

c Increase setting

d Decrease setting

2 Film area scanning

3 Developer tank

4 Intermediate wash tank

5a Fixer tank F1

5b Fixer tank F2

6 Final wash tank

7 Removable top rack parts

8 Distribution rollers

9 Infrared dryer

10 Film output

11 Film receiving tray

12 Replenishment pump for developer

13 Replenishment pump for fixer

14a On/off switch

14b Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)

15 Three-way valves for draining

the machine tanks

16 Overheating protectors

for developer and fixer

Variable speed mode is anotherproprietary feature of the STRUCTURIX NDT Si. Along withthe standard cycle settings, theNDT Si’s processing speed can alsobe manually adjusted in 30-secondsteps (2.5 - 12 min.). In additionthese settings can be locked andprotected by a password.

Reliable ElectronicsThe STRUCTURIXNDT Si’s high-performance microprocessor isdurable, featuring the reliabilityand security and ease of operationfor which Agfa products arefamous.

31

User ComfortThree-way drainage valves are anew feature of the STRUCTURIXNDT Si that makes it simple andeasy for photochemicals and clean-ing chemicals to be diverted to thecorrect collection tank or drain.

Ease of MaintenanceThe STRUCTURIX NDT Si wasdesigned as the ultimate in ease-of-maintenance systems. The topsections of the NDT Si’s racks canbe easily removed for separatecleaning, eliminating the need toremove an entire rack from atank. While the film sensor rollerson the feed tray require regularcleaning, the STRUCTURIX NDTSi’s design makes even this task abreeze. The rollers can be readilyreached by removing the feedtray. And to prevent growth ofalgae, the wash water automati-cally drains when the NDT Si isswitched off.

Clear Operating PanelThe operating panel provides cleardisplays about all processingparameters. Incremental controlsare available for the temperatureof both the dryer and developer.Messages may be displayed in 12languages.

Adjustable Film Receiving TrayThe film tray of the STRUCTURIXNDT Si may be easily adjusted toany sheet film size, welding for-mats, and roll film of up to 16 ftin length. Processed films arealways collected in the correctorder in the multifunctional outputtray.

Unique Daylight SystemWhen combined with the STRUCTURIX Feeder, the NDT Si

becomes a very practical daylightprocessing system. The Feeder willautomatically follow the processingspeed of the NDT Si, even afterthe processor’s speed is adjusted.And when an NDT Si is used with-out a feeder, an optional ‘light-tight’ cover is available from Agfa.In this configuration, once filmsare positioned on the film feedtable the cover may be closed andthe darkroom illuminated.

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STRUCTURIX NDT U

U N I V E R S A L R E L I A B I L I T Y

With the STRUCTURIX NDT Uyou have at your disposal themost universal processor from ourassortment. STRUCTURIX NDT Ucombines simplicity, reliability anduniversal use in one processor. It isspecially designed for customerswith medium sized quantities offilm.

The ease of use, the ease of main-tenance and the fact that it isusable for almost every applicationare the main advantages of the STRUCTURIX NDT U.

The high reliability of our proces-sors and our years of practicalexperience have led to the devel-opment of this unique processor.

ReliableThe STRUCTURIX NDT U is adependable processor, no matterwhere it is installed. Built withsolid components, the constructionuses only simple and modern tech-niques.

Universal useThe STRUCTURIX NDT U is veryversatile: it processes sheet film aswell as roll film up to 5 metres.The standard version of the NDTU can easily be switched to an off-shore version by using a longerdeveloper rack. This suits the spe-cific off-shore conditions and satis-fies the demands with regard toprocessing time (90 sec.) and relia-bility. Easy trouble shooting andrepair make this processor espe-cially suitable for use on remotesites. Moreover the built in devel-oper cooler allows operation inwarm climats.

User-friendlyThanks to the functional designthe processor operation is easy tocontrol. An audio and visual signalindicates when the next film canbe fed into the processor.

The dryer level and the developertemperature level can simply beset in steps.

Perfect processing qualityThe design of the STRUCTURIXNDT U is based on the core tech-nology used for STRUCTURIXprocessors, which is why high filmquality can be guaranteed. Threeinfrared drying units ensure uni-form drying, in accordance with theprinciple of direct heat absorption.

The fixer has its own heater ele-ment which reduces the fixerwarm up time considerably. Thistemperature control guaranteesthe film archival quality.

Selectable processing cyclesUpon delivery the STRUCTURIXNDT U is set at the cycle time of 8 minutes. An optional cycle timefrom 1.5 to 12 min., can be setquickly and simply by an approvedservice technician.

Minimal running costsDuring film processing only anecologically justified volume ofwater per m2 of film beingprocessed is used. The consump-tion of electricity is also particularlylow, due to the infrared drying sys-tem, among other elements.

33

Replenishment by areaForward of the film feed slot 5magnetic rollers accurately measurethe surface area of the film. Thisunique film area scanning ensures amore precise economic and ecolog-ic replenishment operation than ifthe film were only scanned length-wise.

Low heat emissionThe infrared drying system notonly guarantees the uniform dry-ing of your films but also meansthat a minimal amount of heat isproduced in the darkroom. So, apleasant working temperature ismaintained.

Adaptable film receiving trayDepending on the kind of filmprocessed, the tray can be adjust-ed for roll film or sheet film.

Automatic daylight feedingThe STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-ly be fitted with the STRUCTURIXfeeder. Just remove the feedtrayand connect the feeder in its place.With the STRUCTURIX FEEDERyou can convert the STRUCTURIXNDT U into a unique, practical

automatic daylight film feedingsystem.

Feed tray cover (light tight)The STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-ly be equiped with a light tightfeed tray cover. Once the films are positioned onthe film feed table, the light tightcover can be closed. From then onthe darkroom can be illuminated.In addition, the feed tray coverprevents the intrusion of dust.

Accessories• Darkroom panel

• Feed tray cover (light tight)

• Replenishment tanks 2x8 gallons (30 l)

or 2x20 gallons (80 l)

• External speed control

• Feeder speed adaptor kit

Peripherals• STRUCTURIX Feeder (50/60 Hz) with

Universal or Fliptop magazine

34

Features

• Mainly electro-mechanical functions

• Processing cycle time:

choice between 5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12 min.

for off-shore applications

choice between 1.5/2.5 min.

• Lower liquid level in the processor tanks

• Double liquid overflow (on both sides of each processing tank)

• Extra floor closing plate and air filter

Advantages

• High functional reliability

• Not sensitive to voltage fluctuations (which can occur in an

industrial environment)

• Choice of development time while keeping the required image

quality

• Prevents the liquids from overflowing the tank

• Sufficient drainage with abnormal sea state on large movement

• Optimal protection from the intrusion of so-called off-shore dust

into the processor

Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

2 Control panel

3 Film area scanning

4 Developer tank

5 Fixer tank

6 Wash tank

7 Removable upper racks

8 Infrared dryer

9 Film receiving tray

10 Processor drain

1

2

3 4 5 6

7 7 7

8

9

10

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STRUCTURIX NDT M eco

C O M P A C T A N D E C O L O G I C A L

The STRUCTURIX NDT M ecoprocessor is the smaller version ofthe NDT Si. This compact filmprocessor occupies a minimalamount of space in your darkroom.The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco isversatile, in the laboratory or trans-portable in a mobile site darkroom.It processes sheet film as well asroll film up to 16”(5 metres). Specially designed for consumersof small and medium sized quanti-ties of film. The ease of use andthe problem free maintenancemake the STRUCTURIX NDT Meco an extremely user-friendly andreliable processor.

Ecological designThe STRUCTURIX NDT M eco alsolives up to expectations ecologicallywith:• the economical consumption of

water and electricity• the infrared drying which reduces

the amount of heat produced inthe darkroorn to a minimum

• the optimal replenishment systemas a result of film surface scanning

• the intermediate washing systemwhich ensures that there is hardlyany carry-over of developer intothe fixing tanks, thus keeping thefixer bath in optimum condition.This system also prevents develop-ment faults occuring on the film.

Exact replenishmentForward of the film feed slot, 5magnetic rollers accurately meas-ure the surface area of the film.This unique film area scanningensures a precise economic andecologic replenishment operation.

Cascade fixingThe cascade fixing system is anentirely new concept for processingX-ray films. The STRUCTURIXNDT M eco processor is built withtwo successive fixing tanks replen-ished on the counterflow principle. The result is nothing less than revo-lutionary in terms of the amount ofsilver in the wash water.The cascade fixing principle is basi-cally very simple: the exposed filmis first developed in the developertank and then washed in the inter-mediate wash tank.

The film is then 100% fixed in thefirst fixer tank and rinsed in the sec-ond fixer tank. Since fixer replenish-ment is carried out in the secondfixer tank, the concentration of sil-ver in this tank remains very low.There is also very little carry-over ofsilver into the water tank, so thatthe waste water complies with themost stringent standards.

This unique film processing systemensures that the amount of silver inthe wash water is up to 25 timeslower than found in conventionalprocessing systems.

36

Low heat emissionThe infrared drying system ensuresuniform drying of your films andkeeps heat accumulation in thedarkroom to a minimum.As a result, a convenient workingtemperature is maintained.

User informationThe display shows information onthe process, such as actual devel-oping temperature. The dryer levelcan be set incrementally.

7 8

9

1 2

3 4 5a 5b 6

10 Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

2 Film area scanning

3 Developer tank

4 Intermediate wash area

5a Fixer tank F1

5b Fixer tank F2

6 Final wash tank

7 Infrared dryer

8 Film output

9 Film receiving tray

10 Overheating protectors for developer and fixer

Minimal running costsThe accurate replenishment, asdescribed above, implies lowchemical consumption.In addition, during film processingonly an ecologically justified volume of water is used and theconsumption of electricity isparticularly low due to the infrareddrying system.

Accessories• Feed tray cover (light tight)

• Support

• Replenishment tanks of 8 gallons

(30 litres)

• Darkroom panel

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STRUCTURIX FEEDER

A U T O M A T I C F I L MF E E D I N G A N D

D A Y L I G H T S Y S T E M S

The STRUCTURIX FEEDER con-verts the STRUCTURIX processorsNDT Si and NDT U into a uniqueand practical daylight system. Atthe press of a button you can feedin 240 films fully automatically!With the STRUCTURIX FEEDERyou can save even more time andexpense in the darkroom.

Complete daylight systemThe STRUCTURIX FEEDER feedsfilm into the processor in the day-light thus keeping work in thedarkroom to an absolute mini-mum.

TimesavingThe compact STRUCTURIX FEED-ER feeds the exposed films intothe processor fully automatically.

User-friendlyThanks to the unique portable filmmagazine the films, grouped perfilm size per project and per workpiece, can be loaded easily in anydarkroom. The film magazine actsas a perfect miniature darkroomso that all further activities cantake place in daylight, includingautomatic film feeding into theprocessor.

Multiple film sizesAll film sizes from 2.4" to 17" (6 to 43 cm) wide and from 4.7"to 19" (12 to 48 cm) long can beaccommodated.

The handy film magazine, in whichup to 4 film lanes can be set up,makes the STRUCTURIX FEEDERideal for processing films of welds.Up to 240 films per magazine (60 films/4 lanes max. width 3.9")can be loaded!

ReliableWhen the FEEDER is switched onit carries out a self-diagnosis.When in operation built in elec-tronic checking functions guaran-tee high reliability. In this way, forexample, a double film is detected,returned and fed in again separately without any interven-tion from the user.

Simple installationBecause of its light weight, theSTRUCTURIX FEEDER can bemounted on (or removed from) theSTRUCTURIX processors NDT Siand NDT U quickly and easily.

Dimensionswithout with film

film magazine magazine

Length* 12.5"/15.6” 24,8"/29.5”

32/42 cm 63/75 cm

Width 21” 21”

53.5 cm 53.5 cm

Height 10.8” 10.8”

27.4 cm 27.4 cm

* depending on the feeder type

WeightFeeder: 48.5 lbs.(22 kg)

Feeder with

film magazine: 55 lbs.(25 kg)

Power Supply110 V-240 V, 50/60 Hz

Separate mains connection.

38

Choice between two magazinesThe STRUCTURIX FEEDER is sup-plied without a magazine. Younow have the choice between twotypes of magazine: the Universalor the Fliptop. Which one youprefer will depend on the type ofwork performed and the formatsof the films to be processed.The unloading procedure is similarfor both magazines for daylighthandling.

Universal magazine Fliptop magazine

Film sizes: min. 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm) 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm)*

max. 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm) 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm)

(*) from 7” (18 cm) length on,

loading without removing the

magazine

Loading capacity: 60 films/stack 60 films/stack

max. 4 lanes max. 4 lanes

Priority film loading: possible easy

time consuming fast

Use: • decentralized loading • loading on the feeder

• transportable • non transportable

• on-site work • in-house work

(inspection companies) (manufacturing companies)

The Fliptop magazine can remainin the FEEDER when loading thefilms, avoiding the repeatedmanipulation of the magazine.This prevents wear and tear ofequipment and facilitates the taskof the operator.

The Universal magazine can beopened completely so that it caneasily be set up for different filmsizes, even the smallest ones. Oncethe films are loaded in the maga-zine, it acts as a light tight container.

39

STRUCTURIX DRYER

F A S T A N D E F F I C I E N T F I L M

D R Y I N G

The STRUCTURIX DRYER is veryuseful for NDT stations withoutautomatic processors. The STRUC-TURIX DR is a very reliable, practi-cal unit that will dry your filmsquickly and without problems. TheDRYER is inexpensive and eco-nomical to run.

Compared with the conventionaldrying cabinet, the STRUCTURIXDRYER offers the following advan-tages: the films dry more rapidly;the unit is compact and easy tomove; drying starts at once withno warm-up required; the heatoutput is low, helping your dark-room to stay cool.

Easy-to-operateSimply insert the thoroughlywashed X-ray film into the DRYERand after a few minutes the dryfilm will emerge. It is important touse a fixer with hardener, such asSTRUCTURIX G 335. The STRUC-TURIX DRYER is provided with awash tank for the film to passthrough prior to drying.

The film passes through the wash-ing tank, then into the drying sec-tion. Most water is removed fromthe film by means of squeegeerollers prior to the drying section.

In the drying section, the film ishot air dried from both sides and isthen fed into the adjustable collec-tion tray.

Excellent resultsThe STRUCTURIX DRYER guaran-tees fast and even drying of X-rayfilms. It produces excellent results,especially when G 335 fixer isused.

Technical specificationsDimensions

Length: 23.6” (60 cm)

with extended

receiving tray: 32.7” (83 cm)

Width: 24.8” (63 cm)

Height: 13.8” (35 cm)

with bottle: 17.9” (45.5 cm)

Weight: 53 lbs. (24 kg)

Electrical

connection: 220-240 V/50/60 Hz

(fuse 10 A)

Power: max. 1600 W

(USA model: 120 V / 60 Hz)

Recommended

speed level: level 1

Recommended

dryer level: level 5

40

Technical specifications STRUCTURIX NDT ProcessorsTable below shows standard values (modifications possible)

NDT Si NDT U NDT M eco

Preprogrammed Cycles 6 1 1

Optional Cycles min. 2.5 upto 12 3 upto 12 3 up to 12

(steps of 30 sec.) (steps of 1 min.) (steps of 1 min.)

OS-cycles : 1.5/2/2.5

Standard Processing Cycle min. 8 8 8

Immersion time D/F1/F2/W sec. 100/100/67/67 100/100/-/100 100/100/72/72

Capacity film/hour (8 min. cycle)

3.5 X 17 in. (4 films side by side) 280 106 92

14 X 17 in. 70 34 30

Transport speed cm/min. 51 23 20

Film sizes Format min in. 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4

Width min in. 1.3 1.3 1.3

max in. 17 17 17

Length min in. 5 5 5

max (1.3” wide) ft. 16 16 6

with (≥2.3 ” wide) ft. 16 16 16

Rollfilm curl O/ in. >12 >12 >12

Tank capacities

Developer tank gallons 9.8 (37 l) 6.3 (24 l) 2.6 (10 l)

Fixing tank (F1/F2) gallons 9.8/7.1 (37/27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.6/2.3 (10/9 l)

Final wash tank gallons 7.1 (27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.3 (9 l)

Standard Consumption

Developer ml/m2 900 900 900

Fixer ml/m2 1200 1200 1200

Water litre/m2 13 13 13

Chemistry developer G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s

fixer G 335 G 335 G 335

Dimensions Length in. 63.7 (162 cm) 47.2 (120 cm) 57 (145 cm)

bottom in. 43.7 (111 cm) 28.7 (73 cm) 33.8 (86 cm)

Width in. 27.9 (71 cm) 26.7 (68 cm) 25.9 (66 cm)

Height in. 48.5 (123 cm) 41.3 (105 cm) 23.6 (60 cm)

Surface on floor sqf. 8.5 5.3 6

Weight Empty lb. 657 (298 kg) 385 (175 kg) 257 (117 kg)

With chemicals lb. 939 (426 kg) 551 (250 kg) 352 (160 kg)

Power supply Ampère 16 16 12

Hertz 50 / 60 50 / 60 50 / 60

Volt 208 / 230-240 200 / 240 100/120/200/208/230-240

41

STRUCTURIX chemicals aredesigned to obtain the best pro-cessing quality with STRUCTURIXX-ray films. Together with the filmsand processors they form part ofthe dedicated Agfa NDT systems.

Handy packaging Agfa has introduced shipping car-tons for its products, made from60% recycled materials. The card-board shipping cartons are user-friendly: each carton has two han-dles which make it easier to trans-port. In addition, all boxes arecolor coded with colored adhesivetape so that the content can easilybe identified. Red is used for boxescontaining developer, blue is thecolor for boxes containing fixer,brown is used for all the otherchemicals.

Recyclable bottlesThe STRUCTURIX NDT chemicalsare supplied in containers madefrom clear polyethylene. The labelson the containers are made ofclear polyethlylene.

Safety seal

The concentrate bottles are fittedwith a safety seal. This seal iswelded to the bottle during pro-duction to form a perfect air-tightseal. When you remove the screwcap, a skin of polyethylene remainson the neck of the bottle. That'swhy a bottle can be placed upsidedown on a mixer.

"exp. date"Agfa also introduced an indicationfor the shelf life of the STRUC-TURIX NDT chemicals. The'exp.date' mentioning the yearand the month of expiry, can befound on all the STRUCTURIXNDT shipping cartons as well as onthe concentrate bottles.

Safety measuresConsult the Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS) for information onsafety, health and environmentalaspects of the chemicals. Followthe safety instructions. Follow theuser instructions on the bottles.Make sure there is adequate airexchange in the preparation roomin order to prevent too high con-centration of chemical fumesbuilding up.

An air exchange of 10 times theroom volume per hour is required.Consult your local Agfa represen-tative if in doubt.

S T R U C T U R I X C H E M I C A L S

42

MANUAL PROCESSING• STRUCTURIX G 128 developer• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer

S T R U C T U R I X G 1 2 8 D E V E L O P E RDeveloper for the manual process-ing of industrial X-ray fils. G 128 isa one-part bath and is available in aquantity of 4x1 gal. (4 x 3.78 litres)concentrate and will make a totalof 20 gallons working solution.

S T R U C T U R I X G 3 3 5 F I X E RSTRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can beused for manual processing appli-cations. G 335 fixer is a 2 part (5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrateand will make 5 gallons of readyto use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack-aged in 2 x 5 Qiuart quantities toproduce 10 gallons of workingsolution.

• STRUCTURIX G 135 developer• STRUCTURIX G 135 starter• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer

S T R U C T U R I X G 1 3 5 D E V E L O P E RDeveloper for the automatic pro-cessing of industrial X-ray films. G 135 consists of three parts (A, B,and C) which must always be usedtogether. G 135 is available in aquantity of 2 x 5 qt. Part A con-centrate (4.73 litres), 2 x 8 oz.(236.5 ml) part B concentrate and2 x 16 oz. (473 ml) part C concen-trate will make 10 gallon workingsolution. One A, one B and one Cwill make 5 gallons of workingsolution.

The G 135 S starter solution issupplied separately in bottles of 32oz. (946 mal). When making upthe developer, 3 oz. (90 ml) startersolution per 1 gal. (3.8 litres)working solution is added.

This developer is very stable, bothin the concentrated and the ready-to-use form, thanks to efficientprotection form oxidation.

S T R U C T U R I X G 3 3 5 F I X E RSTRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can beused for automatic processingapplications. G 335 fixer is a 2 part(5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrateand will make 5 gallons of ready-to-use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack-aged in 2 x 5 Quart quantities toproduce 10 gallons of workingsolution.

S T R U C T U R I XD E V C L E A NDEVCLEAN is a highly efficient,two-part maintenance product forthe thorough cleaning of thedeveloping area of both processorsand tanks along with the acces-sories used for manual develop-ment. Silver deposits and sludge onall parts are dissolved effortlessly,completely and rapidly.

5+5 litres (part A/B) are diluted tomake 30 litres of ready to use solution.

S T R U C T U R I X F I X C L E A NAGFA offers its own liquid cleaningproduct for regular maintenance offixer and wash water areas inprocessors and chemistry mixers:FIXCLEAN. This cleaning com-pound is based on sodium hydrox-ide. It is not only highly efficient,but it does not contain any chlo-rine based substances, so that therinsing water can normally bedrained as waste water.

5 litres of FIXCLEAN are diluted tomake 50 litres of ready to usesolution.

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

CLEANING PRODUCTS

43

During the 1980’s there was agrowing awareness of the need to“value and manage” QUALITY ofproducts and services. Companiesinstalled Quality Systems to controlall the activities of their organiza-tion. QA manuals and programswere written. Suppliers were audi-ted to assure conformity of incom-ing products and parts. The ISO9000 standards were developed toprovide uniform, worldwide qualityassurance requirements. TheEuropean Union adopted thesestandards as part of their modularapproach to “conformity assess-ment” procedures, for severalproduct categories. This includesthe development of standards(specifications), which define whatthe purchaser wants and what thesupplier agrees to provide, as wellas quality system registration (cer-tification) which increases confi-dence in the supplier’s ability toproduce consistent quality.

Compliance with the ISO 9001Quality Management Systemdemonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-tinuously striving for the highestproduct quality.

The quality requirements are typi-cally most rigorous for regulatedproducts that have a major impacton health and safety i.e. film radio-graphic systems. This is the mainreason for making available thenecessary QC tools in film radio-graphy to comply with QA specifi-cations and guarantee the requiredconsistent performance. Thesetools can only give satisfying sup-port if they are dedicated, easy touse, precise and cost effective atthe user’s level.

Standard for Control of filmprocessing by means of refer-ence values ASTM E94 states: “To produce asatisfactory radiograph, the careused in making the exposure mustbe followed by equal care in pro-cessing. The most careful radi-ographic techniques can be nulli-fied by incorrect or improper dark-room procedures.”

Therefore EN 584 and ISO 11699consist of two parts. EN 584-2 andISO 11699-2 describe how theuser should control his processingsystem. For instance, to guaranteethe designed film system perform-ance, calibrated pre-exposed stripsprovided by the film manufacturer,have to be used.

Agfa has designed a set of practi-cal, dedicated tools for the radiographer to control and toprove compliance of his entire system.

S T R U C T U R I X Q U A L I T YA S S U R A N C E

44

STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP (Processing Monitoring Control)

The STRUCTURIX Certified PMCstrip is a handy, fast and reliabletool for monitoring the quality ofthe film processing system, and toprove compliance with existingstandards on systems classifica-tions.

X-ray pre-exposed film stripsThese X-ray pre-exposed film stripsare produced under Agfa’s QualityManagement System (Q.M.S) con-ditions according to ISO 9001.

ContentsEvery STRUCTURIX Certified PMCpack contains:• 25 X-ray exposed, undeveloped

PMC strips in individual daylightpackaging. Each strip bears aunique serial (ID) number, evenafter processing.

• PMC chart to record test results.• Instructions for use.• Certificate EN 584-2 for compli-

ance and ISO 11699-2.

PurposesThe purpose of these PMC stripsare:• to demonstrate conformity with

the certified Agfa STRUCTURIXstandard film system, as laiddown in European standard EN584 part 2 and ISO 11699-2

• to monitor the performance ofthe STRUCTURIX processing sys-tem, in order to guarantee con-sistent high quality

• to enable early corrective actionsto be taken in case of deviations

Example of Agfa’s pre-exposed PMC-strip with reference to EN 584-2 and ISO 11699-2

speed index Sr : average value ofnet densities of step Xcontrast index Cr : positive difference of the averagedensities of step X and X + 4

STRUCTURIX PMC STRIPS withoutcertificate that can be used to monitor the performance of theSTRUCTURIX processing system in order to guarantee consistentquality.

Every STRUCTURIX PMC packcontains:• 50 X-ray exposed, undeveloped

PMC strips in individual daylightpackaging.

• PMC chart to record test results.• Instructions for use.

XX+4

Reference contrast step

contrast

Reference speed step

THIO-TESTFOG+BASE

STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMCSTRIPS according to EN 584-2 andISO 11699-2.

STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED DENSTEP

The STRUCTURIX CERTIFIEDDENSTEP is a density step wedgefilm to verify the calibration ofoptical transmission densitometersused in the NDT X-ray field.

Each STRUCTURIX CERTIFIEDDENSTEP is :• packed in a light-tight water-

proof package to guarantee ashelf life of at least 4 years

• a calibration certificate• and a copy of the NIST certifi-

cate S.R.M. 1001

The density values reported, crossreferenced by serial number to thecertificate, are traceable to NIST(the United States NationalInstitute of Standards andTechnology) through traceable cal-ibrations of the instrumentationand procedures in accordance with our ISO 9001 approved QA system.

45

STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST

Archivability checkFinally the archivability of theprocessed film is evaluated bymeasuring the residual thiosul-phate in the emulsion layers. The Agfa STRUCTURIX Thio-Testprovides the means for performingthe control of fixing and washingas described in EN 584-2 and ISO 11699-2.

The STRUCTURIX Thio-Test kitconsists of : • the Thio-Test Color Stepwedge

with 4 steps, which relate to thearchivability expressed in numberof years.

• one dropper bottle of Thio-Testreagent, of 35 ml (about 1.000drops)

The Agfa Thio-Test correlates alsoperfectly with other internationalstandards (ISO/ANSI) for deter-mining the archival quality ofindustrial X-ray film.

It is a quick and simple method todetermine the ”Life Expectancy”of processed films and warns ofpoorly fixed and/or washed films.

46

ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS FOR AGFA NDT

ISO seems to have become a con-stant theme. And justifiably so -we always maintained that obtain-ing an ISO certificate was only thebeginning.Agfa was the first radiographic filmmanufacturer to achieve ISO certi-fication for its STRUCTURIX filmsin 1990. Since then we have comea long way.We can now proudly say that theentire STRUCTURIX system - films,equipment and chemistry - is pro-duced with a Quality ManagementSystem approved to ISO 9000.That’s your guarantee of the highconsistency of the Agfa STRUC-TURIX products.

47

For the first time ever, a harmo-nized model for the classificationof film systems has been intro-duced worldwide. The objectiveparameters identifying film systemperformance for ISO, CEN, ASTMor JIS utilize the same fundamentalcriteria. This will make film radio-graphy totally ready for the globalrequirements placed on it into thefuture!

Through the set of proposed orofficial standards in combinationwith the classification certificates,radiographic users are able to cer-tify that they use classified filmsystems with a guaranteed intrinsicminimum imaging performance.Thus the control of film processingwill produce the expected opti-mum film performance in everyday practice.

CONCLUSION

Quality Assurance and control ofthe radiographic film system arepart of the total QualityManagement. Each step in thechain must be maintained to arriveat the final goal QUALITY.

48

49

PERSONAL NOTES

PERSONAL NOTES

50

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Agfa NDTclose to youA

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Agfa NDT Inc.50 Industrial Park RoadLewistown, Pa. 17044U.S.A.Phone: 866 AGFA NDT

(866 243-2638)www.AgfaNDT.com

The information in this brochure is given by Agfa ingood faith and reflects the latest situation. Agfa reserves the right to make changes without prior notification.

ROLLPAC, STRUCTURIX and VACUPAC are trademarksof Agfa-Gevaert N.V., Belgium.AGFA and the Agfa-Rhombus are trademarks of Agfa-Gevaert AG, Germany.

Printed in BelgiumPublished by Agfa-Gevaert N.V., B-2640 Mortsel-BelgiumNETTC USA 01 2002/09

Agfa

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