category of voice in english, kyrgyz and russian languages
TRANSCRIPT
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF VOICE CATEGORY RESEARCH IN
ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ.................................................................7
1.1 VERBAL CATEGORY OF VOICE IN ENGLISH AND KYRGYZ
LANGUAGES......................................................................................................7
1.2 USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE PECULIAR TO THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE......................................................................................................14
1.3 PAST FORMS OF PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND
KYRGYZ LANGUAGES.................................................................................18
CHAPTER II CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN
ENGLISH AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER INTO RUSSIAN AND
KYRGYZ...............................................................................................................51
2.1 TRANSITIVITY AND INTRANSITIVITY OF VERBS AND
CATEGORY OF VOICE.................................................................................52
2.2 MAIN TYPES OF ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.
REASONS FOR MORE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF PASSIVE
VOICE IN ENGLISH AS COMPARED TO RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ...56
2.3 COMPARISON OF VOICE CATEGORY IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN
AND KYRGYZ LANGUAGES.......................................................................62
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................66
2
Bibliography:...........................................................................................................69
3
INTRODUCTION
The present work is devoted to the usage of English and Russian passive and active
constructions from the position of Kyrgyz language speaker. The category of the
voice in English language has not long history of research as in the Russian
linguistics, however the rich language material which include voice forms causes
many divergences in its interpretation.
The topicality of research is defined by necessity to present such description of
passive constructions in English language which could make a part of functional
grammar of the English language focused on teaching English language in Russian
and Kyrgyz audience.
Object of research is studying realization of passive meaning in the English
language from the prospective of Russian and Kyrgyz language speakers.
Although these languages concern to typologically different languages passive
meaning represents language universals itself that allows us to consider language
means of three named languages on the basis of their semantic functions
generality.
As object of research served passive constructions of English, Russian and
Kyrgyz languages. In the present work basically was considered passive
constructions i.e. those constructions where the verb and a participle in the passive
form carry out a role of a predicate. Examples like: “Я еще под впечатлением
чего-то непонятного и неразрушающегося, и прекрасного, чем я обязана Вам,
...” (И. Бунин. Неизвестный друг) where the verbal form with passive meaning
functions as definition in a nominal word-combination do not enter into a circle of
questions interested us. Restriction of the present work are also passive participles
of following types like: Она вообще вообразила, кажется, ..., будто нашелся
какой-то «чуткий» человек, который наконец оценит ее неоцененную мужем
душу (И. Бунин. Мордовский сарафан).
The purpose of the present research is the description of ways of passive
constructions expression in comparison with Kyrgyz and Russian languages.
4
The aim of the present research is the description of ways of passive
constructions expression in the English language in comparison with Kyrgyz and
Russian languages.
The given purpose defines following specific tasks:
to investigate a modern condition of voice category research in English,
Russian and Kyrgyz linguistics;
to interpret researches of a studied grammatical category and questions
connected with it in three languages under the approach of functional grammar
(А.В: Bondarenko and his supporters);
to analyze contextual realizations of English verbs passive forms with the
purpose to reveal their function in expression of voice meaning;
to establish the most frequency and typical ways of English passive designs
translation into Russian and Kyrgyz languages.
In the description of a language material is used the approaches like: «from
semantics to its formal expression» («from functions to means») in a combination
of the approach «from the form to semantics» («from means to functions). Also
was used other research methods like descriptive, analytical, critical, comparative,
etc.
Scientific novelty of research is that attempt to describe, analyze means of
passive constructions express in the English language from a position of the
Kyrgyz language speaker was made for the first time.
The theoretical significance of this research lies in the fact that proposition
developed in research makes a contribution to study English, Russian and Kyrgyz
category of voice and also concretize a number of general-theoretical propositions.
The practical importance of research work consists in that results of research
can be used in practice of teaching English language in Kyrgyz audience, in giving
lectures on the theoretical courses of general and private linguistics, and also in the
sphere of translation.
As material of research were served examples taken from works of art of
L.Tolstoy, I.Bunin and K.Paustovsky and translations of these works into English
5
language. We also use examples from periodicals, advertisements and
conversations with native speakers of English for an illustration and comparison.
Alongside with not differentiated use of two pair terms active and a passive in
A.V.Bondarenko's opinion1 their some differentiation is possible. In a view of
functional grammar an active and a passive — wider concepts, than Active and a
Passive Voice. Last two terms are expedient for using in more special,
morphological sense, defining a verb to prepare as a verb of an active voice, and a
participle it is prepared - as a passive participle (a participle of a Passive Voice).
Terms an active and a passive have wider value - under the attitude as to a level of
the offer, to active and passive designs and to a level of a word, to morphological
system of language (in the latter case - when there is no necessity specially to
emphasize the morphological party of the voice). We in the present work consider
differentiation in meaning of the terms, noted by A.V.Bondarenko.
Main proposition to defense:
in the center of functional-semantic field of English, Russian and Kyrgyz
languages voice category the basic grammatical kernel is opposition of an active-
passive which is expressed not only in different forms of a verb, but also in various
syntactic function of the subject and object
while translating English passive constructions into Russian and Kyrgyz
languages it’s possible to use both Russian and Kyrgyz similar designs, and other
language means that does not prevent to transfer the original meaning completely.
Structure of work. Diploma paper except the present Introduction, consists of two
chapters, Conclusion and the Bibliography (the list of the used literature and
lexicographic sources). The first chapter is devoted to the review of voice category
research in three languages. We state the points of view of English, Russian and
Kyrgyz researchers on the given grammatical category and the questions connected
to it from the modern linguistic literature. The abundance of the literature on a
category of voice releases us from its representation in full. The review is
presented in that degree in what it is actual for this research. In the second chapter
1 Bondarenko A.B. Functional grammar, 19726
passive designs of three languages are studied in a view of functional grammar,
reveal communicative and pragmatical character of the given designs, distinctions
between a passive and stative are considered, ways of English passive
constructions transfer into Russian and Kyrgyz languages are established and given
methodical suggestions in teaching English language in Russian and Kyrgyz
audience. In Conclusion given conclusions according to the result achieved during
the research work.
7
Chapter I. Review of voice category research in English, Russian and Kyrgyz
1.1 Verbal category of voice in English and Kyrgyz Languages.
The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process as regards the
participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.
The voice of the English verb is expressed by the opposition of the passive form of
the verb to the active form of is the combination of the auxiliary be with the past
participle of the conjugated verb. The passive form as the strong member of the
opposition expresses reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic
construction; the active form as the weak member of opposition leaves this
meaning unspecified, i.e. it expresses "non-passivity".
In colloquial speech the role of the passive auxiliary can occasionally be
performed by the verb get and probably, become. Sam got licked for a good
reason. The category of voice has a much broader representation in the system of
the English verb that in the system of the Russian verb, since in English not only
transitive, but also intransitive objective verbs including prepositional ones can be
used in the passive. Besides, verbs taking not one but two objects, as a rule, can
feature both of them in the position of the passive subject. E.g.: I've just been rung
up by the police. The diplomat was refused transit facilities through London. She
was undistributed by the frown on his face. Have you ever been told that you're
very good looking? He was said to have been very wild in his youth. The dress has
never been tried on. The child will be looked after all right. I won't be talked to like
this, etc.
Still, not all the capable of taking an object are actually used in the passive.
In particular, the passive form is alien to many verbs of the statal subclass, such as
have, belong, cost, resemble, fail, and misgive, etc. thus, in accord with their
relation to the passive voice all the verbs can be divided into two large sets: the set
of passivised verbs and the set of non-passivised verbs.
A question then should be posed whether; the category of voice is a full-
representative verbal category, i.e. represented in the system of the verb as a
8
whole, or a partial representative category, confined only to the passivised verbal
set. Considerations of both form and function tend to interpret voice rather as a
full-representative category, the same as person, number, tense and aspect. Three
reasons can be given to back this appraisal.
First, the integral categorical presentation of non-passivised verbs fully
coincides with that of passivised verbs used in the active voice; second, the active
voice as the weak member of the categorical opposition is characterized in general
not by the "active" meaning as such, but by the extensive non-passive meaning of a
very wide range of actual significations, some of them approaching by their
process-direction characteristics those of non-passivised verbs. Third, the
demarcation line between the passivised and non-passivised set is by no means
rigid, and the verbs of the non-passivised order may migrate into passivised order
in various contextual conditions.
Thus, the category of voice should be interpreted as being reflected in the
whole system of verbs, the active voice form if not directly, then indirectly.
As a r egular categorical form of the verb the passive voice is combined in the
same lexeme with other oppositionally strong forms of the verbal categories of the
tense-aspect system, i.e. the past, the future, the continuous, the perfect. But it has
a neutralizing effect on the category of development in the forms where the
auxiliary be must be doubly employed as a verbid, so that the future continuous
passive, as well as the prefect continuous passive are partically not used in speech.
As a result, the future continuous active has as its regular counterpart by the voice
opposition the future indefinite passive; the perfect continuous active in all the
tense-forms has as its regular counterpart the perfect indefinite passive. Cf.: The
police will be keeping an army of reports at bay. An army reporter will be kept at
bay the police. We have been expecting the decision for a long time. The decision
has been expected for a long time.
The category of voice differs radically from all the other hitherto considered
categories from the point of view of its referential qualities. Indeed, all the
previously described categories reflect various characteristics of process, both
9
direct and oblique, as certain facts of reality existing irrespective of the speaker's
perception. For instance, the verbal category of person expresses the personal
relation of the process. The category of prospect expresses the timing of the
process from the point of view of its relation to the plane of posteriority. Finally,
the analyzed aspects characterize the respective inner qualities of the process. So
each these category does disclose some actual property of the process denoted by
the verb, adding more and more particulars to the depicted processual situation.
But we cannot say the same about the category of voice. As a matter of fact, the
situation reflected by the passive construction does not differ in the least from the
situation reflected by the active construction - the nature of the process is
preserved intact, the situational participants remain in their places unchanged
quality. It is clearly seen when comparing any pour of constructions one of which
is passive counterpart of the other. Cf.: The guards dispersed the crowd in font of
the Presential Palace. - The crowd in font of the Presential Palace was dispersed
by the guards.
In the two constructions, the guards as the doer of the action are the same;
the same also is the place of action, i.e. the space in front of the Place. The
Presentation planes, though are quite different with the respective constructions,
they are in fact mutually reverse. Namely, the first sentence, by its functional
destination, features the act of the guards, whereas the second sentence, in accord
with its meaningful purpose, features the experience of the crowd.
All the functional distinctions of the passive, both categorical and contextual
connotative are substained in its use with verbids.
The gerundial phrase that is given below conveying the principal categorical
meaning of the passive, suppresses the exposition of the indefinite subject of the
process: After being wrongly delivered, the letter found its address at last.
The following passive participial construction: when the enemy batteries had been
put out of action, our troops continued to push on the offensive. Cf.: the clausal
equivalent of the construction: When the enemy batteries had been put out of
action, our troops continued to push on the offensive.
10
The past participle of the objective verb is passive in meaning and phrases built up
by it display all the cited characteristics. E.g.: Seen from the valley, the castle on
the cliff presented a fantastic sight. Cf.: the clausal equivalent of the past participle
range of the unmarked member of the voice opposition. Let us consider the
following examples: I will shave and wash and be ready for breakfast in half an
hour. I'm afraid Mary hasn't dressed up yet. Now I see your son is thoroughly
preparing for the entrance examination.The indicated verbs in the given sentences
are objective transitive, used absolutely in the form of the active voice. This kind
of verbal meanings of the action performed by the subject upon it is classed as
"reflexive". The same meaning can be rendered explicit by comparing the verb
with the reflexive "self-pronoun". Let us take examples of another type: The
friends will be meeting tomorrow. Unfortunately, Nillie and Christopher divorced
two years after their magnificent marriage. Are Phil and Glen quarreling again
over their toy-cruiser?
The cited reflexive and reciprocal uses of verbs are open to consideration as
special grammatical voices, called respectively, "reflexive" and "reciprocal". The
reflexive and reciprocal pronouns within the framework of the hypothetical voice
identification of the uses in question should be looked upon as the voice
auxiliaries. To distinguish between the two cases of the considered phrasal-
derivative process the former can be classed as "organic", the latter as "inorganic"
reflexivization.The derivative, i.e. lexemic expressions of voice meanings may be
likened, with due alteration of details, to the lexemic expression of aspective
meaning. In the domain of aspectuality we also find derivative aspects, having a
set of lexical markers and generalized as limitive and non-limitive.
Of course, the factor of semantics as the criterion of the dynamic force of the
construction is quite in its place, since the dynamic force itself is a meaning factor
of language. But the "technically" grammatical quality of the construction is
determined by the categorical and functional properties of its constituents, first and
foremost, its participial part. Thus, if this part, in principle, expresses processual
verbality, however statal it may be in its semantic core, then the whole
11
construction should be understood as a case of the finite passive in the categorical
sense. E.g.: The young practitioner was highly esteemed in his district. Thus, with
the construction in question the context may have both voice-suppressing
"statalising" effect and voice-stimulating "processualising" effect. It is very
interesting to note that the role of processualising stimulators of the passive can be
performed alongside of action-modifying adverbials, also by some categorical
forms of the verb itself, namely, by the future the continuous, and the perfect - i.e.
by the forms of the time-aspect order other that the indefinite imperfect past and
present.
The fence is painted. - The fence is painted light green. - The fence is to be painted.
- The fence has just been painted. The fact that the indefinite to this graduation of
dynamism in passive constructions.
Functional features of the Passive forms in English and Russian Languages.
The passive voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required
form and Participle II of the notional verb.
a) The present, past, future indefinite passive are formed by means of the
present, past, and future indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of
the notional verb.
The Present Ind. Passive The Past Ind. Passive The Future Ind. Passive
I am invited I was invited I will be invited
He is invited He was invited He will be invited
We are invited We were invited We will be invited
You are invited You were invited You will be invited
They are invited They were invited They will be invited
b) The present, past, future indefinite passive are formed by means of the
present, past, and future perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the
notional verb.
The Present Perfect Passive The Past Perfect Passive The Future Perfect Passive
12
I have been invited I had been invited I will have been invited
He has been invited He had been invited He will have been invited
We have been invited We had been invited We will have been invited
You have been invited You had been invited You will have been invited
They have been invited They had been invited They will have been invited
c) The present continuous, past continuous passive are formed by means of the
present continuous, past continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the
notional verb.
The present continuous
passive
The past continuous passive
I am being invited I was being invited
He is being invited He was being invited
We are being invited We were being invited
You are being invited You were being invited
They are being invited They were being invited
The Future Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect
Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous are not found in the Passive Voice2.
The use of Passive Voice in English
Passive voice can be used:
a) Without the doer of the action being mentioned. In this case the doer is either
unknown or unimportant. E.g.: In silence the soup, was finished excellent if a little
thick and fish was brought. Tom Tusher was sent off early, however, to a school in
London (Thackey).
b) With the doer of the action being mentioned. This occurs only with the doer of
the action is to some extent emphasized. The noun or pronoun denoting the doer of
the action is introduced by the preposition by. E.g.: He was wrenched from his
2 Базелл Ч.Е. Лингвистическая типология. - Принципы типологического анализа языков различного строя.- М., 1972
13
blank wretchedness by the sound of the door opening from his mother's room
(Galsworthy). This room was dimly lighted from the ceiling by a single electric
lamp (Bennett).
The uses of the tenses in the Passive Voice
The use of tenses in Active and in the Passive voice is the same:
Indefinite Present New schools are built every year.
Future New schools will be built in spring.
Past New schools were built a month ago
Perfect Present New schools have been built this year.
Future New schools will have been built by May.
Past New schools had been built by the 1st of May.
Continuous Present New schools are being built in Khiva
Past New schools were being built when I came.
All boys have shells…in other words, they are never seen, or if seen would (b) not
be recognized (Th.Dreiser).
The news was brought that the little boy at the "Three Castles" was
ill (Th.Drieser).
Further meeting will be hold tonight and tomorrow night (Th.Drieser).
You have been told three times this week that she is coming home for a year for her
health (Th.Drieser).
I have been very unhappy since she died. I have been slighted and taught nothing
and thrown upon myself and put to work not fit for me (Th.Drieser).
By 12 o'clock a jury reasonably satisfactory to both sides had been
chosen (Th.Drieser).
Don't you disturb him? He is working at his wonderful poem.
An immortal work of art is being created (Th.Drieser).
When he got to the stables, a horse was being saddled (Th.Drieser).
To express an action going on at a definite moment in the future only the Future
Continuous Active is possible. Thus the Russian sentence Когда вы придете в
14
лабораторию, опыт уже будет производиться must be translated in the
following way: When you come to the laboratory, we shall already be making the
experiment. To denote an action which began before a definite moment in the
present, past or future perfect continuous active are generally used.
Уже два часа как правят корректуру.
They have been reading the proofs for two hours.
Когда пришел главный редактор, корректуру правили уже два часа.
When the editor-in-chief came, they had been reading the proofs for two hours
(Th.Drieser).
The Present Perfect Inclusive Passive and the Past Inclusive Passive are found with
verbs not used in the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with sonic non-
terminative verbs. She has always been admired (Th.Drieser). The library has not
been used for months (Th.Drieser).
1.2 Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English language
There are cases when the use of the Passive Voice seems to Russian students very
peculiar because we find no analogous constructions in Russian. These cases are as
follows:
1. The verbs to accord to advice, to allow, to ask, to award, to deny, to envy, to
forbid, to forgive, to give to grant, to offer, to order, to pay, to prescribe, to
promise, to refuse, to show, to teach, to tell are used in the Passive Voice. These
verbs always take an object expressed by a noun or an infinitive. The action
expressed by the Passive Predicate passes on the subject and the object. This
subject corresponds to the Russian indirect object. E.g. He was granted ten day's
leave has he been shown the documents? The patient was prescribed a strict diet.
He was ordered a change of scene. We were to wait (Th.Dreiser).
Note - These verbs admit of another type of passive construction if the object is
expressed by a noun. Thus, we can say not only I was given a book. He was shown
a book, but also a book was given to me, A book was shown to him. The choice of
the construction depends on the logical stress: in I was given a book. The book
shown to him the person is emphasized.
15
2. The Passive Voice is possible with intransitive verbs used with preposition: to
account for, to agree upon, to allude in, to arrive at, to call for, to call upon, to
comment upon, to depend on, to dispose of to hear of to insist on, to interfere with,
to laugh at, to look down, to look up, to provide for, to put at, to put up with, to
read to, to run over, to send for, to speak about, to store at, to talk about.
At last an agreement was arrived at. His strange behavior was largely commented
upon. He can be depended upon to keep strict silence. This is certainly to keep
strict referred to. The composite verb to do away with the proposition with can be
used in the Passive Voice. In our country illiteracy was done away with many
years ago. Note - To send for can be used only in connection with people. E.g. The
doctor was sent for.
3) The following verbal phraseological units can be used in the Passive Voice: to
find fault with, to lose sight of, to make fun of, to make use of, to pay attention, to
put an end to, to set fire to, to take care of.
4) Quite peculiar is the case when the subject of the Passive predicate corresponds
to Russian adverbial modifier. This is the case with the intransitive
verbs to live and to sleep with the proposition in. e.g. The bed was not slept in. the
room is not lived in (Th.Dreiser).
5) There are a number of transitive verbs in English which correspond to
intransitive verbs in Russian. They are: to affect, to answer, to assist, to attend, to
follow, to help, to influence, to join, to watch.
These verbs naturally admit of the passive construction while their Russian
equivalents cannot be used in the Passive Voice.
She was greatly affected by the scene (Th.Dreiser).
The report was followed by a discussion (Th.Dreiser).
Such sentences are rendered in Russian by indefinite - personal sentences unless
the latter case either the Active Voice is used which occurs rather seldom or the
Passive Voice.
The poor child was always being found fault with (Th.Dreiser).
The grammatical semantics of the combination to be + Participle II
16
The combination to be + Participle II can denote an action in which case it is a
simple predicate expressed by a verb in the Passive Voice. It can also denote a sets,
then it is a compound nominal predicate consisting of a link verb and a predicative.
As the director was ill, the documents were signed by his assistant (Th.Dreiser).
The compound nominal predicate expressed by the verb to be and Participle II can
be translated only by the verb быть + краткая форма причастия. In the present
the verb быть is not used.
The statue is broken (Th.Dreiser).
Статуя разбита.
When I come the papers were signed and lay on the secretary's table (Th.Dreiser).
Когда я пришел, документы были подписаны и лежали на столе у секретаря.
The use of tenses is closely connected with meanings combination to be +
Participle II.
When I came up to the gate, it was already locked (Th.Dreiser).
Когда я подошел к воротам они уже были заперты.
The predicate indicates an action completed before a definite moment in the past
Don't try to pen the gate. It is locked (Th.Dreiser). (state).
It has just been locked (Th.Dreiser). (action).
Passive grammar semantics translation
The category of voice differs radically from all other hitherto considered
categories from the point of view of its referential qualities. Indeed, all the
previously described categories reflect various characteristics of processes, both
direct and oblique, as certain facts of reality existing irrespective of the speaker's
perception. For instance, the verbal category of person expresses the personal
relation of the process. The verbal number, together with person. The verbal
primary time denotes the absolutive timing of the process, i.e. its timing in
reference to the moment of speech. The category prospect expresses the timing of
the process from the point of view of its relation. But we cannot say the same
about the category of voice.
17
As a matter of fact, the situation reflected by the passive construction does
not differ in the least from the situation reflected by the active constructions - the
nature of the process is preserved intact, the situational participants remain in their
places in their unchanged quality. What is changed then, with the transition from
the adjective appraisal of the situation by the speaker the plane of his presentation
of it. It is clearly seen when comparing any pair of situation by the speaker, the
plane of his presentation of it.
The property of the category of voice shows the its immediate connection
with syntax, which finds expression in direct transformational relational between
the active and passive constructions.The said fundamental meaningful difference
between the two forms of the verb and the corresponding constructions that are
built around them goes with all the concrete situational contexts. In particular, we
find the object - experience featuring achieved by the passive in its typical uses in
cases when the subject is unknown or is not to be mentioned for certain reasons, or
when the attention of the speaker is centered on the action as such respectively.
Another act of terrorism has been committed in Argentina. Dinner was announced,
and our conversation stopped. All the functional distinctions of the passive both
categorical and contextual connotative are sustained in its use with verbids.
For instance, in the following passive infinitive phrase the categorical object
experience featuring is accompanied by the logical accent of the process
characterizing the quality of its situational object. This event will never be
forgotten. The past participle of the objective verb is passive in meaning, and
phrases built up it by display all the cited characteristics. E.g. Seen from the valley,
the castle on the cliff presented a fantastic sight.
18
1.3 Past forms of Passive voice in English, Russian and Kyrgyz Languages.
In Passive voice of English there are following forms of Past Tense:
Past Tense in
Passive voice
form to be + P2 Meaning
Past Indefinite
Passive
was invited (told)
were invited (told)
express:
• the action that is done before the
speech
• Single action taken place, and ended
• a complete, long-term effect
• an action in the past (adverbial words,
adverbs of time)
• accomplished in the past, regular or
permanent effect
• Multiple or repeated action in the past
• Instant, one-time
• effect of the past, when one has passed
since the action precedes another action
• Future target action is used:
• to describe the appearance, the nature
of the subject, environment, nature
• the stylistic purposes without alteration
of other temporary forms, which gives
credibility, picturesqueness
Past Continuous
Passive was being invited
(told)
were being invited
(told)
express:
• the action that goes on in the past, the
speaker can see the continuing effect of
• multiple, repeated action in the past
• normal, regular, past
• the limited duration of action in the
rare cases
19
• In rare cases, the simultaneous
action
Past Perfect Passive had been invited
(told)
express:
• the importance of precedence i.e to
start of another past action:
• when the two actions do not coincide in
time in the past, indicated by preceding
adverbial words
• used more recent
action expressed by various forms of
• Completed actions in the past
before another past
action
• Incomplete ongoing action which
began in the past, after the
second occurrence of the past
action, which began in the past
• repeating the action in
the past, before the onset of another
past actions, expressed
various additional lexical
grammatical means
• the recent action
In the passive voice in English have the following forms of past tense: Past
Indefinite Passive, Past Continuous Passive, and Past Perfect Passive.
And now look at the forms and meaning of Past Indefinite Passive.
Past Indefinite Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past and
form of the Past Participle.
This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:
I was invited (told)
20
You were invited (told)
He (she, it) was invited (told)
We were invited (told)
You were invited (told)
They were invited (told)
1. The Past Indefinite is expressed in the past regular or permanent effect. E.g.:
Mildred rarely tasted Mr. He was addicted to one scoop of vanilla every
afternoon at three, eaten frот his aluminum dish with a disposable plastic spoon
(M Apple, p. 28). They fought the matter skillfully and tenaciously, losing at every
step but always in such a way that the decision was forced to be as broad as
possible, and then trying it by way of appeals to the World Court (I
Asimov, p. 61).
In these examples, predicates was addicted, was forced past expressed an
uncertain time in the passive sense of the meaning in the past. Regular and
constant action transferred adverbs of time every afternoon at three, always. All
actions are expressed by predicates proposals are in the form of Past Indefinite
Passive. They point to the uncertainty of action and the duration of the concrete at
three.
2. The past indefinite passive voice expresses an action that is done before the
speech. E.g.: But actually Ambrose has relieved that Peter now had a quarter too
(J. Barth, p. 98).
3. The past indefinite tense can mean a single act, committed and ended in the past.
E.g.: Her late were spent comfortably in the modern houses just as one might
enjoy in age the benefits of a child's prosperity (M. Apple, p.33). After her
emotional outburst at seeing Howard again, a calmer Millie felt a slight twitch in
her upper stomach and in the midst of her joy was reminded of another sure thing
(M. Apple, p.35). Decades ago, my positronic brain was connected to organic
nerves (I. Asimov, p. 64). Sir, nearly a century ago, I was told by a Merton
Mansky of this corporation that the mathematics governing the plotting of the
positronic pathways was far too complicated to permit of any but approximate
21
solutions and that, therefore, my own capacities were not fully predictable. (I.
Asimov, p. 52)
Actions were spent, was reminded, was connected, was told of the past expressed
an indefinite forms are completed. Usage of past infinitive is its main valuable.
Completeness of the past indefinite form is one of the instances of its use.
Completeness of the action also depends on the lexical meaning of the verb, so in
all cases, one of the criteria is the uncertainty of this form of action, the message of
the facts occurred in the Past.
4. The past indefinite is express a complete, long-term effect. E.g.: It was endlessly
qualified and the punishments for violating the law were totally inadequate, but
the principle was established (I. Asimov p. 51). And while everyone else can be
seen, from time to time, to wonder what to do next - the Chicago people,
apparently committed to unity of action, were heard arguing in the dining room
over whether, or when, to rent a boat for deep-sea fishing the two old people
have clear, unwavering schedule of their own (A.Adams, p.2). Complete long-
term effect transferred to the predicate was endlessly qualified, with the adverb
endlessly - endlessly, indicating the duration of action in the past, the second
predicate was established is the completed action. The second sentence of the
predicate was heard arguing too is an example of the duration of the action in the
Past. E.g.: Andrew accepted many commissions and worked harder as a free
robot than he ever had before, till the cost of the house was paid for and the
structure was signed over to Him. (I. Asimov, p.46) When the final decision
was handed down, DeLong held what amounted to a victory celebration over the
legal loss (I. Asimov, p. 62).
5. The past indefinite is an action in the past, where there is circumstantial speech,
temporal adverbs: In Travis's case, what was then called a nervous
breakdown took two years from his life; coming out of it, he was, or felt himself
to be, too far behind, in terms of research (A.Adams, p.2). On the one hundred
and fiftieth anniversary of his construction, a testimonial dinner was given in
his honor at U.S. Robots (I. Asimov, p. 59).
22
6. The past is repeated indefinitely or repeated action in the past. E.g.: His work
on his book on robots was delayed and delayed again, as he pored over the
legal arguments and even, at times, made very different suggestions (I. Asimov,
p. 50.). Sometimes the owners, who were always asked to be away or to step
outside when the house was being shown, didn't even know that the bowl had
been in their house (A. Beattie, p. 112).
7. The Past Indefinite period of time is instant, a single action. E.g.: When it did,
Harley Smythe-Robertson, who, on his mother's side, was descended from
the original founder of the corporation and who had adopted the hyphenation
to indicate it, looked remarkably unhappy (I. Asimov, p. 52). The past indefinite is
consistent action in the past. The road, which was broad and oiled and well
constructed, made a turn to the left at the far end of the bridge and then swung
out of sight around a curve to the right. At this point it was enlarged from the old
road to its present width by cutting into the solid bastion of the rock on the far
side of the gorge; and its left or western edge, looking down from he pass and the
bridge, as marked and prine of upright stone where of stone where its edge fell
sheer away to the gorge (E. Hemingway, p. 69).
8. The past indefinite is used to describe the appearance and character of the
subject, environment and nature. E.g.: Her fingernails were shaped so that the
soft meat of the tips could stroke a typewriter without imaging the apex of a
nail, her arch slid over a 6B shoe like an egg in a shell, id never in her adult
life did Mildred recall having vomited (M. Apple, p. 35). It layed like a match
burning around her belly, etching itself into her as the round He emblem was so
symmetrically embroidered into the bedspread, which she had kicked off in the
flush that accompanied the pain (M. Apple, p. 30). But the habits were careful
and clean and they were best represented in the body that was she. The fingers
were long and were shaped into artistically metallic, looping curves so graceful
and appropriate that one could imagine a. scalpel fitting them and becoming,
temporarily, and one piece with them (I. Asimov, p. 39). Her figure was very
well developed for her age (J. Barth, p.89). These examples point to the
23
characterization was broad and oiled well constructed, the description of the
exterior was very well developed, were shaped and it was enlarged situation or
condition was marked and protected.
9. The past indefinite period of time is sometimes used in the stylistic purposes
without alteration of other temporary forms, which gives the narrative credibility,
picturesqueness. E.g. It was even dilapidated than most: the silver coating was
worn off the brown metal handles, the glass windows around the dummy were
cracked and taped, her kerchiefs and silks long-faded (J.Barth, p.95). Even
though he was met with smiles and good will, he knew, before a single word was
spoken, that all the currents ran against him and that he would make no
headway (S. Bello, p. 119). And her heart was torn between her love for the
misfortunate young man between her love et cetera and her womanly intuition
that only in suffering and isolation could he give voice et cetera (J. Barth, p.
102).
10.
Past Indefinite Passive is used not only for the expression of the uncertainty with
respect to its completeness or incompleteness, but also in respect of the expression
of certainty. E.g.: The, young man, whose name was Robert Gordan, was
extremely hungry and he was worried (E.Hemingway, p. 36). A telephone line ran
along the road and its wires were carried over the bridge (E.Hemingway, p. 36).
Kugelmass visited Persky the next day, and in a few minutes was again passed
magically to Yonville (W. Allen, р.14). his form can express a certain action in the
past. Certain actions are not passed to the form itself was worried, were carried,
was again passed
but solely by means of additional language lexical adverbial words, adverbial
turns extremely, suddenly, magically.
Past Continuous Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past
Continuous and form of the Past Participle.
This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:
I was being invited (told)
24
You were being invited (told)
He (she, it) was being invited (told)
You were being invited (told)
They were being invited (told)
Verbs in this form may express the following meanings:
1. The Past Continuous Tense in Passive Voice indicates the action that goes on in
the Past; the speaker can observe the ongoing action. E.g.: I listened with proper
veneration to these ancient narratives, perhaps less admirable in themselves
than the fact that they had been Created by my blood and were being restored to
me by a, man of a remote empire, in the course of a desperate adventure, on a
Western isle (J.L. Borges, 142).
2.
The Past Continuous Tense expresses the multiple, repeated action in the Past.
E.g.: When the bowl was not being taken from house to house, it sat on
Andrea's coffee table at home. (A. Beattie Janus p. 112)
3. Past Continuous Tense of the Passive Voice is used to express the normal,
regular, ongoing actions in the past. E.g.: Sometimes the owners, who were
always asked to be away or to step outside when the house was being shewn,
didn 't even know that the bowl had been in their house (A. Beattie, p. 112).
4. Past Continuous Tense expresses an unlimited long-term effect in the past. E.g.:
Women were being forcibly raped in the South Pacific (J. Barth, p.99) He had
been caught a vortex and was being whirled on with a velocity of advance
and gyration that made him giddy and sick. LA. Bierce, p. 135)
5. Past Continuous Tense of the Passive Voice is limited long-term effect on rare
occasions. E.g.: One hot July day, towards evening, just as the cattle were
being driven away, and the whole yard was full of dust, someone suddenly
knocked at the gate. A. Chekhov, p.200) The revival was being carried on by
three sisters in black and a brother (J. Baldwin, p.81).
25
6. Past Continuous Tense Passive transfer (in rare cases) simultaneous action. E.g.:
Не felt as though he was being constructed again (I. Asimov, p. 55).
Past Perfect Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past Perfect
and form of the Past Participle.
This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:
I had been invited (told)
You had been invited (told)
He (she, it) had been invited (told)
We had been invited (told)
You had been invited (told)
They had been invited (told)
1. Past Perfect Tense of The Passive Voice has a value of precedence, i.e., before
the start of another past action, when the two actions do not coincide in time in the
past, the preceding adverbial words indicated. E.g.: She had been starved for
statement, and his tales of Broadway night life, of fast cars and -Hollywood
and stars, enthralled the young French beauty (W. Allen, p. 15). Analyzed at
the previous example specifies the action that is expressed Past Perfect Passive had
been starved, and used other forms of past tense to express the various actions. Past
perfect tense expresses completed action in the past before another past action.
E.g.: Perhaps Mildred now stood where Abraham had been visited by a
vision making a, rock his pillow, had first put the ease into the earth (M.
Apple, 32). Little Miss came to see him frequently in the small house that had
been built made over for him (I. Asimov, p.46). Actions expressed by predicates
followed suggestions in the Past Perfect Passive had been visited, had been built to
show the completeness of the previous action. The predicate following example
also means the completed action. E.g.: She had been dead for nearly two
centuries now, but as a result of writing his book Andrew knew her so well he
could half persuade himself that he had met in life (I. Asimov, p. 53).
2. The form of the past perfect tense of the passive voice can express incomplete
action continued, which began in the past, after the passing of the second, which
26
began in the past. E.g.: Не had been caught in a vortex and was being whirled on
with my velocity of advance and gyration that made him giddy and sick (A.
Bierce, p. '35). The man had been deprived of sleep for more than a week, and to
have this sprung on him at the height of a furious gale nearly drove him out of his
mind (J. Conrad, p.319). True, he had made that last stride, he had stepped
over the edge, while I had been permitted to draw back my hesitating foot (J.
Conrad, p. 307). The form of the past Perfect Tense of the Passive Voice can
express incomplete action continued, which began in the past, after the passing of
the second, which began in the past. E.g.: Andrew had appeared much more
a robot when he had first been manufactured (I. Asimov, p. 40). He had
been picked up, the evening before, in a maid on an apartment downtown, for
peddling and using heroin (J. Baldwin p. 66) Ы the few seconds before Andrea
picked up the bowl, she realized that the owner Waist have just seen that it had
been perfectly placed, that the sunlight struck the part of it (A. Beattie, p. 112).
3. Past perfect tense is used to express a simultaneous action, which coincides with
the moment of speech. E.g.: It seemed though we had been forgotten by the
world, belonged to nobody, would get where; it seemed that, as if bewitched,
we would have to live for ever and ever in it inner boatmen (J.Conrad, p.348). I
had to lean right out to swing the heavy shutter, and I saw a face of amongst
the leaves on the level with my own, looking at me very fierce and steady;
and then suddenly, as though a veil had been moved from my eyes, I made
out, deep in the tangled gloom, naked breasts, arms, legs, glaring eyes, -the
bush was swarming with human limbs in movement, glistening, of bronze color
(J. Conrad, p.287).
4. Past perfect tense of the passive voice may indicate habitual action that is a
permanent feature of the subject entity. E.g.: Andrew had been intended to
perform the duties of a valet, a butler, even a lady's maid (I. Asimov, p. 40). But
houses exactly like the houses of our past yet dominated the landscape, boys
exactly like the boys we once had been found themselves smothering in these
27
houses, came down into the streets for light and air found themselves encircled by
disaster (J.Baldwin, p. 71).
The Past Tense of the Passive Voice in Kyrgyz Language.
Past Tense of the
Passive Voice
Form Meaning
Past Definite
Tense (айкын
откон чак).
-ды,-ты
• unspecified action any period of time last
• an action (different lexical and syntactic
means)
• re-operation
• single, single action
• Completed Scoring
• with auxiliary verbs
"жат" "тур" is extended, unfinished action
• follow-up action when another past action
preceded by
• simultaneous action
• a clear, significant effect from the
perspective of the speaker
Past Indefinite
Tense (жалпы
откон чак).
-ган
• the action is not personally observed
speaker
• the action is quite obvious speaker
• the impact of pervasive pattern
• incomplete action last
• repetitive action last
• description of the subject, environment
• Limitation of action
• the recent action
Past Subjective
Tense (капыскы
• an action relating to past, with a touch
of
28
откон чак). -ып,(тыр) subjective assumptions about the accuracy
of its commission
Past Continuous
Tense (адат
откон чак).
-чу,-оочу,(-
уучу),
• the action that is long, continuously or
repeatedly
was done in the past
• the action that took place continuously (in
the complex sentences with subordinate
conditional)
Pluperfect
Definite Tense
(айкын
байыркы откон
чак).
-ды+эле, экен,
беле, бекен
• the action which took place in distant past,
much earlier date speech
• can express guessing
Pluperfect
Indefinite Tense
(жалпы
байыркы откон
чак).
-ган+эле, экен
•long time the action which is the speaker
recalled
or learned in the process of speech
•pluperfect action referring to the distant
the past, in reality, the commission of which
the speaker not sure
Pluperfect
Continuous
Tense (адат
откон чактын
байыркы откон
чактык
формасы).
-чу+эле, экен
• the action that took place in the distant
past,
reality and the different circumstances
which
the speaker knows the words of others
29
In the Passive Voice in Kyrgyz Language have several forms of past tense, and
now look at the forms and meanings in examples. E.g.: Жакшылыкты коро
албас арамдыгы куч бузуку иштердин оз башына кайгынын кара казаны
комкорулду (J.Balasagyn, 6. Considering cases of actions in the past унутулуп
да калды, денеси жыйрыла калды indicate iniquity of actions expressed by
complex predicate. Participles унутулуп, жыйрыла as part of complex
predicate in passive voice indicate the manner, and калды express past
singular action. In the example замбирек атылды, shot the cannon verb
атылды - shot, which is in the passive voice , past tence, and the noun
замбирек cannon subject in the passive sentence indicate single action in the past.
1. Past definite tense expresses finished resultative action. E.g.: Ушул эле
куну Бишкек шаарындагы Касымалы Баялынов атындагы балдар
китепканасында Кыргыз Эл жазуучусу Ч.Айтматов менен мектеп
окуучуларынын жолугушуусу болуп, анда коврунуктуу жазуучунун
«Тоо кулаганда» ammyy романы жонундо кеп козголду (Erkintoo
15.02.07.№14 (1623)). Баги бийлик тарабынан Жусуп Баласагынга Хасс хажиб
таамы берилди (J.Balasagyn 6 б.). Ал кеп жигиттердин ортосунда
корпочонун устундо чыканактап жаткан кишинин алдына жеткирилди
Т.Кasymbekov, 18 б.). Action in the past expressed by predicate in Passive
Voice жеткирилди – was delivered, ордо дагы бузулду – ruined the horde,
provides composed actions which results are obvious.
2. Form of past definite with auxiliary verbs «жат», «тур» expresses continued
incomnpleted action.
E.g.: Ичкертен кишилердин кобуру бал аарынын уюгундай бир калыпта
кунгуроп угулуп жатты (Т.Кasymbekov, 43 б.). Бирде алыстан булбул этип,
бирде кучогонсуп балбылдап, биринин шооласы бирине уланышып,
асманга которулуп турду (Т.Кasymbekov, 67 б.). Analyzed sentences, which
predicates are expressed by forms of past time in Passive Voice кунгуроп
угулуп жатты – was heard, асманга которулуп турду — rose up are good
examples which express incomplete action. And adverbial modifiers кунгуроп
30
угулуп, асманга которулуп act as indicators of additional actions, specifying
ways of basic action fulfillment. E.g.: Кылдардан чыккан турдуу унду
тыншап, бирин которуп, бирин кунгуроого чейин пастатып, ундордун
бирине бири жалганууларын журогу менен угуп, кыял эргуусуно
берилип жатты (Т.Кasymbekov, 160 p.). In the given sentence, predicate
берилип жатты consists of verbal adverb берилип with adverbial meaning and
auxiliary verb «жат» and expresses continued incomplete action. Past definite
tense expresses subsequent action when other past action proceeds . E.g.:
Ошол заматта ага жакын турган нвкврдун аты чыцырып кош аяктап
тура калды да, онколоп жыгылып тушту (Т.Кasymbekov, 45 б.). In this
sentence verbal adverbs кош аяктап, онколоп жыгылып mean additional
actions, preceding action expressed by predicate тушту. E.g.: Ошол кундон
Кокон ордо аталды. Сарай салынды. Хан атынан алтын, кумуш тенге
чыгарылып, казына жыйылып, казынанын эсебинен аскер кутулуп, ар
кандай окум хан атынан айтылып, бийлик бир колго чогултулду
(Т.Кasymbekov, 49 б.)
3. Past definite tense expresses simultaneous action. E.g.: Жорго жолдон
суурулду, кайран заман куурулду, бей-бечара момундар баткак болуп
жуурулду (Улуу кыргыз кочу 149).
4. Past definite tense expresses obvious, authentic action from the speaker’s point
of view.
E.g.: Андан башка да талаш-тартыштын бары бир ушул пикирге келтирилди
(Erkintoo 16.01.07.NsS (1612)). Бирок дагы эле мансап учун кармашуу
басылбады (Т.Kasymbekov, 117 б.). Кылычтар кунго жалт-жалт деп
бирине-бири зор кучтор менен каре-каре чабылып, миздеринен от
тогулду (Т. Kasymbekov, 222 б.).
Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак) of Passive Voice is formed by
attaching to the stem of the verb an affix of Passive Voice - ыл (-ил, - ул, -ул,
-л) and affix of past time -ган (-ген, -гон,-гон, -кан, -кен,-кон,-кон).
31
Form of Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы еткен чак) of Passive Voice is used in
order to express the following actions3.
1. Past Indefinite Tense expresses action which is not observed by speaker’s
personally. E.g.: Бул китептын озогу-апрым озгорбо, туболуктуу
тушунуктордон турат: биринчиси-адилет, экинчиси-доолот, учунчусу-
акыл, тортунчусу-каниет делип, алардын ар бирине туркчо оз аттары
берилген; Адилетти- Кун тууду Элик атаган, бул окумдар; Доолоттун
аты- Айтолду, ал-увазир, Акылга-Акдилмиш деген aт берилген, ал
увазирдин уулу, а Каниет болсо-Откурмуш аталып, анын иниси делген.
Мына ушулардын ортосунда оз ара суйлошуулор, суроо-жооптор аркылуу
санжыра чечмеленет (J.Balasagyn, 29 б.). In the given example predicate
берилген, is used in the meaning of past action, where affix of Past Indefinite
Tense -ган with affix of passive Voice -ил in the verb берилген means that
action has taken place in the indefinite past .
2. Past Indefinite Tense expresses quite obvious action, authentic from the
speaker’s point of view.
E.g.: Ал согуш башталгандын эртеси эле армияга жонотулгон
Т.Sydykbekov,100 б.). Ж. Баласагындын чыгармасында кандайдыр
ырааттуу философиялык маанидеги концептуалдуу система атайлап
тузулгон эмес (J.Balasagyn, 16 б.). In these examples predicates жонотулгвн,
тузулгон эмес expresses quite obvious actions in the past.
3. Past Indefinite Tense expresses perfectively performance. E.g.: Ото бышкан
«басып алды» коон данегинен ОЗУ узулуп, озунон озу чар жарылган
(Т.Kasymbekov, 416 б.).Ошентип, бул курултайда коптогон маселелер
чечнлип, доомат менен келгендердин толгон-токой арыздары Кыдыр
акенин жардамы менен, анын олуялык саясатында тура чечилген (Улуу
кыргыз кочу, 132 б.). In the given examples predicates жарылган, чечилген,
expresses results of actions, which happened in the Past Indefinite Tense.
3 Абдувалиев И. Садыков Т. Азыркы кыргыз тили: морфология. Бишкек, 1997. -227с.32
4. Past Indefinite Tense expresses incomplete action in the past. E.g.:Жалан
акыл создон тузулгон, Шуру сымал жибек жипке тизилген (J.Balasagyn, 31
б.).Past Indefinite Tense expresses repeating action in the past. E.g.: Бул
аныктама мурунку авторлор тарабынан дайыма айтылган жана
кайталанып келет (S.Ibraimov, 3 б.). In the analized sentence predicate
айтылган with adverb of time дайыма expresses action repeated in the
past. Past Indefinite Tense is used in order to describe subject, situation. E.g.:
Эшиктин жээгине, узуктун тегерегине Кызыл кийиз бастырылган
(Т.Sydykbekov,288 б.). Бакты аралап сейил кыла турган ничке жолго
торболжундун турундой кылып, бири кок, кызыл бышкан кыш тошолгон,
жээгине ар турлуу гул тигилген (Т.Kasymbekov; 359 б.). Ал - чыныгы бир
эл учун жаралган адам (Улуу кыргыз кочу, 171 б.). Predicates of the given
examples тошолгон, бастырылган, тигилген used in order to describe
situation in the stylistic purposes to transfer actions related to the past . Past
Indefinite Tense expresses limitation of action. E.g.: Ошентип ал тоолуктун
сутун эмген, тутунган баласы болуп эсептелинип калган экен (Т.Kasymbekov,
120 б.). Predicate эсептелинип калган экен indicates for long-past time. 7. Past
Indefinite Tense expresses recent action. E.g.: Эмне учундур сулоосунго
кайрылган жок (Т.Kasymbekov, 238 б.). Predicate of the given sentence with
negation кайрылган жок shows to that circumstance, that action has
occurred in the recent past after some action in the past.
Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) of Passive Voice is formed by adding
to the verb stem affix of Passive Voice - ыл (-ил, - ул, -ул, -л) and affix of past
time –чу (-оочу,-уучу). Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) is used in the
following expressions. Past Continuous Tense expresses action, which occured
long, constantly or repeatedly in the Past. E.g.: Нузуптун, аталыктыгы
жоюлганы Шералинин хандык бийлиги озунон-озу бир аз жоторулуп,
ар кандай иш анын макулдугу аркылуу жургузуло баштаган болучу
(Т.Kasymbekov, 116 6.) In the Kyrgyz language there are also irregular
forms of Past tense of Passive Voice.
33
Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак). Pluperfect
Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак). Pluperfect Continuous Tense
(адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы).
Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак) is formed by
combining verb in the form of Past definite and functional words эле, жен in
affirmative form and беле, бекен in the interrogative form. It expresses action,
occurred in the remote past much earlier before the moment of speech. With
the form беле, бекен can express not only question, but also supposition. E.g.:
Мектепти ремонттоого уч мин сом каралган эле (Кыргызча-орусча создук).
Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак) is formed
combining of verb in the Past Indefinite Tense with defective verbs эле, экен.
Verbs in this form mean action happened long ago in the Past, about which the
author remembered or found in the moment of speech. E.g.: Ал ушундайча
болуп бек атанып, чуко ордосуна, хан ордосуна, бак талашуу, бийлик
талашуу кызыгына ушундайча болуп кошулган эле (Т.Kasymbekov, 530
б.). Кыргыз тили боюнча алгачкы илимий-практикалык китептеринин
алгачкылары негизинен К.Тыныстанов тарабынан жазылып, башталган
жен (S.Ibragimov, 18 б.). In the given examples all the actions, expresseed by
the forms of Pluperfect Definite Tense are formed by combining verb in the form
of Past Indefinite Tense with defective verbs эле, кошулган эле, башталган
экен, mean action happened in the past a long time ago, about which the author
remembered or found in the moment of speech.
Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон
чактык формасы) is formed out of the form of Past Continuous Tense with the
help of defective verbs экен, эле. This form meand action, took place in the
remote past, about reality and different circumstances which speaker knows
according to other people words. Action has a character of duration,
repeatibility as simple form corresponding it. E.g.: Карты алдымда Сары ала
турган жон токулуп (folklore, 245 б.).
34
Analized material out of modern Aglo-American fiction revealed many examples
of Passive Voice use in three forms used in English language:
Past indefinite form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite Passive);
Past continuous form of Passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive);
Past perfect form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive).
But in the Kyrgyz language Past Tense is expressed in seven forms.
Past Definite Tense (айкын откон чак).
Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак).
Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак).
Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак).
Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак).
Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак).
Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон
чактык формасы).
The analysis of Past Indefinite, Progressive and Perfect form of Passive Voice
in English language helps to make the following
definite action in the past specified by means of various leksiko-syntactic
means;
repeated action in the past, single, unitary action in the past;
finished resultative action in the past;
with auxiliary verbs жат, тур expresses progressive, unfinished action;
subsequent action, when other past action precedes;
simultaneous action, obvious, authentic from the speaker’s point of view.
Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак) expresses:
past action, not observer by the speaker personally;
quite obvious action, authentic from the speaker’s point of view;
perfectivity performance;
not finished action in the past;
repeated action in the past;
while describing subject, situation;35
prescription of action;
recent action.
36
Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак) is used:
to express action concerning the past, with shade of subjective assumption
on reliability of its fulfillment.
Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) expresses action happened long time
ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the process of speech;
pluperfect action, concerning the remote past, in the reality fulfillment of
which speaker is not sure.
Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак) expresses:
action, occurred in the remote past, much earlier before the speech
moment;
can express supposition.
Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак) expresses:
action occurred long ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the
moment of speech;
pluperfect action, concerning remote past, in the reality fulfillment of
which speaker is not sure.
Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык
формасы) expresses:
• action taking place in the remote past, on the reality and different
circumstances of which speaker knows from the words of others .
As a result, analysis of forms and meanings of Passive Voice we came
to the conclusion, that transformations of English Passive Voice into the
Kyrgyz language are shown in different forms. In many cases of usage Present,
Past, Future (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect) Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак
(жонокой учур чак, татаал учур чак); откон чак (айкын откон чак, айкын
байыркы откон чак, жалпы откон чак, жалпы айкын откон чак, жалпы
байыркы откон чак, капыскы откон чак, адат откон чактын байыркы откон
чактык формасы); келер чак (айкын келер чак, арсар келер чак) mainly
coincide, except for those, where predicate can be expressed by other ways, i.e.
37
complex predicates, including verbal adverbs, noun, adjective,
phraseological units, etc.
1. Noun
English Present Indefinite Passive are wounded expresses action, occuring in the
moment of speech, and into the Kyrgyz language transferred with the help of
noun жараатыныз, which also expresses action, occurring in the moment of
speech.
2. Combined Voice (кош мамиле)
Example from the given piece of work with passive Voice Present Indefinite
Passive are hot organized expresses action in general, into the Kyrgyz
language is transferred by verb-predicate уюмдашкан эмес in the meaning of
usual action in the Present Tense of Combined Voice (кош мамиле).
3. Passive Voice (туюк мамиле)
Present Indefinite Passive is used to transfer constant sign of subject . And in
the Kyrgyz language express action quite obvious, authentic from speaker’s
points of view. In both languages Passive Voice is used, indicating action in the
Past Tense, in the English language action is expressed by verb in Present Tense.
4. Basic Voice (негизги мамиле)
Sentence with Passive Voice in Present Indefinite Passive transfers concrete
action in this moment, verb of Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) has an adverb in
its possession, which is equivalent to adverb in the Kyrgyz language where
adverb, indicates fulfillment of action in the moment of speech.
5. Nominal predicate
Form of Present Indefinite Passive are drunk in the English language can be
homonymous to predicative construction with link verb to be and adjective
drunk as nominal predicate. In the sentence this construction works as complex
nominal predicate, are drunk is translated into the Kyrgyz language with the help
of adjective мае. Both in English and Kyrgyz sentences actions express moment
of speech.
38
6. Nominal component
Present Perfect Passive have you been wounded expresses repeated action in the
Past, which ends by the Present moment, and transferred to Kyrgyz
language жарадар болдунуз. In combination with nominal component жарадар
auxiliary verb бол forms complex predicate, losing independent lexical
meaning and acting as grammatical formant. Complex verbs have intransitivity
signs and denote usual condition.
Present Perfect tense of passive Voice is transferred by Past Indefinite tense.
Example in Present Perfect Passive have been cut denote finished action, result
of which is available. Given predicate is transferred by finished action
with the help of Past indefinite tense form тогулгон in Passive Voice (туюк
мамиле).
8. Past Indefinite Tense transferred by forms of Future tense in Kyrgyz
language. Predicate of English, sentence in Past Indefinite Passive was not yet
finished expresses not finished action in the Past, and in Kyrgyz language
эмдигиче салынып буто элек болчу also expresses unfinished action, only in
the future, which transferred by means of adverb of time эмдигиче, verbal
adverb with affix -ып and two-parts auxiliary verb элек болчу, indicating that
action is not finished yet in the Combined voice (оздук мамиле).
9. Reflexive passive meaning
Predicate in the example was captured expresses certain action in the past,
translated in the form of алынды, which proves aforesaid about Kyrgyz
language. Reflexive passive meaning, with which work verbs of reflexive
voice, differs from actually-reflexive. These verbs express an idea of
fulfillment action in favor of subject of action, but with the participation of
some other persons, subjects, phenomena, which act like reason or tool of
these actions. Logic and grammatical subject is united in one word ,
distinguishes meaning of these verbs from actually-passive meaning [1:246-
248].
39
On the basis of analysis it is determined, that lexical meaning of English
verb is wider, than Kyrgyz verb, in order to transfer the meaning of verb
amused, in the Kyrgyz language two verbs are used жыргап угуп. Distortion in
volume of lexical meaning of words in unrelated languages indicates for
typological differences of lexical systems of investigated languages.
10. Predicate in English transferred with an object
Author of translation used grammatical form of Passive Voice тизилген,
expressing meaning of completeness in the past
- in the Kyrgyz language this form carries out additional function of object
but not predicate as in English language: were lined up expressed by verb in
the form of past completed action.
11. Functions as noun with attributes
Compound additional sentence what was left of a railway station, where
Passive Voice is Past Indefinite Passive was left, translated into Kyrgyz
language as noun with attributes in the function of object темир жол
станциясынын урандылары.
12. Verbal adverb phrase
Verb in the form of Past Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice in the role of
predicate were closed in the English language transferred to Kyrgyz
language by verbal adverb phrase (чакчыл турмок) чапталышып калгансып
and notional verb ачылбайт negative form of Passive Voice. Verbal adverb
phrase means additional action, made simultaneously with action expressed by
verb predicate.
13. Transferred by description
Past Indefinite Passive were required in English identifies committed
regular action in the past , in Kyrgyz translation алып журууге милдеттуу
болчубуз expresses continuous long action on the certain interval of time and
transferred by basic voice (негизги мамиле), when subject is expressed by
plural in the first person. In the second part of sentence action of predicate
relates to other persons expressed by specification of subject {even doctors and
40
sanitary officers), and in Kyrgyz language there is sentence with predicate
or its widespread variant (атугул санитардык болуктогу врачтар менен
офицерлер да тапанча алып журууго милдеттуу эле.
14. Though in both languages functions the form of Passive Voice, they differ
by expression of meaning (long lasting action is transferred by individual
action).
In this sentence all actions are expressed by verbs in the form of Passive Voice
Past Indefinite Passive, was held, were not connected in the meaning of
accomplished action in the past. English predicates translated by verbs in
Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) - айрылган in the meaning of perfect action in the
past, илинип туруптур means long lasting constant action, диртилдейт
expresses meaning, durable by time, and the predicate was gone in Kyrgyz
language жулуп кетиптир expressed by two componential verb in the past
tense, where the main component is in the participial form with affix -ып, and
auxiliary verb in the past tense acts in the meaning of individual accomplished
action in the past.
15. Complex verb in the role of adverbial modifier of time
Past Indefinite Passive was brought expresses long term action in the past ,
transferred by complex verb алып келишкенде, which has the same meaning in
Kyrgyz, consists of verbal adverb with affix -ып and notional verb кел in
combined voice (кош мамиле) -ыш, in the past tense with affix -ган, and
affix of locative case -да, which functions in the role of adverbial modifier of
time.
Predicate of the main clause were only turned on transferred by complex
verb жагыла турган болду by three components: if the main component
жагыла is in participial form of passive Voice with affix -а, in this case
predicate турган болду express action which proceeded for a long time in the
past and lasts till the present moment.
16. Expressed by adverb
41
Predicate of English sentence was disappointed expressed in Past Indefinite
Passive, into the Kyrgyz language it transfers with the help of predicate
expressed by adverb of condition капа and auxiliary verb кылганын
(кыл+ган+ын) in the past time of reflexive voice (оздук мамиле). In the
English language subject of action is not specified, in the Kyrgyz language subject
of action is specified precisely бул.
17. Active voice
This example was gone expresses finished action in the past, in Kyrgyz also
mean finished action отуп кеткен. In English language felt finer (Past Indefinite
Active) transferred to Kyrgyz language by Passive Voice кошулуп жаттъш in
the meaning of duration of action. Transfer of English verb in Active voice with
the help of Passive voice in Kyrgyz indication the structural features of grammar
in investigating languages.
18.Past action transferred by the form of present time. Discrepancy is seen
while expressing the meaning in example was clearly defined в Past
Indefinite Passive. Example in English expresses complete action in the past,
into the Kyrgyz transferred by Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) of Present
Indefinite Tense as аныктоого болот.
19.Simultaneous action
Predicate was exhausted expresses individual action, ended in the past, and in
Kyrgyz language transferred by verbal adverb жоготуп and designates
additional action, occurred simultaneously with action, expressed by verb-
predicate деп айтты.
20. Discrepancy of lexical units
In this sentence were all cooked (Past Indefinite Passive) expresses individual
finished action, and while repetition of the given predicate in two subsequent
sentences with condition to realize «if this action is realized», it is the reason
of other action would win. But in the Kyrgyz language given predicate is
used once and verbs-predicated differs by time: алдан тайганыбыз expresses
action, occurring for a long time in the Basic Voice (негизги мамиле), and
42
predicate of second sentence, алдан тайыдык expresses action, which had
happened till the moment of speech.
21. Full coincidence both in form and meaning
Example in Past Indefinite Passive were polished expresses, that action is
finished in the past, into Kyrgyz is transferred by form of Past Indefinite Tense,
appears as the result of action тазаланган in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле).
22. Full equivalence of actions in tenses, and discrepancy in expression of form
of action meaning of predicate was being shot in this sentence indicates on
simultaneous action, which in rare cases expresses Past Continuous Passive. In
Kyrgyz translation predicate атып таштап келгенче expressed by verbal adverb
with affix -ып in combination with auxiliary word кел with participle affix -ган
and restrictive particle —на, which means limit in time, to which action is
done. Though forms of expression of Past Continuous Tense are various in
investigated languages, losses in transfer of sentence sense is not observed.
23. Conformity
Given example with Past Continuous Passive was being finished in English
language is used in the meaning of action which continues in the past , speaker
can observe continuing action. In Kyrgyz translation of predicate чабылып
буткону калыптыр we observe figurative transfer of meaning of English
predicate was being finished, expressed by simple, not figurative verb
finished, and verb чабылып has the meaning carve, trim, dig, and precisely
specifies works done in the mountains. Verb буткону is used like synonym to
English verb finished in the meaning terminate.
Past Continuous Passive was being finished transferred by Passive Voice in the
Past Continuous Tense чабылып буткону калыптыр, where in the complicated
form designates action, which should occur soon.
24. In English language one semantic word is used, and others are auxiliary,
whereas in Kyrgyz it is used three semantic forms of verb: in the function of
predicate, in the form of verbal adverb and auxiliary verb.
43
Predicate in the following example was being done expresses in rare
cases simultaneous action in the Past Continuous Tense , transferred into
Kyrgyz жагыла турган болду in the meaning of action which is long
occurred in the past in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле).
25. Complex predicate
Form of predicate in Past Perfect Passive had not been evacuated used for
expression of completeness of action in the past before occurring of other
past action were supposed to wear steel helmets - темир каска кийип aт,
берилгени менен and transferred into Kyrgyz by complex predicate кочурулуп
кетпеген, i.e. main verb кет in combination to verbal adverb квчурулуп to -ып
in Passive Voice designates action directed from speaker or from present to
future кетпеген.
26. Analysis of sentence shows, that predicate had been put forward has form of
Past Perfect Passive and expresses action, finished in the past before other
past action occurrence. It is transferred into Kyrgyz language by predicate
кечендетилди in the Past definite Tense in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) and
has the meaning of authenticity of action happened in the past. Indicative mood
is transferred by imperative mood
Predicative had never been arrested in the Kyrgyz variant sounds wrong: instead
of translating камакка алынбаган author uses the form of камакка
алынбасын, where the main verb is in the form of imperative mood with
negative affix -ба, and -сын in the meaning of categorical order of speaker to
third party, which conveys to him through interlocutor . Predicative of English
sentence had never been arrested express action in the negative form, which
has not had time occurred yet till the certain moment in the past .
Investigated material convinces that it is necessary to consider Voice as
morphological category, as voice is considered as category of part of
speech, belonging to verb, and enters along with categories of time ,
aspect, mood, person and number in the system of verbal accidence. Voice
change occurs in the form of verb. Passive Voice has grammatical meaning
44
(internal signs) and grammatical form, (external signs), in English language it is
expressed by analytical mode, and in Kyrgyz language by morphological
(agglutinative).
In the result of carried out research there were revealed and described
similarities and distinctions of forms, meanings and cases of Passive voice usage
in the investigated languages.
The basic tendencies in research are description of Passive Voice in
the structure of functionally-semantic category of voice , establishment of
specify of kinds and time forms functioning and meanings expressed by
them.
On the basis of presented detailed analysis of category of voice in modern
linguistics literature of both languages, it was found out, that grammatical
category of Passive Voice has its specify in every separately investigated
languages. In English language Passive Voice in the Present Time has :
Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect
Continuous are absent. Sentence with passive voice is used in all the styles
of modern English and American fiction.
Out of the named three Tenses often used Present Indefinite Passive, Present
Perfect Passive - less, and Present Continuous Passive – very rare.
Main grammatical meaning of each form can change in certain conditions of
context, but it is not erased, and remains in all cases.
In the modern English language Present Tense of Passive Voice is used to
transfer: permanent, regular actions; actions which will be made after speech;
concrete actions in the moment of speech. As well as actions , unlimited by
time borders; characteristic signs of subject; actions, result of which is
available in present tense; repeated action in the past which comes to an end
by the present moment. Investigation of Present, Future and Past Tense of passive
Voice in Kyrgyz linguistics is spent for the first time on the basis of revealing
form and meaning with the help of sentences chosen from fiction of modern
Kyrgyz writers.
45
In modern Kyrgyz language Present Tense of Passive Voice has the
following forms: simple form of Present Tense ending on -а,- й; for -уу,-оо and
complicated form ending on -а,-е,-й or -ып with the help of auxiliary verbs
жат, жур, отур, тур.
The form ending on -а,-й in Kyrgyz language expresses the following
meanings:
-action, made in the moment of speech; usual action, durable on time, where
moment of speech occupies only some part;
-action, occurred periodically, available adverbial modifiers which shows its
duration or other indicators specifying constancy and duration of action;
-constant action, inherent to certain subject, person as its property, or being
prominent feature of person, subject;
-continuous action, occurring in the nature, society, natural property of
subject;
-periodically repeating action;
-action, started for a long time ago and proceeding at present.
In the result of analysis conformity and discrepancies of meanings at Present
time in Passive Voice in English and Kyrgyz languages.
Passive Voice of English language has the following conformity of meanings
in Kyrgyz language:
-concrete action in the moment of speech = action, made in the moment of
speech;
-action, unlimited description of subject’s character of property =
permanent action, which is prominent feature of person, subject;
-meaning of the Past = meaning of Past Tense (having эле);
-procedural meaning – process of action, which proceeds gradually,
continuous and in the Present Tense;
-unfinished action, which does not stop in the Present moment = unfinished
action in the moment of speech.
In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings:
46
action, which will happen after speech; action, preceding the present moment ;
finished action, result of which is available in Present; repeated action in the Past.
The results of meanings analysis and usage of Future forms of Passive
Voice: Future Indefinite Passive, Future Indefinite in the Past Passive, Future
Perfect Passive and Future Perfect in the Past Passive allows to make the following
conclusions:
Future Indefinite Passive and Future Indefinite in the Past Passive are
often used by authors of fiction, but Future Perfect Passive and Future Perfect in
the Past Passive meet very seldom.
Future Tense is used to express: action, which will happen or will be
happening in future; future action in relation to the past moment; future
action, which will happen before certain moment in future. And also can
sometimes express prospective action, concerning the past; future action,
about which they were talking in the past.
In Kyrgyz language future definite and indefinite forms can express: future
action, which will happen in the near future and speaker is not doubting in it ;
action, which will happen in the far future, or will happen generally, as it is
predetermined by the Present; action, which necessarily will happen in future
under certain condition; modal contrast of action; action, which should happen
soon, and its initial stage sometimes is observed in the moment of speech;
action, which could be realized if the condition was carried out . Grammatical
meaning of Future indefinite Tense consists in expression of uncertainty ,
assumption of action, which can happen in the Future or not.
Passive Voice of English language has the following conformities of
meanings in Kyrgyz language: certain action with adjunct words, which will
happen after moment of speech = action, which will happen in the nearest future;
future real action in conditional clauses — in complex sentences with
subordinate of real condition means action, which necessarily will happen in
Future under the given condition; future action in relation to the past
moment = usual real actions, relating to the plan of Past , in narrative form
47
of speech; action, which will happen till the certain moment in future = action
which must happen soon, and its initial stage sometimes action, which
could be carried out, if condition was carried out; it is used in the subordinate
clauses when verb in the main clause is in Past time - эле can transfer usual,
repeating actions in the past in the narrative form of speech.
In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings,
such as: indefinite action in future; simultaneous action with the word when.
And in English language there is no conformity to the following meaning of
passive Voice of Kyrgyz language: action, which will happen in far future, or
will happen in general, as it is predetermined by the Present. Past tense of
passive Voice is analyzed by us in three forms of usage in English language :
Past Indefinite Form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite Passive); Past
Continuous Form of passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive); Past Perfect
Form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive). And in Kyrgyz language Past
Tense of Passive Voice is expressed in seven forms: Past Definite Tense
(айкын откон чак); Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак); Past Subjective
Tense (капыскы откон чак); Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак);
Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect Indefinite
Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон
чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы). Analysis of past Indefinite,
Continuous and Perfect forms of Passive Voice in English language helps to
make the following conclusions: Past Indefinite Passive is very often used by
authors of fiction, Past Continuous Passive is used more often then Present
Continuous Passive, Past Perfect Passive remains on the second place after
Past Indefinite Passive.
Basic meanings of Past tense of the above said forms in English
language: Past Indefinite Passive -neutrality of it’s meaning, it can define any
action in the past till the moment of speech, remaining indefinite; Past
Continuous Passive – can express long lasting action, occurred in the certain
moment in the past, i.e. basic meaning of this form is processuality; Past Perfect
48
Passive can express action, happened till the certain moment in the past, which
is specified with the help of lexical and grammatical means , as well as
context, but one of the distinctive signs of this form is precedence ; it also
can be used in the main and subordinate clause. In Kyrgyz language basic
meanings of Past Definite Tense of Passive Voice (айкын откон чак)
expresses: past action during any period of time; certain action in the past with
the help of different lexical and syntactic means; repeated action in the past ,
single, unitary action in the past; finished resultative action in the past. And
predicates with auxiliary verbs жат, тур expresses progressive, unfinished action;
subsequent action, when other past action precedes; simultaneous action, obvious,
authentic from the speaker’s point of view.
Past Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice (жалпы откон чак) expresses:
past action, not observer by the speaker personally; quite obvious action,
authentic from the speaker’s point of view; perfectivity performance; not
finished action in the past; repeated action in the past; while describing subject,
situation; prescription of action; recent action. Past Subjective Tense of Passive
Voice (капыскы откон чак) is used: to express action concerning the past, with
shade of subjective assumption on reliability of its fulfillment.
Past Continuous Tense of Passive Voice (адат откон чак) expresses:
expresses action happened long time ago, about which speaker remembered or
found in the process of speech; pluperfect action, concerning the remote past, in
the reality fulfillment of which speaker is not sure. Pluperfect Definite Tense of
Passive Voice (айкын байыркы откон чак) expresses: action, occurred in the
remote past, much earlier before the speech moment; can express supposition.
Pluperfect
Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice (жалпы байыркы откон чак) expresses:
action occurred long ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the
moment of speech; pluperfect action, concerning remote past, in the reality
fulfillment of which speaker is not sure.
49
Pluperfect Continuous Tense of Passive Voice (адат откон чактын байыркы
откон чактык формасы) expresses: action, taking place in the remote past,
on the reality and different circumstances of which speaker knows from the
words of others.
Passive Voice in English language has the following conformity
of meanings in Kyrgyz language: unitary action, happened and finished
in the past = single, unitary action; certain action in the past (adjunct words,
adverbs of time) = certain action (different lexical and syntactical means );
multiple or repeated action in the past = repeated action in the past; describing
appearance, subject’s character, situation, nature = describing subject, situation;
in rare cases expresses simultaneous action = simultaneous action ; meaning of
precedence, i.e. before starting other past action — subsequent action, when
other past action precedes; completeness of action in the past before other past
action = completed, resultative action; completed proceeding action started in the
past, after beginning the second past action, started also in the past = with the
help of auxiliary verbs «жат», «тур» expresses continued not finished action;
repeating action in the past before starting the other past action, expressed by
different additional lexical and grammatical means repeated action recently past
action — recent action.
In the Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following
meanings of English language, such as: Future purpositive action; in stylistic
purposes without alternation of other Tense forms, providing reliability, realness;
proceeding action observed by speaker. In the English language there are no
conformities to the following meanings of passive Voice of Kyrgyz
language: long lasting action, relating to remote past, in which reality of
fulfillment speaker is not sure. Carried out research helped to extend and expand
available now report on the aspectual tense relations of Passive Voice and their
transformations.
We have been focused on the transformation of Passive Voice in
English language, while translating and transferring them into Kyrgyz
50
language. There have been revealed similarities and distinctions in the form,
meaning and use of Passive Voice, such as:
1. Cases of use Present Indefinite Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак in many cases
coincide, excluding those where verbs can express actions in Past Tense, which
study will lead to theoretical generalizations in translation science and in
typology of German and Turkic languages.
2. Analysis shows that Passive Voice in compared languages is oftener used
in Past Tense, rarer in present and very rare in Future.
З. In the English language Passive Voice is often used in Past Indefinite and Past
Perfect forms, and in Kyrgyz language in Past Definite and Pluperfect
forms.
4. Tense forms of Passive Voice are multiple valued both in English and Kyrgyz
languages.
5. Aspect tense system of Passive Voice in English language transferred into
Kyrgyz language by different ways: а) Passive Voice (туюк мамиле), б) Basic
Voice (негизги мамиле), в) Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле), г) Causative
Voice (аркылуу мамиле), д) Combined Voice (кош мамиле) and other means
of Kyrgyz language. They help to transfer considerable quantity of various
colors, which meanings are reached with the help of additional lexical
means and context. Therefore while transferring aspect tense forms of
Passive Voice from one language into another, essential distinctions are
turned out, which are caused by specify of different system languages, but never,
they have such phenomena, which make them typologically similar. Revealed
transformations on the basis of English Passive Voice translation into Kyrgyz
language in Present, Future and Past Tense presented as follows.
Present Indefinite Passive transferred as: noun; Combined Voice (кош
мамиле) in Present Tense; Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in Past Tense; Basic
Voice (негизги мамиле)+adverb; Complex nominal predicate.
Present Continuous Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле);
Combined Voice (кош мамиле) + verbal adverb.
51
Present Perfect Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in
Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош мамиле) in Past Tense; nominative
component.
Past Indefinite Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in
Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош мамиле) in past Tense; Reflexive-Passive
meaning; Basic Voice (негизги мамиле); participial phrase; Reflexive Voice
(оздук мамиле); Causative Voice (аркылуу мамиле); Verbal adverb phrase;
Phraseological unit.
Past Continuous Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле);
Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) + verbal adverb. Past Perfect Passive transferred
as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош
мамиле) in Past Tense; Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле).
52
Chapter II Classification of Passive construction in English and ways of their
transfer into Russian and Kyrgyz
To express an action going on at a definite moment in the future only the
Future Continuous Active is possible. Thus the Russian sentence Когда вы
придете в лабораторию, опыт уже будет производиться must be translated
in the following way: When you come to the laboratory, we shall already be
making the experiment.
To denote an action which began before a definite moment in the present, past or
future perfect continuous active are generally used.
Уже два часа как правят корректуру.
They have been reading the proofs for two hours.
Когда пришел главный редактор, корректуру правили уже два часа.
When the editor-in-chief came, they had been reading the proofs for two hours
(Th.Drieser).
The Present Perfect Inclusive Passive and the Past Inclusive Passive are found with
verbs not used in the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with sonic non-
terminative verbs. She has always been admired (Th.Drieser). The library has not
been used for months (Th.Drieser).
Ways of translating the Passive into Russian
There are three ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian:
a) By the verb быть+краткая форма причастия страдательного залога. In the
present the verb is not used.
b) By verbs in -ся.
c) By means of indefinite personal construction (неопределенно-личные
предложения). The last way of translating is possible only if the doer of the action
is not mentioned.
Houses are built of stone.
Дома строятся из камня.
Дома строят из камня.
The house was built in1932.
53
Дом построили в 1932 году.
The experiment was made by a famous scientist.
Опыт был произведен знаменитым ученым.
Опыт производился знаменитым ученым.
2.1 Transitivity and intransitivity of verbs and category of voice
Depending on the type of object they take, verbs may be transitive, intransitive, or
linking. The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object, as
in the following examples:
Incomplete
The shelf holds.
Complete
The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers.
Incomplete
The committee named.
Complete
The committee named a new chairperson.
Incomplete
The child broke.
Complete
The child broke the plate.
An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object:
This plant has thrived on the south windowsill.
The compound verb "has thrived" is intransitive and takes no direct object in this
sentence. The prepositional "on the south windowsill" acts as an adverb describing
where the plant thrives.
The sound of the choir carried through the cathedral.
The verb "carried" is used intransitively in this sentence and takes no direct object.
The prepositional phrase "through the cathedral" acts as an adverb describing
where the sound carried.
The train from Montreal arrived four hours late.
54
The intransitive verb "arrived" takes no direct object, and the noun phrase "four
hours late" acts as an adverb describing when the train arrived.
Since the company was pleasant and the coffee both plentiful and good, we
lingered in the restaurant for several hours. The verb "lingered" is used
intransitively and takes no direct object. The prepositional phrase "in the restaurant
for several hours" acts as an adverb modifying "lingered."The painting was hung
on the south wall of the reception room. The compound verb "was hung" is used
intransitively and the sentence has no direct object. The prepositional phrase "on
the south wall of the reception room" acts as a adverb describing where the paint
hung. Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending on their
context in the sentence. In the following pairs of sentences, the first sentence uses
the verb transitively and the second uses the same verb intransitively:
transitive According to the instructions, we must leave this goo in our hair for
twenty minutes. In this example, the verb "leave" takes a direct object, the noun
phrase "this goo."
intransitive We would like to stay longer, but we must leave.
In this example, the verb "leave" does not take a direct object.
transitive The audience attentively watched the latest production of The Trojan
Women.
In this example, the verb "watch" is used transitively and takes the noun phrase
"the latest production of The Trojan Women" as a direct object.
intransitive The cook watched while the new dishwasher surreptitiously picked up
the fragments of the broken dish.
In this example, the verb "watched" is used intransitively and takes no direct
object.
intransitive The crowd moves across the field in an attempt to see the rock star get
into her helicopter.
Here the verb "moves" is used as an intransitive verb and takes no direct object.
transitive Every spring, William moves all boxes and trunks from one side of the
attic to the other.
55
In this sentence "moves" is used as a transitive verb and takes the noun phrase "all
the boxes and trunk" as a direct object.
Written by Heather MacFadyen
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This is distinct
from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are
related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb.
Examples of intransitive verbs include to die and to sleep. Transitive verbs include
to see and to give.
The valency of a verb is a related concept. Where the transitivity of a verb only
considers the objects, the valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb
takes, including both the subject of the verb and all of the objects (of which there
are none for an intransitive verb). It is possible to change the transitivity of a verb,
and in so doing to change the valency.
In languages that have a passive voice, a transitive verb in the active voice
becomes intransitive in the passive voice. For example, consider the following
sentence: David hugged Mary.
In this sentence, "hugged" is a transitive verb taking "Mary" as its object. The
sentence can be passivized with the direct object "Mary" as the grammatical
subject as follows: Mary was hugged.
This shift is called promotion of the object.
The passive-voice construction cannot take an object. The passivized sentence
could be continued with the agent: Mary was hugged by David.
It cannot be continued with a direct object to be taken by "was hugged", For
example, it would be ungrammatical to write "Mary was hugged her daughter" in
order to show that Mary and her daughter shared a hug.
Intransitive verbs can be passivized in some languages. In English, intransitive
verbs can be used in the passive voice when a prepositional phrase is included, as
in, "The houses were lived in by millions of people."
The Difference between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
My sister broke the window.
56
My father cried.
Can you figure out the difference between the verbs (broke, cried) in the above
sentences? I'm not talking about the meaning; I'm talking about the grammar. In
other words, how are these two verbs grammatically different?
We should notice that the first verb broke, has another word after it. The second
verb, cried, does not have another word after it. Generally speaking, we can say
that all verbs in English can be divided into two groups--those that must have a
word (or words) after them and words that do not have to have any word after
them. This rule is simplified right now, but we will learn more later. For now, let's
just focus on the simple ideas. Let's look at the two different kinds of verbs.
Transitive Verbs
My sister broke the window.
In the first sentence, the word that comes after the verb, window, is the object of
the verb. We say that window is the object because it receives the action of the
verb. All objects of verbs receive the action of the verb.
Here are some more examples of transitive verbs with their objects:
I sold some books.
I took the bus.
I bought a radio.
I understood her question.
I wrote a letter.
When a verb has an object that receives the action of the verb, we say that the verb
is transitive. Many students get confused about intransitive verbs.
Let's look at the other kind of verb now.
Intransitive Verbs
My father cried.
We can see in this sentence that there is no word after cried. In other words, there
is no object for the word, so there is no noun to receive the action of the word.
Think about it-what could we say? My father cried something. Is there a noun that
57
we could use after cried? We could probably think of one or two nouns, like tears,
or even, good-bye, but normally, we do not use the verb cry with an object.
In this case we say that this verb is intransitive because it does not have an object
after it. Here are some more examples of intransitive verbs:
I slept.
I coughed.
The glass fell.
My cat ran.
The sun rose.
We should notice that in each case, the subject is doing the action of the verb and
nothing receives the action.
2.2 Main types of English passive constructions. Reasons for More Frequent
Occurrence of Passive Voice in English as Compared to Russian and Kyrgyz
In English as in many other languages, the passive voice is the form of a transitive
verb whose grammatical subject serves as the patient, receiving the action of the
verb. The passive voice is typically contrasted with the active voice, which is the
form of a transitive verb whose subject serves as the agent, performing the action
of the verb. The subject of a verb in the passive voice corresponds to the object of
the same verb in the active voice. English's passive voice is periphrastic; that is, it
does not have a one-word form. Rather, it is formed using a form of the auxiliary
verb be together with a verb's past participle. English is rich in various types of
passive constructions: the subject of the passive construction may correspond to
the direct object of the verb and may be called the Direct Passive. For example:
Then he noticed that the window in the opposite room was being opened he
couldn’t see by whom.
There are a number of verbs in English which can be used in the Passive Voice,
while with their equivalents in Russian and Kyrgyz the passive construction is
impossible. To these verbs belong, for example, to approach, to attend, to answer,
to help, to assist, to follow, to influence, to join, to watch and some others.
58
Canonical passives
Passive constructions have a range of meanings and uses. The canonical use to
map a clause with a direct object to a corresponding clause where the direct object
has become the subject. For example:
John threw the ball.4 Here, threw is a transitive verb with John as its subject and
the ball as its direct object. If we recast the verb in the passive voice (was thrown),
then the ball becomes the subject (it is promoted to the subject position) and John
disappears:
The ball was thrown.
The original subject can typically be re-inserted using the preposition by:
The ball was thrown by John.
Promotion of other objects
One non-canonical use of English's passive is to promote an object other than a
direct object. It is usually possible in English to promote indirect objects as well.
For example: John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book.
In the active form, gave is the verb; John is its subject, Mary its indirect object, and
a book its direct object; in the passive form, the indirect object has been promoted
and the direct object has been left in place. (In this respect, English resembles
dechticaetiative languages.) It is also possible, in some cases, to promote the object
of a preposition:
They talked about the problem. → The problem was talked about.
In the passive form here, the preposition is «stranded»; that is, it is not followed by
an object. (See Preposition stranding.) Indeed, in some sense it doesn't have an
object, since «the problem» is actually the subject of the sentence.
Promotion of content clauses.
It is possible to promote a content clause that serves as a direct object. In this
case, however, it typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an
expletive it takes the normal subject position:
4 Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press
59
They say that he left. → It is said that he left.
Stative passives
The passives described so far have all been eventive (or dynamic) passives. There
exist also stative (or static, or resultative) passives; rather than describing an
action, they describe the result of an action. English does not usually distinguish
between the two. For example:
The door was locked.
This sentence has two meanings, roughly the following:
[Someone] locked the door.
The door was in the locked state. (Presumably, someone had locked it.)
The former meaning represents the canonical, eventive passive; the latter, the
stative passive. (The terms eventive and stative/resultative refer to the tendencies
of these forms to describe events and resultant states, respectively. The terms can
be misleading, however, as the canonical passive of a stative verb is not a stative
passive, even though it describes a state.)
Some verbs do not form stative passives. In some cases, this is because distinct
adjectives exist for this purpose, such as with the verb open:
The door was opened. → [Someone] opened the door.
The door was open. → The door was in the open state.
Adjectival passives
Adjectival passives are not true passives; they occur when a participial adjective
(an adjective derived from a participle) is used predicatively For example:
She was relieved to find her car undamaged.5
Here, relieved is an ordinary adjective, though it derives from the past participle of
relieve In some cases, the line between an adjectival passive and a stative passive
may be unclear.
Passives without active counterparts. In a few cases, passive constructions
5 Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press
60
retain all the sense of the passive voice, but do not have immediate active
counterparts. For example:
He was rumored to be a war veteran. ← *[Someone] rumored him to be a war
veteran.
(The asterisk here denotes an ungrammatical construction.) Similarly:
It was rumored that he was a war veteran. ← *[Someone] rumored that he was a
war veteran.
In both of these examples, the active counterpart was once possible, but has fallen
out of use.
Double passives
It is possible for a verb in the passive voice – especially an object-raising verb – to
take an infinitive complement that is also in the passive voice:
The project is expected to be completed in the next year.
Commonly, either or both verbs may be moved into the active voice:
[Someone] expects the project to be completed in the next year.
[Someone] is expected to complete the project in the next year.
[Someone] expects [someone] to complete the project in the next year.
In some cases, a similar construction may occur with a verb that is not object-
raising in the active voice:
The project will be attempted to be completed in the next year. ← *[Someone] will
attempt the project to be completed in the next year. ← [Someone] will attempt to
complete the project in the next year.
(The question mark here denotes a questionably-grammatical construction.) In this
example, the object of the infinitive has been promoted to the subject of the main
verb, and both the infinitive and the main verb have been moved to the passive
voice. The American Heritage Book of English Usage declares this unacceptable
but it is nonetheless attested in a variety of contexts
Other passive constructions
Past participle alone
61
A past participle alone usually carries passive force; the form of be can therefore
be omitted in certain circumstances, such as newspaper headlines and reduced
relative clauses:
Couple found slain; Murder-suicide suspected.
The problem, unless dealt with, will only get worse.
A person struck by lightning has a high chance of survival.
With get as the auxiliary
While the ordinary passive construction uses the auxiliary be, the same effect can
sometimes be achieved using get in its place: Jamie got hit with the ball.
This use of get is fairly restricted. First of all, it is fairly colloquial; be is used in
news reports, formal writing, and so on. Second of all, it typically only forms
eventive passives of eventive verbs. Third of all, it is most often (but not
necessarily) used with semantically negative verbs; for example, the phrase get
shot is much more common than the phrase get praised.
Ergative verbs
An ergative verb is a verb that may be either transitive or intransitive, and whose
subject when it is intransitive plays the same semantic role as its direct object when
it is transitive. For example, fly is an ergative verb, such that the following
sentences are roughly synonymous:
The airplane flew.
The airplane was flown.
[Someone] flew the airplane.
One major difference is that the intransitive construction does not permit an agent
to be mentioned, and indeed can imply that no agent is present, that the subject is
performing the action on itself. For this reason, the intransitive construction of an
ergative verb is often said to be in a middle voice, between active and passive, or
in a mediopassive voice, between active and passive but closer to passive.
Reflexive verbs
A reflexive verb is a transitive verb one of whose objects is a reflexive pronoun
(myself, yourself, etc.) referring back to its subject. In some languages, reflexive
62
verbs are a special class of verbs with special semantics and syntax, but in English,
they typically represent ordinary uses of transitive verbs. For example, with the
verb see:
He sees her as a writer.
She sees herself as a writer.
Nonetheless, sometimes English reflexive verbs have a passive sense, expressing
an agentless action. Consider the verb solve, as in the following sentences:
He solved the problem.
The problem solved itself.
One could not say that the problem truly solved anything; rather, what is meant is
that the problem was solved without anyone solving it.
Gerunds and nominalization
Gerunds and nominalized verbs (nouns derived from verbs and referring to the
actions or states expressed by them), unlike finite verbs, do not require explicit
subjects. This allows an object to be expressed while omitting a subject. For
example:
The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
Generating electricity typically requires a magnet and a solenoid.
Usage and style
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. (help, get
involved!)
Any material not supported by sources may be challenged and removed at any
time.
Many English educators and usage guides, such as The Elements of Style,
discourage the use or overuse of the passive voice, seeing it as unnecessarily
verbose (when the agent is included in a by phrase), or as obscure and vague (when
it is not). This perception is exacerbated by the occasional intentional use of the
passive voice to avoid assigning blame, such as by replacing «I made mistakes»
with «Mistakes were made. »
63
Nonetheless, the passive voice is frequently used for a number of other reasons:
Certain verbs frequently appear in the passive – for example, be born, be smitten,
and be had are all more common in certain senses than their active counterparts –
though in many cases these might be better analyzed as adjectival passives (see
above) than as true passives.
The passive voice serves to emphasize the patient; if the agent is comparatively
unimportant to the point, or if the agent is obvious from context, then the passive
voice might serve a rhetorical purpose.
Since in English, the subject nearly always comes before the object in a sentence,
using the passive voice (i.e., promoting the patient from object to subject) moves
the patient earlier in the sentence. If the patient has been mentioned in a previous
sentence, this can serve as a marker of the connection between the two sentences.
Scientific writing has traditionally used the passive voice rather than mentioning a
researcher in every sentence; this may be changing, however.
In journalistic writing and law, two areas where it can be essential to state only
established facts, use of the passive voice allows uncertain agents to be omitted;
again, however, use of the active voice is on the rise, with other mechanisms being
used to avoid insupportable claims6.
2.3 Comparison of Voice category in English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages
There are different points of view concerning the number of voices both in English
and Russian. There is an opinion that there are 3 voices in Modern Russian: active,
middle reflexive and passive. Grammatically we have only 2 voices in English;
active and passive. (Boy reads the book. The book is read by the boy.) In the active
voice the subject is the doer of an action while in the passive voice the subject is
not the doer of an action. There are some group of verbs in MoR which are not
used in the passive voice: 1) all the intransitive verbs without the suffix «–ся»
(идти, ехать, ходить), 2) reflexive verbs built upon intransitive ones
6 Бурланова В.В. Осиновые структуры словосочетания в современном английском языке. Л., 1975 стр. 26464
(споткнуться, улыбнуться), 3) some verbs with the suffix «–ся» having a special
meaning (слушать- слушаться, нести-нестись).
The specific feature of the English language is that the Passive voice may be
formed the verbs connected with the indirect object. (She gave me a book. I was
given a book by her. – adv.modifier.) Let us compare the number of active-passive
oppositions in both languages. We see that Russian have two: пишет - пишется.
In English we have 10 active-passive opposition. The forms of the Future
Continues, Present Perfect Continues, Past Perfect Continues, Future Perfect
Continues are not used in the Passive Voice. The category of voice is closely
connected with the text (братья переписываются, бумаги переписываются
секретарем). The instrumental case in Russian corresponds to the by-phrase in
English. When the Past Particle expresses a state – Active voice, when it expresses
the action – Passive voice. The action is emphasized by the by-phrase, the
adv.modifier and sometimes by the form itself. The continues perfect forms
usually emphasize an action (the door has been shut – s.v.pr.).
The category of Voice expresses relations between the subject and the object of the
action or between the subject and the action.
The opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb
expresses the voice of the English Verb. E.g.: writes - is written. The passive form
is the strong member of the opposition. On the plane of expression it is marked by
the combination of the auxiliary be with the Past Participle of the notional verb.
The active form as a weak member of the opposition expresses "non-passivity".
The Active Voice shows that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action.
The Passive Voice shows that the subject is acted upon. The agent may be
expressed in the sentence and it's usually introduced with the help of the
preposition by. E.g.: The book is written by a young writer.
The sentence with the passive voice may include a means of the action,
which is introduced, with the help of the conjunction with. Ex. The book is
covered with a newspaper. The category of voice has a much broader
65
representation in the system of the English verb than in the system of the Russian
verb, since in English not only transitive but also intransitive verbs can be used.
In accord with their relation to the passive voice, all the verbs can be divided into 2
large sets: the set of passivized verbs and the set of non-passivized verbs. In
particular the passive is alien to many verbs of the statal subclass, such as have,
belong, cost, resemble, fail, misgive, etc.
The demarcation line between the passivized and non-passivized set is not
rigid, and the verbs of the non-passivized set may migrate into the passivized set in
various contexts. E.g.: The bed has not been slept in. The house seems not to have
been lived in. Sometimes the opposition between 2 forms may be reduced. It
means that the verb may be used in the Active Voice form with the meaning of the
Passive Voice. Usually we observe it with medial verbs and some authors speak of
the medial Voice.
The matter is that verbs may be transitive (which require a subject and an
object) and intransitive (which do not require an object) because an action of the
verb is directed at a subject. E.g.: He reads a book. She smiled. Medial verbs do
not require any subject but as the English sentence requires that the position of the
subject should be filled in, then the object fills in the position of the subject. E.g.:
The book sells well.
The passive voice indicates that the action of a sentence or phrase is
performed ON the subject, and not BY the subject. The passive is usually formed
by the addition of the reflexive suffix to the end of the verb: -ся (pronounced "-
ца") after consonants, or -сь after vowels, while any words that indicate who or
what is performing the action take the instrumental case.
So, for instance, Active: Где продают компьютеры? -- "Where do they sell
computers?" Passive: Где продаются компьютеры? "Where are computers
sold?" In theory, most verbs can be used as such, but a number are rarely, if ever
seen anywhere.
It should be noted, however, that the use of the suffix -ся/-сь is not primarily
for use in the passive voice, even if that is where it is often seen. There are two
66
groups of verbs that also use the same ending. The first are so-called "reflexive
verbs" which always have -ся/-сь regardless of logic. The other, and more
numerous group are those verbs that are transtive (that must take a direct object)
but used in a context that does not have one This does not include cases where the
object has been noted in a previous construction. Usage of the passive voice in
Russian versus that of English also brings up the issue of word order, which is
much freer in Russian than in English, and so while the passive voice is often used
in English to change the word order, you can do the same in Russian while keeping
the active voice. That is not to say that passive constructions are rare in Russian;
they are quite often used in regular speech, particularly statements of want, need or
like, along with various indirect or impersonal constructions. Nonetheless, there
are a few general rules and trends that may help in deciding what to put where:
Prepositions must be placed before the noun or pronoun it is tied to; adjectives can
be placed in between them, but the preposition must come before the noun or
pronoun. Information that is emphasized or that is newly introduced by the
sentence goes at or near the end.
If the object of a sentence is a pronoun, word order is usually subject-object-
verb; if the object is a noun, order is typically subject-verb-object.
Thus while theoretically more or less any order of words is possible, as noted in
the section on inflection, deviation from the subject-verb-object or subject-object-
verb structure is rare outside of prose and poetry. As it is in any language, the less
complex the sentence structure the greater chances of being understood in full.
67
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed the voice category in three languages I have come to the
following conclusion: As a result of the analysis of voice category in English,
Russian and Kyrgyz languages, it is revealed that the category of voice is presented
in language through the originality of verbal semantics finds expression in
complexity and high degree of the semantic structure. Passive Voice of English
language has the following conformities of meanings in Kyrgyz language:
certain action with adjunct words, which will happen after moment of speech =
action, which will happen in the nearest future; future real action in conditional
clauses — in complex sentences with subordinate of real condition means
action, which necessarily will happen in Future under the given condition;
future action in relation to the past moment = usual real actions, relating
to the plan of Past, in narrative form of speech; action, which will happen till
the certain moment in future = action which must happen soon, and its initial
stage sometimes action, which could be carried out, if condition was carried
out; it is used in the subordinate clauses when verb in the main clause is in Past
time - эле can transfer usual, repeating actions in the past in the narrative form
of speech.
In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings,
such as: indefinite action in future; simultaneous action with the word when.
And in English language there is no conformity to the following meaning of
passive Voice of Kyrgyz language: action, which will happen in far future, or
will happen in general, as it is predetermined by the Present.
Past tense of passive Voice is analyzed by us in three forms of usage in
English language: Past Indefinite Form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite
Passive); Past Continuous Form of passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive);
Past Perfect Form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive).
And in Kyrgyz language Past Tense of Passive Voice is expressed in seven
forms: Past Definite Tense (айкын откон чак); Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы
откон чак); Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак); Past Continuous
68
Tense (адат откон чак); Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон
чак); Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect
Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы).
Carried out research helped to extend and expand available now report on the
aspectual tense relations of Passive Voice and their transformations.
We have been focused on the transformation of Passive Voice in
English language, while translating and transferring them into Kyrgyz
language. There have been revealed similarities and distinctions in the form,
meaning and use of Passive Voice, such as:
1.Cases of use Present Indefinite Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак in many cases
coincide, excluding those where verbs can express actions in Past Tense, which
study will lead to theoretical generalizations in translation science and in
typology of German and Turkic languages.
2.Analysis shows that Passive Voice in compared languages is oftener used
in Past Tense, more rare in present and very rare in Future.
З. In the English language Passive Voice is often used in Past Indefinite and Past
Perfect forms, and in Kyrgyz language in Past Definite and
Pluperfectforms.
4. Tense forms of Passive Voice are multiple valued both in English and Kyrgyz
languages.
5. Aspect tense system of Passive Voice in English language transferred into
Kyrgyz language by different ways: а) Passive Voice (туюк мамиле), б) Basic
Voice (негизги мамиле), в) Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле), г) Causative
Voice (аркылуу мамиле), д) Combined Voice (кош мамиле) and other means
of Kyrgyz language. They help to transfer considerable quantity of various
colours, which meanings are reached with the help of additional lexical
means and context. Therefore while transferring aspect tense forms of
Passive Voice from one language into another, essential distinctions are
turned out, which are caused by specifity of different system languages, but
never, they have such phenomena, which make them typologically similar.
69
Revealed typological comparison on the basis of English Passive Voice
translation into Russian and Kyrgyz languages in Past Tense presented as
follows.
Thus, the made work allows planning some prospects for the further
linguistic studying Voice category in such different languages as English, Kyrgyz
and Russian languages.
In each language there are similarities, and as we have seen differences in
the above-stated examples. I think that the work written by me has achieved the
object. I hope, results of my work will satisfy everyone, and the material will be
used in reports, abstracts, and course papers.
70
Bibliography:
Ахмедова О.С. Современные синтаксические теории. М., 1963 стр.258
Абдулдаев Э.Давлетов С. ж. б. Кыргыз тили.- Ф., 1986
Абдулдаев Э.Кудайбергенов С. Грамматика киргизского
литературного языка. Часть 1: Фонетика и Морфология.- Ф., 1987.- 246
Абдувалиев И. Садыков Т. Азыркы кыргыз тили: морфология.
Бишкек, 1997. -227с.
Бархударов Л.С. Структура простого предложения современного
английского языка. М., 1966 стр.321
Бархударов Л.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1973
стр.326
Базелл Ч.Е. Лингвистическая типология. - Принципы типологического
анализа языков различного строя.- М., 1972
Блох М.Я. Вопросы изучения грамматического строя языка. М., 1976 стр.312
Блумфилд Л. Язык. М., 1968 стр.243
Бурланова В.В. Осиновые структуры словосочетания в современном
английском языке. Л., 1975 стр. 264
Воронцова Г.Я. Очерки по грамматики английского языка. М., 1960
Гальперин И.Р. Текст как объект лингвистического исследования. М., 1981.
стр. 279
Есперсон О. Философия грамматики. М, 1958 стр.359
Жегадло В.Я. Иванова И.Я. Иофик Л.Л. Современный английский язык. М.,
1956 стр.376
Иванова ИЯ. Вид и время в современном английском языке Л. 1961 стр. 296
Иванова И.Я.Бурланова В.В. Теоретическая грамматика современного
английского языка. М., 1981 стр. 327
Кошева И.Г. Грамматический строй современного английского языка. М.,
1978 стр. 219
Корнева Е.А., Кабрина Я.Д. Гузаева К.А. Пособие по морфологии
современного английского языка. М., 1978 стр. 219
71
Лайонз. Дж. Введение в теоритескую лингвистику. М., 1978 стр.320
Иртеньева Я.Ф. Грамматика современного английского языка (теоритический
курс). М. 1956
Мухин А.М. Структура предложений и их моделиЛ.,1968. стр. 260
Плоткин В.Я. Грамматические системы современного английского языка. К.,
1975 стр.252
Погепцев Г.Г Конструктивный анализ структуры предложения К. 1971
стр.224
Слюсараева Я.А Проблемы функционального синтаксиса современного
английского языка. М., 1981 стр.357
Энциклопедия, 1996. -608 с. 13.Ахматов Т. К. Синтаксис простого и
сложного предложений. – Бишкек,1994
72