catholic reform
TRANSCRIPT
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CATHOLIC REFORMATION
Church Reform & Religious Communities
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Council of Trent
1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563 Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534 Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine,
strengthen church from within, enhance uniformity and appeal
Anathema sit … Let him be condemned!
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Walls, yes … bridges, no
ANATHEMA SIT
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Response to Reformers
Sola ScripturaScripture AND TraditionChurch alone can interpret scriptureLatin Vulgate is the ideal translation“And for anyone who says scripture and
tradition are not equal, let him be anathema.”
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Justification/Salvation
Salvation Through Grace By FaithWithout grace, we are doomed …
○ BUT … we must cooperate with grace○ Grace is only the beginning
Devotions and good works affirmed, but abuses (like selling indulgences) stopped
Faith AND works
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Priesthood of All Believers Hierarchy still stands The “character” of orders is indelible
(permanent, unchangeable, inerasable) However … the clergy needs reform
Seminary in every dioceseBishops must live in diocesePriests and bishops must preachPriestly celibacy
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Other Results
PublicationsCatechismBreviaryMissal
Index of Forbidden Books New religious orders; reform within others Bulk of the
changes/teachings/publications hold solid until 1960s, with Vatican II
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NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Injured as soldier Soldier for Christ Military background chain of command
Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope
“The Spiritual Exercises” Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries
Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice
Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism
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Spiritual/Mystics
Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)Doctor of the Church“The Interior Castle”Discalced Carmelites
John of the Cross
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Vincentians/Charitys
Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)Focus on the poor; preach to, teach
commoners Louise de Marillac Daughters of
CharityBypass cloister rules by taking private
annual vows
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Christian Brothers
John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)Educate poor children escape poverty,
crimeBegan classroom teaching (not private
tutors)Considered a founder of modern education
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AMERICAN CATHOLIC
LEADERS AND ORDERS
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John Carroll
1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop)
Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty
Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses
1790 – 30,000 American Catholics1815 – 200,000 American Catholics
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Elizabeth Ann Seton
1774-1821 First American-born saint (canonized
1975) Convert; began Baltimore school Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first
religious order begun in the U.S. Credited with beginning the parochial
school system
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Others Women’s Orders
Philippine Duchesne – Religious of Sacred HeartCornelia Connelly – began Society of Holy ChildKatharine Drexel – Blessed Sacrament sisters,
helping poor blacks & IndiansRose Hawthorne Lathrop – help incurable cancer
Colleges/UniversitiesNotre Dame (Holy Cross fathers); St. John’s
(Benedictines); St. Mary’s, Texas (Marianists)