causal attribution and social judgment. outline 1. causal attribution—how we make sense of other...
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Outline
1. Causal Attribution—how we make sense of other peoples’ behaviour
2. Self-knowledge—how we make sense of who we are and our own behaviour
3. Social Judgment—strategies, errors and biases in social decision making
Why Attribution Matters
Attribution –
Explanatory style –
internal/externalstable/unstableglobal/specific
Why Attribution Matters
Optmistic attributional styleNegative events are viewed asExternal, unstable, specific
Pessimistic attributional styleNegative events are viewed asInternal, stable, global
Attributional Biases Fundamental attribution error: overestimating internal
factors and underestimating external factors when explaining other people’s behaviour “Castro Study”
Attributional Biases
Fundamental attribution error: explanationsPerceptual:Cognitive:Motivational:Cultural:
Cultural differences in causal attributions
Sports articles: US newspapers, more dispositional attributions
Hong Kong newspapers, more situational attributions
Cultural differences disappeared for editorials
Lee, Hallahan, & Herzog, 1996
American Korean p
•Someone’s personality is something about them that they can’t change very much•A person can do things to get people to like them, but they can’t change their real personality•Everyone has a certain personality, and it is something that they can’t do much about•A person can change the way they act, but they can’t change their real personality
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Cultural Differences in Perceptions of Personality Malleability (Norenzayan, Choi, & Nisbett, 2002)
Just World Beliefs(Lerner & Miller, 1978)
Just-world beliefs- “By and large, people deserve what they get in life” “Basically, the world is a just place” “People who do their job will rise to the top” “People who meet with misfortune have often brought it on
themselves”
Injustice in the world is a perceived threat to self JWB allows individuals to maintain a sense of purpose and
control—bad things couldn’t happen to me Outcomes reflect personal traits – more FAE One pernicious consequence: blaming victims
Just World Beliefs
Blaming the victim—experiments by Lerner & colleagues Participants watch another person suffer (victim) Restore Justice Condition: Participant can help the victim JWB Condition: participant cannot help the victim Outcome: Participants’ evaluation of the victim Results: RJ condition: positive evaluation of victim JWB condition: derogation of the victim
Attributional Biases Actor-observer effect:
Example: Explanations:
1) point-of-view: 2) Knowledge of situational inconsistency for
self, but not others
Self-Knowledge
o How and how much do we know ourselves?
o Barriers to self-knowledgeo Conscious vs. unconscious self-
knowledgeo Strategies for self-knowledge
Escape from the Self
o Our defenses stop us from knowing ourselves, esp. undesirable aspects
We escape self-awareness through
Self-Knowledge
o We may have limited ability to know ourselves
o Ways into self-knowledgeo Introspectiono Observing our own behaviouro Learning about how others see us
Introspection
Look inward to observe1) Feelings, thoughts, desires2) Reasons behind our actions
More successful with 1) then 2) The causes behind our tendencies are
not readily visible—psychological research better way to know this
Introspection--do we know the causes of our behavior?
Confabulation: studies with split-brain patients (Gazzaniga & Ledoux)
Pantyhose study (Nisbett & Wilson)
• Flash images of emotion arousing object to left visual field--right hemisphere
• Observe p’s reaction
• Record p’s explanation
• Confabulation!
Language centres in Left Hemisphere
Introspection--do we know the causes of our behavior?
Confabulation: studies with split-brain patients (Gazzaniga & Ledoux)
Pantyhose study (Nisbett & Wilson) Cognitive dissonance studies, studies
of discrimination—peoples explanations of their own behaviour have little to do with observed causes
Observing our own behaviour
Self perception theory:
Visualizing a situation and observe our reactions to it
How Others See Us
Our defenses prevents us from wanting to know ourselves
But others who know us well can see through these defenses
They can also be good observers of our behaviour
Ex:
Strategies that facilitate self-knowledge
Self-acceptance Connecting with our feelings and observing
our thoughts without identifying with them Find out how knowledgeable others see us Visualizing our reactions to future situations Psychological research
Heuristics in Social Judgment
Heuristic:
They usually operate outside of awareness Helps us make decisions under uncertainty
Heuristics in Social Judgment
I have a friend: he loves art, enjoys classical music, travels a lot, and is temperamental. Is he a) French chef b) civil engineer?
Heuristics in Social Cognition
Which is a more likely killer: a) airline crash b) car accident
Which is more dangerous to your health: a) terrorism b) smoking
The statistics
By number of deaths:Deaths due to car transportation: 40,000/yearDeaths due to airline transportation: 200/year
By number of passengersCar: 1/6800 deaths per yearAirline: 1/1.6 million per year
Controlling for distance covered10-40 times more likely to die driving than
flying
The statistics
But media coverage is incredibly skewed:0.02 cancer stories/1000 cancer deaths1.7 murder stories/1000 homicides2.3 AIDS stories/1000 AIDS deaths138 plane crash stories/1000 airplane deaths
Social Cognition: Conclusions
Naïve realism: belief that one’s own perspective reflects objective reality, whereas others are biased
People are not objective observers of the social world; they construe their world in particular ways–heuristics and self-protective defenses to make sense of the social world