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TRANSCRIPT
Federal AviationAdministration
Causal Factors for General Aviation
Accidents/Incidents Between January 1984 and October 2004
TC05-0018
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction ii - vii Graphic Charts ATA Code Comparison Data 1 - 3 Causal Factor Comparison Data 4 - 8 FAR Part 91 Data Charts 9 - 29 FAR Part 135 Data Charts 30 - 40 Appendix FAR Part 91 Data Tables 1 - 7 FAR Part 135 Data Tables 8 - 12
i
Introduction 1.0 Executive Summary The Small Airplane Directorate reviewed accident and incident data for a 20-year time period (January 1984 through October 2004) to determine the major causes of general aviation accidents. The Aviation Safety/Accident Prevention (ASAP) database provided accident and incident records for this report. The intent of the study is to provide an initial review of accident and incident data to determine the top 10 leading major causal factors of general aviation accidents for various categories of aircraft. The data consists of the following two major categories:
• Aircraft operating under Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules; and • Aircraft operating under Part 135 Operating rules for Commuter and On Demand Operations.
We reviewed a total of 62,037 records. Part 91 operations accounted for 57,117 records (92%) and Part 135 operations accounted for 4,920 records (8%). Causal factors that were Air Transport Association of America (ATA) code related were considered as mechanical related and consisted of 26% of all accident/incident reports. We separated the data by categories of aircraft type, such as single-engine, multiple-engine, and glider. Additional category groupings are by the following leading three manufacturers of general aviation products, which are Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft. These three manufacturers account for most general aviation products in service over the 20-year period. The report focuses on leading accident or incident causal factors to help target resources for determining possible mitigation of accidents or incidents. Within the FAA, the areas of design and operation will benefit from focusing on these leading accident or incident causal factors.
ii
2.0 Analysis Method 2.1 Methodology The ASAP system in Ft. Worth, Texas, provided data for the analysis in this report. The dataset consists of all part 23 accidents/incidents where the aircraft was operating under either Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) part 91 operations or part 135 operations. The time period for the dataset is January 1984 to October 2004. The data is in Microsoft ® Access format. We used ®Access query commands to perform all data searches and queries. We divided the data into FAR part 91 operations and FAR part 135 operations. We further divided part 91 operations and part 135 operations data into single-engine, multiple-engine, and glider groups for each of the major three manufacturers: Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft. We divided this data into fatal and non-fatal events. We listed the top ten causal factors for each group. We intend for this report to graphically display the top ten causal factors for the various general aviation classes and operations. We used ATA codes to determine if mechanical failure attributed to an accident or incident. 2.2 Data Sources We gathered all the data for the analysis in this report from the Accidents/Incidents section of the ASAP database. The data in the ASAP database is downloaded from the Oklahoma City national database weekly. 2.3 Assumptions This report does not verify the accuracy of the individual record coding of the causal factors. Some causal factor codes may overlap. For this report, we used the causal factor code defined from each record as the database indicated. Again, we did not conduct a review of the accuracy or relevance of each record’s causal code.
iii
2.4 Definitions The Accident/Incident causal factor coding system is somewhat cryptic in nature. The following causal factor definitions clarify some of the incident or accident codes addressed in this report: Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground: Loss of directional ground control due to improper operation of brake or flight controls. Typical examples are: losing directional control during landing, improper use of brake system, and losing directional control during take-off. Selected Unsuitable Terrain: Landing on unimproved areas, landing on unknown terrain condition, and veering off runway onto unimproved areas. Unsafe Acts by Third Party: Unauthorized ground vehicles colliding with aircraft, aircraft to aircraft collision during ground operation, maintenance induced problems, and unauthorized personnel present during ground operations. Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft: Failure to remove aircraft tie downs, door not latched on take-off, improper setting of seat stops prior to take-off, fuel cap not properly installed, failure to remove control locks prior to take-off, and improper setting of control trim prior to take-off. Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions: During ground or air operations such as striking towers, other aircraft on ground, power lines, ground support equipment, trees, and wild life, such as deer, on the ground. Poor Preflight Plan/Aircraft Performance: Exceeded ability of aircraft to climb during towing flight, operation in excessive wind or gust components, operation off of improper runway surface for aircraft type, and exceeded density altitude limit of aircraft type. Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear: Pilot accidentally retracted gear, selected gear up instead of flaps up. Landing Gear Actuator: Failure of the landing gear actuator system including failure of down lock system, and failure of actuator motor/transmission. Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck: Failure of the strut assembly, trunnion area including bearings, torque link system, and landing gear attachment brackets/hardware. Exceed Load Design: Loss of aircraft integrity caused by exceeding design loads due to over speed, over weight, acrobatic flight in non-rated aircraft, and down/up drafts. Miscellaneous Pilot Unsafe Acts: Pilot distraction induced accident/incident such landing on wrong runway or taxiway, take off without Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance, flying too low and striking trees, other aircraft, etc., and not securing gas or oil caps resulting in loss of fuel/oil.
iv
3.0 Results 3.1 Overview Our analysis provides a high-level look at what is causing general aviation aircraft involvement in both accidents and incidents. We accomplished this by analyzing a large amount of accident and incident data, dividing it into specific groups, and applying simple filter tools that determine a ranking of the data. This report does not focus on commuter aircraft operations. The Small Airplane Directorate produced a “Small Airplane Commuter Service Issues Study” in June of 2002. That study is specifically dedicated to the commuter fleet of aircraft. That report is available from the Small Airplane Directorate Continued Operational Safety Branch. 3.2 Observations We reviewed 62,037 accident/incident records during our analysis. Of this total, 57,117 records were on aircraft operating under part 91 rules. The remaining 4,920 records were of aircraft operating under part 135 rules. Landing gear issues were a primary cause for accidents of both part 91 single and multiple engine accidents. Failure of the retraction/extension system along with failure to extend the gear accounted for 12% of all part 91 accidents. Improper operation of brakes/flight control on ground also was a leading causal factor of part 91 accidents. 6,108 events (11%) of part 91 accidents were due to improper operation of brake/flight control during ground operations. The leading causal factor for both Cessna and Piper aircraft was improper operation of brake/flight control during ground operations. The leading causal factor for Beechcraft was failure to extend the landing gear. Part 135 operations proved to be similar in that landing gear retraction/extension system failure was the leading factor. 16,213 accidents/incidents (26%) are classified with an ATA code as the causal factor. An ATA code indicates a mechanical malfunction of the aircraft’s systems. The remaining accidents/incidents were attributable to non-mechanical factors, including pilot error, human factor related problems, and improper procedures.
v
The top ATA system codes indicating mechanical issues are as follows:
ATA Code Count % ATA Title
32 7824 48.3% Landing Gear 85 1790 11.0% Reciprocating Engine 24 1240 7.6% Electrical Power 28 1058 6.5% Fuel 73 511 3.2% Engine Fuel and Controls
The leading ATA system code was landing gear. Through out this analysis, landing gear was a leading factor in general aviation accidents/incidents. The ATA component codes are a four-digit code that focuses on the specific component or section of a system. The top 10 ATA component codes indicating mechanical issues are as follows:
ATA Code Count % ATA Title
3230 3788 23.4% Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System 8500 905 5.6% Engine (Reciprocating) 3233 526 3.2% Landing Gear Actuator 3213 511 3.2% Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle 3242 452 2.8% Brake 2400 421 2.6% Electrical Power system 8530 399 2.5% Reciprocating Engine Cylinder section 2800 370 2.3% Fuel 2434 337 2.1% DC Generator-Alternator 8520 331 2.0% Reciprocating Engine Power section
Landing gear retraction/extension system problems were, by a large percentage, the leading mechanical problem with general aviation aircraft.
vi
vii
The following is a review of the leading manufacturers involved in accidents or incidents with ATA code as a causal factor. Percentages below the top three manufacturers decrease rapidly; therefore, many of the manufacturers have been grouped under “Other”.
Manufacturer Count % Cessna 5753 35.5% Piper 4260 26.3% Beech 2575 15.9% Mooney 627 3.9% Swearingen 490 3.0% Bellanca/American Champion 467 2.9% Gulfstream 414 2.6% Other (35+ other manufacturers) 1627 10.0%
3.3 Continued Activity The Small Airplane Directorate conducted the analysis for this report to support the Continued Operational Safety program. The program targets the general aviation fleet of 250,000+ aircraft to determine how to make them safer. With the growing age of the general aviation fleet, Continued Operational Safety concerns will become more varied within the different fleets of aircraft models. The Small Airplane Directorate will continue to explore problems with the general aviation fleet. Precursor criteria determination is an ongoing project. This report will help determine what investigative tools safety engineers should use to identify electrical and electronic problems within fleets of aircraft. Precursor identification can aid in preventing accidents before they happen.
Leading ATA Codes
51% (8,173)
23% (3,788)
6% (905)3% (526)
3% (511)
3% (452)
3% (421`)
2% (399)
2% (370)
2% (337)
2% (331)
3230 - Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System 8500 - Engine (Reciprocating)3233 - Landing Gear Actuator 3213 - Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle3242 - Brake 2400 - Electrical Power system8530 - Reciprocating Engine Cylinder section 2800 - Fuel2434 - DC Generator-Alternator 8520 - Reciprocating Engine Power sectionAll Others
1
Leading ATA Systems
48% (7,824)
11% (1,790)
8% (1,240)
7% (1,058)
3% (511)
23% (3,790)
32 - Landing Gear 85 - Reciprocating Engine
24 - Electrical Power 28 - Fuel
73 - Engine Fuel and Controls Remaining ATAs
2
Leading Manufacturers(ATA Codes By Manufacturer)
22% (3,625)
16% (2,575)
26% (4,260)
36% (5,753)
Cessna
Piper
Beechcraft
Other
3
All Accidents FAR 91 and FAR 135(62,037)
8% (4,920)
92% (57,117)
FAR 135
FAR 91
4
FAR 91 - All Accidents(57,117)
21% (11,831)
12% (6,745)
25% (14,565)
42% (23,976)
Cessna
Beechcraft
Other
Piper
5
FAR 91 - Fatal Accidents(4,579)
22% (997)
13% (585)
28% (1,264)
37% (1,733)Cessna
Piper
Beechcraft
Other
6
FAR 135 - All Accidents(4,920)
26% (1,2267)
18% (895)
21% (1,016)
35% (1,742)
Cessna
PiperBeechcraft
Other
7
FAR 135 - Fatal Accidents(291)
19% (54)
14% (42)
23% (68)
44% (127)
Cessna
Piper
Beechcraft
Other
8
FAR Part 91 - All Engines
6108
4215
3359 3284
20951891 1786
14241213 1212
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Improper Operation of B
rake/Flight Contro
l on Ground
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - Fuel Q
uantity
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Selected Unsuitable Terrain
Full Fuel to
Fuel Low/Exhaust
9
FAR Part 91 - All Engines - Cessna
2737
2315
1137 11231027
918741 741 663
516
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Improper Operation of B
rake/Flight Contro
l on Ground
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - Fuel Q
uantity
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Full Fuel to
Fuel Low/Exhaust
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Selected Unsuitable Terrain
10
FAR Part 91 - All Engines - Piper
1473
930 890810
593
453 424351 323 293
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Impro
per Opera
tion of B
rake/F
light C
ontrol o
n Gro
und
Landing G
ear R
etrac
tion/Exte
nsion Sys
tem Fail
ure
Failure
to Extend Lan
ding Gea
r
Impro
per Lan
ding Flare/B
ouncing on Touch
down
Failure
to Avo
id Objec
ts or O
bstructi
ons
Failure
to Main
tain A
dequate
Fly Spee
d
Overru
n End of Runway
Durin
g Landing
Selecte
d Unsu
itable
Terrain
Poor Pref
light P
lanning - F
uel Quan
tity
Full Fuel
to Fuel Low/Exh
aust
11
FAR Part 91 - All Engines - Beechcraft
711 693
488451
258197
156 146 140 120
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Inadvertently
Retractin
g Landing Gear
Improper L
anding Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper M
anagement/Fuel T
ank Selector
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Gear Indicated Down/Locked, G
ear Collapsed
12
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine
1553
809
327 327 291 278218 183 166 157
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper Operation of B
rake/Flight Contro
l on Ground
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Landing Gear Actuator
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of Aircraft
Main Landing Gear Stru
t/Axle/Truck
13
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal
80 79
7166
53
32
2421
18 18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Lost Contro
l in Adverse Weather
Insufficient Terra
in Clearance - Enroute
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Failure Avoid Collision Ground or W
ater
Improper Instru
ment Procedure During Takeoff/Landing
Operation Below VMC
Pilot Incapacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne
Exceed Load Design
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - Weather
14
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Cessna
596
219
79 75 73 56 52 50 45 45
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
per Operation of B
rake/Flight Contro
l on Ground
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Landing Gear Actuator
Main Landing Gear Stru
t/Axle/Truck
Brake
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of Aircraft
Impro
15
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Cessna
30
27
23
20
17
12
98
6 6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Lost Contro
l in Adverse Weather
Insufficient Terra
in Clearance - Enroute
Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or W
ater
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Improper Instru
ment Procedure During Takeoff/Landing
Operation Below VMC
Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather
Exceed Load Design
Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne
Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts
16
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Piper
507
351
150
95 92 84 83 7656 50
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions
Overrun End of Runway During Landing
Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear
Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck
Gear Indicated Down/Locked, Gear C
ollapsed
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of Aircraft
17
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Piper
27
22
19 19
16
13
98
6 6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure Avoid Collis
ion Ground or Water
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Improper In
strument P
rocedure During Takeoff/L
anding
Pilot In
capacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Operation Below VMC
Engine (Reciprocatin
g)
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Aircraft/B
oth Airborne
18
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Beechcraft
364
192 183
10186 76 73 70
5334
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure
Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear
Failure to Extend Landing Gear
Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions
Landing Gear Actuator
Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground
Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Overrun End of Runway During Landing
Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft
Electrical Power System
19
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Beechcraft
23
20
18
1615
8 87 7
6 6
0
5
10
15
20
25
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure to Avoid Collis
ion with Ground or W
ater
Improper Instru
ment Procedure Durin
g Takeoff/Landing
Pilot Incapacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Operation Below VMC
Failure to Follow Approved Instru
ment Procedure
Improper Operatio
n Flight Contro
l in Air
Improper Management/F
uel Tank Selector
Undetermined
20
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal
557
403
320
198 192
143119 117 103 100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Continued VFR Flight In
to Adverse Weather
Failure to Avoid Collis
ion with Ground or W
ater
Failure to Avoid Objects or O
bstructio
ns
Failure to Avoid Airc
raft/Both Airb
orne
Aerobatics Below Safe Altitude
Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
21
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Cessna
2664
2236
1098
843 808715 696
607 527 496
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Improper L
anding Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - F
uel Quantity
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Full Fuel to
Fuel Low/Exhaust
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
22
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal
557
403
320
198 192
143119 117 103 100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Continued VFR Flight In
to Adverse Weather
Failure to Avoid Collis
ion with Ground or W
ater
Failure to Avoid Objects or O
bstructio
ns
Failure to Avoid Airc
raft/Both Airb
orne
Aerobatics Below Safe Altitude
Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
23
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Piper
1377
660539 501
423 412340 325 280 264
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Improper L
anding Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - F
uel Quantity
Poor Preflig
ht Plan/Airc
raft Perfo
rmance
24
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal - Piper
139
119
106
5546 45
29 28 27 26 26
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Collision with
Ground or Water
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Misc/Pilot U
nsafe Acts
Failure to
Avoid Aircraft/B
oth Airborne
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Pilot In
capacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Exceed Load Design
25
FAR Part 135 - All Engines
487
306
207
159
111 110 94 88 85 83
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Landing Gear Positio
n and Warning
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
Landing Gear Actuator
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of A
ircraft
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Unsafe Acts by Third Party
26
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal Beechcraft
4239 39
18 17 1715
1310 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Collision with
Ground or Water
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
Improper In
strument P
rocedure During Takeoff/L
anding
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - F
uel Quantity
Pilot In
capacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Failure to
Avoid Aircraft/B
oth Airborne
27
FAR Part 91 - Gliders
98
85
5449
4135 34 34
27 27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Poor Preflig
ht Plan/Airc
raft Perfo
rmance
Landed Short
Improper O
peration Flig
ht Contro
l in Air
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
Improper L
anding Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of A
ircraft
Collided with
Object on Final A
pproach
28
FAR Part 135 - All Engines
487
306
207
159
111 110 94 88 85 83
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Landing Gear Positio
n and Warning
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
Landing Gear Actuator
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of A
ircraft
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Unsafe Acts by Third Party
29
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine
409
192
138118
10579
66 66 63 54
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Landing Gear Positio
n and Warning
Landing Gear Actuator
Unsafe Acts by Third Party
Main Landing Gear Stru
t/Axle/Truck
Inadequate Preflight In
spection of A
ircraft
Struck Bird
in Flig
ht Path
30
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal
25
22
11
86
5 5 54 4 4 4 4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Improper In
strument P
rocedure During Takeoff/L
anding
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Collision with
Ground or Water
Poor Preflig
ht Plan/W
eight and Balance
Engine (Reciprocatin
g)
Failure to
Avoid Aircraft/B
oth Airborne
Exceed Load Design
Continued Flig
ht into Area Severe Turbulence
Undetermined
Misc/Pilot U
nsafe Acts
Operation Below VMC
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
31
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Cessna
9
6
3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Insuffic
ient T
errain
Clea
rance
- Enro
ute
Impro
per Instr
ument P
roce
dure Durin
g Takeo
ff/Lan
ding
Inadeq
uate Pref
light In
spec
tion of A
ircraf
t
Engine Colle
ctor/T
ailpipe/N
ozzle
Lost Contro
l in A
dverse
Wea
ther
Excee
d Load D
esign
Failure
to Avo
id Collis
ion with
Gro
und or Wate
r
Lost Gro
und Refe
rence
Durin
g Night V
FR
Elevato
r Tab
Contro
l Sys
tem
Aircraf
t Fuel
System
Fuel Boost
Pump
Attitude G
yro an
d Indica
tor Sys
tem
Wing Spar Stru
cture
Power Lev
er
Undeterm
ined
Recipro
catin
g Engine Cyli
nder Sec
tion
Attempt O
peratio
n with
Defe
ctive
Equipment
Control In
terfer
ence
by Pas
senger/
Crew
Misc/Pilo
t Unsa
fe Acts
Delay A
ction in
Aborte
d Takeo
ff
Failure
to Follow A
pprove
d Instr
ument P
roce
dure
Continued
VFR Flight In
to Adve
rse W
eather
Pilot/C
rew M
isman
aged
Ac S
ys
Continued
Flight in
to Area
Severe
Turbulen
ce
Poor Pref
light P
lanning - W
eight a
nd Bala
nce
Poor Pref
light P
lanning - A
ircraf
t Perf
orman
ce
Impro
per Man
agem
ent/F
uel Tan
k Sele
ctor
Inadeq
uate Spac
ing - Wak
e Turb
ulence
32
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Piper
10
7
4 4
3 3
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Improper In
strument P
rocedure During Takeoff/L
anding
Failure to
Avoid Collision Ground or W
ater
Engine (Reciprocatin
g)
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Aircraft/B
oth Airborne
Operation Below VMC
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Misc/Pilot U
nsafe Acts
Fuel Unport,
Fuel Not a
t Outle
t
Improper O
peration Flig
ht Contro
l in Air
Reciprocating Engine Cylin
der Sectio
n
Reciprocating Engine System
33
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Beechcraft
6
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Impro
per Instr
ument P
roce
dure Durin
g Takeo
ff/Lan
ding
Lost Contro
l in A
dverse
Wea
ther
Poor Pref
light P
lanning - W
eight a
nd Bala
nce
Failure
to Main
tain A
dequate
Fly Spee
d
Insuffic
ient T
errain
Clea
rance
- Enro
ute
Continued
Flight A
rea Sev
ere Turb
ulence
Poor Pref
light P
lanning - F
uel Quan
tity
Misc/Pilo
t Unsa
fe Acts
Operatio
n Belo
w VMC
AC Power Dist
ributio
n System
Attitude G
yro an
d Indica
tor Sys
tem
Engine Cowlin
g System
Engine (Turb
ine/Turb
oprop)
Fuel Contro
l/Carb
uretor
Engine (Rec
iproca
ting)
Recipro
catin
g Engine Cyli
nder Sec
tion
Collided
with
Objec
t on Final
Approac
h
Didn't Fly
Assigned
Altit
ude IFR C
learan
ce
Undeterm
ined
Continued
VFR Flight In
to Adve
rse W
eather
Inadeq
uate Snow/Ic
e Rem
oval fr
om Airc
raft
Miscell
aneo
us Misu
se Fuel
System
Issued
Impr C
onflictin
g Insts
Pilot In
capac
ity - E
xcludes
Alco
hol
Inadeq
uate Spac
e Ac/W
ke Turb
ulence
34
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine
114
7873
69
48 4541 38 35
31
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Landing Gear Retra
ction/Extension System Failu
re
Selected Unsuitable Terra
in
Improper O
peration of B
rake/Flight C
ontrol o
n Ground
Unsuitable Terra
in Snow/Ice Area
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Failure to
Extend Landing Gear
Overrun End of R
unway During Landing
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
35
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal
31
1614
87
5 5 54
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Collision with
Ground or Water
Improper O
peration Flig
ht Contro
l in Air
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eight and Balance
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper M
anagement/Fuel T
ank Selector
36
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Cessna
20
10
76
5
3 3 32 2 2 2 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Failure to
Avoid Collision with
Ground or Water
Improper M
anagement/Fuel T
ank Selector
Improper O
peration Flig
ht Contro
l in Air
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Improper In
strument P
rocedure During Takeoff/L
anding
Downwind Takeoff or L
anding
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eight and Balance
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - A
ircraft P
erform
ance
37
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Piper
6
4
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Insufficient T
errain Clearance - E
nroute
Failure to
Maintain Adequate Fly Speed
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eather
Poor Preflig
ht Planning - W
eight and Balance
Continued VFR Flig
ht Into Adverse W
eather
Exciter
Unauthorized Actio
n
Failure to
Avoid Objects or Obstru
ctions
Pilot In
capacity - E
xcludes Alcohol
Improper O
peration Flig
ht Contro
l in Air
Lost Contro
l in Adverse W
eather
Engine (Reciprocatin
g)
Attitude Gyro and In
dicator System
38
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Beechcraft
1 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Failure to
Follow Approved In
strument P
rocedure
Inadequate Flightt/S
upervision (Pilo
t)
39
Appendix
FAR Part 91 - All Engines
Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 6108Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 4215Failure to Extend Landing Gear 3359Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 3284Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 2095Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 1891Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 1786Overrun End of Runway During Landing 1424Selected Unsuitable Terrain 1213Full Fuel to Fuel Low/Exhaust 1212
FAR Part 91 - All Engines - Cessna Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 2737Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 2315Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 1137Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 1123Failure to Extend Landing Gear 1027Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 918Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 741Full Fuel to Fuel Low/Exhaust 741Overrun End of Runway During Landing 663Selected Unsuitable Terrain 516
FAR Part 91 - All Engines - Piper Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 1473Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 930Failure to Extend Landing Gear 890Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 810Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 593Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 453Overrun End of Runway During Landing 424Selected Unsuitable Terrain 351Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 323Full Fuel to Fuel Low/Exhaust 293
1
FAR Part 91- All Engines - Beechcraft
Failure to Extend Landing Gear 711Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 693Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear 488Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 451Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 258Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 197Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 156Overrun End of Runway During Landing 146Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 140Gear Indicated Down/Locked, Gear Collapsed 120
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 1553Failure to Extend Landing Gear 809Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 327Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear 327Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 291Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 278Overrun End of Runway During Landing 218Landing Gear Actuator 183Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 166Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck 157
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal Lost Control in Adverse Weather 80Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 79Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 71Failure Avoid Collision Ground or Water 66Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 53Operation Below VMC 32Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 24Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 21Exceed Load Design 18Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 18
2
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Cessna Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 596Failure to Extend Landing Gear 219Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 79Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 75Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 73Overrun End of Runway During Landing 56Landing Gear Actuator 52Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck 50Brake 45Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 45
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Cessna Lost Control in Adverse Weather 30Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 27Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 23Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 20Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 17Operation Below VMC 12Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 9Exceed Load Design 8Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 6Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 6
FAR Part 91- Multiple Engine - Piper Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 507Failure to Extend Landing Gear 351Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 150Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 95Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 92Overrun End of Runway During Landing 84Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear 83Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck 76Gear Indicated Down/Locked, Gear Collapsed 56
3
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Piper Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 27Lost Control in Adverse Weather 22Failure Avoid Collision Ground or Water 19Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 19Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 16Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 13Operation Below VMC 9Engine (Reciprocating) 8Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 6Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 6
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Beechcraft
Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 364Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear 192Failure to Extend Landing Gear 183Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 101Landing Gear Actuator 86Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 76Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 73Overrun End of Runway During Landing 70Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 53Electrical Power System 34
FAR Part 91 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Beechcraft Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 23Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 20Lost Control in Adverse Weather 18Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 16Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 15Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 8Operation Below VMC 8Failure to Follow Approved Instrument Procedure 7Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 7Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 6Undetermined 6
4
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 5796Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 3853Failure to Extend Landing Gear 2550Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 1770Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 1729Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 1666Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 1659Overrun End of Runway During Landing 1189Full Fuel to Fuel Low/Exhaust 1116Selected Unsuitable Terrain 1094
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 557Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 403Lost Control in Adverse Weather 320Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 198Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 192Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 143Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 119Aerobatics Below Safe Altitude 117Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 103Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 100
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Cessna Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 2664Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 2236Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 1098Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 843Failure to Extend Landing Gear 808Full Fuel to Fuel Low/Exhaust 715Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 696Overrun End of Runway During Landing 607Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 527Selected Unsuitable Terrain 496
5
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal - Cessna Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 213Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 198Lost Control in Adverse Weather 112Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 93Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 83Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 68Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 65Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 51Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 42Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 30Lost Ground Reference During Night VFR 30
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Piper Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 1377Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 660Failure to Extend Landing Gear 539Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 501Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 423Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 412Overrun End of Runway During Landing 340Selected Unsuitable Terrain 325Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 280Poor Preflight Plan/Aircraft Performance 264
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal - Piper Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 139Lost Control in Adverse Weather 119Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 106Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 55Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 46Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 45Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 29Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 28Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 27Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 26Exceed Load Design 26
6
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Beechcraft Failure to Extend Landing Gear 528Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 378Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 329Inadvertently Retracting Landing Gear 296Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 182Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 137Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 110Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 96Gear Indicated Down/Locked, Gear Collapsed 91Electrical Power System 79
FAR Part 91 - Single Engine - Fatal - Beechcraft Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 42Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 39Lost Control in Adverse Weather 39Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 18Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 17Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 17Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 15Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 13Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 10Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 10
FAR Part 91 - Gliders Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 98Poor Preflight Plan/Aircraft Performance 85Landed Short 54Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 49Selected Unsuitable Terrain 41Improper Landing Flare/Bouncing on Touchdown 35Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 34Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 34Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 27Collided with Object on Final Approach 27
7
FAR Part 135 - All Engines Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 487Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 306Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 207Failure to Extend Landing Gear 159Landing Gear Position and Warning 111Selected Unsuitable Terrain 110Landing Gear Actuator 94Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 88Overrun End of Runway During Landing 85Unsafe Acts by Third Party 83
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 409Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 192Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 138Failure to Extend Landing Gear 118Landing Gear Position and Warning 105Landing Gear Actuator 79Unsafe Acts by Third Party 66Main Landing Gear Strut/Axle/Truck 66Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 63Struck Bird in Flight Path 54
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 25Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 22Lost Control in Adverse Weather 11Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 8Poor Preflight Plan/Weight and Balance 6Engine (Reciprocating) 5Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 5Exceed Load Design 5Continued Flight into Area Severe Turbulence 4Undetermined 4Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 4Operation Below VMC 4Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 4
8
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Cessna Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 9Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 6Inadequate Preflight Inspection of Aircraft 3Engine Collector/Tailpipe/Nozzle 2Lost Control in Adverse Weather 2Exceed Load Design 2Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 2Lost Ground Reference During Night VFR 1Elevator Tab Control System 1Aircraft Fuel System 1Fuel Boost Pump 1Attitude Gyro and Indicator System 1Wing Spar Structure 1Power Lever 1Undetermined 1Reciprocating Engine Cylinder Section 1Attempt Operation with Defective Equipment 1Control Interference by Passenger/Crew 1Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 1Delay Action in Aborted Takeoff 1Failure to Follow Approved Instrument Procedure 1Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 1Pilot/Crew Mismanaged Ac Sys 1Continued Flight into Area Severe Turbulence 1Poor Preflight Planning - Weight and Balance 1Poor Preflight Planning - Aircraft Performance 1Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 1Inadequate Spacing - Wake Turbulence 1
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Piper Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 10Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 7Failure to Avoid Collision Ground or Water 4Engine (Reciprocating) 4Lost Control in Adverse Weather 3Failure to Avoid Aircraft/Both Airborne 3Operation Below VMC 2Overrun End of Runway During Landing 1Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 1Fuel Unport, Fuel Not at Outlet 1Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 1Reciprocating Engine Cylinder Section 1Reciprocating Engine System 1
9
FAR Part 135 - Multiple Engine - Fatal - Beech Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 6Lost Control in Adverse Weather 3Poor Preflight Planning - Weight and Balance 3Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 3Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 2Continued Flight Area Severe Turbulence 2Poor Preflight Planning - Fuel Quantity 2Misc/Pilot Unsafe Acts 2Operation Below VMC 1AC Power Distribution System 1Attitude Gyro and Indicator System 1Engine Cowling System 1Engine (Turbine/Turboprop) 1Fuel Control/Carburetor 1Engine (Reciprocating) 1Reciprocating Engine Cylinder Section 1Collided with Object on Final Approach 1Didn't Fly Assigned Altitude IFR Clearance 1Undetermined 1Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 1Inadequate Snow/Ice Removal from Aircraft 1Miscellaneous Misuse Fuel System 1Issued Improper Conflicting Instructions 1Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 1Inadequate Space Aircraft/Wake Turbulence 1
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 114Landing Gear Retraction/Extension System Failure 78Selected Unsuitable Terrain 73Improper Operation of Brake/Flight Control on Ground 69Unsuitable Terrain Snow/Ice Area 48Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 45Failure to Extend Landing Gear 41Overrun End of Runway During Landing 38Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 35Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 31
10
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 31Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 16Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 14Lost Control in Adverse Weather 8Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 7Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 5Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 5Poor Preflight Planning - Weight and Balance 5Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 4Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 3
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Cessna Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 20Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 10Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 7Lost Control in Adverse Weather 6Failure to Avoid Collision with Ground or Water 5Improper Management/Fuel Tank Selector 3Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 3Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 3Improper Instrument Procedure During Takeoff/Landing 2Downwind Takeoff or Landing 2Poor Preflight Planning - Weight and Balance 2Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 2Poor Preflight Planning - Aircraft Performance 2
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Piper Insufficient Terrain Clearance - Enroute 6Failure to Maintain Adequate Fly Speed 4Poor Preflight Planning - Weather 3Poor Preflight Planning - Weight and Balance 3Continued VFR Flight Into Adverse Weather 2Exciter 2Unauthorized Action 1Failure to Avoid Objects or Obstructions 1Pilot Incapacity - Excludes Alcohol 1Improper Operation Flight Control in Air 1Lost Control in Adverse Weather 1Engine (Reciprocating) 1Attitude Gyro and Indicator System 1
11
FAR Part 135 - Single Engine - Fatal - Beech Failure to Follow Approved Instrument Procedure 1Inadequate Flight/Supervision (Pilot) 1
12