World War IWorld War I 1914-19191914-1919

Long Term CausesLong Term Causes

MilitarismMilitarism AlliancesAlliances ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism

NationalismNationalism

• Pride in one’s nationPride in one’s nation

MilitarismMilitarism

Policy of building up Policy of building up strong armed forces to strong armed forces to prepare for warprepare for war

ImperialismImperialism

Policy of powerful Policy of powerful countries seeking to countries seeking to control the economic control the economic and political affairs and political affairs of weaker countriesof weaker countries

AlliancesAlliances Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - -

Germany, Germany, Austria-Austria-Hungary, ItalyHungary, Italy

Triple EntenteTriple Entente - - France, Britain, France, Britain, RussiaRussia

Who fought?Who fought?

CENTRAL CENTRAL POWERS- POWERS- Germany, Austria-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, Ottoman EmpireEmpire

ALLIED POWERS- ALLIED POWERS- France, Britain, France, Britain, Russia, Italy, 21 Russia, Italy, 21 other nationsother nations

Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and his family

Gavrilo Princip, who

killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

At Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz At Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary)(heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) Ferdinand Ferdinand and his wife, the Duchess Sophia, a Serbian nationalist and his wife, the Duchess Sophia, a Serbian nationalist assassin murdered the archduke, plunging Europe into war.assassin murdered the archduke, plunging Europe into war.

The Spark

The Alliance System EXPLODES Europe

Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries proclaimed their neutrality, as did Woodrow Wilson for the United proclaimed their neutrality, as did Woodrow Wilson for the United States.States.

Wilson had run for Wilson had run for office on issues of office on issues of

domestic policy, but domestic policy, but most of his most of his

presidency was presidency was dominated by dominated by

international crises.international crises.

Woodrow Wilson 1910, while President of Princeton

While the majority of Americans, including Wilson, were more While the majority of Americans, including Wilson, were more sympathetic to the Allies than to the Central Powers, there were sympathetic to the Allies than to the Central Powers, there were

exceptions. exceptions. Large numbers of Irish-Americans and German-Americans did not Large numbers of Irish-Americans and German-Americans did not

favor the Allied cause. German communities in such cities as favor the Allied cause. German communities in such cities as Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis and others had active German-Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis and others had active German-

language newspapers, churches and schools. As late as 1916, this language newspapers, churches and schools. As late as 1916, this Savannah, Georgia, newspaper was still reporting war news in the Savannah, Georgia, newspaper was still reporting war news in the

German language for its patrons.German language for its patrons.

Germany’s use of submarines in the Atlantic soon made it nearly Germany’s use of submarines in the Atlantic soon made it nearly impossible for that nation to avoid attacks on neutral shipping. It was impossible for that nation to avoid attacks on neutral shipping. It was these attacks that finally led America to go to war against Germany on these attacks that finally led America to go to war against Germany on

April 6, 1917.April 6, 1917.

American neutrality was put to the test in May 1915, when the American neutrality was put to the test in May 1915, when the German submarine U-20 sank the British luxury liner Lusitania, German submarine U-20 sank the British luxury liner Lusitania, which was carrying which was carrying 1,200 passengers and a cargo of ammunition for 1,200 passengers and a cargo of ammunition for British riflesBritish rifles. The German embassy had warned Americans that . The German embassy had warned Americans that Allied vessels in the war zone were fair targets, Allied vessels in the war zone were fair targets, but 128 Americans but 128 Americans had ignored the warning and met their deathshad ignored the warning and met their deaths..

WilsonWilson accused accused the Germans of the Germans of brutality, brutality, demanded that demanded that they stop they stop submarine submarine warfarewarfare, and , and refused to ban refused to ban American American passengers passengers from sailing on from sailing on Allied vesselsAllied vessels..

Drawing made for the London Sphere and the Drawing made for the London Sphere and the New York Herald, June 1, 1915, based on New York Herald, June 1, 1915, based on eyewitness accounts.eyewitness accounts.

German submarine that sank the Lusitania

Submarines were vulnerable craft, depending for their effectiveness Submarines were vulnerable craft, depending for their effectiveness on stealth and speed.on stealth and speed. They could not afford to practice the They could not afford to practice the

traditional courtesies of rescuing civilians or neutrals when they traditional courtesies of rescuing civilians or neutrals when they attacked belligerent merchant ships on the high seas. attacked belligerent merchant ships on the high seas.

Wilson's concern about the barbarity of submarine attacks that left Wilson's concern about the barbarity of submarine attacks that left helpless passengers to die were correct, helpless passengers to die were correct, but they ignored the reality but they ignored the reality of an all-out war effort in which the Central powers had no weapon of an all-out war effort in which the Central powers had no weapon but the submarine against the superior ability of the Allies to bring but the submarine against the superior ability of the Allies to bring

war goods from abroad.war goods from abroad.

The The Zimmerman Zimmerman TelegraphTelegraph

Wilson Delivers his war messageWilson Delivers his war message

When Wilson asked Congress to declare war, the country was When Wilson asked Congress to declare war, the country was not on a wartime footing.not on a wartime footing. No plans existed for mobilization, No plans existed for mobilization,

or for coordination of shipping or manufacturing.or for coordination of shipping or manufacturing. Preparation Preparation for entry into the war began almost immediately.for entry into the war began almost immediately. In resuming In resuming

submarine warfare, the Germans had gambled that the submarine warfare, the Germans had gambled that the advantages they would gain by cutting the Allies off from advantages they would gain by cutting the Allies off from

American suppliers would enable the Central powers to win American suppliers would enable the Central powers to win the war before the Americans could mount an effective the war before the Americans could mount an effective

mobilization for war. mobilization for war. One of the first steps Wilson took was to One of the first steps Wilson took was to raise a U.S. army, the "American Expeditionary Force."raise a U.S. army, the "American Expeditionary Force."

Volunteers in a Brooklyn, Volunteers in a Brooklyn, New York, recruiting New York, recruiting office in June 1917.office in June 1917.

Despite widespread fears that a draft would face opposition Despite widespread fears that a draft would face opposition as it had in the Civil War, Congress passed a Selective Service as it had in the Civil War, Congress passed a Selective Service

Act in May 1917. The fears of opponents proved unfounded Act in May 1917. The fears of opponents proved unfounded when more than 24 million men registered for the draft.when more than 24 million men registered for the draft.

New York New York City men City men waiting waiting their their turns to turns to register register for the for the draft, draft, 1917.1917.

A World War I navy A World War I navy recruiting poster, drawn recruiting poster, drawn

by Howard Chandler by Howard Chandler Christy.Christy.

US HomefrontUS Homefront Selective Service Act 1917 (21-30)Selective Service Act 1917 (21-30) Women in the militaryWomen in the military Food AdministrationFood Administration

– Conserve supplies for soldiersConserve supplies for soldiers– Grow Victory gardensGrow Victory gardens

Women workWomen work Patriotism!Patriotism! Anti-German hysteriaAnti-German hysteria

A World War I navy A World War I navy recruiting poster, drawn recruiting poster, drawn

by Howard Chandler by Howard Chandler Christy.Christy.

The Perfect The Perfect Soldier: Political Soldier: Political

CartoonCartoon

US PropagandaUS Propaganda

Non-commissioned officers of the 28th Keystone Division are Non-commissioned officers of the 28th Keystone Division are being trained in the use of the bayonet by a British officer at being trained in the use of the bayonet by a British officer at

Camp Hancock.Camp Hancock. So ill-equipped were Americans for war that some units had So ill-equipped were Americans for war that some units had to practice with wooden rifle substitutes in the absence of to practice with wooden rifle substitutes in the absence of

real weapons.real weapons.

Bayonet practice in TexasBayonet practice in Texas

Training could never prepare Americans fully for Training could never prepare Americans fully for the horrors of this world war.the horrors of this world war.

This is a photo of a military training exercise. But it conveys This is a photo of a military training exercise. But it conveys a more realistic idea of what Americans would face when they a more realistic idea of what Americans would face when they

arrived at the front in World War I.arrived at the front in World War I.

The photo The photo is of is of Canadian Canadian soldiers soldiers training training near the near the front in front in France.France.

In the fall of 1917, after the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia In the fall of 1917, after the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia made a separate peace with Germany, dissolving the made a separate peace with Germany, dissolving the

eastern front of the war. eastern front of the war.

The French army was mutinous after the failure of a The French army was mutinous after the failure of a heroic attempt to create an offensive against the German heroic attempt to create an offensive against the German

trenches on the western front. trenches on the western front.

Germany had decisively defeated Italian forces, and was Germany had decisively defeated Italian forces, and was preparing to mount a massive western offensive in the preparing to mount a massive western offensive in the

valley of the Somme.valley of the Somme.

Yet despite the desperate need of the Allies for military support, Yet despite the desperate need of the Allies for military support, American troops did not begin to arrive at the western front until American troops did not begin to arrive at the western front until

late in 1917.late in 1917.

By the time the American troops arrived in substantial By the time the American troops arrived in substantial numbers in the spring of 1918,numbers in the spring of 1918, British and French units had British and French units had endured more than three years of increasingly costly trench endured more than three years of increasingly costly trench warfare.warfare. These British These British

troops are troops are shown on the shown on the front line in the front line in the Somme area in Somme area in August 1916. August 1916. The Battle of The Battle of the Somme, in the Somme, in the summer and the summer and fall of 1916, fall of 1916, achievedachieved almost almost no changes in no changes in the positions of the positions of the German and the German and Allied armies, Allied armies, but 420,000 but 420,000 British, 200,000 British, 200,000 French, and French, and 450,000 450,000 Germans lost Germans lost their lives, and their lives, and the area was the area was almost totally almost totally destroyed.destroyed.

War Zones 1914-1918

Men of the U.S. Men of the U.S. 33rd Division in a 33rd Division in a

front-line trench in front-line trench in the Meuse valley, the Meuse valley, September 1918. September 1918. Nearly Nearly 900,000 900,000

American troopsAmerican troops joined with joined with

135,000 French 135,000 French soldierssoldiers in late in late

September to push September to push the German armies the German armies back through the back through the Argonne Forest to Argonne Forest to the Meuse River in the Meuse River in the final campaign the final campaign

of the war.of the war.

Casualties in the Meuse-Argonne battle were estimated Casualties in the Meuse-Argonne battle were estimated at 120,000 men.at 120,000 men.

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

TanksTanks Armored carsArmored cars BombsBombs AirplanesAirplanes

Navy shipyard at Hog Island, Navy shipyard at Hog Island, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

TanksTanks

Armored carsArmored carsUS

Russian

Airplanes were extensively used in military actions for the first time Airplanes were extensively used in military actions for the first time during WWI, and the U.S. preparation for this war included the during WWI, and the U.S. preparation for this war included the

manufacture of aircraft and training of fliers. The Curtiss JN 4-D "Jenny" manufacture of aircraft and training of fliers. The Curtiss JN 4-D "Jenny" biplane was the principal American-made aircraft in World War I, but it biplane was the principal American-made aircraft in World War I, but it

was used primarily for training.was used primarily for training.

AirplanesAirplanes

British plane dropping torpedo

Central Powers airplane"Shot down in flames"

The War EndsThe War Ends

““the war to end all wars”the war to end all wars”

Philip Tangor and Allen Floyd, US 78th Division with M. and Mme Baloux at Brieulles-sur-Bar

Members of the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment en route home. Just as Members of the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment en route home. Just as women used their participation in the war effort to fight for their women used their participation in the war effort to fight for their rights, rights, African Americans also hoped to use the war to improve their African Americans also hoped to use the war to improve their statusstatus. Leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP officials . Leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP officials protested strongly when initial mobilization plans did not include protested strongly when initial mobilization plans did not include African Americans. African Americans. Eventually the army created segregated Eventually the army created segregated regiments for them, officered by whites.regiments for them, officered by whites.

Although most of Although most of those units those units provided support provided support services,services, a a number of them, number of them, including the including the much-decorated much-decorated 369th U.S. 369th U.S. Infantry Infantry Regiment, were Regiment, were sent into combat. sent into combat. The 369th served The 369th served in the trenches in the trenches longer than any longer than any other American other American outfit. outfit.

All of the men shown here are wearing the All of the men shown here are wearing the French Croix de GuerreFrench Croix de Guerre, , awarded to 171 of the 369th's officers and men for heroism in battle.awarded to 171 of the 369th's officers and men for heroism in battle.

The 369th Infantry Regiment marches up Fifth Avenue in New York, February 18, The 369th Infantry Regiment marches up Fifth Avenue in New York, February 18, 1919, at the end of the war.1919, at the end of the war.

Wilson reads the terms of the Armistice agreement to the Congress, Wilson reads the terms of the Armistice agreement to the Congress, November 11, 1918.November 11, 1918.

ArmisticeArmistice

November 11, 1918 (11/11)November 11, 1918 (11/11)– Holiday?Holiday?

Armistice: cease fireArmistice: cease fire Did not end fighting immediatelyDid not end fighting immediately

As the news of the armistice reached the cities of America, As the news of the armistice reached the cities of America, thousands of people crowded into the streets in jubilant thousands of people crowded into the streets in jubilant

celebration. This scene on Broad Street in Philadelphia was celebration. This scene on Broad Street in Philadelphia was repeated in towns and cities all over the country.repeated in towns and cities all over the country.

The "Council of Four" of the Paris Peace ConferenceThe "Council of Four" of the Paris Peace Conference: right to : right to left, left, David Lloyd George of EnglandDavid Lloyd George of England, , Vittorio Orlando of ItalyVittorio Orlando of Italy, , Georges Clemenceau of FranceGeorges Clemenceau of France, , and Woodrow Wilsonand Woodrow Wilson. . Each leader had his own agenda. Each leader had his own agenda. France wanted to France wanted to permanently cripple Germanypermanently cripple Germany; ; the British wanted to squeeze the British wanted to squeeze punitive payments from Germany and ensure that France punitive payments from Germany and ensure that France would not emerge as too strong a continental powerwould not emerge as too strong a continental power, , and and Italy hoped to expand its territory in the Adriatic.Italy hoped to expand its territory in the Adriatic.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

England, France, Italy, United StatesEngland, France, Italy, United States– Had different agendasHad different agendas– Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points

» League of Nations: Wilson’s idea, US did not joinLeague of Nations: Wilson’s idea, US did not join

Central Powers not includedCentral Powers not included

After the war, Wilson’s After the war, Wilson’s idealism was again idealism was again

reflected in his effort to reflected in his effort to win the Senate’s support win the Senate’s support

for the Treaty of for the Treaty of Versailles, which ended Versailles, which ended

the war and set up a the war and set up a League of Nations. League of Nations.

But Americans seemed But Americans seemed tired of idealism and the tired of idealism and the troubles of the world. In troubles of the world. In

1920, the Senate 1920, the Senate refused to ratify, or refused to ratify, or

agree to, the treaty.agree to, the treaty. This cartoon accuses the This cartoon accuses the

isolationists in the isolationists in the Senate of betraying the Senate of betraying the

President and President and endangering the world.endangering the world. But Americans wanted a But Americans wanted a quieter, More satisfied quieter, More satisfied

age – what the next age – what the next President, Warren G. President, Warren G.

Harding, called a time of Harding, called a time of “normalcy.”“normalcy.”

In April 1917, America went to war In April 1917, America went to war and President Woodrow Wilson and President Woodrow Wilson redirected his reform idealism and redirected his reform idealism and energy abroad. He said he hoped to energy abroad. He said he hoped to aid the Allies in World War I in order aid the Allies in World War I in order toto ““make the world safe for make the world safe for democracy.”democracy.”