causes of accidents (ece safety)
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A Partial Requirement to the subject ECE SafetyEngineering to Engr. Alma Delos Santos
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What is an INCIDENT?
An incident is an undesired event that could
(orders) down grade the efficiency of the businessoperation.
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Case #1:
The wrong spare part for a machine was received by afirm, therefore, repair time on a maintenance job wasdelayed four days. Upon investigation, it was foundthat an improper number had been typed on theorder form.
The incident in this case was the typing of the wrongnumber on the order form. This was certainly anundesired event, particularly since it delayed the
repair four days, which made it downgradingincident.
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Case #2:
The worker was lifting 5gallon cans from a stockroomshelf when it slipped from his grip, falling to the floor
and striking him on his right foot, causing immediateswelling and discomfort. The lid of the can broke openallowing chemical to spill out on the floor.
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The undesired event in this case was the can striking
the workers foot and floor.The physical harm was an injury and, while the
extent cannot be determined from the description ofthe worker was injured.
We can also assume that some property damage wasinvolved since the can broke open.
The contact with a source of energy involved thefalling can with do kinetic energy, which proved to
be above the threshold limit of the workers limit ofthe workers body and cans structure. There isinsufficient information to determine whether otherinjury was inflicted by the can contents.
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Case #3:
A worker was using a paint brush to clear the surfaceof machine parts with an organic solvent, preparatorycoating it with a plastic protector. After, working in
the heavy odor of the solvents vapors for severalhours, he became ill and reported to the first-aiddepartment for permission to go home.
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The undesired event in this case was the exposure tothe solvent vapors.
The physical harm was an illness and while we may
not know how serious it was, it is evident that thecontact was with a chemical energy that was abovethe threshold limit of his body.
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NOTE:
The term physical harm in this definition includesboth injury and disease, as well as adverse mental,
neurological, or systematic effects resulting from anexposure or simplification of purpose, the wordsinjuryor illnesswill be used here after in this bookto best define the physical harm.
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TWO MAJOR CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS:
UNSAFE ACT is an violation of an accepted safeprocedure which could permit the occurrence of an
accident.
UNSAFE CONDITION is an hazardous physicalcondition of circumstances which could directly
permit the occurrence of an accident.
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UNSAFE PRACTICES
1) Operating without authority.2) Failure to warn or secure.
3) Operating at improper speed.
4) Making safety devices inoperable.
5) Using defective equipment.
6) Using equipment improperly.
7) Failure to use personal protective equipment.
8) Improper loading or placement.
9) Improper lifting
10) Taking improper position.
11) Servicing equipment in motion.
12) Horseplay.
13) Drinking of drugs.
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UNSAFE CONDITIONS
1) Inadequate guards or protection.
2) Defective tools, equipment and substances.
3) Congestion
4) Inadequate warning system
5) Fire and explosive hazards
6) Substandard housekeeping7) Hazardous atmospheric conditions: gases, dust, fumes and vapors.
8) Excessive noise.
-allowable 90dB for 8 hrs and 95dB for 4hrs.
9) Radiation exposures
10) Inadequate illumination or ventilation
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Accidents are frequently classified according to
their types, as indicated:
1) Struck against
2) Struck
3) Fall to below
4) Fall on same level
5) Caught In
6) Caught on
7) Caught between
8) Contact with
Electricity
Heat
Cold
Radiation
Caustics noise
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An axiom in accident prevention is that all accidentshave causes and that the great majority of accidents,roughly 99% are preventable. This scheme poses achallenge to the safety engineer whose responsibility isto identify or recognize the 905 and prevent them from
occurring. Since the cause of accident itself must have itsown cause, they are usually classed as direct orproximate cases, contributory causes and underlying orenabling causes.
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Accidental Deaths in the United States
On March 3, 1991 an explosion occurred at an oil
refining company in Louisiana, killing four workers. Theexplosion occurred as three gasoline synthesizing unitswere being brought back on line after having been downfor maintenance. Workplace deaths caused by explosions
are not unheard of, nor they are common.Accidents deaths in the United States result from a
variety of causes, including the following:
-motor vehicle accidents -falls
-poisoning -drowning-fire-related injuries -suffocation(ingested object)
-firearms
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Accidents deaths in the United States result from avariety of causes, including the following:
Motor vehicle accidents
Falls
Poisoning
Drowning
Fire-related injuries
Suffocation(ingested object)
Medical complications
Air transport accidents
Firearms
Machinery
Mechanical suffocation
Impact of falling objects
The National Safety Council periodically computesdeath totals and death rates in each of these categories.
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Statistics for a typical year:
Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause ofaccidental deaths in the United States each year. Theyinclude deaths resulting from accidents involvingmechanically or electrically powered vehicles (excludingvehicles) that occur on or off the road. In a typical yearthere are 46,900 deaths in the United States.
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Falls
Thiscategory includes all deaths from falls exceptthose associated with transport vehicles.
Example:
a person who is killed as the result of falling whileboarding a bus or train would not be included in this
category. In a typical year there are 12,000 deaths inthe US from falls.
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Poisoning
This category is divided into two subcategories:
1) Poisoning by solids and liquids.
2) Poisoning by gases and vapors.
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Poisoning by solids and liquids. Includes:Deaths that result from ingestion of drugs
Medicine
Widely recognized solid and liquid poisons
Mushrooms
Shellfish
Does not include:Poisoning from spoiled food or salmonella
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Poisoning by gases and vapors. Includes:
Deaths caused by incomplete combustion
(e.g., gas vapors from an oven or unlit pilot light)
or from carbon monoxide(e.g., exhaust fumes from an automobile)
In a typical year there are 5,600 deaths in the first
category and 900 in the second.
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Drowning
This category includes work-related and non-work-related drowning but excludes those associated withfloods or other natural disasters.
In a typical year there are 4,600 deaths fromdrowning in the US.
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A fire-related injuries
This category includes death from burns,asphyxiation, falls and those that result from fallingobjects in a fire. In a typical year there are 4,400 fire-related deaths in the US.
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Suffocation (ingested objects)
This category includes death from the ingestion of anobject that blocks the air passages. In many suchdeaths, the ingested object is food. In a typical yearare 3,900 suffocations deaths in the US.
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Firearms
This category includes deaths that result whenrelational activities involving firearms or householdaccidents involving firearms result in death.
Example:
A person is killed in the home while cleaning a
firearm would be included in this category. However,a person killed in combat would not be. In a typicalyear there are 1,600 deaths in this category.
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Others
This category includes deaths resulting from medicalcomplications arising out of mistakes made by healthcare professionals, air transport injuries, interactionwith machinery, mechanical suffocation, and theimpact of falling objects. In a typical year there are atotal of 14,200 deaths in this subcategories.
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B. Accidents Vs. Other Causes of Death
Although there are more deaths each year from heartdisease, cancer, and strokes than from accidents, thesecauses tend to be concentrated among people at or nearretirement age. Among people 37 yrs. of age or younger-
prime working years accidents are the number one causeof death. Figure 2-3 summarizes the causes of death forpersons from 25 to 45 yrs. of age. Notice the leading causeis accidents.
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Below shows that accidents represent a serious
detriment to productivity, quality, and competitiveness inthe modern workplace. Yet accidents are the one cause ofdeath and injury that companies ca most easily control.While it is true that companies might have some success,
through such activities as corporate wellness programs, indecreasing the incidence of heart disease and strokesamong their employees, their impact in this regard will belimited. However, employers can have a significant impacton preventing accidents.
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Figure 2-3
Causes of accidents (ages 25 to 44 years in a typical year)
Accidents---------------------------------------- 27,484
Motor Vehicle---------------------------------- 16,405
Poison(solid, liquid)----------------------------- 2,649Drowning --------------------------------------- 1,516
Falls----------------------------------------------- 1,138
Fire-related-------------------------------------- 899
Cancer-------------------------------------------- 20,305
Heart disease------------------------------------ 15,879
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C . Role of Organized Labor
Organized labor has played a crucial role in thedevelopment of the safety movement in the US. From theoutset of the Industrial Revolution in this country,
organized labor has fought for safer working conditionsand appropriate compensation for workers injured on the
job. Many of the earliest developments in the safetymovement were the result of the long and hard-fought
battles by organized labor.
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Although the role of unions promoting safety is
generally acknowledge, there is a school of thought thattakes the opposite view. Proponents of this dissentingview hold that union involvement actually slowed thedevelopment of the safety movement. Their theory is thatunions allowed their demand for safer workingconditions to become entangled with their demands for
better wages and, as a result, they met with resistancefrom management. Regardless of the point of view, thereis no question that working conditions in the earliest
years of the safety movement were often reflective of aninsensitivity to safety concerns on the part ofmanagement.
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Among the most important contributions of organized
labor to the safety movement was their work to overturnanti-labor laws relating to safety in the workplace.
These laws were the:
Fellow Servant rule the statutes defining Contributory Negligence
concept of Assumption of Risk.
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This was the doctrine of contributory negligence.The concept of assumption of risk was based on thetheory that the people who accept a job assume the risksthat go with it. It says employees who work voluntarily
should accept the consequences of their actions on thejob rather than blaming the employer.
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Since the overwhelming majority of industrial accidentsinvolved negligence on the part of one or more workers,employers had little to worry about. Therefore they hadlittle incentive to promote a safe work environment.
Organized labor played a crucial role in bringingsometimes deplorable working conditions to the attentionof the general public. Public awareness and, in some cases,outrage eventually let to these employer-biased laws being
overturned in all states except one. In New Hampshire thefellow servant rule still applies.
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Several distinctions in the study of human factors in accidents
a) Between inherent factors and temporary factor resulting
from stress, training, etc.
b) Between physical and mental or psychological factor
c) Between factors of age and sex
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An exhaustive study involving more than 2,000 accidents
during over a year period in three different factories in UKindicated revealing findings:
1. Men below 5 ft. 9 inches tall, in a dispatch department
handling large packages, had significantly higher
accident rate.
2. Older workers in a machine shop had lower accident
rates than younger workers.
3. Talkative people have higher accident rates than less
talkative.
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Stress: A psychological and physical response of the
body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing
conditions, whether those conditions be real or perceived,
positive or negative.
It's also important to note that there are two types of
stress, Eustress (good stress) and Distress (not so good
stress).
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Performance Efficiency Versus Stress
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The most common kind of stress include:
Feeling of being threatened
Too much to do at one time Loss of sleep
Noise
Excessive body temperature
Influence of drug
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Arousal: Arousal is basically being alert, physically and
mentally. Various body systems and hormones are involvedand contribute to alertness and readiness to move.
Arousal allows people to seek the things they require tolive, and some people to seek beyond what they require togain success and skills. People have different levels ofarousal, and therefore seek different activities and setdifferent goals.
Stress may either increase or decrease arousal toor form optimum
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Different things that affects the arousal level
A. Increase Arousal
1. Coffee
2. Tea
3. Amphetamine
4. Benzedrine
5. Dexedrine
B. Increase Arousal
1. Sleeping tablets
2. Tranquilizers
3. Anti-histamines
4. Benadryl
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Appropriate test to determine certain desirablequalities of an employee:
Emotional stability
Self-sufficiency
Extroversion
Dominance
Confidence
Sociability
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Aptitude tests measure characteristics can
be placed into three groups
Mental Ability
Spatial Ability
Motor Ability
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They are used to find whether a person comes up
to certain standards required for a specific job.
Some jobs require special alertness, others
intelligence, and still others require sociability
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Spatial perception involves not just good vision. It
includes the ability to perceive spatial patterns
accurately and compare them rapidly with each
other.
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Motor abilities are generally measured by
psychometer tests. These are combined tests of
sensory and muscular abilities
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They are grouped into:
1. Control precision
2. Multi-limb coordination
3. Response orientation
4. Reaction Time
5. Speed arm movement
6. Rate control
7. Manual dexterity
8. Finger dexterity
9. Arm hand steadiness
10. Wrist finger speed
11. Aiming
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During the 19th century industrial conditions were unsafe andunhygienic and very long hours of work were very common.Workers were then treated like machines thinking that theirproductivity was the same during the whole day.
Other studies by H.M. Vernon showed that women workingfor 12 hours per day experienced two and a half times as manyaccidents as those working 10 hours a day.
Many firms in the Philippines and in some countries stillpermit their employees to work60 hours a week includingovertime. Some workers also work for straight two weekswith no rest day.
Working hours and overtime
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Relationship Between Length of Daily Workand Output
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Distribution of accidents during the day:
1. Accident rate is higher in the morning than in the
afternoon. Accident peak occurred past mid-morning.
2. Local accident peak occurred before breaks, which may
have the result of fatigue or rush to meet production
targets.
3. At the end of the afternoon, accident peak was lesspronounced and preceded a decline as workers stopped to
work to tidy up at the end of the day.
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Distribution of accidents during the day:
4. Shift workers are generally under greater stress than dayworkers.
These are due to the following reasons:
a) Their natural rhythm of rest and activity has been
interrupted and are constantly in the process of re-
adapting themselves to different rhythm.
b) Night shift workers suffer from fatigue through loss of
sleep during daytime due to domestic circumstances.
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Man has a natural rhythm of rest and activity, commonly
monitored by his deep temperature. In normal life, human body
temperature rise from about 700 hours to a plateau between 1100
and 1400 hours, thereafter continuing to rise slowly to a peak
about 220 hours. The deep body temperature then falls rapidly toa minimum at about 300 hours. The overall variation in
temperature of a healthy person is approximately 0.6oC.
During range in body temperature of day shift averages 1.1oC,while that of night shift is 0.6oC. Generally, man is more active and
productive at a higher body temperature. It is, therefore, no
wonder athletes and contestants warm-up before a contest race.