causes of drug abuse karol l. kumpfer, ph.d. professor dept of health promotion and education...
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Causes of Drug Abuse
Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D.ProfessorDept of Health Promotion and EducationUniversity of Utah
Objectives
Explore the factors that cause drug abuse Identify the relationship between drug abuse
and mental illness. Identify the protective processes against
addiction Classify the varying behaviors of a child who
is raised in a home with alcoholism or drug addiction
A Family Disease
Intergenerational transmission of alcoholism and substance misuse
Substance abuse is caused by both genetics and environment and the interaction of both.
“Drunkards beget drunkards!”
Most Genetically Vulnerable: Type II Alcoholics Markers
Many relatives who are alcoholic or drug abusers.
Father developed substance abuse before age 15
Called “early onset alcoholism”. 12 to 18 times more likely to become addicts
than the general population. Youth inheriting this highly genetically inherited
disease are also becoming drug abusers today.
Genetic Risk Factors: What would you see in a highly vulnerable youth? Overstressed Youth Syndrome
Overly Emotional Hyperactive Thrill-seeking Autonomic hyper-reactivity (sweaty palms, rapid
heart rate) Rapid brain waves (less slow alpha) If they drink alcohol their ANS and CNS smooth
out (Schuckit’s research) They report feeling much less stressed.
Genetic Characteristics
Prefrontal Cognitive Dysfunction Lateral dorsal prefrontal area of brain found
recently to develop late in all youth (20-25 years of age).
Genetically vulnerable youth have even more delayed brain development.
Using alcohol or drugs during adolescence can further delay functioning of Prefrontal Cognitive area of brain.
This “Brain Disease” creates difficulty predicting consequences of actions.
Genetic Characteristics
Prefrontal Cognitive Dysfunction (cont.) Youth tend to be less verbal and more
kinesthetic or visual/spatial. They do poorly in elementary school as they are
delayed in reading, writing, and spelling. They can have high analytic or visual spatial
abilities and do better in military or college. Society needs them as visionary leaders,
company directors, artists, architects, athletes, pilots, air traffic controllers, inventors, etc.
Other Genetic Characteristics Rapid Alcohol Metabolism due to genetic
difference in liver enzymes. Can get drunk on very little alcohol Only certain ethnic groups have this—American
Indian, Asians, and some Eastern Europeans, namely: Russian Jews.
Other Neurological Risk Factors Genetically inherited or biologically created
neurotransmitter chemical imbalances in brain (i.e., dopamine, serotonin) causing self-medication
Excessive use of alcohol or drugs creates a “Brain Disease” of neurotransmitter chemical imbalances that can take up to two years to regain balance, resulting in: Depression Anxiety and Panic Attacks Paranoia
Co-morbidity (Drug abuse and mental health disorders) Affective disorders
Men – 33% Women – 55% Anxiety disorders
Men - 43% Women - 71% Conduct Disorders
Men – 59% Women – 32%
Other Mental Health Problems Narcissism Borderline personality Obsessive-compulsive behaviors Bipolar Disorder (manic/depressive)
Physiological Risk
Fetal Alcohol or Drug Syndrome or Effect (FAS/FAE) Unfortunately use of any amount of alcohol or
drugs during pregnancy can damage the fetus. Of interest is that FAS/FAE children have many
of the same characteristics of genetically vulnerable children—hyperactive, emotional, verbal deficits, etc.
Environmental Risk
Type II alcoholism effects about 25% of addicts, but 75% of addictions caused primarily by environmental risks.
Family risk and protective factors Resilience- Nature does not completely
control your destiny Some youth do not succumb to “disease of
life style”!
Interaction Effects between Parent and Child Children’s temperament, personality, and
behaviors affect parents behavior toward them.
Children with “Difficult Temperament” have behavioral under-control and lack impulse control.
They are “early starters” of conduct disorders High behavioral activity level combined with
conduct disorders is related to substance abuse. Parents used more punitive child rearing practices
Other Interactional Effects
Difficult-temperament children are often shunned by family members, teachers and peers.
Youth who engage in parentally disapproved behaviors (drug use), the parent-child relationship is negatively impacted.
Relationship of Risk and Protective Factors: The Social Ecology Model Researchers at the U.S. Center for
Substance Abuse tested a theory using real data on 8,500 high risk youth.
While negative peer influence was still the final pathway to drug use, they found that a positive family environment protects kids from peer influence (CSAP, 2002; Sales et al., in press).
No Substance
Use
Family Supervision
Family and Peer
Norms
Female: (n=5,488)Male: (n=3,023)
Family Bonding
Academic Self-Efficacy
Self-Control
Social and Community Prevention
Environment
Pathways to Preventing Substance Use for High Risk Youth (Kumpfer, Alvarado, & Whiteside, 2003)
Protective Processes
The major protective process is a strong family Strong parent/youth attachment Family supervision Good family communication Good parenting skills Marital harmony
Family Protective Factors (cont.) Spirituality Love Family rituals Sober, non-abusing parents Resilient parents Precise Parenting
Care-taking Ability
Depressed drug-abusing mothers have more positive relationships with children than anti-social mothers
With depressed mothers, children demonstrated positive affect and caring for mother. (could be signs of role-reversal and co-dependency.
Effects of Addiction on the Family Codependency Enabling Assumed roles of children
Hero Child Scapegoat The Lost Child The Clown