ccafs annual report 2012

Unfolding results:CCAFS research into action

CCAFS ANNUAL REPORT 2012

CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)Led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

What CCAFS research aims to inform

Where CCAFS works

THEME 1

Adaptation to progressive climate changeAgricultural and food security strategies that are adapted to climate change promoted by the key development and funding agencies in at least 20 countriesImproved adaptation policies from local to internationallevel supporting farming communities in at least 20 countries

THEME 2

Adaptation through managing climate riskBetter climate-informed management by key agencies of food crisis response, post-crisis recovery and food trade and delivery in at least 12 countriesEnhanced uptake and use of improved climate information products and services in at least 12 countries

THEME 3

Pro-ppoor climate-cchange mitigationImproved knowledge about incentives and institutional arrangements for mitigation practices by resource-poorsmallholders, project developers and policy makers in at least ten countriesKey agencies dealing with climate mitigation in at least ten countries promoting technically and economically feasible agricultural mitigation practices

THEME 4

Integration for decision makingAppropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies mainstreamed into national policies in at least 20 countries, into the development plans of at least five economic areas, and into the key global processesrelated to food security and climate changeImproved databases and methods for planning responses to climate change used by national agencies in at least 20 countries and by at least ten key international and regional agencies

CCAFS expands into Southeast Asia and Latin America

After a rigorous selection process, Southeast Asia and Latin

America were added to CCAFS's initial regional portfolio –

South Asia, East Africa and West Africa. Selection criteria were

discussed during 2010 and 2011 and further deliberated on by

the Program Management Committee and the Independent

Science Panel (ISP). Based on geographical groupings of

countries, nine candidate regions were identified. Three

groups of stakeholders – the CCAFS Program Management

Committee, CCAFS contact points in each of the 15 Centres

and members of the global change community (partners,

donors and colleagues) external to the CGIAR – were asked to

rank the candidate regions against each criterion.

The recommendation that Southeast Asia and Latin America

be selected as new CCAFS regions was endorsed by the ISP

and the CIAT Board of Trustees (BoT) in late 2011 and

activities are now underway in each.

Globally

Latin America

West Africa

East Africa

South Asia

Southeast Asia

ContentsMessage from the Director General, International Center

for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Message from the Program Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Combined efforts – climate-smart outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Enhancing opportunities for our partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Gender, society and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Partnerships and engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

CCAFS communications – a two-way street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Organized for success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Financial highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Donors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Selected publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

CCAFS EEditorial TTeamBruce CampbellSonja VermeulenTorben TimmermannMisha Wolsgaard-IversenVanessa MeaduCecilia Schubert

Writing, eediting aand ggraphic ddesignScriptoria Sustainable Development Communications

ISSN 1904-402X

Correct ccitationCCAFS. 2013. Unfolding results: CCAFS research into action. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture andFood Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Creative CCommons LLicense

This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use ofthis publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes.

PhotographersF. Fiondella (IRI), p3, 10, 16, backJ. Hansen (CCAFS), p5 R. Zougmoré (CCAFS), p8 N. Palmer (CIAT), cover, 1, 2, 11, 13 P. Kumar (IWMI), p12R. E. Valdivia (CIP), p1, 7 V. Reddy (ViDocs), p20C. Schubert (CCAFS), p18

N. Sigtia (CCAFS), p15T. Krupnik (CIMMYT), cover S. Rohl (BoellStiftung), p4M. DeFreese (CIMMYT), p9G. D. Bhatta (CCAFS), p1J. Becker (CIP), p24 A. Ademiluyi, p1

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Message from the Director General,International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT)

1 ANNUAL REPORT 2012

CIAT is proud to be the lead centre of CCAFS. Thereform process in the CGIAR represents the mostradical institutional change that has occurred in theCGIAR's nearly 50-year history, and CCAFS in itsgovernance and partnership strategies is, I believe,a model of that reform.

CIAT has a rich history of climate-change research,but what CCAFS brings is the opportunity for ourscientists to work across the entire CGIAR systemand produce products and outcomes on a scale thatwas not possible in the past. For example, climate-change mitigation in agriculture means working withsoils, crops, pastures, livestock, agroforests, forestsand policy. Through the reform process we now haveteams of scientists working across institutions andbuilding arguably the strongest coalition of scientistsin the world working synergistically on mitigation

issues in developing country agriculture. Similararguments can be made for climate-changeadaptation and climate risk management.

CCAFS has only been operating for two years – and in that period much attention needed to be paidto building new ways of working, facilitating newpartnerships and team work, ensuring data sharingacross institutions and developing newadministrative systems. Nonetheless, as this annualreport attests, CCAFS has been rapidly movingdown the impact pathway, with developmentoutcomes reported and scaling-up initiated in many countries.

Ruben G. EcheverríaDirector General of CIAT

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ANNUAL REPORT 2012 2

Message from the Program Director

CCAFS' planning processes now involve outcomemapping from local to global levels but, to achieveoutcomes, we need more than planning.Ingredients, such as researchers with an outcomeorientation, carefully targeted research, partnershipdevelopment, multi-stakeholder platforms andcapacity enhancement are important – as is time, inmany cases – and sometimes serendipitous. Thus,at the end of the second year of operation ofCCAFS, we are heartened by the number of teamsreporting development outcomes or outcomes-in-the-making.

In 2012, we have seen policy advances in climate-change adaptation and mitigation in more than tencountries where research products from CCAFShave been used to inform decision-makingprocesses. CCAFS also works with majordevelopment actors in order to get research resultsto scale. Key actors like the development bankshave used CCAFS analyses to guide investmentdecisions about climate-change adaptation. A ten-year US$50 million programme focused oncollecting wild relatives of crops and pre-breedingfor climate-change adaptation has used CCAFSresults to prioritize investments.

Evidence-based decision making in agriculture andnatural resource management starts with evidencefrom the practices of farmers, fishers andpastoralists. So CCAFS was excited to initiate itsconcept of 'climate-smart villages' where integratedsolutions to climate change are trialled in aparticipatory manner with local people, but alwayswith an eye to the scaling-up processes that areneeded. On these innovation platforms, learning-by-doing is promoted, best practices are distilled andpolicy challenges and options are identified anddiscussed. There are currently 22 climate-smartvillages concentrated in West Africa, East Africa andSouth Asia. In these villages, testing technologygoes hand-in-hand with strengthening capacity. Forexample, given the focus on gender, some 1700

women farmers received training on managingclimate risks in Bihar in India. Work onbanana–coffee intercropping has fed up into shiftsin attitudes and policies in Rwanda, Burundi andUganda. To illustrate the diversity of topics, in othercountries we have worked with women and schoolchildren to trial climate-smart low-costgreenhouses, assessed mobile-phone farmadvisories for climate risk management and built thecapacity of 3000 farmers for conservationagriculture, amongst many other activities.

Scientists and partners in CCAFS are defining andworking towards new values in the CGIAR: publicaccess to data, gender mainstreamed in all activitiesand attention to partnerships. To mention just oneactivity in each of these spheres, household surveyresults released on the internet prior to any papersbeing published by ourselves have beendownloaded nearly 2000 times in 2012. Our workinghypothesis is that this will result in many usefulpublications on our CCAFS sites, far in excess of thenumber we would be able to produce alone. In 2012the United Nations Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) and CCAFS published guidelinesfor gender-differentiated research on climate changeand agriculture, thus providing the basic tools formainstreaming gender work in all CCAFS activities.And in 2012, the draft results from the partnershipsurvey conducted by an independent evaluatorfound that of 193 partners who responded to thesurvey, 81% were satisfied with their partnership.

Working on CCAFS is a privilege and responsibility.It is an exciting window for producing excellentscience that has impact.

Bruce CampbellProgram Director

Recommendations of the Commissionon Sustainable Agriculture andClimate Change sway game plans

All doctors know that analysing symptoms anddiagnosing problems is the first step to a healthypatient. The need to adapt to and mitigate climatechange to defend the health of the planet is clear.But the starting point has to be scientific evidence.The report Achieving Food Security in the Face ofClimate Change was released in 2012 by theCommission on Sustainable Agriculture and ClimateChange, at the conference Planet Under Pressure, inLondon in March. The Commission was convenedby CCAFS in early 2011, with additional support

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Embedding agriculture firmly in climate-change policies – and climate change inagricultural policies – involves working withmany players, from farmers to global bodies,across the globe. CCAFS brings togetherefforts across a wide range of disciplines.From coordinated action springs innovationand climate-smart outcomes that point theway to transforming the global food system.

from the Global Donor Platform for RuralDevelopment. The report sets out the challenges and recommends ways to tackle them.

"Global policy dialogues need solid scientificevidence." Dr Carlos Nobre, Commissioner

Once the report was launched, the Commissioners,the Secretariat and CCAFS leaders went to work tosway world leaders to consider the recommendations.Commissioners presented the evidence at majorglobal events, giving examples of how food security,sustainable agriculture and climate change areinseparable.

"I am pleased that our seven policyrecommendations were taken up through theAgriculture and Rural Development Day 2012ahead of the Rio+20 summit." Sir John Beddington, Commission Chair

Combined efforts – climate-smart outcomes

3

"Building resilience to climate change andestablishing food security means movingaway from a narrow focus on crop varietiesand agricultural technologies." Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Program Director

ANNUAL REPORT 2012

Safe operating space for interconnected food and climate systems.Developed by the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and ClimateChange in collaboration with University of Minnesota, GlobalLandscapes Initiative. An animated version of this diagram can beaccessed at http://bit.ly/SafeSpaceClimateFood

Read moreAchieving food security in the face of climate changehttp://ccafs.cgiar.org/commission/reportsVideo animationHow to feed the world in 2050http://bit.ly/SafeSpaceClimateFood

MAKING A START ON NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE MITIGATION ACTIONS

As agriculture is a major source of greenhousegases, the potential for reducing emissions fromagriculture to mitigate climate change is huge.Much of the potential is in developing countries.Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs)are a new United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC) mechanism fordeveloping countries to establish mitigation plansand actions.

The rules for NAMAs are not yet agreed, butregardless of how they pan out, NAMAs have tobe country-driven. CCAFS, together with partnersFAO, EcoFYS (a sustainable energy consultancy),UNIQUE Forestry and Land Use (an advisory andmanagement company) and ministry officials from12 countries analysed how agriculture should beconsidered in NAMAs. This work supported thepreparation of agricultural NAMAs in twocountries, led to a funding proposal to create anagricultural NAMA in Indonesia and stimulateduse of key messages in the development of

"What is so important about theseworkshops is that they help to identifyand clarify in broad terms the next stepsthat need to be taken. They establish astarting point for action." Claudio Forner, United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change secretariat

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The upshot of this push is tangible. In Mexico, theCommission Report persuaded Congress to supporta draft climate-change bill, which was subsequentlypassed as the General Climate-Change Law 2012,only the third such law in the world. In Bangladesh,Commissioner Mohammed Asaduzzaman used thereport to validate Bangladesh's submission onagriculture to the Subsidiary Body on Scientific andTechnological Advice. In Kenya, the CommissionReport was a reference for preparing Kenya'sAgriculture Act 2012.

Internationally, the UN Committee on Food Securityagreed key principles on how governments mustaddress the massive food security challenge thatclimate change brings. The decision box on climatechange and food security drew on the CommissionReport. Building on another recommendation, threeCommissioners played leading roles in setting up

NAMAs or other low emissions developmentpolicy in at least five countries. Latin Americansworking on agricultural mitigation decided to worktogether, and Papua New Guineans andMoroccans set about the analyses required toprepare agricultural NAMAs.

Read moreCCAFS Policy Brief No. 7: Paving the way fornationally appropriate mitigation actions in theagricultural sectorhttp://hdl.handle.net/10568/24832

Moves forward on climateinformation services for farmers

In an increasingly uncertain climate, traditionalknowledge of when to sow and harvest and when toexpect rains, may no longer be enough to keepfarmers in vulnerable areas food secure. What theyneed is information on weather and climate.

"With habitat loss and biodiversity decline, we have simply lost some valuable climatepattern indicators; this is where we canbenefit from climate service expertise." Paul Thiaw, Senegalese farmer

Making climate information more useful for farmers isan important part of CCAFS work to help farmersadapt to climate change. Work links the considerableresearch capacity of CGIAR Centers with partnerssuch as the World Meteorological Organization, theInternational Research Institute for Climate and

the international Knowledge Systems forSustainability initiative.

Read moreScaling-up climate services for farmers in Africa and SouthAsiahttp://scalingup.iri.columbia.edu/Equity and capacity building: key when scaling-up climateserviceshttp://bit.ly/ZkO79J

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5

"Men farmers use met[eorological] informationin the daytime for the field, whereas womenfarmers constantly use it for livelihoodpurposes and household responsibilities." Aminata Bagayoko, farmer, Cinzana, Mali

"A good climate service has to begin with farmers." Arame Tall, CCAFS

ANNUAL REPORT 2012

Society and regional climate centres and nationalmeteorological services in Africa. CCAFS is a co-sponsor of the Climate Services Partnership – aglobal network of climate and developmentinstitutions, researchers and donors interested instrengthening climate services through networking,knowledge-sharing and creating new knowledge onwhat makes climate services work well.

One of the main issues partners tackle is how toprovide the right information in the right way at theright time in remote areas. To find out what worksand does not work in developing countries, CCAFSpartners evaluated climate services in Africa andSouth Asia. Across the case studies, the importanceof local context surfaced repeatedly.

The research by CCAFS partners in India and Malifound that farmers need to be involved in decidingwhat, when and how they want information, and thatit is important to find ways to reach women, andpoor and socially marginalized groups. Gender playsan important role in the different ways that men andwomen use climate services.

TACKLING VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATECHANGE IN NEPAL

In Nepal, nearly 70% of the population relieson subsistence agriculture. Agricultureaccounts for 96% of all water use but only24% of arable land is irrigated. Nearly 85% ofrain falls from June to September during themonsoon. In 2008–2009 two million peoplewent hungry when rains failed. In short, ruralNepalese are extremely vulnerable and havelittle to draw on in coping with climate change.

The International Water Management Institute(IWMI) identified the most vulnerablecatchments in Nepal and modelled watershedmanagement scenarios that would mitigate theeffects of changes in climate in these basins.The Asian Development Bank and NepaleseDepartment of Soil Outputs Conservation andWatershed Management used this informationto plan pilot projects for the Climate Investment Fund's Pilot Program for ClimateResilience.

Helping vulnerable communities to cope withclimate variability and extremes strengthenstheir resilience to the long-term and uncertainimpacts of climate change. This workcomplements other climate-change initiativesand will help vulnerable Nepalese to manageboth their environment and climate change.

Read moreIWMI: Spotlight on Nepalhttp://bit.ly/IWMI_Nepal

This kind of work can influence big players in climateservices to cater to the needs of smallholderfarmers. The findings were used by the UnitedStates Agency for International Development toinform its Climate Change and DevelopmentStrategy. World Vision also plans to include climateservices for farmers in the Secure the Futureprogramme in East Africa. More than that though,the CCAFS work showed how useful it is to examinethe strengths, weaknesses and benefits of existingclimate services.

Read morePutting climate forecasts into farmers' hands http://bit.ly/o1TysqFollowing up on last year's climate forecast workshop –what happened next?http://bit.ly/17MtjqJ

Read moreWest African countries chart plans to improveclimate information for farmershttp://bit.ly/WestAfrica_climateinfo

SETTING UP NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FORCLIMATE SERVICES IN WEST AFRICA

Setting up services to provide farmers with theinformation they need when they need it incountries where meteorological offices are intheir infancy means determining the obstaclesand mapping ways to overcome them. To dothis, CCAFS brought together 50 peopleinvolved in producing, delivering and usingclimate services in West Africa at a workshopin Senegal.

What emerged from discussions was thatmeteorological services in West Africa urgentlyneed strengthening if useful services are tobecome a reality. Roadmaps produced duringthe workshop sketched out ways to overcomethis major obstacle and move forward ondeveloping climate services in the region.

"As the climate grows increasinglyunpredictable, farmers will need seasonalforecasts to help them plan their cropping cycleand reduce the impact of weather variability." Ousmane Ndiaye, Agence Nationale de la Météorologie du Sénégal

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Farmers take to seasonal forecasts

At present, farmers in the West African Sahel havelittle or no information on likely weather conditionsfor the next growing season. They need theseseasonal forecasts to help them decide what andwhen to plant, and how much fertilizer and otherinputs to use.

After attending workshops – run by CCAFSclimatologists, non-governmental organizations(NGOs) and agricultural advisers in Tougou, BurkinaFaso, and Ségou, Mali – farmers quickly took tousing a seasonal forecast to plan ahead. They usedforecasts for the 2012 rainy season derived fromlong-term climate data to decide which crops togrow, when and how. In Tougou, because theforecast was for above-normal annual rainfall for2012, farmers planted early varieties of millet,sorghum, maize, cowpea and groundnut on higherground and rain-fed rice in lower areas. Theyvaccinated livestock against water-borne diseasesand moved animals from low lying areas. In Ségou,Mali, extension services acted on the forecasts andrecommended growing late maturing varieties until

Acceptance of climate-smartbanana–coffee intercropping

Not a lot of research has considered the advantagesand disadvantages of different ways of growingcoffee or banana. Government and other advisoryservices in Central Africa, with little information to goon, have taken the default position andrecommended – sometimes even forced – farmers tomonocrop both crops.

Researchers at the International Institute for TropicalAgriculture (IITA), the International Center forTropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the WorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF) looked at coffee andbanana systems in several Central African countriesand found that a system where farmers grow coffee

the end of June, and planting early maturing varietiesat the beginning of July.

"The project has shown the virtues of aparticipatory approach, where meteorologicalservices, such as Agence Nationale de laMétéorologie du Sénégal, work together withfarmers to determine what sort of informationthey need." Kevin Coffey, CCAFS Science Officer, International ResearchInstitute for Climate and Society, Columbia University

The total yield value of intercropped fields was much higher thanmonocropped coffee or banana in farmer control fields. Income increasedmore than 50% with intercropping. Source: van Asten at al, 2012.

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Read moreTowards climate-smart agriculture: lessons from a coffee ×banana casehttp://edepot.wur.nl/210075In Uganda, coffee and banana go better togetherhttp://bit.ly/Bananacoffee


Youth adapt and spread climate-smart wheat practices

In the Indo-Gangetic Plain, agriculture suffers fromserious land degradation, declining ground waterlevels, falling productivity, migration of farm labourand high production costs. Frequent floods anddroughts exacerbate these challenges. Providinginformation in the right way at the right time canencourage young people to believe that they have afuture in agriculture. Young energetic farmers canpush adoption of climate-smart practices in thewider community.

The International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCenter (CIMMYT) took the 'youth route' to adaptingand out-scaling climate-smart practices. Youthcooperatives are a new approach to getting youngpeople into agriculture and jobs related toagriculture. Young people are open to up-to-dateknowledge provided by the cooperatives and bymobile phone. They are good at adapting resourcemanagement and conservation agriculture to localcircumstances. Their networks encourage farmer-to-farmer extension and they are not slow to showcasewhat they do. Over 70 local and national dailynewspapers and national news channels have runarticles on the climate-smart wheat conservationagriculture activities of youth groups.

As well as getting media coverage, rural youth andfarmer cooperatives have spread climate-smart

and banana side-by-side has many advantages. Byintercropping, farmers spread their risks, an importantconsideration as climate becomes more variable. Ifcoffee fails they still have banana and vice versa.What is more, farmers can produce much more on apiece of land without detriment to the yield of eithercrop. Incomes can go up by as much as a half.Ugandan farmers say that another advantage is thatthe bananas shade the coffee bushes making themless susceptible to drought and extreme weather.

Rwanda's Minister of Agriculture moved on thesefindings, inviting IITA and the heads of the exportauthority and research and extension to a meeting todiscuss changing policies on coffee. Changes inpolicy will reinforce recent changes inrecommendations on coffee and banana cropping bycoffee authorities in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda.

wheat conservation agriculture practices to morethan 3000 people. Farmers have improved theirincomes by US$127–315 per hectare per cropseason. Politicians are taking note. The ChiefMinister of Haryana recently announced incentivesfor the adoption and promotion of climate-smart andresource-efficient technologies.

Read moreProyecto ALTAGRO CIP-CIDAhttp://inrm.cip.cgiar.org/altagro/

Read moreModern ICT for Agricultural Development and RiskManagement in Smallholder Agriculture in India. CIMMYTSocioeconomics Working Paper No. 3. (2012)http://bit.ly/10vD6Ev

Future Andean farmers prepare forchanges in climate

On another continent, in the Peru-Bolivia altiplano, theInternational Potato Center (CIP) is also preparingfarmers of the future to cope with climate change. CIPresearch indicates that, while changes in climatetowards higher temperatures could be good foragriculture, converting pastures into cropland couldrelease a lot of carbon to the atmosphere.

Researchers and partners are working with schoolsto teach the farmers of the future other ways to copewith a changing climate. Combining efforts, theytaught 1200 children in 16 rural schools to raiseseed, produce organic fertilizers, value-add toproduce and make export quality handicrafts.Around 150 students – girls and boys – and 185women learned to build greenhouses and to grow 18different crops. They harvested 2–4 crops a yearwhere only one crop is usually feasible because ofthe harsh climate. A non-governmental agency inneighbouring Bolivia has taken up the idea and isworking with schools in a similar way.

"The idea is to provide the mechanisms forfostering the formation of the future farmersunder an uncertain climate. In all those schools,teachers become the extension agents." Roberto Quiroz, International Potato Center

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Although many developing countries are likelyto feel the harsh impacts of climate change,they often lack the capacity to cope with itseffects. As such, countries in Africa and SouthAsia are disadvantaged when it comes tomeasuring and mitigating greenhouse gasemissions, accessing carbon markets,negotiating climate-change agreements andadapting farming technologies.

Enhancing opportunities for our partners

CCAFS' approach in enhancing capacity is toprovide in-country training opportunities thatfacilitate climate-oriented research, knowledge-sharing networks and skills in measuring andmitigating the effects of climate change.

Tackling livestock emissions

According to the FAO, livestock are responsible for18% of greenhouse gas emissions. Reducingemissions from livestock systems is therefore criticalfor stabilizing global climate change. But as demandfor livestock products escalates, Africa lags behindin its ability to mitigate the greenhouse gasesassociated with production and transportation.

In September 2012, working with the Global AllianceLivestock Research Group and International

Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), CCAFS held atraining workshop on measuring and mitigatinggreenhouse gases in African livestock systems. NineAfrican countries participated: Burkina Faso,Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, South Africa,Tanzania and Uganda.

Leading international scientists from theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)trained participants in the IPCC methodology forcreating greenhouse gas inventories. The workshopconcluded with a detailed work plan to improvecollaboration, develop national inventories and putmitigation actions into practice.

The 2012 workshop was a first step in ILRI's longer-term goal of establishing a network of centresmeasuring greenhouse gas emissions across Africa.These centres will provide African countries with theknowledge and data necessary to develop mitigationstrategies that conform to international protocolsand are acceptable to local farmers. With suchstrategies in place, the livestock sector in Africa willbe on course to access the Clean DevelopmentMechanism and other emerging carbon markets.

Read moreMeasurement and mitigation of greenhouse gases inAfrican livestock systems: building capacity to meet thechallenge. Workplan and Workshop Report.http://hdl.handle.net/10568/27780

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Read moreImproving wheat seed system and end-use quality inEthiopiahttp://blog.cimmyt.org/?p=9807Laying foundations to create productive andsustainable cropping systems in Asiahttp://blog.cimmyt.org/?p=8571

ADAPTING MAIZE SYSTEMS TO CLIMATE CHANGE

For farmers growing maize, extreme drought andheat stress caused by global climate change canmean yields drop or even that crops fail. One wayof combating this problem is to grow maize withgenetic tolerance to the new conditions. But inthose countries most vulnerable to the effects ofclimate-change, knowledge of the relationshipbetween crop performance and weather variationsis often limited.

To strengthen in-country capacity for monitoringmeteorological conditions, CCAFS teamed upwith the International Maize and WheatImprovement Center (CIMMYT) and nationalresearch institutes from South Asia, and East andSouthern Africa. During 2012, capacity-buildingcourses in India and Ethiopia attracted scientistsand technicians from national institutes and seedcompanies in Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, India,Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

"Our aim was to add an environmentalcheck to existing field trials for maize.Through hands-on training, in-countryresearchers are now equipped to installweather stations and monitor how

"African seed companies and governmentagencies just aren't in touch with climate-change predictions published in scientificjournals. So looking at downscaledprojections for their regions really broughthome how much conditions are expected tochange, and how much seed-breedingprogrammes need to adapt." Jill Cairns, Maize Physiologist, CIMMYT

Course participants also learned how climate changewill affect maize-growing areas in the future.

meteorological conditions affect crop performance." Jill Cairns, Maize Physiologist, CIMMYT

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Inequalities between men and women may bemade worse by climate change. Without anunderstanding of the different needs of menand women, and the different problems theyface, attempts to help them adapt to climatechange will risk leaving women behind andhinder efforts for broader development.CCAFS sees taking gender into account ascrucial to achieving climate-smart agriculture.

Gender, society and climate change

"Equal access to key assets could raise totalagricultural production in developing countriesby 2.5 to 4%, which could in turn reduce thenumber of hungry people in the world by 12 to17%, or 100 to 150 million people. This'gender gap' has massive implications forpoverty reduction and nutrition." Stephen Hall, WorldFish Center

Governmental and non-governmental partners inBangladesh, Uganda and Ghana are benefiting fromjoint efforts led by CCAFS and FAO to widely sharenew gender, climate change-focused research tools,learning materials and evidence from initial studiesthrough training courses. In addition to these, acapacity-strengthening competitive grants initiativecatalysed studies by partners in five countries andthree CCAFS regions. The studies have generatednew knowledge on critical links between climate

change and gender, and built local capacity ingender-climate change research, a real gap untilnow. CCAFS has also been working closely withorganizations, such as CARE International, whichalso prioritize gender and pro-poor smallholder work,providing key research approaches and evidence tosupport the design of a new 'climate-smartagriculture' initiative in East Africa.

WORLDFISH GEARS UP TO MAINSTREAMGENDER IN CCAFS

Women in fisheries often bear the brunt ofpoverty. WorldFish is leading the way inapplying gender transformative approaches. Aproject in Bangladesh directly addressesgender issues.

A cage and pond aquaculture project looks athow gender influences decisions on whether ornot to go for 'climate-smart' fish cages andpond polyculture. An understanding of theinfluence of gender will be used to designways to get around constraints.

Read moreWhat does "taking a gender-transformativeapproach" really mean? http://bit.ly/11gmIUT

"It is important to recognize gender differencesand conduct gender research that will allowCCAFS researchers and partners tounderstand how to overcome suchdifferences, so both men and women areincluded in intervention strategies." Patti Kristjanson, CCAFS Theme Leader

Read moreGender, Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Securityhttp://www.ccafs.cgiar.org/gender

GENDER, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES ANDADAPTATION IN NEPAL

Gender is only one of many factors that affectpower and influence. Research on systemicintegrated adaptation brings togethersociology, global environmental change,economics, finance and politics. The first fieldresearch, in Nepal, captured information on theimpact of climate change and climatevariability. Researchers consulted a wide rangeof people, from householders to centralgovernment officials.

There were interestingfindings. For example,when women belongingto the minority Yadavcaste get married,usually in their mid tolate teens, they are notallowed to leave theirmarital home for the firstfive years, and they arenever allowed to joingroups, such as

women's farming groups or loans and savingsgroups. As most non-governmentaldevelopment programmes in Nepal involvegroups this means women cannot take part inany training, voting or committees. They cannotaccess credit of any kind except through theirhusbands or fathers. Women married intoextended families have very little freedom andinfluence in the home. The most significantbarrier was their mothers-in-law.

Women's numeracy and literacy in comparisonto men is extraordinarily low. Older womenwho can write their names have learned to doso when they were adult. Illiteracy impedesmany facets of women's lives, including inaccessing information and choosing adaptationoptions.

Given the deep-rooted, historically and sociallydriven nature of gender and other imbalancesprevailing in many communities, this kind ofresearch will deepen understanding of sociallydifferentiated roles, and help develop tools foranalysing gender and social differences.

An important starting point – gender-disaggregated data

Gender equity gaps, such as inequitable access toagricultural resources and information, imply that menand women have different vulnerabilities and differentadaptive capacities. Climate change has the potentialto aggravate poverty and to reinforce genderinequalities. To start to redress gender inequalitiesCCAFS has been catalysing new efforts to collectgender-disaggregated data, involving the InternationalFood Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), InternationalLivestock Research Institute (ILRI), World AgroforestryCentre (ICRAF), CIAT and several university partners.Together, partners have been designing new intra-household gender surveys, training data collectorsand carrying out surveys, initially in four regions andfive countries. The data collected builds on earlierbaseline work and provides a much richer knowledgebase for guiding policies and programmes toempower women, reduce inequities and increaseresilience to a changing climate.

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Read moreTraining Guide for Gender and Climate ChangeResearch in Agriculture and Food Security for RuralDevelopment.http://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/gender

Read moreCCAFS Report 8. Institutional innovations in Africansmallholder carbon projectshttp://hdl.handle.net/10568/21222CCAFS Working Paper 30. Smallholder agricultural carbonprojects in Ghana: benefits, barriers, and institutionalarrangementshttp://hdl.handle.net/10568/25134

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Read moreCreating empowerment in India – women trained to trainothers on climate adaptationhttp://bit.ly/ZJDokzHundreds of Bihar women get trained on climate changeand food securityhttp://bit.ly/ZhXxBN

Gender and climate finance – towardsequitable benefits

Agricultural carbon finance initiatives involve carbonbuyers paying land managers to curtail emissions orstart sequestering carbon, for example by plantingtrees. These initiatives have the potential to help putsmallholder farmers on the path to climate-smart cropand land management. The danger is that poorerfarmers and women may lose out. In the NyandoRiver catchment in Western Kenya, CARE and CCAFSexplored how to tap carbon finance to tackle pocketsof extreme poverty and environmental degradation.They set out to pinpoint barriers faced by women –land and tree tenure, labour, knowledge andleadership – and identify strategies and institutionalarrangements that would ensure equitableparticipation and a fair share of benefits.

Lessons learned show that women are in a betterposition to benefit from carbon finance whencontracts involve small groups, when payments aremade directly to them, for example by cell phone,and when land ownership is not required. Trainingcourses tailored to and facilitated by women, attimes of the day when women are free to participate,also help. In sum, women are likely to benefit morefrom a broad 'climate-smart agriculture' approachthat involves new institutional arrangements to bettersupport equitable participation and benefits than apurely 'carbon finance' approach. The learningmethodology in this research-for-action partnership,and the evidence drawn out by researchers andpractitioners working closely together, has re-oriented the second phase of the programme whichis now expanding to three other countries.

See moreParticipatory video training in Nepalhttp://bit.ly/IWMImultimedia

A little learning goes a long way –women's voices on climate change in Nepal

CCAFS partners, the International Water ManagementInstitute (IWMI) and the Rural Self RelianceDevelopment Center in Thadhi Jhijha, Dhanusha,Nepal, taught women to film each other and make avideo. The women speak about how climaticvariability affects crops, men's migration, women'sstanding, and how the weather and seasons areembedded in cultural and religious practices.

Women farmers in Nepal feel they have littleinfluence on policies and interventions that aim toreduce their vulnerability. The CCAFS training gavethe women skills and self-confidence. This mayencourage them to tackle the issues that concernthem, to join advocacy networks and voice theirconcerns nationally and internationally. The videohas already been viewed and discussed at a nationalworkshop on aid effectiveness.

'Aha moment' for women in Bihar

Training by CCAFS' partners, Alternative Futures and anon-governmental organization, Bihar MahilaSamakhya, prompted an 'aha moment' for leadingwomen in rural Bihar. For the first time they realizedthat something called 'climate change' was the causeof more frequent, intense and unpredictable floods,erratic rainfall, shorter harder winters, longer hottersummers and more water shortages. The training,reaching 1700 women, took an unusual slant,explaining sometimes complex issues on climatechange, climate-smart agriculture and gender relationsusing day-to-day examples, songs and poems.

"Now I can relate climate change to what I seehappening on our farms." Sarita Kumari, Purnea District

Imaginative training can be a successful way ofencouraging women to adopt climate-resilientfarming practices. In Bihar, a women's self-helpgroup is introducing climate-smart ways to work.This is exactly what training for women endeavoursto encourage.

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CCAFS seeks to: Provide a credible and authoritative

platform for scientific information, knowledge and tools on agriculture and food security under climate change

Engage actively at all levels to facilitate user-driven research, science-based dialogue, knowledge-sharing and evidence-based policy among key partners

Partnerships and engagement

These objectives call for CCAFS to work withinpartnerships and coalitions in all aspects of its work– the new way of working in the CGIAR. Strategicpartnerships will be critical to ensuring that researchmaintains relevancy to dynamic policy agendas,scientific knowledge is co-generated and co-owned,and space is created for science-based dialogueamong different sectors and interest groups.

Making African voices heard at Doha

For the first time, African countries have provided ajoint submission on agriculture to the UNFCCC,making the continent's views known to theSubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice(SBSTA) and the Conference of Parties (COP)process. This clear Africa position in the UNFCCCprocess argues for the inclusion of agriculture in anyinternational agreement on climate change, providingAfrican countries with access to research, technology

and capacity to adapt to climate change as well asbuilding co-benefits for mitigation.

An agreement at COP17 in 2011 mandated SBSTA toconsider issues related to agriculture and to preparea decision for adoption at COP18 in Doha in 2012.The African Group of Negotiators (AGN) previouslyhad divergent views and was slow to appreciate therole of agriculture in the negotiations as mostmembers tended to see agriculture only in thecontext of adaptation.

CCAFS, in partnership with the Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the EastAfrica Community (EAC) and the Southern AfricaDevelopment Community (SADC), organized twoworkshops in Arusha, Tanzania, and Johannesburg,South Africa, to help further articulate the Africanposition on agriculture. These workshops, togetherwith other national meetings, helped build awarenessand understanding of the issues related to theimpacts of climate change on agriculture and theimpacts of agriculture on climate change.

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Read moreCCAFS at COP18/CMP8http://bit.ly/CCAFSCOP18Africa at COP18/CMP8http://www.afdb.org/en/cop/news/

"The AGN now recognize that althoughagriculture can be seen in the context ofadaptation, there are co-benefits to mitigationactions. Key issues of focus include: the criticalimpact of agriculture as it contributes to oursustainable development in Africa, the adverseimpacts of climate change on agriculture in thecountry, technology transfer, appropriatebreeds, how to support farmers address theimpacts of climate change affecting ourproduction and the entire value chain and thelivelihood connection." Chebet Maikut, Principal Programme Officer, MitigationClimate Change Unit, Ministry of Water and Environment,Uganda

WORKING BACKWARDS TO PLAN FOR THE FUTURE

The ability to better articulate issues related toagriculture and climate change has built theconfidence levels of the AGN leading to betteroutcomes during COP negotiations.

"The AGN can comfortably and confidentlyapply the SBSTA mandate from Article 9 of theconvention in the African context regardingagriculture." Fredrick Kossam, Head of Climate Change and ResearchServices, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,Malawi

The new partnership between CCAFS and the AfricaClimate Policy Centre, and continued collaborationwith regional bodies (COMESA, EAC and SADC),enabled further scaling-up of the science and policydialogue. CCAFS scientists provided a synthesis ofsubmissions to SBSTA, and to inform further theAfrican position during COP18.

Developing regional strategies by 'back-casting'involves working back from a co-created desiredscenario in the future to the present. Itsadvantage is that it takes strategic planners awayfrom planning forward to the future, which usuallyleads to plans that build on and plan for the past.CCAFS introduced scenarios in workshops in2011 and, during 2012, several workshops wereheld in Africa and South Asia. For example, overtwo and half days in September 2012,participants from ministries in Kenya, Tanzania,Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Ethiopia usedback-casting to develop a strategic vision of thefuture and explored strategies towards this visionusing alternate plausible scenarios. Another keyoutcome of the workshop was co-learning aboutscenario methodologies and potentialpartnerships among participants that could leadto policy implementation in the region based onthe scenarios.

The East Africa Strategic Futures Workshop, heldin Arusha, Tanzania, was organized by CCAFS incollaboration with the Society for InternationalDevelopment for Eastern Africa and Panos EastAfrica.

Read moreWorking backwards to plan for future food security inEast Africahttp://bit.ly/15DI5na

In East Africa civil society and private sector actorsconceptualized how they might arrive at a shared visionof the future given a variety of potential scenarios. The‘industrious ant’ scenario involves working with acooperative, unified government that plans ahead foradaptation. The ‘herd of zebras’ is unified, but reactive.‘Lone leopards’ are proactive, but fragmented, while‘sleeping lions’ are completely individualistic andconcerned with the status quo, making them the mostdifficult to work with. Stakeholders must come up with away to achieve their future vision under any one of thesepossible scenarios.

The ‘industrious ants’ are unified and proactive.

‘Lone leopards’ are proactive as well, but more fragmented and individualistic.

The development and use of scenarios helps reveal key issuesaround improving future food security, environments and

livelihoods. Artwork Copyright Mouvine Were.

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INTER-CENTRE COLLABORATION: THE KEYTO DATA HARMONIZATION AND DATAINTEGRATION

The CGIAR Generation Challenge Program(GCP) assists developing-world researchers toaccess improved plant breeding technologiesand a broader pool of plant genetic diversity.GCP and CCAFS co-organized a workshopbringing together CGIAR Centres to collaborateon the development of crop trait dictionaries ofthe GCP Crop Ontology (CO) and potentiallinks to the Global Agricultural Trial Repository(AgTrials).

AgTrials stores data sets uploaded by partners,enabling the creation of an online atlas ofevaluation sites. The CO is creating a commonlanguage that can be used by breeders,database managers and crop modellers. TheCO website also provides access to the traitdictionaries, which are a valuable resource forAgTrials. By matching all measured variablesnamed in AgTrials to similar terms in the CO,trait-based queries can be used to retrieveevaluation data files and sites.

The CGIAR crop lead centres includeBioversity International, International Maize andWheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT),International Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT), International Potato Center (CIP),International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA), International Crops Research Institute forthe Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) andInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

Read moreIntegrated Breeding Platform. Providing resourcesand building professional networks for plant breedinghttp://www.integratedbreeding.org

Scaling-up climate services forfarmers in Africa and South Asia

Through partnerships with major organizations andprogrammes investing in climate services, CCAFShas played a key role in the recent surge of interest instrengthening climate services in developingcountries. In 2012, CCAFS research andcommunication efforts had a tangible influence onthe strategic direction of the Climate ServicesPartnership (CSP), and of two core partners – theUnited States Agency for International Development(USAID) and World Vision – within the CSP network,leading to more emphasis on targeting smallholderfarmers.

In preparation for a workshop in Senegal inDecember 2012, CCAFS supported a USAID-commissioned evaluation of the agrometeorologicaladvisory programme in Mali, and conducted a similarevaluation of India's agrometeorological advisoryprogramme. The workshop, organized and co-fundedby CCAFS, the World Meteorological Organization(WMO), USAID and CSP, used lessons from Indiaand Mali in considering key challenges tostrengthening and scaling-up climate services. Withbroad participation from 30 countries, the workshopfostered South-South learning and collaborationbetween sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia onstrengthening climate services for smallholderfarmers. It focused on overcoming challenges thatconfront efforts to use climate-related information toimprove the lives of smallholder farmers. Workshopparticipants proposed actionable ideas foraddressing these challenges within and acrossregions, and USAID funding has been mobilized tosupport their implementation.

accompanied by avideo animation titled'How to feed the Worldin 2050', which helpedbring the Commission'srecommendations tolife.

The report receivedextensive internationalmedia coverage, by theBritish BroadcastingCompany (BBC),Reuters, Time, Nature,Scientific American,Voice of America, Inter-

Press Service and 30 others. The 7 April 2012 NewYork Times editorial page dedicated one of its fourstories to the Commission. Op-eds byCommissioners were published in the HuffingtonPost, the Asia Sentinel, the New Agriculturist,International Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentClimate Change Policy and Practice, SciDevNet andAlertNet. Within one day of the launch 400 hardcopies of the report and additional copies of the

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Read morehttp://ccafs.cgiar.org/commission

CCAFS communications are a two-way street.On the one hand, it is important to translatecomplex information and research findingsinto useful information for a vast array ofstakeholders with different needs. And, on theother hand, it is important to understand theinformation needs of different groups. CCAFSclimate-change communications informpolicymakers, development partners,researchers and farmers so that they canmake decisions with a greater understandingof the interactions between local conditions,national policies and programmes, andinternational development, in the face ofmultiple drivers of change.

CCAFS communications – a two-way street

Global Commission creates waveswith food security report

In March 2012, the Commission on SustainableAgriculture and Climate Change released its finalreport, Achieving Food Security in the Face ofClimate Change. The report was launched at thePlanet Under Pressure conference in London UK,which was organized by the global environmentalchange community. The report's launch was

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Media worldwide latch on to climatechange and food issues

Climate change and food systems are inextricablylinked: food systems contribute significantly to globalgreenhouse gas emissions, but agriculture is alsohighly vulnerable to climate change. In October 2012,CCAFS launched two publications exploring the linksbetween climate change and food systems, and theimplications.

The first was a paper on climate change and foodsystems in the Annual Review of Environment andResources. The paper provided a comprehensivereview of what the scientific community currentlyknows about the impacts of climate change onagriculture, the impacts of agriculture on climatechange, and the options for adaptation andmitigation.

The second was a CCAFS policy brief outlining theoutlook for major food staples and critical naturalresources in a changing climate. The policy briefdrew on a CCAFS Working Paper, Impacts of climatechange on the agricultural and aquatic systems and

natural resources within the CGIAR's mandate,authored by over 70 scientists at 14 CGIAR Centresfor input to the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) onfood security and nutrition that advises theCommittee on World Food Security (CFS).

The two publications, which were launched together,received considerable media attention. CCAFSscientists were invited to speak on BBC Focus onAfrica (radio and television), BBC television WorldNews and Al Jazeera television. The issues werepicked up by global media agencies includingReuters, BBC News, Guardian Global Development,Agencia EFE (Spain), Deutsche Presse-Agentur(Germany), Reuters AlertNet , Deutsche Welle andNatureNews. Features in the media stories tookvarious angles, such as whether bananas mightreplace potatoes under a changing climate, andsparked a debate in the UK about emissions fromlocally grown as opposed to imported lamb.

A number of CGIAR Centres, including IWMI,Bioversity International, ILRI and CIAT also publishedrelated news stories, fleshing out some of the factsand figures.

Read moreClimate change and food systemshttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608CCAFS Policy Brief No. 6:Recalibrating food production in the developing world:global warming will change more than just the climate. http://hdl.handle.net/10568/24696

summary had been distributed. The documents weredownloaded over 30,000 times from the CCAFSwebsite in 2012. The video animation was viewedover 16,000 times on YouTube in 2012.

CCAFS research on greenhouse gas emissions from thewhole food system was widely reported. This figure showspartitioning of production-based food chain greenhousegas emissions, excluding land-use change, for China andUK. The estimated megatonnes of carbon dioxideequivalent for 2007 are indicated. Source: Vermeulen SJ,et al. 2012. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37:195-222

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Read moreSmall wins for small farmers at Rio+20http://bit.ly/Rio4Ag

Smallholder farmers make gains atRio+20 conference

At the 2012 UN Conference on SustainableDevelopment (UNCSD, also known as Rio+20),CCAFS helped convene the 4th Agriculture and RuralDevelopment Day (ARDD). Over 600 onsite and 600offsite stakeholders from across the agriculture andfood sectors shared and discussed solutions andinnovations for transforming food systems, especiallyunder climate change.

ARDD was organized by a consortium of partners.Hosts were Empresa Brasileira de PesquisaAgropecuária (EMBRAPA) and the CGIAR Consortium.Event sponsors included the Center for InternationalForestry Research (CIFOR), Technical Centre forAgricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),R3EZIS, Food, Agriculture and Natural ResourcesPolicy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), the World Bankand Yara International. Event co-organizers includedthe Danish Food and Agriculture Council, FAO,Farming First, Global Forum on Agricultural Research(GFAR), the Global Donor Platform for RuralDevelopment, International Foundation for OrganicAgriculture (IFOAM), World Farmers Organisation andthe World Food Programme. The media partner wasReuters AlertNet and the communications team

included staff from many of these organizations as wellas from CGIAR Centres.

ARDD participants called upon Rio+20 negotiators tocreate a 'new vision for sustainable development'that recognizes the significance of agriculture foreconomic growth, food security, poverty reductionand long-term environmental sustainability. CCAFSparticipated in a large collective communicationseffort with all partners to put this message across.Social reporting from key sessions and plenarymeetings ensured that messages reached relevantaudiences. CCAFS staff reported live for the CCAFSblog and also produced summaries of developmentsand updates every other day. These were shared byemail with CCAFS colleagues and partners at Rio+20and beyond. In all, the CCAFS communications teamproduced 13 Rio+20-related stories.

The final text from Rio+20 took the call for a 'newvision' on board, making several significant mentionsof food security, sustainable agriculture and farming,and acknowledging that smallholders are keystakeholders.

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Organized for successIndependent Science Panel

Fatima DDenton, African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) and theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)Ariel DDinar, Department of Environmental Sciences, University ofCalifornia (USA)Takeshi HHorie, National Agriculture and Food ResearchOrganization (NARO) (Japan)Thierry LLebel, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie etEnvironnement (LTHE) (France)Holger MMeinke, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA) and theSchool of Agricultural Science at the University of Tasmania (UTAS)(Australia)Thomas RRosswall, Chair (France)Mary SScholes, Vice-Chair, School of Animal, Plant andEnvironmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand (SouthAfrica)Lindiwe MMajele SSibanda, Food, Agriculture and Natural ResourcesPolicy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) (South Africa)Ram BBadan SSingh, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences(India)Christof WWalter, Christof Walter Consulting Ltd (UK)Rik LLeemans, ex officio, Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP)(Future Earth as of 31 December 2012 (Netherlands)Bruce CCampbell, ex officio, Program Director, International Centerfor Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)

Program Management Committee

Pramod AAggarwal, Regional Program Leader (South Asia),International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (India)Andrew JJarvis, Theme Leader (Theme 1), International Center forTropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)James WW. HHansen, Theme Leader (Theme 2), Columbia University(USA)Eva ''Lini' WWollenberg, Theme Leader (Theme 3), University ofVermont (USA)Philip TThornton, Theme Leader (Theme 4), International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI) (Kenya)Bruce CCampbell, ex officio, Program Director, International Centerfor Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)

CCAFS staff

Coordinating UnitBruce CCampbell, Program Director, International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)Torben TTimmermann, Head of Program Coordination andCommunications, University of Copenhagen (Denmark)Sonja VVermeulen, Head of Research, University of Copenhagen(Denmark)Gloria CCecilia RRengifo, Senior Manager, Finance, Contracts andLiaison, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)(Colombia)Misha WWolsgaard-IIversen, Program Manager, University ofCopenhagen (Denmark)Ratih SSeptivita, Events and Program Support Consultant (Indonesia)Vanessa MMeadu, Communications and Knowledge Manager (UK)

Theme LeadersAndrew JJarvis, Theme 1, International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)Andrew CChallinor, Theme 1, University of Leeds (UK)James WW. HHansen, Theme 2, Columbia University (USA)Eva ''Lini' WWollenberg, Theme 3, University of Vermont (USA)Philip TThornton, Theme 4, International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI) (Kenya)Patti KKristjanson, Theme 4, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)(Kenya)Gerald NNelson, Theme 4, International Food Policy ResearchInstitute (IFPRI) (USA)

Regional Program LeadersPramod AAggarwal, South Asia, International Water ManagementInstitute (IWMI) (India)James KKinyangi, East Africa, International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI) (Kenya)Robert ZZougmoré, West Africa, International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (Mali)Paul FFox, interim, Southeast Asia, International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) (Vietnam)

Scenarios LeaderKasper KKok, Wageningen University (Netherlands), replacing John IIngram, Oxford University (UK)

Science OfficersOsana BBonilla-FFindji, Theme 1, International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT) (Colombia)Kevin CCoffey, Theme 2, Columbia University (USA)Moushumi CChaudhury, Theme 4, World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF) (Kenya)Wiebke FFoerch, Theme 4, International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI) (Kenya)Gopal DDatt BBhatta, South Asia, International Water ManagementInstitute (IWMI) (India)Joost VVervoort, Scenarios, Environmental Change Institute,University of Oxford (UK)Maren RRadeny, East Africa, International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI) (Kenya)Abdoulaye SSaley MMoussa, West Africa, International CropsResearch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (Mali)Ioannis VVasileiou, Theme 4, International Food Policy ResearchInstitute (IFPRI) (USA)

CGIAR institutional contact pointsAfricaRice, Paul KiepeBioversity IInternational, Jacob Van EttenCenter ffor IInternational FForestry RResearch ((CIFOR), Louis VerchotInternational CCenter ffor AAgricultural RResearch iin tthe DDry AAreas(ICARDA), Rachid Serraj, Aden Aw-HassanInternational CCenter ffor TTropical AAgriculture ((CIAT), PeterLäderachInternational CCrops RResearch IInstitute ffor tthe SSemi-AArid TTropics(ICRISAT), Lieven ClaessensInternational FFood PPolicy RResearch IInstitute ((IFPRI), Alex De PintoInternational IInstitute ffor TTropical AAgriculture ((IITA), Piet van AstenInternational LLivestock RResearch IInstitute ((ILRI), Mario HerreroInternational MMaize aand WWheat IImprovement CCenter ((CIMMYT),Bekele Shiferaw, Clare StirlingInternational PPotato CCenter ((CIP), Roberto A. Quiroz International RRice RResearch IInstitute ((IRRI), Reiner WassmannInternational WWater MManagement IInstitute ((IWMI), VladimirSmakhtinWorld AAgroforestry CCentre ((ICRAF), Henry NeufeldtWorldFish CCenter, Doug Beare

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Financial highlights2012 was the second year of operation forCCAFS. As in 2011, high profile scientificresults were released in collaboration withmultiple partners and also a series ofsuccessful events took place. Fundinguncertainty remains the top risk in CCAFS.While there was definitely improvement in2012, spending was curtailed by some Centresas a result of the CGIAR Fund funding freeze.

Financial results for 2012

The CCAFS 2012 budget was US$69.8M (million),including funds from the CGIAR Fund of US$51.3Mwhich includes carried over funds of US$10M from2011 and other bilateral sources of US$18.5 million.Total execution in 2012 was US$67.6M.

CCAFS received from the Consortium firmconfirmation of the approved Windows 1 and 2 (W1and W2) of the 2012 budget of US$41.4M during thefirst quarter of 2012. The CCAFS total W1 and W2request for 2012 was US$55M. It is obvious that theoriginal Consortium and Fund approved W1 and W2budget was not met in 2012. The first tranche of W1and W2 funds (25%) was received early in May.Thereafter, several other disbursements were made,resulting in the CCAFS W1 and W2 budget being93% funded by the end of 2012.

By the end of the year, 98% of the CGIAR W1 andW2 funds were executed while the execution ofbilateral funds was in the order of 93%.

In the following two tables the financial execution bynatural classification and by Centre are shown,expressed in thousands of US$.

Table 1: Execution as of 31 December 2012 per natural classification

BUDGET CCATEGORIES

Personnel

Collaborator costs – CGIAR Centres

Collaborator costs – partners

Supplies and services

Operational travel

Depreciation

Subtotal

Indirect costs

TOTAL –– AALL CCOSTS

BUDGET

20,937

2,660

17,847

12,857

3,849

1,304

59,455

10,391

69,846

EXECUTED

17,364

3,866

16,416

14,103

4,008

1,542

57,300

10,311

67,611

EXECUTED %%

83

145

92

110

104

118

96

99

97

CCAFS financial outlook for 2013

The original 2013 W1 and W2 budget for CCAFS, asapproved by the CGIAR Consortium and Fund at theinception of CCAFS, amounts to US$68.6M.However, the estimated W1 and W2 2013 budget isUS$37.3M. Given that CCAFS will most likely receivea total W1 and W2 budget of approximately 55% ofthe initially approved budget, and in line with thedirection of the Consortium when allocating funds toCentres, CCAFS used a performance-basedallocation system involving a number of variables. Asa result, CCAFS management returned the initial2013 budget to the participating Centres asking foradjustments of their initial 2013 budgets. Thisapproach resulted in a sliding scale of a 2013budget reduction, which ranged from a 10%reduction for the best performing Centre up to a30% reduction for the poorest performing Centre.

The estimated 2013 total budget is US$62M, whichincludes US$24.7M of bilateral grants. To allow

advance planning, budget estimates for 2013 weregiven to the Centres by mid-2012, whereas final W1and W2 budget allocations from the Consortium areyet to be received. This uncertainty does notfacilitate advance planning. One of the major effortsof CCAFS in 2013 will be to reach out to otherbilateral donors.

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Donors

Table 2: Execution as of 31 December 2012 per Centre

CENTRE

AfricaRice

Bioversity

CIAT

CIFOR

CIMMYT

CIP

ICARDA

ICRAF

ICRISAT

IFPRI

IITA

ILRI

IRRI

IWMI

WorldFish

Coordinating Unit and Management

TOTAL –– AALL CCOSTS

BUDGET

1,339

6,074

9,599

1,095

5,158

2,812

2,044

7,933

5,131

4,942

1,293

8,039

1,529

4,766

2,538

5,554

69,846

EXECUTED

1,293

5,723

9,030

983

5,303

2,336

1,855

8,475

5,197

3,743

1,348

8,497

1,352

4,720

2,073

5,682

67,611

EXECUTED %%

97

94

94

90

103

83

91

107

101

76

104

106

88

99

82

102

97

In 2012, CCAFS work was carried out with funding from the following agencies:

The Program has technical support from:

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In 2012, CCAFS scientists published 251 articles,reports, briefs and other papers. These publications include:

100 peer-reviewed journal articles 77 in ISI Thomson journals 23 in other journalsAvailable at:http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/3547

3 peer-reviewed CCAFS Reports and 3 peer-reviewed CCAFS Policy BriefsAvailable at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/reports-and-policy-briefs

18 CCAFS Working PapersAvailable at:http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/working-papers

7 Issues of Ag-Clim Letters, a science-policy bulletin(in English and French)Available at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/agclim-letters-policy-bulletin

Selected publications

Global syntheses

Beddington JR, Asaduzzaman M, Clark ME, Fernandez Bremauntz A, Guillou MD, Howlett DJB, Jahn MM, Erda L, Mamo T, Negra C, Nobre CA, Scholes RJ, Nguyen VB, Wakhungu J. 2012. What next for agriculture after Durban? Science 335:289–290. DOI: 10.1126/science.1217941

High Level Panel of Experts. 2012. Food security andclimate change. A report by the High Level Panel ofExperts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committeeon World Food Security. Rome: Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO).http://ow.ly/kkwet

López-Noriega I, Galluzzi G, Halewood M, Vernooy R,Bertacchini E, Gauchan D, Welch E. 2012. Flows understress: availability of plant genetic resources in times ofclimate and policy change. Working Paper 18.Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program onClimate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

Vermeulen S, Aggarwal PK, Ainslie A, Angelone C,Campbell B, Challinor AJ, Hansen JW, Ingram JSI, JarvisA, Kristjanson P, Lau C, Nelson CG, Thornton PK,Wollenberg E. 2012. Options for support to agriculture andfood security under climate change. EnvironmentalScience and Policy 15:136–144. DOI:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.003

Vermeulen S, Campbell B, Ingram J. 2012. Climate changeand food systems. Annual Review of Environment andResources 37:195–222. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608

Vermeulen S, Zougmoré R, Wollenberg E, Thornton P,Nelson G, Kristjanson P, Kinyangi J, Jarvis A, Hansen J,Challinor A, Campbell B, Aggarwal P. 2012. Climatechange, agriculture and food security: a global partnershipto link research and action for low-income agriculturalproducers and consumers. Current Opinion inEnvironmental Sustainability 4:128–133. DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.12.004

Adaptation to progressive climate change

Halewood M, Lopez Noriega I, Louafi S, eds. Crop GeneticResources as a Global Commons: Challenges inInternational Law and Governance. London, England:Routledge.

Hodgkin T, Bordoni P. 2012. Climate change and theconservation of plant genetic resources. Journal of CropImprovement 26(3):329–345. DOI:10.1080/15427528.2011.609928

Jarvis A, Ramírez-Villegas J, Herrera Campo BV, Navarro-Racines C. 2012. Is cassava the answer to African climatechange adaptation? Tropical Plant Biology 5:9–29. DOI:10.1007/s12042-012-9096-7

Mijatovic D, Van Oudenhoven F, Eyzaguirre P, Hodgkin T.2012. The role of agricultural biodiversity in strengtheningresilience to climate change: towards an analyticalframework. International Journal of AgriculturalSustainability. DOI: 10.1080/14735903.2012.691221

Ramirez J, Salazar M, Jarvis A, Navarro C. 2012. A wayforward on adaptation to climate change in Colombianagriculture: perspectives towards 2050. Climatic Change115(3–4):611–628. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-012-0500-y

Simelton E, Fraser EDG, Termansen M, Benton TG,Gosling SN, South A, Arnell NW, Challinor AJ, Dougill AJ,Forster PM. 2012. The socioeconomics of food cropproduction and climate change vulnerability: a global scalequantitative analysis of how grain crops are sensitive todrought. Food Security 4(2):163–179. DOI:10.1007/s12571-012-0173-4

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Climate risk management

Díaz Nieto J, Fisher M, Cook SE, Läderach P, Lundy M.2012. Weather indices for designing micro-insuranceproducts for small-holder farmer in the tropics. PLoS One7(6):e38281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038281

Martinez R, Hemming D, Malone L, Bermudez N, CockfieldG, Diongue A, Hansen J, Hildebrand A, Ingram K,Jakeman G, Kadi M, McGregor GR, Mushtaq S, Rao P,Pulwarty R, Ndiaye O, Srinivasan G, Seck E, White N,Zougmore R. 2012. Improving climate risk management atlocal level – techniques, case studies, good practices andguidelines for World Meteorological Organizationmembers. In: Banaitiene N, ed. Risk management –current issues and challenges. New York, USA: InTech. p 477–532. DOI: 10.5772/2568

Mittal S. 2012. Modern ICT for Agricultural developmentand risk management in smallholder agriculture in India.Socioeconomics Working Paper 3. Mexico, DF:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT).http://repository.cimmyt.org/xmlui/handle/10883/1322

Pro-poor climate-change mitigation

Dendooven L, Gutiérrez-Oliva VF, Patiño-Zúñiga L,Ramirez-Villanueva DA, Verhulst N, Luna-Guido M, MarschR, Montes-Molina J, Gutierrez-Miceli FA, Vázquez-MurrietaS, Govaerts B. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions underconservation agriculture compared to traditional cultivationof maize in the central highlands of Mexico. Science of theTotal Environment 431:237–244. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.029

Hergoualc'h K, Verchot LV. 2012. Changes in soil CH4fluxes from the conversion of tropical peat swamp forests:a meta-analysis. Journal of Integrative EnvironmentalSciences 9:93–101.

Shames S, Wollenberg E, Buck LE, Kristjanson P, MasigaM, Biryahwaho B. 2012. Institutional innovations in Africansmallholder carbon projects. CCAFS Report 8.Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program onClimate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21222

Streck C, Burns D, Guimaraes L. 2012. Towards policiesfor climate change mitigation: incentives and benefits forsmallholder farmers. CCAFS Report 7. Copenhagen,Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21114

Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Thomas AD, Spracklen DV, BeedyTL, Chesterman S, Speranza CI. 2012. Challenges andopportunities in linking carbon sequestration, livelihoodsand ecosystem service provision in drylands.Environmental Science and Policy 19:121–135. DOI:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.02.004

Wollenberg E, Nihart A, Tapio-Biström ML, Grieg-Gran M,eds. 2012. Climate change mitigation and agriculture.London, England: Routledge.

Scenarios, models and tools

Chaudhury M, Vervoort J, Kristjanson P, Ericksen P,Ainslie A. 2012. Scenarios as a boundary process forimproved food security in East Africa. RegionalEnvironmental Change. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-012-0350-1

Claessens L, Antle JM, Stoorvogel JJ, Valdivia RO,Thornton PK, Herrero M. 2012. A method for evaluatingclimate change adaptation strategies for small-scalefarmers using survey, experimental and modeled data.Agricultural Systems 111:85–95. DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.05.003

Kristjanson P, Neufeldt H, Gassner A, Mango J, KyazzeFB, Desta S, Sayula G, Thiede B, Förch W, Thornton PK,Coe R. 2012. Are food insecure smallholder householdsmaking changes in their farming practices? Evidence fromEast Africa. Food Security 4:381–397. DOI:10.1007/s12571-012-0194-z

Quiroz R, Posadas A, Yarleque C, Heidinger H, RaymundoR, Carbajal M, Cruz M, Guerrero J, Mares V, Silvestre E,Jones C, de Carvalho L, Dinku T. 2012. Application ofnon-linear techniques for daily weather data reconstructionand downscaling coarse climate data for local predictions.CCAFS Working Paper 21. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIARResearch Program on Climate Change, Agriculture andFood Security (CCAFS).http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21724

Washington R, New M, Hawcroft M, Pearce H, Rahiz M,Karnacharya J. 2012. Testing climate models foragricultural impacts: recent trends, current projections,crop-climate suitability, and prospects for improvedclimate model information. CCAFS project report.Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program onClimate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://hdl.handle.net/10568/27832

Read moreCoordinating Unit Carbon footprint initiativehttp://ccafs.cgiar.org/about/carbon-footprint

CARBON FOOTPRINT 2012

In 2011 the CCAFS Coordinating Unit initiateda carbon footprint reduction plan to reduce itscarbon footprint and offset inevitableemissions. A number of activities were carriedout in 2012 to reduce emissions resulting fromair travel, which had been identified as themajor greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor.A reduction of 26% on the emissions level of2011 was achieved.

In 2012 further activities were added into thecalculation. Emissions comprising air travel(51%), events (34%), office (11%) andpublications (4%) amounted to 128 t CO2.Efforts have been made to select eco-friendlyservice providers, especially hotel andconference facilities, and provide low carboncatering at major events.

Apart from taking action to reduce emissions,inevitable emissions are offset through theEmiti Nibwo Bulora project in Tanzania. Theproject is administered by VI-Agroforestry andwas selected based on an in-depthassessment of different offsetting options. TheEmiti Nibwo Bulora project is located near aCCAFS research site and involves small-scalefarmers in tree planting activities. The objectiveis to enhance the capacity of farmers to adaptto climate change. The Emiti Nibwo Buloraproject is certified by the Plan Vivo Standard,which is widely acknowledged as one of themost important offset standards.

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Gender and climate change

Chaudhury M, Kristjanson P, Kyagazze F, Naab JB,Neelormi S. 2012. Participatory gender-sensitiveapproaches for addressing key climate change-relatedresearch issues: evidence from Bangladesh, Ghana, andUganda. CCAFS Working Paper 19. Copenhagen,Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/24448

CCAFS and FAO. 2012. Training guide on gender andclimate change research in agriculture and food securityfor rural development. Nairobi, Kenya: CCAFS; Rome,Italy: FAO.http://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/75949/en/

Kyazze FB, Owoyesigire B, Kristjanson P, Chaudhury M.2012. Using a gender lens to explore farmers' adaptationoptions in the face of a changing climate: results of a pilotstudy in Uganda. CCAFS Working Paper 26. Copenhagen,Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/23017

Naab, J.B. and Koranteng, H. 2012. Using a gender lens toexplore farmers' adaptation options in the face of climatechange: Results of a pilot study in Ghana. Working Paper17. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program onClimate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).http://hdl.handle.net/10568/21087

The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is a strategic partnership of theCGIAR and Future Earth. CCAFS brings together the world's best researchers in agricultural science, climate science, andthe environmental and social sciences to identify and address the most important interactions, synergies and trade-offsbetween climate change and agriculture. The CGIAR lead centre for the Program is the International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia.

For more information, visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org

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Contact

CCAFS Coordinating Unit, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark

Phone: +45 35331046Email: [email protected]

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