Strategic Gender Research in CCAFS Key CCAFS questions and possible

approaches

Patti Kristjanson CCAFS Research Leader/Senior Scientist, World Agroforestry Center

CCAFS Planning Meetings

Copenhagen April/May2012

CCAFS Gender Questions* 1. What are the implications of gender relations for vulnerability to different

levels of exposure to climate stress and for adaptation to progressive climate change at the level of individuals, households and communities? (T1)

2. What are the characteristics and causes of gender-differentials in access to and use of climate-related information? (T2)

3. What are promising institutional arrangements enabling women as well as men to benefit from incentives for delivering environmental services? (T3)

4. What gender-differentiated patterns can be identified in the trade-offs poor men and women make between adaptation and mitigation options for dealing with climate change in agriculture? (cross-cutting)

5. How are risks arising from climate change or variability distributed among men and women with different resource endowments and assets? (cross-cutting)

* From CCAFS gender strategy

Overarching gender questions re: Climate Smart Agriculture

Which climate-smart agricultural practices and interventions (including improved soil, water, land, crop, livestock, fish, ecosystem service and agroforestry-related) are most likely to benefit women in particular, where, how and why? What interventions, actions, strategies and

approaches will help stimulate them?

CCAFS Theme Gender Impact Pathways – Theme 2 example

Papers, workshops and trainings held, new knowledge generated on: characteristics and implications of gender-differentials in access to and use of climate-related information

Strategies to achieve outcomes/scale out results: •PAR approach in CCAFS sites; led by strategic partners: women researchers, women’s groups, NGOs, Met services, regional agricultural research orgs •Building capacity to understand and use seasonal forecasts, men and women •Communication efforts – increased awareness of importance and usefulness of weather/climate information (e.g. radio programs targeting women)

More women and men accessing and using weather-and related agricultural information

Outputs

More widespread uptake of climate-smart agriculture technologies, strategies, approaches by men and women farmers

Outcomes Impacts

Increased resilience to climate shocks, enhanced hh food security

Ways of answering gender-related questions: e.g. CCAFS Baseline Surveys

Household level (food security, assets, ag activities/changes, etc): •Female vs male-headed households

•Livelihood activities where most of the work is done by females, males, children

•Women’s vs men’s access to weather-related information

Village/community level: •Different perceptions of males and females on the present & past environmental conditions

•Different abilities of males and females to observe and articulate changes and drivers of change in their communities

•Different uses that males and females make of vegetation, animals, wildlife

•Different roles of males and females in food production & conservation of natural resources

•Different knowledge & access to local and supra local organizations that provide food security support in normal times and times of crisis

•Different roles of male & female organizations on food production but also as safety networks and source of communal cohesion

•Limited access to land, improved technology and equipment, as well as training opportunities for women despite their substantial role in crop and livestock production

Data & reports for: 5 WA sites, 6 EA sites, Bihar, Punjab, Bangladesh, Nepal – at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys

CCAFS Baseline Surveys – Gender issues addressed

Organizational level: •level of activity/bias that the current activities of each organisation has

towards disadvantaged groups, women and children

Capacity strengthening and catalyzing gender & climate change research in our regions

FAO/CCAFS Gender and CC methods and training materials developed and 3 regional research teams trained (training of trainers)

Pilot studies in Bangladesh, Uganda & Ghana found:

•Rural women are eager to learn about adaptation options; their time & mobility constraints mean more innovative means of reaching them are needed; ag advisory services targeted to women!

•Daily, but not yet longer-term, weather forecasts are being used by some, but less so by women Issues: Access to information, trust, communication, capacity

•Climate and women-smart agricultural investment options often require collective action, e.g. support to womens’ groups, plus tenure & other policy changes are needed.

www.ccafs.cgiar.org/gender

CCAFS/FAO gender-CC approaches Issues addressed: •different ag. roles and responsibilities of men and women & how they are changing •differential access to agricultural and weather information •potential and ways to make climate analogues accessible & useful for men and women, including differential mobility and cultural constraints •what climate-smart agriculture practices have been taken up by men and women, and how and why these changes have come about •what kinds of institutions (broadly defined as the ‘rules of the game’), strategies and approaches can support shifts to climate-smart agriculture practices by both men and women?

Methods: Village resource maps, seasonal calendar, weather forecasts (daily and seasonal), changing farming practices, Venn diagram, daily activity clocks

Where: Pilots in CCAFS sites in Bangladesh, Ghana and Uganda Methods and Training materials downloadable at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org/gender

Livelihood Strategies Full Incomes

Consumption

Savings/ Investment

Well-being

Shocks

Context: Ecological, Social, Economic, Political factors, etc.

Women Joint Men

Assets

Legend:

Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Program Conceptual Framework

(http://gaap.ifpri.info/)

GAAP tools

Issues addressed:

• gender dimensions of asset ownership and control

Methods:

• qual-quant methods; researchers ask not only about ownership but also about a spectrum of asset rights, including use and decision-making over assets

Five Domains of

Women’s

Empowerment in

Agriculture

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/womens-empowerment-agriculture-index

IFPRI/USAID Feed the Future WEIA

The WEAI was developed to track the change in women’s empowerment levels that occurs as a direct or indirect result of interventions under Feed the Future, the US government’s global

hunger and food security initiative.

WEAI approach

Issues addressed: WEAI: a composite measurement tool for tracking progress toward gender equality, that: •Indicates women’s control over critical parts of their lives in the household, community, and economy •Identifies women who are disempowered •Identifies ways in which to increase autonomy and decision-making in key domains (e.g. assets, leadership, etc) Methods: •a household survey interviewing men and women from the same household •case studies

Implementing in Hubs, or Gender Sentinel Sites – e.g. Khulna Hub, Bangladesh

Home gardens

Improved rice, shrimp vars, mgment

Improved land, water mgment

Climate smart villages Insurance, seed banks

Ag credit, tenure

Local partners: BRAC, SAVE

SW Bangladesh ‘Khulna Hub’ Theory of Change/Outcome logic

CRP2 Sustainable water&land

mgment policies Strengthened

groups

CRP3/CSISA New rice

varieties & suitable aqua.

species & mgment

practices id’d

CRP4 Improved

homestead production

systems

CCAFS/CRP7 CSA villages,

climate services insurance

Seed/food banks

EXTENSIONISTS <>FARMER COMMUNITIES<>SEED SECTOR PLAYERS<>NGO<> MICROFINANCE AGENCIES<>WATER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES<>LGED<> BWDB<>POLICY

MAKER<>CGIAR RESEARCHERS<>NARS<>CIVIL SOCIETY ORGS <>Donor CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDES AND SKILLS

One or more of the actor groups have better understand and/or skills in: the benefits and value of new technologies and crop/fish varieties; implications of different land use plans, the impacts of external drivers of change on water resources;

community involvement in water mgment; how to work in partnership across scales and sectors in an adaptive & problem-oriented way

CHANGES IN PRACTICES One or more of the actor groups: use high level scenario planning; use tools and effective water governance strategies; improve planning of water infrastructure; use new farm-level technologies, seeds and adaptation strategies; private sector involvement in the agriculture sector including information, finance, markets and inputs; using a theory-of-change-based approach to NRM

to foster rural innovation

Reduce poverty, improve food security and strengthen livelihood resilience

in coastal areas through improved water infrastructure , governance and management, and more productive and diversified farm system

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

I MP A C T

ACTOR

CRP5 Improved water governance & management

id’d

CRP 1.1 Drought tolerant, Water efficient crops/varieties/livestock breeds Agroforestry Feed management Crop residue mgment

CRP 5 Improved water, soil mgment

CRP7 Impr weather info Climate analogues insurance

Partners: IFAD FODESA large devel. Project IFDC TreeAid Sahel Eco IER (Mali NARES) AMEDD, etc.

CRP 4 nutrition

Segou hub, Mali

Kisumu/Nyando Basin (western Kenya) Economics of Biochar (Cornell) MICCA – East African Dairy Development (FAO, ICRAF, ILRI, KARI, private sector partners) COMART Community-led assets/value chains CARE – carbon payments to smallholders ICRAF – GHG measurement in complex landscapes Vi Agroforestry – SLM, carbon payments CCAFS PAR – with ILRI, Vi, World Neighbours, CBOs, Min of Ag, Min of LS, KARI: training, K sharing, etc in: •Water harvesting; Agroforestry; Small ruminant management; Beekeeping; Seed systems; Post-harvest handling and storage; Fodder development; Participatory crop selection CIAT-TSBF - legumes and N-fixation through the legume Africa network CIMMYT/KARI - Insect and Striga resistant and drought tolerant Maize

Lake Victoria

CCAFS Baseline site CARE, PAR

Yellow squares: 10x10km2 ICRAF soils research blocks

potential

Pro-poor, pro-women strategies – Nyando example

MICCA – EADD – dairy (FAO, ICRAF, ILRI, KARI, private sector partners) – hub model; training of women; women leaders; payments to women

COMART Community-led asset and value chain focus; working with women’s groups; women’s trainings

CARE/CCAFS/ICRAF – smallholder CSA – institutional issues including strategies for ensuring benefits to women (e.g. women’s trees, women’s groups, etc); evaluating women’s participation and constraints

CCAFS/ILRI PAR – Participatory crop & animal selection with women, support/training to women’s groups, others?

What other successful strategies can we employ to enhance the pro-women, pro-poor impacts of these R4D efforts?