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Annual Activity Report2009

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CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009

Published by

Competence Center Energy and Mobility CCEM

Concept by

Philipp Dietrich

Editorial work, design and layout by

Peter Lutz

Printed by

Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen

Available from

Competence Center Energy and Mobility CCEMc/o Paul Scherrer Institute5232 Villigen PSI, SwitzerlandPhone: +41 56 310 2111Fax: +41 56 310 2717E-Mail: [email protected]: www.ccem.ch

Copying is welcomed, provided the source is acknowledged and an archive copy sent to CCEM.

CCEM, January 2010

1CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009

Table of Contents

CCEM is an Active Research Network

Project Partners and Financing Institutions

MOSUM Mobility Support for Master’s in nuclear engineering

LERF Large Engine Research Facility

TransEngTesting Transient Heavy Duty Engine Facility for Engine up to 4000 Nm Peak Torque

NEADS Next Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment for Diesel Propulsion Systems

hy.muve Hydrogen Driven Municipal Vehicle

HY_Change Transition to Hydrogen Based Trans portation – Challenges and Opportunities

CEMTEC Computational Engineering of Multi-Scale Trans-port in Small-Scale Surface Based Energy Conversion

CELaDE Clean and Effi cient Large Diesel Engines

CARMA Carbon Dioxide Management in Power Generation

PINE Platform for Innovative Nuclear Fuels

HydroNet Modern Methodologies for the Design, Manufacturing and Operation of Pumped Storage Power Plants

GTCO2 Technologies for Gas Turbine Power Generation with CO2 Mitigation

ONEBAT Battery Replacement Using Miniaturized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

ThinPV Cost Effi cient Thin Film Photovoltaics for Future Electricity Generation

PHiTEM Platform for High Temperature Materials

ccem-retrofi t Advanced Energy Effi cient Renovation of Buildings

ccem-house2000 Innovative Building Technologies for the 2000-Watt Society

AQUASAR Direct Re-use of Waste Heat from Liquid-Cooled-Supercomputers

SuRHiB Sustainable Renovation of Historical Buildings

2ndGenerationBiogas New Pathways to Effi cient Use of Biomass for Power and Transportation

WoodGas-SOFC Integrated Biomass – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cogeneration

ARRMAT Attrition Resistant Reactive Bed Materials in Fluidised Beds

novatlantis Sustainability at the ETH Domain – Promotion of Transdisciplinary Science

Presentations

Publications

Patents

Foreword 3

5

Education 7

Mobility 9

13

14

18

21

25

27

Electricity 31

34

37

40

43

46

50

Heat 55

and Building 58

62

65

Fuels 69

73

76

Eco-Energy 81

Appendix 89

107

133


CCEM is an Active Research Network

The Competence Center Energy and Mobility (CCEM) plays an important role as bridge-building structure between fundamental research and industrial development requirements in the fi eld of energy research. CCEM is integrated in the organizational struc-ture of PSI and is interlinked, with many projects, to numerous groups from the ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne, Empa, groups from several Universities of Applied Sciences, as well as to both en-ergy research departments within PSI. In some projects there are also links to the EAWAG and WSL. CCEM has been funded by the ETH Board with a total of CHF 25 Mio during the four-year period 2006-2009, and was able to attract a total of CHF 35 Mio of public and CHF 22 Mio of private funding (thereof 4.0 Mio of public and 6.6 Mio of private funding in the year 2009).

The crucial relevance of energy as a research area is underlined by the increasing world-wide efforts to boost innovation and com-petitiveness, and to secure access to affordable and clean energy. CCEM strives to accelerate research activities in the fi elds of en-ergy provision, conversion, transmission and use. Among other measures, CCEM in 2009 has further consolidated three major axes to achieve this goal: • a transparent and proven process to facilitate interdisciplinary

projects, emphasizing high standards of scientifi c quality;• concentrated research efforts to dedicated questions in the fi eld of energy;

• access to cutting-edge infrastructure for energy research within the ETH domain, and continuous upgrading of such in-frastructure for the benefi t of facilitating projects.

As of January 1, 2009, CCEM joined forces with novatlantis, the sustainability initiative of the ETH Domain, and its outreach ac-tivities, which have further enhanced the position of CCEM as cross-institutional activity.

In their evaluation report of February 2, 2009, the international Evaluation Committee concluded that CCEM is an outstanding success model, in an excellent position to generate impact, on the right track, and ready to expand its program and activities beyond the current portfolio. The fi nancial resource allocation was considered to be very effective, and the projects’ duration and progress adequate. For the further advancement of the Center the Evaluation Committee recommended that• CCEM be strongly supported further on, • quality control be optimized, • the most relevant subjects be actively sought, concentrating

know-how and setting priorities according to its strategy, and • efforts be made to vitalize even more contacts with research

partners from industry, legislative bodies and socio-economic fi elds.

In previous years the calls for proposals have been open to all topical areas of the CCEM, i.e. mobility, electricity, heat & build-ings, and fuels based on renewable sources. This strategy re-sulted in a balanced portfolio of projects in terms of topics, with a

Foreword

CCEM at presentations of the Energie-Strategie 2050 of the Energie-Trialog- Schweiz.

Inauguration event of the large engine research fa-cility (LERF) at PSI, the new heavy duty enginge test facility at Empa (Tran-sEngTesting) and the new Focused Ion Beam device (PHITEM) at PSI.

4 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Foreword

time horizon targeting both short and long term impact. To com-plete the range of topics and respond to recommendations from the evaluation, CCEM joined forces with swisselectric research to launch a 1st thematic call for proposal in 2009, addressing «Path-ways Towards the Electrifi cation of Individual Transportation». In October 2009, a second general call for proposals has been launched.

This activity report presents an overview of the ongoing projects, which also benefi tted from the installed and upgraded infrastruc-ture that was realized partly or predominantly with CCEM fund-ing.

Among noteworthy outreach activities, the presentation of proj-ect results from the Mobility cluster at the inauguration of the freeway around Zurich («Westfest», April 2009) attracted many visitors. Later in October the presentation of the Energie-Strat-egie 2050 of the Energie-Trialog-Schweiz was an important event to make scientifi c input known to a broader public.

We look forward to 2010 which, beyond the start of the recently approved projects, is expected to bring forward the new wave of project proposals. They will partially be based on the results and be harvesting the fruits of earlier projects.

Prof. Dr. Alexander Wokaun Dr. Philipp Dietrich

Head of the Steering Committee Managing Director CCEM

CCEM at the inaugura-tion of the freeway around Zurich («Westfest», April 2009).


Research institutes of the ETH Domain

• ETH Zurich (ETHZ) • EPF Lausanne (EPFL)• Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)• Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Re-

search (WSL)• Materials Science and Technology (Empa)• Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

(Eawag)

Universities and other research institutions

• University of Bern• University of Neuchâtel• Federal Offi ce of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Universities of applied sciences (UAS)

• Berner Fachhochschule (BFH)• Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW)• Hochschule Luzern – Technik und Architektur (HSLU, former

HTAL)• Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil (HSR)• Interstaatliche Hochschule für Technik Buchs (NTB)• Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur (ZHW, since 2007 part of

ZHAW)• Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW)

Financing institutions

• Swiss Confederation’s Innovation Promotion Agency (CTI) / Förderagentur für Innovation des Bundes (KTI)

• Swiss Federal Offi ce of Energy (SFOE) / Bundesamt für Ener-gie (BFE)

• swisselectric research (a section of swisselectric, an organiza-tion of Swiss electricity grid companies)

Scientifi c and Industrial Project Partnersand Financing Institutions

EducationEducation


MOSUM Mobility Support for Master’s in Nuclear Engineering

Scope of project

At the start of the last academic year (2008/09), EPFL and ETHZ launched the fi rst-ever common degree offered by these universities, viz. the Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering (NE). The 3-semester (90 ECTS) programme entails spending the fi rst semester at Lausanne, the second at Zurich and the third carrying out the Master research project at PSI. With student mobility imposed as a necessary condition for this multi-campus, energy related Master’s, funding within the CCEM framework was applied for in October 2007. The CCEM project, MObility SUpport for Master’s in nuclear engineering (MOSUM), was approved of in 2008, and this is the second annual report.

Status of project

At the end of the current re-porting year, there are two separate batches of students in the joint Nuclear Engineer-ing Master. Of the 12 students in the fi rst (2008) batch, 11 have successfully complet-ed the minimum 50 ECTS of course work required from the fi rst 2 semesters in order to embark on the Master proj-ect. The «project» consists of 8 weeks (minimum) of intern-ship in industry, plus 17 weeks of research work at PSI.

In the second (2009) batch, there are 13 enrolled students (targeted number was 15). They have just completed their fi rst semester at Lausanne and will be taking their exams in January 2010, before com-mencing their second semes-ter at Zurich (mid-February). In early December this year, a visit of the students was organ-ised to PSI, and the activities of 14 different research groups were presented to them. On the basis of the various Master project topics which were sug-gested to them as possibilities, each student will have made a selection by the end of January 2010.

The students are currently in the process of identifying ac-commodation for themselves

Structure of the NE-Master

The 90 ECTS-credits of the joint EPFL-ETHZ Nuclear Engi-neering Master are structured as follows: • compulsory courses

(28 ECTS-credits)• core elective courses

(20 ECTS-credits)• free elective courses

(4 ECTS-credits) • management course

(2 ECTS-credits) • semester project

(6 ECTS-credits) • industrial internship

(0 ECTS-credits) • master’s thesis

(30 ECTS-credits).

The teaching language is Eng-lish.

Education

Main Investigator

Rakesh Chawla, EPFL

Project Partners

EPFL

ETHZ

PSI

in Zurich. As in the case of the fi rst batch, a CHF 7000 payment by CCEM has been made to each student during November/December (via the respective university, i.e. EPFL or ETHZ, at which he or she is registered). This will be a most useful support for them during the present transition phase.

Outlook

During the current year, both EPFL and ETHZ approved an upgrading of the NE Master curriculum from its current 90 ECTS (3 semesters) to 120 ECTS (4 semesters). The main new feature is an additional semester, to be spent largely at PSI (for additional course work, as also for permitting the formal implementation of a 8-ECTS industrial internship). The next batch of NE students, i.e. those starting September 2010, will thus have 4 semes-ters to spend for their degree. The targeted batch size, this time, will be 18.

List of abbreviations

ECTS: European Credit Transfer and Accu-mulation System

NE: Nuclear Engineer-ing

MobilityMobility



Main Investigator

Kostas Boulouchos, ETHZ

Philipp Dietrich, PSI

Project Partners

ETHZ

PSI

Investment Project

(in connection with the

CELaDE project)

Scope of project

Numerical simulation and laboratory scale experiments – like a single cylinder engine or a high pressure and temperature combustions chamber – show signifi cant limits when investigating the emission reduction and effi ciency improvement potential of large engines. To address these defi cits, a large engine test facility with a 1.08 MW Wärtsilä common-rail diesel motor has been realized.

Status of project

The CCEM research project «Large Engine Research Fa-cility – LERF» was recently completed at the Paul Scher-rer Institute. Entailing the con-struction of a completely new building to house the genera-tor-set and the needed periph-eral systems, it took a mere 7 months from fi rst ground-breaking in March 2008 to fi rst engine start in October 2008. Commissioning and compre-hensive baseline testing of the standard engine had been achieved until August 2009. The different instrumentation systems – including cylinder pressure indication, multi-component exhaust gas analy-sis and complete energy bal-ance – was validated and LERF has been fully operational.

The investments taken were two-fold being related to the construction of the new build-ing with infrastructure on the one hand and for the test bed itself with measurement equip-ment on the other.

Funding came from own con-tributions and from CCEM-CH. Additionally, third party fund-ing was committed by ABB and Wärtsilä for joint research projects.

er transmission room and a service room for utility power distribution and communica-tion equipment.

The 16 kV 3-phase power line to feed the generated electric power to the medium volt-age grid and the 3.2 ton crane were considered infrastructure expenses.

The LERF incorporates a part of an already existing building to which the new construction was added. This older part was fi tted to contain the fuel storage tanks, the heat exchanger for engine cool-ing and control systems for the engine room air coolers. The primary water supply from the Aare River to the heat exchanger was placed into an already existing supply tunnel coming from the nearby pumping station.

Test bed and Instrumenta-tion

Everything related to the mo-tor, its safe operation and the installed measurements were considered research expenses.

Mobility

Investments

Building and Infrastructure

The new building for the LERF had to comply with restric-tions limiting the noise emis-sion and also the coupling of vibrations into the ground. The former was achieved by having a closed concrete construction with heavy fi tted and sealed doors and noise silencers for the air supply cross section and the air vent.

The direct coupling of vibra-tions into the ground had to be limited since the LERF is locat-ed in vicinity to a laboratory for nano-positioning. The problem was solved by casting a mas-sive concrete block, which was independently founded in the ground, to say it is decoupled from the building ground fl oor. The engine frame rests on eight spring damper elements which elastically support the generator set on the concrete block. Both restrictions were met as the noise and vibration measurements from different sources showed.

Similar noise restriction re-quirements were set for the operator room which is adja-cent to the engine test bed. Here also heavy duty sealed doors and insulation windows were used to reduce the noise to acceptable levels.

In addition the new construc-tion also provided for the pow-

Figures 1 and 2: Large En-gine Research Facility out-side and inside view.

10 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009

The installed engine is a Wärt-silä W6L20-CR mounted on a common base frame to an ABB AMA 450L6L squirrel cage in-duction engine. This primary output feeds to a frequency/voltage converter which syn-chronizes to 400VAC/50 Hz and from which it is transformed to 16kVAC/50 Hz and delivered to the electrical grid. This brake system allows running the en-gine at variable speed but still feeding the generated power synchronously to the power grid.

The engine cooling is imple-mented using a shell and tube heat exchanger that transfers the waste heat to water from the Aare River. The control system allows setting the sup-ply temperature of the second-ary circuit by varying the fl ow rate of the primary fl ow. Here we are free to choose as long as the water temperature re-turned to the Aare River is lower than 30 °C.

The fuel storage was designed to hold 40’000 L in four separate compartments, two of which had provisions to install a tank heating for the option of using heavy fuel oil. A day tank of 1000 L capac-

ity is placed in the test cell ground fl oor. Large efforts are made to ensure ultra clean fuel to the engine, since the com-mon rail fuel injection system is very sensitive to impurities. The fuel supply pump ensures enough pressure at the intake of the common rail pump and allows fuel circulation when the engine is stopped.

Other engine peripheral sys-tems include the start air pres-sure vessel, lube oil system, generator cooling and the ex-haust line with after treatment system and chimney.

To comply with the Swiss regu-lations for the conservation of air quality, a Urea based SCR catalyst was installed to mini-mize the NOx emissions of the exhaust gases. The cata-lytic converter system has an independent controller us-ing an engine load signal for feed forward control and fi ne tuning the Urea injection rate using as feedback the actual

NO concentra-tion downstream of the catalyst. To ensure good operating con-ditions, the ex-haust pipe was designed having

a long mixing section for Urea vaporization.

The real time operating system for the test bed control (AVL Puma Open) was installed in the operating room and the test cell. It provides the gen-eral interface to all installed components and safety sys-tems enabling engine start/stop, load and speed variation, safety monitoring and mea-surements synchronization. It also handles hardwired emer-gency stop signals either from emergency buttons or initi-ated from failed components. There are two main operation modes available in which the engine controls the speed and the electric motor controls the load (default case) or vice ver-sa. For the default case the en-gine can either be operated in the generator mode at nominal speed or in the propeller mode at variable speed.

Whereas the previous section detailed the bare bone engine operational hardware we want to sketch the installed instru-mentation that was required for a successful and complete analysis of the engine behav-ior.

The installed measurements and sensors can be grouped into three categories. In the fi rst group we gather all sys-tem variables that allow esti-mating the engine effi ciency for the fi xed load cases. These variables are acquired via the PUMA analogue interface and are averaged over a period of two minutes. To measure the shaft power a 15 kNm torque fl ange (Kistler 0325DF) is in-stalled between fl ywheel and coupling. The torque fl ange signal is used as feedback sen-


Mobility

Figures 3 and 4: Day tank and Aare water heat ex-changer.

Figure 5 and 6: Exhaust gas after treatment: Long mixing length for Urea va-porization (left) and out-side placement of large catalytic converter before treated gas leaves through the chimney in the back-ground (right).



FTIR: Fourier Transform InfraRed

F/V: Frequency to Volt-age

SCR: Selective Catalytic Reduction

sor for the load controller. The engine speed is measured on the engine itself and is also available from the F/V con-verter. Both speeds are used by the operating system to control the speed and monitor a possible shaft break.

The fuel consumption is mea-sured using two screw dis-placement fl ow meters (Kral OMC) in the supply and return line, respectively. The air con-sumption is calculated mea-suring the pressure difference over a Venturi nozzle mounted upstream of the compressor inlet. In addition, the heat fl uxes entering and leaving the system boundaries carried by cooling water and exhaust gas are measured. All temperature differences are measured us-ing PT100 sensors or k-type thermocouples. The cooling water fl ow rates are metered using two MHD fl ow meters mounted in the LT and HT re-turn pipes. The exhaust gas fl ow rate is estimated from the mass balance and the exhaust gas composition is used to ap-ply the correct heat capacities for the estimation of the ex-haust gas enthalpy.

The second group of measure-ments addresses the transient cylinder and gas exchange pressures during the work-ing and gas exchange cycles. The exact timing signal is sup-plied by a crank angle encoder mounted at the free end and being aligned with the TDC measured from two piston head positions of cylinder #6, which was chosen for the mea-surements. A timing belt with 2:1 drive ratio connected to a 180 ° disk with inductive pickup allows identifying the combus-tion stroke TDC position. The

pressure sensors used for the cylinder indication are supplied by Kistler Instrumente AG. A piezoelectric (p/e) pressure sensor mounted with a water cooled adapter measures the transient cylinder pressure. The induced charge signal is fed to a charge amplifi er pro-viding a linearly scaled volt-age signal to be acquired by the transient recorder. For the cylinder reference pressure a piezoresistive (p/r) pressure transducer is used mounted with a water cooled adapter that has a pneumatic switch valve, opening only when the cylinder pressure is below the applied control pressure. This signal is used as the absolute pressure reference for the p/e sensor. Additionally to the in-cylinder pressures, the tran-sient pressures upstream of the intake and downstream of the exhaust valves are mea-sured using two p/r sensors mounted on the cylinder head through water cooled switch-ing adapters opening when the control pressure is applied. The p/r transducer signals are fed to the data acquisition system via a preamplifi er also giving linearly scaled voltage signals.

The third group of measure-ments encompasses the de-tailed exhaust gas analysis us-ing independent measurement systems. The most powerful analyzer used is a Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrom-eter (FTIR) which can simulta-neously quantify a large variety of emission species. In our case the instrument provides measurements of NO, NO2, NOX, N2O, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, SO2, COS, AHC, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H6, NC8, HCHO, and HCD with an acquisition rate of 1 Hz. In addition to the

FTIR we operate an Opacime-ter (AVL 439) to determine the exhaust gas opacity for differ-ent load and speed cases. Us-ing a Blow-By Meter (AVL 422) we also measure the combined gas leakage passing the piston rings und turbocharger seals.

Results of baseline testing

In the following section we want to present some results obtained during baseline test-ing where we also varied rail pressure and start of injection at a nominal load point. This allows infl uencing the heat re-lease rate and peak combus-tion pressure and as a conse-quence also fuel consumption and exhaust gas composition. Typically there exists a trad-eoff between low NOx and high effi ciency or low soot produc-tion, respectively. Early injec-tion timing yields high peak pressure and temperature and therefore favors production of thermal NO. On the other hand, the effi ciency is higher because of the raised peak process temperature. Figure 7 shows a typical tradeoff be-tween BSFC and NOx concen-tration in the exhaust.

One further result is the over-all effi ciency of the engine at

Figure 7: Typical tradeoff between specifi c fuel con-sumption and NOx concen-tration. Data is scaled with respect to the specifi c load point at 100%.

Figure 8: Load acceptance test for a step change in applied load.


Mobility


different load points at nomi-nal speed as it requires all data previously mentioned. The exhaust gas heat loss was determined by summing all in-dividual enthalpies for the ma-jor gas species present in the exhaust (N2, O2, CO2, H2O and NOx).

Another important functional engine test is the transient response to a steep change in load demand, e.g. a 33 % to 66 % load step change within 0.5 s. Here the engine tries to keep the nominal speed con-stant and dips after applying the load change by only about 2.5 % and recovers to nominal

speed within 10 s. The tran-sient behavior is mainly gov-erned by the dynamics of the tu rbocharger speed pickup and the charge air volume. The

speed pickup therefore is lim-ited by available air mass and the corresponding stoichio-metric limit for fuel demand. The data displayed in fi gure 9 is scaled with the value before the load change and shows the development of turbocharger speed, charge air pressure and engine speed.

Benefi ts

Local support for Swiss In-dustry

ABB Turbo Systems and Wärt-silä Winterthur are contributing project partners within the EU 7th framework program Her-cules Beta looking for solutions to meet the upcoming stricter

IMO Tier 3 limits for emission control areas.

A valuable partner is Kistler In-stumente for providing us with the pressure indication hard-ware, pressure sensors and amplifi ers. A future coopera-tion with Kistler Instrumente will be focused on a new pyro-metric sensor allowing estima-tion of the soot temperature and soot generation and oxi-dation.

While performing baseline testing we had a fi rst service measurement cooperation with a Swiss developer of a motor diagnostic tool (Fuchs Tech-nologies).

Realize clean and effi cient large diesel engines

During the course of the project we have been in close coopera-tion with the CELaDE project at ETHZ to enable better predic-tive capabilities of numerical model simulations for the en-tire engine and combustion. To name here are predictions of heat release rate, soot forma-tion and NOx production. The LERF supplies important cali-bration data for the modeling.

Future projects involve testing for best ways to further reduce NOx generation and increas-ing overall effi ciency to reduce CO2 emissions accordingly. The most promising are most likely combinations of different mea-sures like increased charge air pressure and cooling in combi-nation with variable valve tim-ing and exhaust gas recircula-tion.

In addition to these, we will in-crease our efforts to apply op-

tical diagnostic tools to further our knowledge regarding diffu-sion fl ame combustion.

Support the development of new catalyst systems

SCR catalyst systems for the selective reduction of NOx have an optimum temperature win-dow in which they operate best and can also be controlled eas-iest. One challenge emanating from the increased effi ciency will be lower exhaust gas tem-peratures at which operational diffi culties like storage and am-monia slip may arise. We can learn about the behavior of the catalytic conversion and come up with reasonable solutions and control strategies. The modular construction of the gas passage allows exchanging parts of the cross section with new developments and testing them in on a prototype scale.

Summary

The Large Engine Research Fa-cility has become a valuable tool for combustion research and allows us to vary process parameters and directly ob-serve the results with a variety of sensors and analysis tools. The entire operating enve-lope of the motor is accessible through our variable speed brake and the common rail system allows us to vary in-jection parameters at varying speed and load. In total, the engine has run 115 hours and the high quality data produced confi rms that the money was well invested. We have a reli-able workhorse available that will help us in answering the important questions.

Figure 9: Energy fl ow dia-gram for our generator set at different load points at nominal speed. Data is scaled with the lower heat-ing value of the equivalent fuel energy input at each load point. The maximum effi ciency at 85% load is related to the injection parameters as mentioned previously.


Mobility


TransEngTesting Transient Heavy Duty Engine Facility for Engine up to 4000 Nm Peak Torque

Scope of project

The goal is to build a new transient engine dynamometer in Empa’s engine laboratory in Dübendorf with a CCEM co-fi nancing. This dynamometer will enable experimental research on large heavy duty engines with peak torques up to 4000 Nm. To do so, it was necessary to upgrade the corresponding building and media infrastructure.

• Engine cooling system with water temperatures fl owing to the engine (controlled) from 70…125 °C)

• Water fl owing to the In-tercooler controlled to 20…30 °C

• Emission test bench Horiba 7500 DEGR, 2 lines for CO, CO2, NOx, THC, CH4, O2 measurement, 1 line for CO2 measurement (EGR line)

• Automatic fuelling infra-structure from large main diesel tanks and fuel con-tainers

• Fuel mass fl ow measure-ment and conditioning sys-tem (AVL mass fl ow meter and temperature control)

• Combustion air fl ow mea-surement with an ABB Sen-syfl ow P DN200 sensor

• Particle partial dilution sys-tem AVL SPC472

• Opacimeter AVL439• Smokemeter AVL415s• Blow-by meter TGS

1302/450.

Figure 1: Test stand in op-eration.

Status of project

The project has successful-ly been fi nished in the year 2009.

The «Motorenhaus» building at Empa has been enlarged in the years 2007–2008 to accommodate the new test stand with the entire periph-eral infrastructure. In the year 2009, the assembly of the test stand and the background in-frastructure (controlled heat-ing/cooling of engine and its intercooler, cooling of the test cell, suction of exhaust gases, fuel supply and conditioning) has been fi nished.

The new test stand has been inaugurated with a ceremony on February 23, 2009.

In Summer 2009, the test stand has been equipped with an emission bench. First ex-periments (for the CCEM CE-LaDE project) have been per-formed afterwards. The main parameters of the test stand and its periphery are:

• Dynometer Horiba Dynas3 HD600, rated power 600 kW, rated torque 3’957 Nm

• Test stand automation sys-tem SRH STARS

• Torque measurement with a HBM T12 transducer (ac-curacy class 0.03)

• Combustion air condi-tioned from 20…30 °C and 30%...65% relative humid-ity

Mobility

Main Investigator

Patrik Soltic, Empa

Project Partners

Empa

Investment Project

(in connection with the

NEADS project)

Figure 2 (upper left): Technique room below test cell.

Figure 3 (upper right): Technique room above test cell.

Figure 4 (lower left): A Swiss national TV team fi lmed the new test stand for a contribution in the main evening news (SF1, TSR and TSI).

Figure 5 (lower right): Inauguration event with 120 external guests (Feb-ruary 23, 2009).


NEADSNext Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment for Diesel Propulsion Systems

Mobility

Main Investigator

Panayotis Dimopoulos Eg-

genschwiler, Empa

Project Partners

Empa

ETHZ

PSI

FHNW

Scope of activities

New SCR catalyst materials are investigated in order to achieve high reactivity and conversion also at low exhaust gas temperatures. In addition a ceramic foam based substrate is under development in order to replace the conventional diesel oxidation catalyst improving the performance and lifetime of the subsequent aftertreatment system (particulate fi lter and or SCR system). The project is organised in 3 sub-projects: Sub-project I develops zeolites based catalytic materials for passenger cars (as well as medium and heavy duty vehicles). Sub-project II is aiming at the de-velopment of the micro reactor, while sub-project III investigates emission formation and reduction paths from the combustion through the aftertreatment systems.The sub-projects in turn make use of the tools and analytics as well as knowledge developed and acquired in 3 tasks «new instrumentation for particle characterisation», «numerical simulation» and «atmospheric interactions».

Status and scientifi c results of the sub-projects

exchanged zeolites had to be explained on a molecular level. On basis of the gained know-ledge our industrial partner should be enabled to explain observations from real-world SCR systems and to prepare better iron-exchanged zeolite materials with higher activity as well as higher hydrothermal stability.

Main results

A simple calculation method was developed, which allows for estimation of the fractions of different iron species in Fe-ZSM-5 based on statistical con-siderations. It was shown that the fractions of different iron species in Fe-ZSM-5 can be estimated by this calculation method with satisfactory accu-racy, provided that the metal-exchange process resulted in a uniform distribution of iron in the zeolite. Isolated Fe spe-cies are responsible for the SCR activity up to 300 °C, but, with increasing temperature, dimeric and oligomeric spe-cies, and even Fe2O3 particles, become active. Obviously, the temperature at which the spe-cies become active increases

with increasing nuclearity of the clusters. Thereby, dimeric species become even more ac-tive than the monomeric spe-cies at high temperatures.

By correlating the calculated concentrations of different iron sites with the catalytic perfor-mance of different zeolites, we can understand the catalytic behaviour of the different iron species in the SCR reaction, which is a very diffi cult task on the basis of experimental data alone.

The understanding of the mechanism of the hydrother-mal deactivation was signifi -cantly extended. We could gain an insight into the change of active sites correlated with the evolution of the Brønsted-acid-ity, the migration of iron and the overall dealumination of the zeolite lattice.

II: Ceramic foams as exhaust microreactor

Based on the encouraging re-sults the project was divided in two applications: Develop-ment of ceramic foam based

I: New generation of zeolite SCR catalysts

Signifi cant progress has been achieved in the understanding of iron-exchanged zeolites and their deactivation behaviour. Based on these results, new promising metal-exchanged zeolites and zeolite-like ma-terials have been prepared in 2009 for our industrial part-ner.

The past year was dedicated to the elucidation of structure-function relationships in iron-exchanged zeolites as SCR cat-alysts. Fe-ZSM-5 was chosen due to its importance as raw material for the preparation of coated SCR converters. On one side the most active iron species should be identifi ed in this material and on the other side the deactivation of iron-

Figure 1: Hydrothermal SCR catalyst deactivation mechanisms.


BC: Black Carbon

DiSC: Diffusion Size Clas-sifi er

DOC: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

DPF: Diesel Particulate Filter

EGR: Exhaust Gas Recir-culation

MVSM: Mean Value Soot Model

PM: Particulate Matter

POA: Primary Organic Aerosol

SCR: Selective Catalytic Reduction

SOA: Secondary Organic Aerosol

TWC: Three Way Catalyst


catalysts for a CNG passen-ger car, a Three Way Cata-lyst (TWC) confi guration, and development of ceramic foam based Diesel Oxidation Cata-lyst (DOC) for a light heavy duty diesel vehicle. Both appli-cations are currently either in preparation, the former, or in testing phase, the latter.

The quantifi cation of the im-pact of the ceramic foam based DOC on the soot and ash de-position in the downstream following Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) lead to intensive analysis efforts of used DPFs. Anatomising loaded DPFs and subsequent use of electron microscopy was implemented. Some very interesting insights could be gained that way. Some of the collected soot loading of the fi lter was even analysed by Task A on the SLS at PSI.

In parallel simulation efforts have been continued. Two parallel paths have been fol-lowed: • the 1-d simulations of foams

and conventional honey-comb catalysts based on mass transfer coeffi cients and their correlations from relevant literature and

• in house derivation of mass transfer coeffi cients based on boundary layer theory and dimensional argu-ments.

While the former is almost completed, the latter is still ongoing.

Main results

• Particulate matter (PM) of both ash and soot accumu-late in the infl ow channels of the fi lter and are partly retained within the porous channel walls. The latter observation indicates that part of the PM may escape to the atmosphere. Outfl ow channels are though com-pletely devoid of any depo-sition material (fi gure 4).

• Accumulated soot forms a porous cake with notice-ably oriented soot aggre-gates. Typically the soot cake thickness ranges be-tween ca. 130-200 μm, in the fi rst half from fi lter inlet, then increases to ca. 200–270 μm before ash plugging.

• The soot cake is charac-terised by a pronounced orientation (layering) of the soot aggregates. This orientation was probably acquired during successive deposition of soot aggre-gates. The aggregate con-stituents of the soot layers are composed of individual particles with a relatively ordered graphene layer structure.

• Ash consists of very fi ne ag-gregates with sizes ranging in their majority between a few μm to few hundreds of nm. The ash consists chem-ically of Mg, Ca, S, P, O and minor Zn, Fe, Na, Si and Al. The major crystalline phase is anhydrite, while zinc magnesium phosphate (ZnMgPO4), hexahydrite (MgSO4•6H2O) and small amounts of Fe-oxide and Zn-oxide may also be pres-ent.

III: Combustion inter-face

The Mean Value Soot Model (MVSM) has been further de-veloped and validated by a comprehensive set of experi-mental data. Im-provements were carried out in par-ticular in the area of transient engine operation predic-tions. These inves-tigations have re-vealed that during a rapid change in the engine load, the lag in turbocharger boost pressure, a fi nite dura-tion required to close the ex-haust gas recirculation (EGR) valve combined with the rapid increase in fuel quantity lead to a short term oxygen defi cit. These fi ve to ten engine cycles however account for the ma-


Mobility

Figure 2: Vehicle for Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) application on the chassis dynamometer with the specifi cally designed exhaust aftertreatment housing (recognisable be-hind the right front wheel of the vehicle).

Figure 3: Close view of the custom designed and build exhaust aftertreatement housing with the instru-mentation. The instrumen-tation areas are located upstream and downstream the DOC as well as down-stream the DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter)

Figure 4: SEM-image of a DPF section showing the soot accumulation on a channel (left) and dis-tinguishing the soot from the ash layer (middle and right).


jority of the soot emissions of the entire transient.

The model also revealed that an accurate estimation of the intake air temperature is ex-tremely important, since it is used to calculate the tempera-ture used in the computation of the soot formation rate ex-pression. Further efforts were directed at measuring on a light-duty common-rail Diesel engine the soot emissions in the exhaust-stream by means of a micro soot sensor and fi lter smoke number and in-cylinder by means of two-co-lour pyrometry. Correlations have been developed between the different techniques for a synthetic Diesel fuel with low aromatic content and lower cetane number as well as for ‹standard› Diesel fuel.

The emissions for the synthetic fuel were found to be lower for a total of 55 operating condi-tions considered.

Main results

• Results for MVSM published in SAE (2009-01-1277) and presented at the SAE World congress, Detroit, April 2009.

• Focus on further develop-ment and validation of the MVSM for transient engine operation, published in SAE (2009-01-1904). Identifi ed importance of temperature estimation in the intake manifold on predicted en-gine-out soot emissions.

• Application of the MVSM to synthetic diesel fuel with low aromatic content and lower cetane number; comparison with ‹stan-dard› Diesel (ASME ICEF proceedings).


Mobility

A: New instrumenta-tion for particle char-acterisation

The following part is structured along the following topics:• synchrotron based micro-

spectroscopy,• high resolution time-of-fl ight aerosol mass spec-trometry,

• electrical and optical meth-ods for emission studies.

Microspectroscopy

The main aim of activities was analyzing in detail morphology and water uptake behaviour in diesel soot particles processed in the PSI smog chamber in collaboration with PSI-LAC. A second important aim was an-alyzing the morphology and X-ray absorption spectra of soot originating from an exhaust af-tertreatment device related to Project II.

Main results

We have taken samples from the smog chamber, where soot from diesel vehicles with dif-ferent exhaust aftertreatment technology has been injected. We concentrated on spectral features at the carbon edge, given that the POLLUX beamline has been upgraded to improve spectroscopy performance in the soft X-ray range. The re-sults (fi gure 5) nicely show that chemical functional group composition of soot as well as its evolution with photochemi-cal processing is depending on aftertreatment technology. Averaging over a number of spectra shows that simulated atmospheric processing leads to relatively more carboxylic

Figure 5: Carbon K edge NEXAFS spectra of indi-vidual soot particles in samples taken immedi-ately after injection into the smog chamber (POA) and after processing by simulated sunlight (SOA) from a Euro-2 (above) and a Euro-3 (below) diesel ve-hicle. The main features of interest are peaks at 285 eV (aromatic hydrocarbon), at 288 eV (carboxylic func-tional groups) and 292 eV (aliphatic hydrocarbon).

functional groups in particles from a Euro-2 car than in those from a Euro-3 car.

W-ToF AMS

The high resolution time-of-fl ight aerosol mass spectrom-eter (W-ToF-AMS) is the only instrument on the market that allows the measurement of the elemental composition at a time resolution down to 1 sec-ond. The higher mass resolu-tion compared to a quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) enables the determina-tion of the chemical composi-tion of the fragments.

New sensors

The focus of the activities is the investigation of new tech-niques for fi eld measurement of particle emissions, which take into account the changed requirements of modern low emission engines. Convention-al techniques as opacimeters can no longer be applied there. Methods based on electrical charging and optical tech-niques are investigated.

Main results

A MiniDiSC device has been de-veloped and tested (fi gure 6).

B: Numerical simula-tion

A comprehensive set of data collected by the Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Laboratory of PSI has been used to fi t the model parameters. Variations include the Gas Hourly Space Velocities (GHSV 30000, 50000, 70000), a broad range

Status and scientifi c results of the tasks

Figure 6: MiniDiSC device, which is small enough to be used as personal moni-tor for ambient air mea-surements.


of temperatures (200, 250, 300, 350, 450 °C), different NO/NO2 feed ratios (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) as well as different levels of NH3 feed at the chan-nel inlet. The infl uence of the injector location and orienta-tion, orifi ce diameter, spray cone angle, droplets initial size and concentration distribution has been examined. The ob-tained results suggest that in-creasing the injector distance and the spray cone angle leads to an increase in yield and uni-formity of the spatial distri-bution of the reducing agent (ammonia). The injection ori-entation also plays an impor-tant role: injection performed in radial or up-stream direc-tions lead to improvements in the ammonia production and homogeneity, a fi nding which also applies when using multi-stream injectors.

The fi ndings demonstrate the capability of the models em-ployed to qualitatively pre-dict variations to the injection confi guration. More elaborate experimental data such as va-pour phase and/or species spa-tial distributions, droplet sizes and velocities are required for in-depth validation and further model development/improve-ments.

Main results

• Development of a 1D+1D model for the simulation of catalytic channels;

• parameterisation of the model by employing ge-netic algorithm based op-timisation using the com-prehensive data-set from a Zeolite catalyst provided by the EGA Laboratory of PSI;

• successful application to a variety of different operat-ing conditions;

• fi rst simulations of catalyst upstream processes, in-cluding urea spray, mixture formation as well as differ-ent model complexities for the thermolysis/hydrolysis processes.

C: Atmospheric inter-actions

The following part is structured along the following topics:• chasing and dynamometer

experiments;• smog chamber studies.

Chasing and dynamometer experiments

Test bench studies are needed to compare the emissions of the various types of vehicles under varying operating condi-tions.

Main results

A comprehensive measur-ing program, including 8 dif-ferent types of vehicles, was conducted in 2009 at the test facilities of the Joint research center in Ispra (Italy). In par-ticular the black carbon and the primary organic aerosol content of particulate matter were investigated with a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) and an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aero-sol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively with a 5 second time resolution. Figure 8 shows the average concentrations of the organic mass and of black carbon (BC) for a selection of tests.

Smog chamber studies

The test bench studies only yield the primary emissions (i.e., the aerosol that is emit-ted directly in particulate form into the atmosphere. To assess the total aerosol caused by a specifi c emission, including the secondary formation in the atmosphere, experiments are needed in smogchambers to simulate the atmospheric ag-ing conditions.

The following topics are ad-dressed: Assessment of die-sel car contribution to primary organic aerosols (POA) and to secondary organic aero-sol (SOA) formation potential from gas-phase volatile or-ganic compounds (VOCs) and primary organic aerosol-as-sociated semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) photooxi-dation with smog chamber ex-periments.

Main results

The experiments at PSI were obtained from a Euro 3 car at two different conditions repre-sentative of idle mode and a speed of 60 km/h and a Euro 3 van (only idling conditions). For these conditions, fresh aerosols consisted mainly of black carbon with a low frac-tion of organic matter (OM/BC < 1), in line with the experi-ments at the test bench in Is-pra. Depending on the condi-tions (mainly on the effi ciency of the oxidation catalyst), the relative importance of SOA varies considerably. On aging SOA becomes increasingly oxi-dized, less volatile, and more hygroscopic, leading to the formation of oxygenated or-ganic aerosol.


Mobility

Figure 7: Simulation of urea injection in the ex-haust stream: Distribution of ammonia vapour over-laid with liquid droplets

Figure 8: Average concen-trations in the undiluted exhaust gas of a Euro 4 gasoline car (top), a Euro 2 scooter (middle) and a Euro 3 diesel car (bottom). The latter diesel car is the same that was used for the aging experiments in the PSI smogchamber. Note the different scales of the y-axis. While the gasoline and the diesel car emis-sions are dominated by BC, the scooter emissions show overwhelming concentra-tions of organics.


hy.muveHydrogen Driven Municipal Vehicle

Scope of project

A fuel cell driven cleaning vehicle is investigated in this project. The three main tasks are the devel-opment of a dynamic computer model of such an application, based on the system performance in its practical use. The second task is the integration of a fuel cell / battery electric drive train into a modifi ed Bucher CC2020 street cleaner, including the development of the control strategies needed and as third task the development of a market introduction strategy and the demonstration and fi eld testing across Europe. The vehicle will be operated at 2–3 geographical locations during different seasons.

Mobility

Main Investigator

Christian Bach, Empa

Project Partners

Empa

PSI

Bucher Schörling

Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH

Messer Schweiz AG

Brusa Elektronik AG

Field Testing Partners

City of Basel

City of St. Gallen

SwissAlps3000,

City and Canton Berne

Beside the completion of the vehicle assembly and the cer-tifi cation (the electric part in cooperation with swisselectric, the fuel cell and hydrogen part in cooperation with TÜV Süd and the vehicle at the Strassen-verkehrsamt Zürich), a fueling and vehicle parking concept was realized in cooperation with Messer Schweiz and Thu-ba AG (fi gure 3 and fi gure 4). The fueling and parking station was certifi ed by the SUVA and the Sicherheitsinstitut Basel according safety regulations.

As the reliability of the fuel cell system wasn’t satisfying at all, the start of the fi eld test needed to be stopped in Oc-tober and the CityCat H2 was transported to Puchheim, Ger-many, where Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH found that some fuel cell stacks had a leakage and needed to be replaced. Af-ter this repair hy.muve is go-ing to be transported to Empa Dübendorf in January 2010 to

undergo tests on the chassis dynamometer at 5 and 25 °C before restarting the fi eld test-ing. The fi eld test in Basel is planned to be resumed in Feb-ruary 2010 and continued until June 2010. As desired from the City of St. Gallen, hy.muve is going to run there from Sep-tember to November 2010.

Main scientifi c results

The main achievement in 2009 is the completion of the hy.muve vehicle and having fi rst measurement data of the street cleaner’s real world op-eration. The hy.muve vehicle found a great medial response all over the world (newpapers, television, magazines, jour-nals).

The installation of the fueling and parking infrastructure in Basel was completed in time and is ready for usage.

Status of project

The construction of the proj-ect vehicle was completed in spring 2009. The vehicle – of-fi cially called Bucher CityCat H2 – was presented to the public for the very fi rst time on May 14 in Basel. The initial opera-tion and parameter tuning of the fuel cell system took much longer than excepted. As there were also trouble with the electric propulsion motor, the instruction of the foreseen ve-hicle drivers did not start until September. The test needed to be interrupted in October due to problems concerning the re-liability of the fuel cell system, fi rst of all gas supply and cold start behaviour.

Nevertheless, the few test runs showed that the hydrogen powered street cleaner works conceptionally, the driving per-formance and the energy con-sumption is in the expected range and all major system components are properly de-signed.

Figure 1 (left): Bucher CityCat H2, press photo.

Figure 2 (right): Bucher CityCat H2, on a test run.

19CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 19

Drivers have been instructed concerning driving and operat-ing hy.muve, fueling, trouble-shooting as well as daily main-tenance work such as washing, lubrication and inspection. As repairing of broken parts or re-fi lling of liquids (coolants, hy-draulic oil, ATF) is in charge of the garage staff, people from «Werkstätten des Tiefbauamts der Stadt Basel» have been in-structed.

Vehicle completion and testing

Offi cial hand-over to the City of Basel: On May 14, hy.muve was pre-sented in Basel (Rathaus) and a offi cial hand-over of keys was celebrated.

First operation of fuel cell sys-tem in hy.muve vehicle: On June 15, hy.muve’s hydro-gen tanks were fi lled up for the very fi rst time, and on June 16, the PM200 fuel cell system produced electricity on-board with a power of approx. 7kW.

Tuning of fuel cell system pa-rameters and power manage-ment: As in June there where some very warm days in Basel, the thermal behaviour of the whole power train could have been tested under worst-case con-ditions. The fuel cell system’s cooling system was not able to bring away it’s waste heat at specifi ed maximal ambient temperature when running at full load. Therefore a tempera-ture depending power derating needed to be realized, which did not lead to serious limita-tions of the street cleaner’s operation.

Trouble with the traction mo-tor: On longer test rides on public streets two phenomena con-cerning the propulsion motor appeared: 1. sudden cut-off of traction power when driving at high speeds followed with a not controllable very strong slow down. 2. rejection of driveaway after a short standstill, mainly when in reverse gear.

Finally Brusa replaced the motor’s encoder disk and the pick-up circuit board. A follow-ing test run up to Bruderholz hill showed that the problem with the motor seemed to be solved. The following day, hy.muve passed a long and demanding test run up the St. Chrischona hill without any problem whether at motor nor at fuel cell side. Driving back through rush-hour traffi c, the traction motor fi nally broke down with the same symp-toms. The problem was found to be not only the speed sen-sor, but also it’s mounting on the motor housing.

Room for improvement at the stack ventilation air inlet fi l-ter: The inlet air has to pass an air fi lter, which is located above the rear axle. This turned out to be a rather dusty and dirty place, so that the air fi lter blocks af-ter a few dozens of operation hours, depending on the street conditions. The fi lter can easily be cleaned and reused, but it is diffi cult to access if there is no appropriate car lift available.

Room for improvement at the air supply: The reaction air supply of the fuel cell system consists of air fi lter, mass fl ow, temperature and pressure measurement,

compressor, intercooler and throttle. The location of the air fi lter is rather disadvantageous, as splash water can permeate when the fi lter is not covered during the machine’s cleaning. The air fi lter backpressure is a limiting factor for the fuel cell’s air throughput and fi nally out-put power.

The fuel cell systems air com-pressor is driven electrically with a inverter controlled syn-chronous motor. A gearbox is applied in order to reach high rotional speeds of the com-pressor impeller. The gears need lubrication, and the oil’s increased viscosity is a present problem when trying to start the fuel cell compressor at low ambient temperature.

Performance – fi rst results.

Fuel supply: The capacity of 7.5 kg at max. 350bar is suffi cient for a day shift.

Fuel cell system: The agreed net power of 20kW cannot be reached. Under best case conditions (temperature) a maximal net power of 15kW is possible. This situation is only acceptable if there is no further power reduction due to fuel cell aging. The reliabily of


Mobility


A/C: Air Conditioning

DC: Direct Current

FC: Fuel Cell

Figure 3: System layout


the fuel cell system is unsuf-fi cient.

Fuel cell DC/DC-converter: Good reliability and energetic effi ciency acceptable (around 90%).

Lithium polymer batteries: Performance of cells is bril-liant. Charge-bypass diodes over main contactors seemed to be defective and needed to be replaced.

Propulsion drive: Besides the diffi culties with the speed sensor and rather poor support from the manufac-turer, the drive shows a very good effi ciency and drivability. A maximal energy recupera-tion rate (electric brake) of up to 30% could have been mea-sured in real world operation.

Electrical vacuum cleaner fan drive: Shows nearly the same power characteristic as predicted in the simulation. The suction power of the CityCat H2 is not as good as it should be. Geo-metrical and aero-dynamical changes need to be done.

Auxiliary motor drive: The belt to drive the A/C-com-pressor has been removed, as there is no air condition real-ized in CityCat H2. The motor’s maximum power of 10kW is needed when tilting the con-tainer. The hydraulic system’s power is exhausted when op-erating all three brooms at high rotation speed. The front broom has the lowest priority and stops rotating while steer-ing or braking under the men-tioned conditions.

12V- and 24V-converter: Both works properly.

Energy consumption: Even though real world opera-tion of the CityCat H2 was near-ly impossible due to frequent fuel cell system errors, a few statements concering the on-board energy consumption can be made. Figure 6 shows the results of a working day simu-lation. During the fi rst 5 h, 35 % of the hydrogen fuel are used, whereas the battery’s state of charge moves between 53 % and 72 %. Figure 7 shows the equivalent data of the test run on October 8. The fuel consumption after 5 h matchs pretty well the fore-cast (simu-lation), and the battery’s state-of-charge in the end is even higher as at the beginning. In order to make a proper state-ment of the effective energetic improvement, it is planned to measure the daily consump-tion of a diesel CityCat 2020 and the hydrogen CityCat H2, both operated on the same route under similar conditions (vehicle speed, usage of work-ing equipment).

Fueling station & garage

The fueling process works fi ne, even though sometimes a complete fi lling is denied. The reason for this malfunction could be found in the fueling station’s programmable logic controller software and will be fi xed as soon as the CityCat H2 is back in Basel.If a gas leakage is detected, the garage’s safety concept is designed to perform an air change of >300 m3/h using an electric ventilation. As this concept is not multiple-fail-safe (hydrogen leakage plus electricity breakdown), SUVA


Mobility

(Schweizerische Unfallverhüt-ungsanstalt) specifi ed to install an uninterruptible power sup-ply (UPS).

Economic analysis of fuel cell vehicles as niche inno-vations

The hy.muve project applies a public private partnership gov-ernance structure for its imple-mentation. Practice is chosing this hybrid contract and gov-ernance form (hybrid between market and hierarchy based coordination of transactions) for reseach and development initiatives more frequently. So far our main fi ndings sug-gest that a main value of the hy.muve project is seen in en-hancing absorptive capacity building concerning hydrogen and fuel cell technology within the value creation chain in-cluding public authorities. This intangible asset impedes an early lockout of H2-technology in promising niche markets for the Swiss industry while it does not yet secure the commercial success.

FC monitoring

A system for the product wa-ter sampling on the vehicle has been developed and installed. About 20 product water sam-ples have been collected and measured with the standard methodology based on ion-se-lective electrodes.

The results showed that the fl uoride content of the product water is very low and for accu-rate analysis ion-chromatog-raphy will be the best suited analysis tool.

Figure 6: Energetic con-sumption (simulation).

Figure 7: Energetic con-sumption (test October 8, 2009).

Figure 5: Parking station (20ft container) with fuel hose.

Figure 4: Fueling and park-ing station in Basel.


HY_ChangeTransition to Hydrogen Based Trans-portation – Challenges and Opportunities

Mobility

Main Investigator

Alexander Wokaun, PSI

Project Partners

PSI

Empa

ETHZ

Scope of activities

For an assessment of the opportunities provided by the introduction of hydrogen as a transportation fuel, the following aspects have been considered:• The life cycle impact of the full fuel cycle for hydrogen is compared both to conventional and to

other alternative fuels.• With a view to atmospheric chemistry, changes in the hydrogen emissions due to transport are

analyzed.• The optimum design of a vehicle depends strongly on both the desired performance / utility and

on the available fuels. A methodology for an unbiased assessment of vehicle design options is developed.

• Introduction of hydrogen requires profound changes of the transportation system and its use by society. The associated dynamics of innovation diffusion into markets is studied, considering barriers, opportunities, and feedbacks.

• Global economy strives at maximizing intergenerational welfare. Energy-economic models con-sider resource scarcity and climate protection goals as important drivers promoting changes in the transportation system.

Status of the project

Comparison of alternative and conventional fuels

The life cycle impact of biofu-els and hydrogen as an energy carrier was compared to con-ventional fuels. With a view to transportation, results are con-veniently expressed in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per kilometre. Even for advanced passenger vehicles with a con-sumption equivalent to 3 litres of Diesel or 4 litres of gasoline, emissions are dominated by fuel combustion during the use phase (fi gure 1). If methane from biomass (SNG) is substi-tuted for natural gas, a large reduction is achieved. For fuel cell vehicles propelled by hy-drogen produced from fossil fuels, the prevailing emission contribution comes from the fuel chain, with pronounced differences depending on the source (coal gasifi cation ver-sus steam methane reform-ing). The ecological advan-tages of hydrogen are reaped if the latter is produced from renewables. While water elec-trolysis using hydro-electric-

ity (if additional quantities are available in the energy system at large) gives rise to lowest overall emissions, the solar thermal dissociation of water in a two-step process repre-sents an attractive alternative that does not require renew-able electricity upfront.

Hydrogen in the atmo-sphere

Hydrogen may act as an in-direct greenhouse gas, by changing the concentration of the important OH radical in the atmosphere, and thereby increasing the residence time of the greenhouse gas meth-ane. Concerns on these effects have been formulated in the context of an energy economy that would largely rely on hy-drogen. In order to address them, the present inventory of hydrogen emissions has to be compared with scenarios for the future.

The start-up phase of a vehicle under cold start conditions of-ten makes a dominant contri-

Figure 1: GHG emissions in grams of CO2 equivalent per passenger kilometre (including fuel chain, operational emissions and construc-tion, maintenance, and disposal of car and road infrastructure; av-erage load of 1.59 passengers per average car of the year 2010) showing contributions of life cycle stages. Abbreviations: STD pipe FC = Solar Thermal Dissociation (two-step ZnO/Zn water-splitting cycle) + H2 pipeline transport from Spain to Switzerland + use in Fuel Cell; SMR = Steam Methane Reforming; CGA = Advanced Coal Gasifi cation; ELE Hydro = Electrolysis using Hydropower; SNG = Synthetic Natural Gas; CNG = Compressed Natural Gas.


bution to overall H2 emissions, as do fuel-rich conditions. Emissions over a driving cycle are much smaller for diesel cars than for those with gaso-line-fuelled engines, whereas motorcycles and scooters emit signifi cantly higher quantities (fi gure 2).

Comparison with the few avail-able test results from fuel cell vehicles shows that future road emissions will be dominated by 2-wheelers and fuel cell ve-hicles, and efforts invested to control them. However, these would typically be lower than the losses associated with the production, transportation, distribution, and storage of hy-drogen.

Estimations of loss rates from the literature have been criti-cally reviewed; the lower range quoted by industrial sources appears to be more realistic. Combining these rea-sonable assumptions with po-tential shares of hydrogen in a global energy system at the end of the 21st century, it is ex-pected that H2 emissions from energy-based H2 use should remain within the realm of current estimates of total an-thropogenic H2 release into the atmosphere.

Multi-criteria assessment of alternative drivetrains

The introduction of alterna-tive concepts such as fuel cell vehicles provides an opportu-nity to redesign the vehicle in its entirety, rather than mak-ing incremental improvements starting from existing models. This is the context of the heu-ristic vehicle design performed in this study. Groups of user-defi ned technology options


Mobility

(e.g. size-class of vehicle, fuel type, and chemical energy con-verter), exogenous variables (such as fuel prices) and en-dogenous technology options (e.g. materials used, tank size, rated power of the chemical energy converter, hybrid archi-tecture, and battery capacity) are defi ned while respecting existing relationships between the design choices and physi-cal principles. Output from the powertrain simulation and life-cycle models comprises criteria of interest to drivers, manufac-turers and regulators, such as fuel consumption, greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, total cost of ownership, range, acceleration capability, and safety.

An analysis of the effect of ve-hicle weight reduction on cost, safety, and environmental im-pact of the North American heavy-duty fl eet confi rms that a reduction in average weight of the heavy duty fl eet is ac-companied by a net reduction of the overall societal cost of mobility.

Detailed technical modeling of the powertrain options (pri-mary converter, hybrid archi-tectures, optimal control) has been performed for given driv-er requirements. Results are shown in the form of trade-off curves (fi gure 3). This exam-ple, chosen from a large set, illustrates that the required technical performance (here expressed as top speed) has a pronounced infl uence on the CO2 emissions. Hybrid vehicles are able to achieve better per-formance with lower CO2 emis-sions, mitigating this important trade-off. For the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the use of hydrogen produced by solar

Figure 2: Cumulative H2 emissions (in mg) for the diesel vehi-cles, gasoline automobiles, natural gas vehicles, and 2-wheelers. All vehicles were operated under Common Artemis Driving Cycle (CADC). Different colours represent different vehicles in the same vehicle class. Note the difference of scales for H2 on the y-axis. Evident are the very low emissions from the diesel vehicles and the high emissions from the 2-wheelers and natural gas vehicles. The 3 shorter curves for the motorcycles and scooters represent the scooters, whose displacements and top speeds prevented them from conducting the motorway part of the cycle.


electricity (using photovoltaic electrolysis) is clearly the su-perior option. Electric vehicles perform well due to their high effi ciency, even if the current US electricity mix is assumed.

Preliminary stakeholder pro-fi les have been used to gen-erate multi-criteria decision analysis results, allowing for different weighting of econo-my, ecology, and performance criteria according to personal preference. The results show that the «optimum» vehicle strongly depends on stake-holder priority for some tech-nologies (e.g. chemical energy converter and fuel), while oth-er attributes are preferred by most stakeholders (e.g. light-weighting technology). While petrol / diesel hybrids continue to prevail for high payload and range requirements, fuel cell vehicles emerge as a superior option for typical passenger car applications, and purely electric vehicles fi nd their op-timum application where low range and performance is tol-erated.

System dynamic analysis of market penetration

A system dynamics model for vehicle substitution in the Eu-ropean fl eet was developed to map the concepts of tech-nology diffusion and substitu-tion, including the innovative characteristics of a behavioural norm developing within a soci-ety, that infl uences the inher-ent and perceived attractive-ness of alternative propulsion modes.

The expected technical de-velopment, including technol-ogy diffusion, is taken as the baseline. For the European

car stock, it is analyzed what policy packages, what levels of stimulation, and which fea-tures of inherent attractiveness are necessary to reach defi ned European emission reduction targets. Figure 4 illustrates that fi scal incentives alone are not very effective unless the inherent attractiveness of al-ternative propulsion technolo-gies (such as hybrids, natural gas cars) is raised. But it is only with the introduction of a «near-zero emission» vehicle (here represented by a fuel cell vehicle running on renew-able hydrogen) that the goal of halving passenger transport emissions by 2050 could be reached.

Supposing that the emission challenges can not be met by incumbent technologies, it is interesting to analyze which type of transformation would be expected to occur within the car manufacturing indus-try. Whereas the possibility of a disruptive transformation is taken into account, in which a newcomer conquers the mar-ket with a new technology, it is considered more likely that with industry realizing the need to achieve stringent emission targets, the incumbents would carry the necessary, fairly radical innovation in an endog-enous transformation.

Hydrogen in the energy system – energy economic modeling

Scenarios for the evolution of the world energy system have been developed to analyze the conditions under which alter-native fuels and vehicle drive-trains may be competitive, accounting for resource and climate constraints. Economic


Mobility

Figure 4: Comparison of CO2-emissions savings a) from baseline emphasis on reducing fuel con-sumption of conventional drivetrains, b) from Multi incentive policy packages and c) from near zero emission vehicles (e.g. renewable H2 FCVs).

Figure 3: Trade-off curves resulting from heuristic vehicle design. As an example, life cycle CO2 emissions are plotted against perfor-mance, expressed by top speed. Hybrids emit less for small battery sizes. Fuel cell vehicle performance is strongly dependent on fuel feedstock (SMR: steam methane reforming; PV: electrolysis us-ing photovoltaic electricity). For the electric vehicles (EV), the US electricity mix is assumed.

24 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Mobility


energy-systems analysis of these scenarios was carried out using the European Hydro-gen, the Global Multi-regional, and the Swiss MARKAL models. It was found that the use of both hydrogen and biofuels in transportation can contribute to achieving climate stabiliza-tion targets on a global level. Biofuels, and hybrid cars em-ploying these fuels, are found to be competitive under mod-erate climate policy targets stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration at 650 parts per million volume (ppmv) (see fi gure 5). One key factor for the deployment of biofuels is the global avail-ability of biomass and its cost. The contribution of biofuels to transportation is reduced with more stringent climate policy targets, with biomass utilized in these cases for the decar-bonisation of other sectors, such as heat or electricity pro-duction. Hydrogen is competi-tive under the most stringent climate policy targets, such as 450 ppmv CO2 (fi gure 5). Sub-sequent analysis of conditions under which battery electric

Figure 5: Development of personal transport across scenarios different climate change mitigation scenarios (from left: 650 ppmv, 450 ppmv).

vehicles could play a larger role, indicates that substantial reductions in battery costs are likely to be needed. In agree-ment with the global studies, the enforcement of ambitious climate targets in Switzer-land will necessitate profound changes in the vehicle fl eet.

Outlook

Further evaluation is proceed-ing to interpret the trade-offs among vehicle design options for various stakeholder groups. Completion of the actors’ mod-el will consolidate conclusions on company innovation strat-egies. Besides peer-reviewed publications, the results of the project will be published as a book, expected to appear in the second half of 2010.


FCV: Fuel Cell Vehicles

LCA: Life Cycle Analysis

MARKAL: Market Allocation


CEMTECComputational Engineering of Multi-Scale Transport

in Small-Scale Surface Based Energy Conversion

Mobility

Main Investigator

Ilya Karlin, ETHZ

Project Partners

ETHZ (LAV, LTNT)

EPFL

PSI

Empa

Scope of activities

CEMTEC project developed a platform for multi-scale simulations of multi-component reacting fl ows in porous media with specifi c applications in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and micro-reactors for por-table power generation. At the cornerstone is the novel Entropic Lattice Boltzmann (ELB) method for fl uid dynamics and micro-fl ows. New LB models for chemically reactive fl ows, non-isothermal fl ows, catalytic reactions and multi-phase fl ows were developed and numerically implemented in highly effi cient parallelized codes. Two groups, at LAV-ETHZ and PSI, were established whose research is strongly focused on ELB. All partners contributed to the basic numerical setup (SOFC anode) where the new ELB modeling was extensively tested and compared against conventional fl uid dynamics solvers. The ELB models are implemented and are ready to simulate realistic systems to the benefi t of experimental groups in optimizing their experimental setups and eventually in building a micro-fuel cell prototype.


It can be concluded that the project has successfully ac-complished its objectives and has resulted in establishing fruitful scientifi c partnerships among project collaborators.

PSI

A new LB model for complex geometries, with appropriate boundary conditions, for real-istic reactive multi-component mixtures, was built and further extended to include detailed catalytic reactions. The lattice Boltzmann model for mixtures was applied to simulate the fl ow in a realistic porous anode SOFC electrode whose geome-try was characterized in Empa using X-Ray tomography, and successfully compared with the conventional fl uid dynam-ics simulations by LTNT-ETHZ.

A parametric study was carried out to identify optimal materi-als, catalysts and geometries for a micro-reactor. The results of the simulations were used to build a prototype catalytic reactor. This reactor has been tested with propane fuel and

Figure 1: Lattice Boltzmann simulation of a turbulent vortex fl ow. A snapshot of vorticity.

has successfully met the set requirements of thermal power output.

LTNT-ETHZ

On the experimental side, the goal was to develop a highly effi cient reformer for SOFC. As a result of the LTNT investiga-tions, it can now be stated that the production of hydrogen- and carbon monoxide-rich syn-gas can be achieved in a very effi cient manner by the use of rhodium doped nanoparticles as catalyst even for the low temperature of 550 °C. These experimental studies proved that by benefi ting from op-timized disk-shaped reactor geometry and a novel catalyst placement procedure using a direct sol-gelation method, the potential industrial application of a butane processor can be

LAV-ETHZ

A new, complete and system-atic array of ELB models was created, implemented and tested with a specifi c focus on compressible fl ow simulation and simulation of micro-fl ows beyond continuum physics. State-of-the-art high perfor-mance ELB code was devel-oped and tested in a number of benchmark problems includ-ing high resolution simulation of turbulent fl ows. A novel method to accurately reduce a mechanism of a complex chemical reaction (Method of Invariant Grids) was developed and implemented for hydro-gen oxidation reaction. Finally, MIG was coupled to the Lattice Boltzmann solver to implement reactive fl ow simulations.

Main scientifi c results of workgroups


signifi cantly improved as part of an entire SOFC-based mi-cro-powerplant. A novel fl ow-based method was invented to place catalytic nanoparticles into a reactor by sol-gelation of ceramic foam containing Rh/ceria/zirconia nanopar-ticles. The generated ceramic foam showed properties highly appropriate for use as catalytic reactor material, e.g. reason-able pressure drop due to its porosity, high thermal and cat-alytic stability, and excellent catalytic behavior.

The numerical part of LTNT-ETHZ research spanned three different areas: First, we de-veloped a microscopic model for the reforming porous anode and applied it to the simulation of composite multi-layered an-ode which was originally sug-gested and manufactured by our project collaborators at Empa. Second, based on the experimental data received from our Empa partners, we reconstructed a two-dimen-sional porous domain of the SOFC anode and completed Computational Fluid Dynam-ics (CFD) simulations which served as a basis for compari-

son for the ELB code developed by our project partners at PSI and LAV-ETHZ. Third, we were able to construct a 3D mesh of the anode structure for a CFD model and to investigate in de-tail the fl ow and hydrodynamic anisotropy in the structure of the anode sample. Finally, based on our experiments, we suggested and validated a multistep model of the kinet-ics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the tested porous reformer.

EPFL

A strikingly higher level of pro-tection of SOFC anodes against sulfur deactivation and corro-sion was discovered to be pos-sible by modifying the conven-tional Ni-cermet by the addition of a catalytic promoter. The level of sulfur desensitization achieved is better than that obtained previously by anyone in the fi eld. By modifying the Ni-YSZ anode, it is possible to operate SOFC with fuels con-taining several percentages of sulfur and thereby eliminate the need of a desulfuriser in the system. The new invention

requires only minimum modi-fi cations to the cell fabricating protocols. We have short-listed advanced materials capable of further modifying the fl uoride promoted Ni-cermet architec-ture and operate SOFC under direct hydrocarbon feed with-out any carbon-deposition and redox instabilities.

Empa

Empa’s work was the develop-ment of methods, i.e. neutron and synchrotron methods for the diagnostics of SOFC ma-terials, and the supply of the modellers with experimental structure data. Samples from Hexis and from the European Real SOFC project were tested. Detailed geometry and struc-ture of a sample SOFC’s anode was obtained and delivered to the partners of CCEM project for a fl ow simulation using ELB and conventional fl uid solvers.

CEMTECComputational Engineering of Multi-Scale Transport

in Small-Scale Surface Based Energy Conversion

Mobility


CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics

LAV: Aerothermochemis-try and Combustion Systems Laboratory at ETH Zurich

LBM: Lattice Botzmann Method

LTNT: Laboratory of Ther-modynamics in Emer ging Technolo-gies at ETH Zurich

SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Results of CEMTEC proj-

ect are presented in:

92 journal publications,

publications in collective

monographs and confer-

ence proceedings

8 Ph D Thesis

3 patents.

Figure 2: 3D reconstruc-tion of anode 3x3 μm ele-ment and contours of pres-sure in CFD simulations.

27CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Mobility

CELaDEClean and Effi cient Large Diesel Engines

Scope of activities

The overall project deals with the development, application and validations of both simulation and experimental methods with the aim to support Swiss and international industry in the realization of future very-low-emission, highly effi cient large diesel engines. As seen from Figure 1, the involved partners from ETH Domain will work starting from science fundamentals through a transfer level (i.e. making methods useful to industrial partners) to a range of possible industrial applications.

Status and main scientifi c results of workgroups

sector meshes with different resolutions, for which spray and combustion simulations were performed. Optimisa-tion routines based on genetic algorithms have been devel-oped to allow for fast model constant calibration. A second set-up for the full combustion chamber (including intake and exhaust ports as well as the moving valves) was also gen-erated, allowing for more real-istic estimation of the fl ow fi eld at intake valve closure.

Task 1 B: ETHZ/LAV

Status of the subproject

This task refers to the genera-tion of detailed data through non-intrusive, both optical and non-optical methods in order to be able to validate the com-putational models of the previ-ous task. The experiments will be carried out at the dedicated extensively instrumented sin-gle-cylinder research engine with partial optical access and at the single-shot compression machine, both at LAV/ETHZ.

Scientifi c results

As described in the previous annual report, the single cyl-inder research engine could be successfully commissioned to-ward the end of the reporting period 2008.

Task 1 A: ETHZ/LAV


Task A of the CELaDE project seeks to further improve the capabilities of computational reactive fl uid dynamic (CRFD) tools, in particular with re-spect to quantitative predic-tions of heat release rates and emissions for Diesel engines. The approach followed uses the Conditional Moment Clos-ure (CMC) model, for which highly successful application to a broad range of turbulent non-premixed combustion problems is documented in the literature.

Scientifi c results

Further model validation cal-culations was performed us-ing experimental data from an in-house heavy-duty Diesel engine and subsequently pub-lished in SAE and presented at the SAE world congress. For the LAV high pressure, high temperature generic test rig with optical access (HTDZ) a sensitivity analysis w.r.t. mod-el uncertainties and the cor-responding infl uence on igni-tion location and ignition delay was successfully published in a journal.

For the MTU engine, different computational set-ups have been developed: These include

Figure 2: Schematic of the LAV – MTU 396 Test Facil-ity.

Main Investigator

Konstantinos Boulouchos,

ETHZ

Project Partners

ETHZ

PSI

Empa

Figure 1: Strategic project structure and interdepen-dence between the project partners and tasks.


When commissioned, the en-gine was still equipped with

the original conventional in-jection system. This allowed for initial testing without any ad-ditional uncer-tainties and was also employed during the sub-sequent run-ning-in period.

Once this had been completed, the fuel injection system was replaced with a modern com-mon-rail system; fi rst test runs could be conducted in June. The new system employs a suction throttled high pressure fuel pump in conjunction with a custom-built fuel injector, which allows for two different injection confi gurations by re-placement of the nozzle tip (6x 335 μm or 8x 290 μm nozzles are available). Together with a freely programmable engine controller, this fl exible system allows three injections per cycle (one pilot, one main and one post injection) at maxi-mum injection pressures of up to 1600 bar. This highly fl ex-ible common-rail fuel injection confi guration has been suc-cessfully tested.

Last changes have been carried out also for the air path, which now allows for fully variable control of intake temperature and pressure and is capable of cooled exhaust gas recir-culation. The defective engine brake control system has been replaced and issues concerning vibrations in the crank-train have been clarifi ed and are in the process of being resolved.

Task 1 C: PSI


Laseroptical spectroscopic measurements will be carried out by the Combustion Re-search Laboratory of PSI at the High-T/High-pressure spray combustion cell at PSI and in a second phase at the single-shot-compression-machine at ETHZ. The scope is to identify spatial distribution and tempo-ral evolution of NOX and soot concentration during combus-tion.

Scientifi c results

In 2009 the efforts related to further development of NO LIF techniques for use in elevated pressure combustion devices (reciprocating engines, gas turbines) have been focused on NO-LIF thermometry, i.e. the usage of NO-LIF as a measurement technique for determination of (2-D) gas temperature distribution. Two methods (two-line method, spectral fi tting method) have been applied, with the latter one being better suited (for elevated pressure) and more reliable (less sensitive to spec-tral jitter). With proper specifi -cation of the noise characteris-tics of the spectra exhaust gas temperatures as a function of air-to-fuel ratio for a methane-air fl ame at 15 bar show good agreement with calculated adi-abatic fl ame temperatures giv-en as a reference (especially considering the heat loss char-acteristics of the experimental set-up).

Task 2 A: ETHZ/LAV


Insight from Task 1A will be used to generate zero-di-mensional, phenomenological models, capable of predicting engine behaviour also during transient operation.

Scientifi c results

The phenomenological diesel combustion model and the emission models described in a former report have been further developed and rear-ranged for use in cycle simu-lation tools. An interface in a very general formulation was defi ned to provide the oppor-tunity for implementation in any available code. Due to the general formulation of the in-terface the implementation in the commercial code GT-Power was realised and successfully tested in a passenger car en-gine model in a collaborative project. GT-Power is the state of the art software in industry for engine cycle simulations.

Task 2 B: ETHZ/LAV


Based on task 1B, minimal in-vasive methods, both optical and non-optical, will be further developed and implemented in the single-cylinder engine and a multi-cylinder engine to demonstrate the capabilities of new sensors for in-situ, online monitoring of engine combus-tion.

Scientifi c results

The Airsense Mass-Spectrome-ter has been applied to charac-terize the fast sampling valve.


Mobility


CMC: Conditional Mea-surement Closure

CRFD: Computational Re-active Fluid Dynam-ic

HTDZ: Hochtemperatur- und Hochdruck-Zelle

LAV: Aerothermochemis-try and Combustion Systems Laboratory at ETH Zurich

LIF: Laser-Induced Fluo-rescence

Figure 3: Exhaust gas temperature as a func-tion of air-to-fuel ratio for a methane-air fl ame at 15 bar. Calculated adiabatic fl ame temperatures given as a reference show good agreement with the mea-sured values

29CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Mobility

The most important parame-ters of the valve (opening- and closing-time) have been docu-mented as well as the sample gas transfer to the spectro-meter. Improvements of the sample gas transfer system have been realised. Mechanical parts required for applying the valve to single cylinder have been machined and are ready for use.

Task 2 C: Empa


Task 2C (performed by Empa, Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory) covers novel ap-plications and in-sight using the in-cylinder pressure signal in modern heavy duty diesel engines.

Future stringent emission leg-islations of on- and off-road heavy duty engines can only be met by precise controlling of the injection, the exhaust gas circulation rate, the air path (turbocharging) and the exhaust gas treatment sys-tems. More and more, single combustion events have to be optimized and controlled which can be done by using cylinder pressure transducer signals. On the one hand, the in-cyl-

inder pressure signal can be used to understand combus-tion phenomena and their ef-fect on the engine’s effi ciency and pollutant emissions and on the other hand the in-cylinder pressure can be used in real time for control purposes of each single combustion event.

Scientifi c results

A novel and robust approach to determine the start of combus-tion could be found. The new approach is computationally cheap and offers the possibility to be integrated in real-time control algorithms to detect ignition delays and the failure of injection components. Alter-natively, the algorithm can be used for a fast detection of the start of combustion during en-gine calibration. The approach was applied for a patent.

Additionally, a detailed ther-modynamical loss and pollut-ant emission analysis could be performed using a pre-produc-tion heavy duty diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system which is able to vary pre-, main-, and post-fuel-injection quantities. The fi ndings were submitted to a dedicated journal.


Figure 7: The measurement results of the opening and closing behavior of the valve, depending from the duration of current feed.

The needle reaches the full stroke at a current feed duration of 0.8 ms. However with this duration of current feed, the closing process is slower than with the other du-rations. The fi rst reaction to the opening pulse occurs after ca. 0.2 ms; the full stroke is reached after ca. 0.9 ms, the fi rst reaction to the closing pulse occurs after ca. 0.3 ms and after ca. 0.6 ms the needle is fully closed again.

Figure 4: LAV fast sam-pling valve.

Figure 5: Probe tip and gas-fl ow.

Figure 6: Access to de pis-ton bowl. Assembly of the fast sampling valve instead of an exhaust valve and the composition of the adapter

ElectricityElectricity


CarmaCarbon Dioxide Management in Power Generation

Scope of project

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is a set of technologies for the capture of CO2 from its anthropogenic point sources, its transport to a storage location or treatment plant, and its isola-tion from the atmosphere. This is only one, though very important, option in a portfolio of actions to fi ght the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration and to mitigate the greenhouse effect and climate change, while at the same time allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels.

Deployment of CCS technologies is expected to be limited in the next 5 to 10 years, but to provide a signifi cant CO2 sink in at best 20 years from now. Capture of CO2 using existing separation tech-niques can be applied to large point sources, i.e. power plants or industrial plants; CO2 can be easily transported over large distances using pipelines and ships; CO2 storage can be in geological forma-tions, or by fi xing it as mineral carbonates.

The CARMA project aims at exploring the potential for and the feasibility of the deployment of CCS in Switzerland within the framework of future energy scenarios. Moreover, we aim at exploiting the available expertise to develop new CCS technologies and know-how, which might be applied in Swit-zerland and worldwide.

Electricity

Main Investigator

Marco Mazzotti, ETHZ

Project Partners

EPFL

ETHZ

PSI

University of Bern

FHNW

Geoform Ltd.


Figure 1: Overview over the concept of carbon di-oxide capture and storage (IPCC, 2005).

overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from complete fos-sil power generation chains applying CCS technologies for generic, representative Euro-pean conditions. However, fuel consumption and electricity production costs are expected to be signifi cantly higher at the same time.

Sub Project 2: Pre-combus-tion CO2 capture

Analysis of fuel decarboniza-tion processes

The main task of the indus-trial energy systems labora-tory (LENI) at EPFL is defi ned as the modeling, analysis and optimization of fuel decarbon-ization processes using pre-combustion routes.

All processes considered con-sist of a fuel decarbonization step with subsequent CO2 sep-aration to purify the hydrogen before its use in a gas turbine for power generation. A mix-ture of CO2 and H2 can be pro-

duced from different resources (gas, coal or biomass) through gasifi cation and/or reforming followed by a water gas shift reaction step. The major pre-combustion routes that will be analyzed include steam and CO2 methane reforming, oxy-gen and air partial oxidation, and autothermal reforming. The different options con-sidered for CO2 capture are mainly chemical and physical absorption, adsorption and membrane processes.

For each process option, ther-mo-economic models exist

Sub Project 1: Environmen-tal and Economic Assess-ment

The work is aiming at the iden-tifi cation of the most relevant Swiss CO2 sources as well as sinks of CO2 in Switzerland and the rest of Europe as the fi rst steps of the program. In parallel, a literature study on costs and environmental per-formance of CCS was initiated.

Partial funding during the fi rst year was available through the EU-Project NEEDS (New Energy Externalities Develop-ment for Sustainability), in which a fi rst analysis of CCS focusing on Life Cycle Assess-ment (LCA) and costs was performed. This analysis pro-vides excellent background information and basic data concerning the economic and environmental performance of various CCS technologies likely to be implemented in Europe until year 2050. The results of this analysis show a signifi -cant potential for reduction of

32 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Electricity

CarmaCarbon Dioxide Management in PowerGeneration

already or will be developed and grouped in a process su-perstructure. The applied methodology, including energy integration, will allow to de-sign and compare the different process options with regard to the energy effi ciency and the economic and environmental performance. As an example, the model developed for one particular hydrogen production process, comprising natural gas reforming, water gas shift and CO2 removal by chemi-cal absorption has revealed through an energetic analysis that the process effi ciency can be increased by using the pro-cess heat excess for the pro-duction of exportable steam, for the production of electricity in a steam network or for co-generation.

Combustion of hydrogen-rich fuels

One of the tasks of PSI is to investigate the hetero-/homo-geneous combustion of hydro-gen-rich fuels and to assess their homogeneous ignition characteristics. Three direc-tions have been followed: • Combustion of pure hydro-

gen;• Combustion of hydrogen but

with a given preconver-sion;

• Combustion of syn-gas (H2/CO) mixtures.

The impact of fractional hydro-gen preconversion on the sub-sequent homogeneous ignition of fuel-lean H2/air mixtures over platinum has been in-vestigated experimentally and numerically at pressures up to 8 bar. Preconversion results in reduced fuel and increased temperatures for the ensuing reactive mixture, and it fur-

ther provides main combustion products and radicals over the gaseous induction zone. For catalytic combustion systems, in particular, these factors can signifi cantly impact the hetero-/homogeneous chemistry cou-pling that leads to the onset of homogeneous ignition.

Based on these characteris-tics, an inverse catalytically stabilized thermal combus-tion concept has been tested that accomplishes the desired hydrogen preconversion via homogeneous combustion. Therein gas-phase ignition could be achieved in an up-stream porous burner via ra-diative and heat conduction feedback from a follow-up cat-alytic reactor.

Sub Project 3: Assessment of geological storage in Switzerland

Potential geological storage options in Switzerland

Geological and geophysical data sets in the form of deep wells and seismic sections represent the technical and scientifi c basis to assess the geological storage potential in the Swiss subsurface. In Sep-tember 2008, this workgroup started a project funded by the Swiss Federal Offi ce for Energy (BFE) called the «Assessment of geological storage potential in Switzerland from literature data». The project is now to-wards the end (prov. deadline, March 2010), and has the goal to research and to revise the available data in the literature. Outcomes of this project will be directly implemented in the CARMA project and will be fur-ther used to evaluate potential sites in Switzerland. In this

context, an essential source of literature data will be the «Seismic Swiss Atlas» of the Swiss Geophysical Commission (SGPK), for the Swiss Molasse Basin, where the storage po-tential for CO2 is the highest. Its publication has strongly been delayed (more than a year), and will not be published before June 2010.

Reactive transport-modeling of fl uid-rock interaction

Within sub-project 3, the aim of the group at the University of Bern is the reactive-trans-port modeling of fl uid-rock in-teraction in the context of geo-logical sequestration of CO2. The work focused in reviewing the current state of model-ing CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers by assessing the potential of existing reac-tive-transport codes. Based on this, a modeling strategy for assessing the potential of CO2 sequestration in Switzerland has been developed. In par-ticular, FLOTRAN will be used and extended to reproduce some of the previous modeling efforts (single-phase reactive transport), but also to model new and different aspects of CO2 sequestration by making use of the functionality of its chemistry module (two-phase reactive transport). However, any such work with FLOTRAN implies a set of simplifying as-sumptions to account for the lack of an accurate physical representation of the CO2-H2O-NaCl system. Therefore, in a second instance the full capabilities of TOUGHREACT will be explored and applied to a potential aquifer system in Switzerland (site is yet to be determined).

33CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Electricity

CarmaCarbon Dioxide Management in PowerGeneration

CO2 injection and induced seis-micity

The main task of the Swiss Seismological Service (SED) is to provide an assessment of the seismicity induced by CO2 injection and of the seismic hazard. In particular, the activ-ities that have been carried out focused on the compilation of known cases of induced seis-micity worldwide and in their classifi cation. The following technologies related to fl uid in-jection have been considered: • Geothermal plants (both

enhanced geothermal sys-tems and «passive geo-thermal plants»);

• Liquid waste disposal; • Carbon capture and stor-

age projects.

15 sites have been selected in Europe and about the same number worldwide. A sequen-tial procedure has been ad-opted, by fi rst looking at the historical cases of seismicity that have been proven to be induced by fl uid injection, and then moving to more recent projects where the activity has just started and the data are in the process to be collected. For all these cases, we agreed on a classifi cation methodology ac-cording to the type of opera-tion, the nature of the fl uids involved (water, brine, waste etc.), the injection pressure, the fl uid volumes, the duration and time distribution of the in-jection activity, the depth of in-jection, the rock formation, the tectonic regime and the state of stress and background seis-micity of the injection area.

The collection and classifi cation of the information is organized into a bibliographic database, and the storage and retrieval

of information is done trough an extensive list of keywords.

Sub Project 4: Mineral car-bonation

An experimental and modeling work has been carried out to characterize dissolution rate of olivine as well as the precipita-tion rate of magnesite. For the former, fl ow-through experi-ments under a CO2 atmosphere have been performed to study the effect of different organic complexing agents on the dis-solution kinetics of olivine. For the latter, experiments with the MgCl2-Na2CO3-CO2 aque-ous system have been carried out at different temperatures. Both dissolution and precipita-tion processes were described by suitable models, combin-ing mass balances and kinetic equations. The catalytic effect of environmentally and eco-nomically sustainable organic salts on dissolution in a pH range suitable for direct mag-nesite precipitation is promis-ing as it could allow for a faster and cost-effective mineral car-bonation process.

Sub Project 5: Public per-ception and legal aspects of CCS

The aim at the Institute for En-vironmental Decisions (IED) at the ETHZ is to assess the pub-lic perception and acceptance of CCS in Switzerland. We completed the tasks assigned for the year 2009 consisting of the qualitative construction of expert and laypeople mental models based on interviews. Currently we are developing a survey to investigate laypeo-ple’s attitudes, perceptions and acceptance of CCS. The survey will be sent to a representative

sample of the Swiss popula-tion and will therefore allow to obtain quantitative informa-tion on the public perception of CCS.

Sub Project 6: Project man-agement and coordination

Beside coordinating the efforts within all partners and man-aging the overall project in a productive and effective man-ner, this sub-project aims at disseminating all the results obtained within CARMA. In this context, a web-site has been created, with both a public and a member-only area (www.carma.ethz.ch). Moreover, a workshop entitled «Compre-hensive Assessment of Energy Systems» has taken place, and others will be organized on a yearly basis. As a result of these activities, a number of satellite projects started around CARMA. Finally, we aim also at strengthen the relation with other initiatives in Eu-rope, such as ECCSEL (www.ntnu.no/eccsel), KIC (www.climate-kic-proposal.org), and EERA (www.eera-set.eu).


CCS: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Stor-age

GHG: Greenhouse Gas

LCA: Life Cycle Assess-ment

Website

www.carma.ethz.ch


PINEPlatform for Innovative Nuclear Fuels

Scope of project

PINE stands for Platform for Innovative Nuclear Fuels. It deals with establishing the sphere-pac concept for sodium cooled fast reactors using a carbide matrix. The project is divided into a produc-tion part, a part dealing with the integration into the fuel cycle, the reprocessing of the fuel and a part regarding the neutronics of the fuel concept.

Task 1: Particle pro-duction through inter-nal gelation

This task deals with producing green (unsintered) spherical fuel particles by using the mi-crowave internal gelation tech-nique.

Empa in Thun together with the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) pursues the development of the microwave hardware, the modelling of the microwave cavity, and, togeth-er with PSI, conducting experi-ments.

Hardware (Empa in Thun, UPV and PSI)

An experimental setup has to be designed and manufactured for the stable microwave gela-tion of Cerium Nitrate HMTA droplets. Some hardware parts were still in the basement of the hot lab, others were dis-posed. In the last months, we have collected and examined all available parts, designed and manufactured missing parts, and assembled a gelation unit similar to the original set up of the former «Eidgenössisches Institut für Reaktorforschung (EIR). A new cavity has been prepared. A quote for a new amplifi er has been asked for.

Experimenting the convention-al cavity concept

A new cavity based on open publications has been mod-elled, designed and manu-factured by CNC machining by the team of Prof Catala (UPV). The material used is aluminium (dimensions of cav-ity: 200x10.16x22.86 mm). The cavity can be fi tted with a quartz tube and is also pre-pared for water cooling.

The new cavity has been de-signed to resonate in the TE10(13) at 10GHz in presence of the quartz tube. An excel-lent agreement exists between the predicted and experimen-tally determined frequencies. The presence of a single large drop of water (0.05 ml) shifts signifi cantly the resonance fre-quencies, but the presence of small drops (droplet generator, with a 100 micron pin hole) affects the resonances only on the third digit. This implies that for small drops, the qual-ity factor of the resonator has to be as high as possible oth-erwise the energy will be dis-sipated mainly in the walls of the cavity.

New cavities stack concept

As stated in previous EIR re-ports, the water droplets are heated by dissipation of the E component of the electromag-netic wave. In the new con-

Electricity

Main Investigator

M.A. Pouchon, PSI

Project Partners

PSI

Empa

EPFL

ETHZ

Status of project

The sphere-pac concept con-sists of spherical (U,Pu)C fuel kernels which are directly fi lled into the fuel pin. The fuel ker-nels are classically produced by the internal gelation meth-od with a subsequent calcina-tion and sintering.

The production part contains two tasks. Task 1 for the inter-nal gelation, which is further developed by using microwave heating instead of an oil bath, and a task 2 where the batch wise sintering procedure is re-placed by a continuous process using a rotary kiln.

To ensure the fuel cycle, the fuel must be reprocessed. In task 3 a special pre-treatment is regarded, which makes the reprocessing easier.

As the sphere-pac concept is different from the conventional pellet fuel, the different neu-tronics behaviour has to be calculated and adjusted. This is treated in task 4.


Figure 1: Stack of four 2.45 GHz cavities fi tted with the quartz tube and the droplet generator (at UPV).


ventional cavity (last section) as in the EIR reports the E fi eld intensity varies in a sinusoidal way along the droplets trajec-tories. In this confi guration, only 50% of the falling time can be used for heating.

A stack of four resonating cavi-ties fi tted with a quartz tube has been designed assembled and tested. in the stack sys-tem, the water droplets always experience a constant and maximal E fi eld.

The cavity was evaluated, empty and with the quartz tube using 0.05 ml distilled wa-ter droplets. The temperature of a single drop could be raised from 22 °C to only 40 °C dur-ing the free fall. For smaller droplets, the droplet genera-tor (100 micron pinhole mem-brane) was mounted and using gravity, a continuous fl ow of droplets was generated. The droplet train could be heated mainly from 22 to 30 °C. How-ever the system is unstable and the resonances are mov-ing in an unpredictable way as the unstable water jet touches the wall to the quartz tube. The experimental unit is depicted in fi gure 1.

Modelling (Empa in Thun and UPV)

The goal is to build a modelling basis that enables to: • determine the infl uence of

the geometry on the posi-tion of resonance frequen-cies of the cavity,

• identify and visualize the energy distribution in the cavity associated to each resonance frequency,

• clarify the perturbations inherent to the introduc-

tion of the quartz tube and eventually the droplets.

Using the fi nite difference method in the time domain (FDTD) implemented in the software QuickWave 3D, a pa-rameterized model of a rectan-gular cavity of variable dimen-sion x, y, z has been built. It includes an optional tube of variable outer and inner diam-eter, located coaxially to the Z axis of the cavity.

With our model, the infl uence of all geometric parameters on the resonance frequencies and the fi eld distribution can be calculated and visualized. When the feeding point is in the centre, like in the EIR re-ports, only odd harmonics can be excited whereas a feeding at the one end of the cavity al-lows exciting all harmonics.

The visualization of the fi eld distribution computed for each resonating frequency is shown in fi gure 2 (a1–a6).

This visualisation shows that for some frequencies, the fi eld distribution is totally depleted along the Z axis of the cavity as exemplifi ed by the resonance at 12.17GHz. It would clearly be impossible to heat droplets falling along the Z axis in the centre of the tube by exciting this resonance frequency. Fig-ure 2 (b1–b6) shows the fi eld distribution computed for a set of resonance frequency in presence of a glass tube. At frequencies above 10.11GHz higher order complex modes appear, with partially depleted electric fi eld intensity along the Z axis. These modes should be avoided.

In-situ analytics (Empa in Thun and PSI)

In order to monitor the effect of microwave heating on the ge-lation kinetics, an experiment at SLS-SuperXAS beamline was conducted. It was possible to collect in fl uorescence mode a reasonable EXAFS signal on the Cerium ions contained in falling droplets about 200 mi-crons in diameter.

Using fast EXAFS, it was also possible to monitor in-situ chemical changes such as the reduction of Ag+ ions into me-tallic silver colloids during mi-crowave heating.

Connecting both approaches will allow measuring the inter-nal gelation of the falling drop-lets in situ in the microwave cavity.

Task 2: Continuous sintering process

At Empa in Dübendorf, a ro-tary kiln is developed, in order to optimize the production fl ow by a continuous process.

In the fi rst project phase, a ro-tary kiln is designed which is laid out for two processes:


Electricity

Figure 2: Electric fi eld dis-tribution in the cavity cor-responding to the different resonant frequencies:

Empty cavity (a1–a6):6.55GHz / 7.54GHz/8.79GHz / 10.22GHz / 11.84GHz / 12.17GHz.Cavity with glass tube (b1–b6): 7.60GHz / 8.81GHz / 10.11GHz / 10.87GHz / 11.46GHz / 12.78GHz.

36 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Electricity


• dynamic sintering in order to avoid aggregations and

• reaction sintering for the carbothermic reduction of UO2 in order to produce carbides or carbonitrides. At Empa the uranium sur-rogates Zr and/or Ce are used.

The specifi cations of the fur-nace are as follows:• The furnace has to work in

an inert atmosphere. The interfaces and sample in-sert and outlet have there-fore to be designed in a gas tight way.

• In order to optimize the granulation behaviour, the through-put time and the rotation speed have to be adjustable.

• Temperatures up to 1450 °C must be achievable.

A cost effective modifi cation of an existing furnace is foreseen (fi gure 3).

Several Materials for the con-struction of the furnace have been purchased; especially for the inlet hopper, the reservoir, the connectors, the motor and the bearings. One of the major investments was the purchase of an Al2O3-Tube. The construc-tion is designed in a way that this tube (material) can be ex-changed.

The construction of the fur-nace at Empa is scheduled to be completed end of 2009.

Task 3: Reprocessing: thermochemical treat-ments tests for UC (PSI).

In frame of task 3 a thermo-chemical test program with

UC/(UPu)C fuel in the tempera-ture range up to 700 °C and up to 2000 °C are planned as well as fuel dissolution experiments before and after thermochemi-cal treatment.

First tests with the HeLAC (heated laser ablation cell) for SIMFUEL (simulated oxide fuel powder produced in-house) in the temperature range up to 700 °C led to improved SIMFU-EL production procedures.

So far, investigations on car-bide fuel have not started, since only non-irradiated car-bide fuel is available in-house. However, fi rst contacts were established with ITU Karlsruhe in order to organize a sample transport of irradiated carbides to PSI.

Several pre-tests have been performed in order to demon-strate that with the defi ned set-up the expected temperature of 2000 °C can be achieved. An electrothermal vaporization device, a laser based heating system and an inductive heat-ing device was evaluated and the latter one was chosen as the qualifi ed technique (see fi gure 4).

Based on these pre-tests the separate units (5 kW genera-tor, inductor, cooling device and pyrometer) were ordered in June 2009.

Presently, the design of the inductive heating device is adapted in a way, that the online coupling to the ICP mass spectrometric detector is possible in order to directly measure the release of vola-tile fi ssion products from fuel samples.

Task 4: Neutronics cal-culations (PSI, EPFL)

The main purpose of this work package is to demonstrate that from the neutronics point of view the new fuel option is an acceptable alternative for one of the main Generation IV re-actor system: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR). The aim of the study is a comparison of ef-fi ciency and safety of new fuel in SFR and defi nition of design goals for new fuels in terms of minimum fuel density, Pu con-tent etc. The main goal of the study is to demonstrate similar or better neutronics properties of the vibropack fuel compared to reference fuel.

Three available SFR designs are based on CEA oxide core concept obtained in frame of bilateral cooperation in 2008 and on an updated CEA core design for both oxide and car-bide core. The two updated CEA designs were inspected and neutronics characteristics have been obtained for both oxide and carbide core.

It was found that the differ-ence between these two core designs is not only based on the diverse fuel material. The carbide core is more com-pact and the residence time is shorter. The fuel has higher Pu content and the smeared den-sity is lower. Consequently, the carbide core acts as a burner. The carbide core has higher reactivity swing and negative breeding gain compared to the oxide core. Therefore, it is not useful for the aimed evalua-tion. For the proper analysis of the vibrofuel impact to the core neutronics two similar designs should be compared, which will differ just in the fuel material.


CNC: Computerized Nu-merical Control

EIR: Eidgenössisches In-stitut für Reaktor-forschung (one the two insti-tutes which later formed the present PSI)

EXAFS: Extended X-ray Ab-sorption Fine Struc-ture

FDTD: Finite Difference Method in the Time Domain

HMTA: Heavy Metal - Tung-sten Alloy

SFR: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (genera-tion IV reactor sys-tem)

UPS: Universidad Politéc-nica de Valencia, Spain

XAS: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Figure 3: Sketch for the modifi cation of an existing furnace into a gas-tight ro-tary kiln

Figure 4: Schematic of the inductive heating device, in the sample loading (left) and in the sample heating position (right).


HydroNetModern Methodologies for the Design, Manufactur-

ing and Operation of Pumped Storage Power Plants

Main Investigator

Mohamed Farhat, EPFL

Project Partners

EPFL

Empa

Eawag

HSLU/HTAL

Scope of activities

The HydroNet project aims to improve the design, manufacturing and operation of pumped stor-age power plants. Thanks to its multidisciplinary consortium, the project involves hydrodynamic, electricity, civil engineering and environmental issues with a special focus on a joined monitoring strategy.


In the hydrodynamic fi eld, a PhD thesis dealing with the is-sue of rotor stator interaction in pump turbines has been completed. Further investiga-tions involving off design op-erations are underway in the frame of a new PhD thesis. A second PhD thesis related to fl uid structure interaction has been completed as well. This work is now pursued within a new PhD work with a focus on the effect of hydrofoil trailing edge shape on wake dynamic and vibration induced on me-chanical structure.

We have also progressed in experimental and numerical simulation of fl ow instabilities in pump turbines during start-up with encouraging results to-wards mitigating the unstable behaviour. In the area of vari-able speed pump turbines, new control strategies for start-up procedure were developed and validated.

Co-fi nanced by CCEM and

swisselectric research

In civil engineering, we are about to complete the con-struction of 2 test rigs to de-velop a monitoring procedure for shafts and tunnels, based on wave propagation, and to investigate long term sedi-mentation in pumped stor-age schemes with respect to their operation. The impact of pumped storage power plants on the environment is be-ing investigated through on-site measurements of particle properties all year long.

Finally, the monitoring issue, which stands for the central task of the project involving all partners, is also progress-ing well. The monitoring strat-egy, already tested in labora-tory, is now being deployed at Grimsel II power plant with the participation KWO person-nel. We expect to achieve soon the integration of all measur-ing systems and the remote access to the pilot site.


Modeling and simulation of rotor stator interaction in pump turbines

According to the original plan, the PhD thesis related to the present task has been success-fully completed in 2009. The issue of rotor stator interac-tion is being pursued in a new doctoral work with a focus on off-design conditions. In fact, pump turbines, which offer interesting business opportu-nities in nowadays liberalized electricity market, have to face fast and frequent switch-ing between pumping and generating modes as well as extended operations at off-de-sign conditions with technical challenges related to large un-steady hydrodynamic forces.

In the present task, a reduced scale model of a low specifi c speed radial pump-turbine is in-vestigated to identify the onset and development of fl ow insta-bilities. The focus is put on the generating mode at off-design conditions involving runaway and «S-shape» curve. The fl ow visualization, presented on fi g-ure 1 with superposed images, clearly shows that fl ow insta-bility develops in guide vane channels and rotates at sub synchronous frequency. As a result, the fl ow becomes highly disturbed at runaway and back fl ow develops near zero dis-charge condition.

Figure 1: Visualization of the fl ow fi led in the ro-tor/stator interaction zone with the help of air injec-tion. 10° vane opening, best effi ciency point (left), runaway (middle), zero discharge (right). Images are superposed over 1 sec at 1000 fps.

Electricity

Air injection


ADP: Acoustic Doppler Profi ler


CTD: Conductivity- Temperature-Depth

KWO: Kraftwerke Ober-hasli AG


Figure 4: Measurement setup used to record broad-band vibration.

Figure 2: Streamlines and skin friction illustrating the backfl ow in the pump tur-bine.

Figure 3: Graphical user interface in web browser to query and evaluate moni-toring data.

Fluid structure interaction in pump turbines

According to the project time table, a fi rst PhD thesis, re-lated to this task, was com-pleted in 2009 by Mr Ph. Au-soni. Further investigations on the key issue of fl uid structure interaction in pump turbines are now being pursued within a new doctoral work. The focus is put on the effect of the trail-ing edge shape on the roll-up mechanism of Karman vortices and the vibration induced on the mechanical structure.

The case study is a 100 mm chord length hydrofoil, placed in the test section of EPFL Cavitation Tunnel. Different shapes for the hydrofoil trailing edge are under investigation to better describe the physics and develop a design methodology to minimize the structural vi-

bration of runner blades and distributor vanes of pump tur-bines.

Numerical simulation of rotating stall in pump tur-bines

The analysis of CFD-simula-tions showed pressure fl uctua-tions in the unstable operating range being caused by a vortex structure in the vaneless space between guide vanes and run-ner. The unstable vortices de-cay when disturbed, e.g. by turbulences. Herein the sys-tem pulsations can be excited. The multiplication of pressure and volume fl ow which are fl uctuating in paraphase leads in turn to the exciting power.

The theory of vortices has been affi rmed by modifying the run-ner with unstable behaviour while synchronisation in the manner that vortices were re-duced or even avoided. Test rig measurements of the modifi ed runner showed no S-regions in the characteristic curve and no instabilities. A new runner altering the vortices in the manner that they don’t cause instability has been designed and successfully simulated (fi gure 2). Experimental vali-dation is under preparation at Hochschule Luzern.

Non intrusive monitoring of pumped storage power plants

Based on the specifi cations, drawn in 2008, for the moni-toring procedure in the pi-lot site (Grimsel II), we have progressed in deploying the instrumentation in the power plant. Various sensors are in-stalled with their conditioning electronic and signal record-

ers. The turbine and the pump are instrumented with pres-sure and vibration transducers to help following hydrodynam-ic instabilities and fl ow induced vibration (fi gure 4). The in-strumentation of the shaft in-volves pressure sensors and hydrophones at different loca-tions.

Transient phenomena during daily operations of the pump/turbine units will be recorded to detect the dynamic water pressure and velocities of the water-hammer, precursor and acoustic modes propagat-ing inside the shaft. Further-more, the correlation between pumped storage activity and particle sedimentation is also investigated in the current task by onsite measurements. From environmental point of view, we have performed additional measurement campaigns in Grimselsee and Oberaarsee reservoirs.

Finally, the task leader (Empa) achieved the hardware and software development to in-tegrate all the measurements in Grimsel II power plant. The main focus is to allow for a re-mote access to raw and pro-cessed data for all partners (fi gure 3).

Control of variable speed pumped storage units

In this task, a start-up and synchronization procedure in pump mode was developed by assuming the runner as a resistive torque. The method was adapted and tested for interconnected and isolated grids. A variety of case stud-ies were tested, involving wind turbines by taking into account the non stationary character

Electricity




of the wind speed. Our re-sults clearly show the benefi t of variable speed concept over fi xed speed. In particular, we have found that the frequency deviations are reduced by a factor of 10 to 20, with a sig-nifi cant improvement of the output voltage stability when variable speed is adopted. Nevertheless, the frequency converter, which we have used in our variable speed concept, generates harmonics.

Pressurized shafts and tun-nels

A new laboratory test facil-ity has been designed and assembled to allow for de-tailed investigations of tran-sient waves propagation in a pipe and how their speed may be correlated with the local change of the conduit stiff-ness. Different confi gurations will be examined by changing systematically the position of the steel conduit fl anges and by exchanging the steel pieces of the test pipe with other type of materials. The downstream end side of the test conduit is equipped with a shut-off valve that produces water-hammer waves. These tests are of great help in our attempt of modeling the Fluid-Structure Interaction with axisymmetrical behav-ior and longitudinal motion to detect the compression mode in water and radial and axial propagation modes in the steel liner and in the far fi eld rock zone. The experiments are set to start in early 2010.

Prediction methods for sed-imentation in pumped stor-age plants

Here, the long-term sedimen-tation issues of pumped stor-

age schemes due to alterna-tion of generating and pumping modes, is addressed at both laboratory and fi eld tests. To this end, an experimental setup was designed and is now un-der manufacturing. It involves a reservoir of a simple geom-etry to analyze the infl uence of parameters like discharge, duration of alternating pump-ing and generating modes and the shape and position of in-take/outlet structures on tur-bulence and sediment trans-port. The focus is put on the optimization of plant operation with respect to the sedimenta-tion issue. Numerical modeling is also underway in order to confi rm results and validate al-ternative plant operation. Fur-thermore, two measurement campaigns were conducted on Grimsel reservoir with the help of the Acoustic Doppler Profi ler (ADP). Flow velocity profi les in front of the intake and outlet structure of Grimsel II have been analyzed.

Downstream ecological ef-fect of particles

In 2009, four additional fi eld campaigns, one in each sea-son, were undertaken in Grim-

selsee and Oberaarsee. CTD profi les were collected in both reservoirs providing tempera-ture, salinity and turbidity. A well-defi ned correlation be-tween turbidity, grain size dis-tribution, particle number and mass concentration was ob-tained.

The particle content (and turbidity) is different for the two reservoirs, due to differ-ent input characteristics from their catchments: In summer, Grimselsee is more turbid than Oberaarsee, which has a stron-ger thermal stratifi cation and whose catchment is less glaci-ated. In winter, both reservoirs show similar turbidity. In fact, as pump-storage operations are exchanging up to 10-times the volume of the reservoirs (fi gure 6), Grimselsee is in-creasing the turbidity of Ober-aarsee, compared to pre-pump operation condi-tions. We have also investigated the possible change in particle properties by turbine/pump passage. Our pre-liminary analysis does not show any signifi cant change.



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Figure 6: Volume of pumped water in compari-son with the average vol-ume of the reservoirs in different seasonal periods (data from 2006).

Figure 5: Results of pro-totype measurement cam-paign in autumn 2008:a) ADP positions in front of the intake/outlet structure,b) velocity vectors during a pumping operation (infl ow-ing water) in September 2008.


GTCO2Technologies for Gas Turbine Power Generation with CO2 Mitigation

Electricity

Scope of project

The world primary energy demand is expected to double by 2050. It is assumed that this increased demand cannot be solely covered by renewable energy sources (such as hydro, wind, or solar), or by nuclear energy. Thus, an increased number of fossil-fuel-powered gas turbine systems for elec-tricity generation will be implemented in the coming decades. The current project addresses specifi -cally the challenge of developing a gas turbine with reduced CO2 emission. Advanced technologies in various fi elds (fuel conversion, membrane systems, enhanced heat management) will impact future gas turbine concepts. Thermo-economic process modeling will be applied to select promising technology pathways toward a zero emissions, fossil-fuel powered gas turbine. The overall goal is a commercially viable process for mitigation of CO2 at a cost of <20 €/ton CO2 avoided. The modeling effort will establish quantitative targets for process components (e.g. combustor, turbomachinery and membrane-based air separation).


Different process confi gura-tions were investigated in order to study the impact of FGR on the combustion and CO2 cap-ture. Two process confi gura-tion options were considered: two gas turbines in series and two gas turbines in parallel with recirculation, in each case with the following fuels: natu-ral gas, natural gas with H2 en-richment (0-73 %vol) and syn-gas (produced by using oxygen or air for partial oxidation). The integration of a steam net-work and the CO2 capture unit was analyzed and the process performance computed. The methodology applied to evalu-ate the objectives is based on the fl owsheet model, the en-ergy integration model and an evolutionary algorithm.

It is now possible to start with detailed thermo-economic optimization of the overall system including the gas tur-bine, hydrogen production, the steam network and the CO2 capture unit. The modeling will take into account combustion stability information delivered from the applied combustion studies of this project. The modeling work will compare and evaluate the different op-

tions in a systematic and con-sistent way and will determine the thermodynamic effi ciency and the economic performance of the best available options for integrated power produc-tion with effi cient CO2 capture and low CO2 avoidance costs.

Fundamental and Ap-plied Combustion Studies (FHNW, PSI)

At FHNW combustion studies were performed to quantify the impact of reduced oxygen content (caused by fl ue gas re-circulation) on combustion sta-bility. The maximum possible level of FGR is limited to that corresponding to stoichiomet-ric conditions in the combus-tor. Reduced excess oxygen, however, leads to negative ef-fects on fl ame stability and CO emissions. Combustion tests have been carried out in a ge-neric burner under typical gas turbine conditions with meth-ane and synthetic natural gas (mixtures of methane and eth-ane) to investigate the effect of different C2+ contents in the fuel on combustion stability. To locate the fl amefront and to measure emissions for differ-ent residence times a travers-

Main Investigator

Timothy Griffi n, FHNW

Project Partners

FHNW

PSI

EPFL

Empa

Figure 1: Conceptual su-perstructure for future gas turbine power plants with CO2 mitigation.

Thermo-Economic Modeling (EPFL)

A review of the state of the art gas turbine power plants designs with CO2 capture was performed to set up a list of tech-nologies to be considered in a conceptual process super-structure. The effi ciency and economics of carbon dioxide capture in gas turbine com-bined cycle power plants can be remark-ably improved by introducing

Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) to increase the CO2 concen-tration in the fl ue gas and to reduce the volume of the fl ue gas treated in the CO2 capture plant. Thus, this process was chosen as the main focus of the thermal-economic model-ing performed.


able gas probe was designed and employed. It was found that increasing the FGR ratio leads to lower fl ame stability, indicated by a movement of the fl amefront downstream. Thus, complete fl ame burnout – indicated by low emissions of unburned components (CO, UHC) – requires a longer resi-dence time in the combustion chamber. Adding C2+ or H2 to the fuel moves the fl ame zone back upstream and reduces the burnout time.

Tests were performed with methane, methane/ethane (simulated natural gas), meth-ane/hydrogen and natural gas (as distributed in Switzerland) at different FGR ratios and pre-heat temperatures. For all con-ditions the addition of ethane or hydrogen shows comparable trends. Addition of hydrogen to synthetic natural gas which al-ready contains C2+ has less of a benefi cial effect on combustion stability and fl ame burnout than the addition of hydrogen to pure methane.

It is well known that addition of diluents (like exhaust gas) to the combustible mixture will decrease its reactivity thus im-pacting the burning velocity. Additionally, the fl ame tem-peratures in the combustor will be impacted. Both the fl ame temperature and the fl ame speed are of major interest in our case because of their strong infl uence on cycle effi -ciency and fl ame stability, re-spectively. This fact defi nes the goal for the fundamental com-bustion experiments at PSI – to obtain a consistent set of experimental data for diluted methane fl ames under elevat-ed pressure (up to 16 bar) and temperature conditions (up to

1273 K inlet temperature and up to 1850 K fl ame tempera-ture).

In a fi rst step numerical simula-tions of different fuel mixtures were performed. The data ob-tained from these calculations, laminar fl ame speeds and adi-abatic fl ame temperatures, will guide the experimental cam-paigns to follow. The modeling results will help to determine the mixtures that will provide the fl ame temperature range relevant to design operating temperatures of real gas tur-bine combustors (usually 1750 K ±100 K).

Undiluted methane/air mix-tures have been taken as ref-erence compositions and gave results that were validated against previously derived own experimental data and data available in the litera-ture. The achieved results are in agreement with the expec-tations – the more diluent in-troduced, the lower the fl ame speed. For λ=1 the laminar fl ame speed drops from 1.8 to 0.64 m/s (reduction by 65 %) for the reference mixture (only methane/air) and from 0.67 to 0.15 m/s (reduction by almost 80 %) with an FGR rate of 30 % in the pressure range between 1 and 16 bar. If the pressure dependence is described by a power law function (SL~px) pressure exponents for the reference mixture (only meth-ane/air) of x = - 0.37 (which is again in line with literature data) and x = - 0.5 ± 0.05 for mixtures with 30 % FGR are obtained. The values indi-cate in a consistent way that mixtures diluted with exhaust gas species apparently exhib-it a stronger dependence on pressure variations than pure

methane/air mixtures. This fi nding highlights the problem of fl ame stability with fuel mix-tures containing high amounts of exhaust gas species (high FGR rates). Flame stability for these mixtures is expected to deteriorate even stronger at elevated pressure levels based on the results of this model-ing study of laminar fl ame speeds.

The Combustion Fundamentals Group at PSI has undertaken the task of investigating ex-perimentally and numerically the catalytic and non catalytic combustion of CH4/C2H6/H2/CO/H2O/CO2/N2/O2 mixtures. Experiments were conducted in an optically accessible, channel fl ow reactor mounted inside a high pressure vessel. This ar-rangement allowed for Raman spectroscopy and laser induced fl uorescence of the OH radical to be used as laser diagnostics techniques for the assessment of combustion processes under the pressure inlet temperature fuel mixture conditions of in-terest in this project. Initially, fundamental studies of lean methane/air combustion with large H2O and CO2 dilution in a catalytic reactor, in combina-tion with numerical predictions using appropriate chemical re-action schemes, identifi ed the major thermal and chemical impact of FGR in the combus-tion of natural gas (methane being its main constituent). In order to accommodate ex-periments at higher inlet tem-peratures (up to 1000 K) and with CH4/C2H6 mixtures (C2H6 being more reactive than CH4), the reactor inlet section was redesigned and fi tted with a hydrogen preburner allow-ing homogeneous mixtures at higher inlet temperatures

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AZEP: Advanced Zero Emission gas tur-bine Power plant

BSCF: Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-3-δ

FGR: Flue Gas Recircula-tion

LIF: Laser Induced Fluo-rescence

MIEC: Mixed Ionic-Elec-tronic Conducting

UHC: Unburned Hydro-carbons

PE: Polyethylene

PEG: Polyehylene Glycol

PS: Polystyrene


and steam content without the danger of fl ashback. Gas phase ignition experiments of CH4/O2/N2/H2O/CO2 mixtures (2.69/6.33/77.36/6.49/7.13 % vol. respectively) were per-formed with the new experi-mental setup using both cata-lytic and inert reactor plates, at pressures 5 bar ≤ p ≤ 15 bar and inlet mixture tempera-tures 673 K ≤ TIN ≤ 1000 K. OH laser induced fl uorescence (LIF) measurements revealed fl ames with excellent stability under all cases considered. As a next step, gas phase ignition experiments were conducted with C2H6/air mixtures using an inert plate reactor, at pressures 1 bar ≤ p ≤ 6 bar, inlet tempera-tures up to 529 K and fuel/air equivalence ratios up to 0.41. Stable fl ames were once more detected with OH LIF measure-ments. With a consistent set of experimentally acquired fl ames now available, simulations will be carried out with detailed gas phase mechanisms to repro-duce the experimentally ob-served fl ames of CH4/O2/FGR and C2H6/air combustion.

Benchmarking and Devel-opment of Air Separation Membranes (Empa, EPFL).

Empa

The composition Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8

Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) was selected as a promising mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane material in this project. Because of the high oxygen content necessary for gas turbine applications, a high oxygen fl ux has to be achieved with membrane structures. Due to this requirement, it is necessary to consider thin walled tubes, typically 0.2 to 0.3 mm. Further decreases

most likely will not increase the oxygen fl ux due to diffusional limitations. The infl uence of the tubular membrane geom-etry and the reactor confi gura-tion on the maximum tensile stress has been investigated with a strain-stress model: For unsupported tubes, small radii are structurally more favor-able when air fl ows outside the tube. In the case of supported tubes, the best confi guration is with air fl owing inside and a wall thickness to radius ratio as small as possible.

It has been shown that the cost of the reactor is strongly dependent on the material cost, which is proportional to the volume. The latter depends strongly on the tube thickness but only weakly on its radius.

The preparation of thin tu-bular oxygen membranes is performed by plastic extru-sion. However, the produc-tion of thin tubes membrane by extrusion is dependent on various factors such as binder formulation and process steps for the preparation of ceramic membranes (mixing, extru-sion, debinding and sinter-ing). A requirement is that the material should exhibit plastic behavior. This behavior can be achieved with binder in the feedstock. A systematic ap-proach has been carried out to develop polymer powder com-pounds for the preparation of thin wall tube membranes. It has been exhibited that BSCF compounds can be shaped in a tubular form by a polystyrene binder. Optimal solids load-ing percentages were deter-mined based on the rheologi-cal behavior of the feedstock. Maximum powder loading of 60.5 vol % could be calculated

for the used BSCF powder pro-duced by Treibacher Industry AG.

It was observed that sintering temperature and dwell time affect the density, grain size and porosity of BSCF extruded tubes. Density increased when sintering temperature and dwell time were raised. With increasing of the dwell time, the grain size of membranes became larger.

Additionally to the Polysty-rene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and mixtures of PS and PEG were investigated as alternative thermoplastic binder systems. Degradation of the polymer as well as the roundness, straightness and deformation during compounding and shap-ing and after the debinding step were investigated. Con-sidering the results achieved, the best green tubes could be made by using PE and a mixture of PS with 20 wt% of PEG (PS+PEG20). Tubes pro-duced with PS, PS+PEG10 and PS+PEG20 feedstock were shown to have good roundness after debinding.

During the next period an in-vestigation of debinding and sintering processes (to achieve defect free membranes) and a study of the oxygen fl ux rate on pellet shaped thermoplastic BSCF feedstocks will be car-ried out. The fi nal goal in this project is to fabricate tubular membranes by the extrusion method and to arrange these in bundles to meet permeation requirements.

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ONEBATBattery Replacement Using Miniaturized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Electricity

Main Investigator

Anja Bieberle-Hütter, ETHZ

Project Partners

ETHZ (NIM, LTNT)

EPFL

ZHAW

NTB

Scope of activities

The CCEM ONEBAT project focuses on the development of a miniaturized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system with special focus on fuel cell (membrane) development and gas processing. Main challenges here are the adoption of thin fi lm deposition and microfabrication techniques for ceramic membranes and catalysts as well as their characterization and optimization. The target operating temperature of 550 °C is very demanding: it is very low on the one hand for ceramic fuel cell opera-tion and on the other hand for fuel gas conversion to syngas.


The ONEBAT project aims to-wards the development of a micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system for battery replacement in portable elec-tronics such as laptops, PDA, medical devices. The project funding from CCEM is directed towards ETHZ (NIM and LTNT) and EPFL for research in the fi elds of fuel cell development and gas processing. Very new topics of high interest in the community were investigated in the last year, such as the us-age of Foturan as substrate for free-standing membranes, the microfabrication of perovskite materials, Si diffusion from substrate to the thin fi lm, the stress state in thin fi lms, bu-tane conversion and post-com-bustion of exhaust gas at tem-peratures of 550 °C.

The project partners are very active: many papers were published, patents were fi led, several conferences were vis-ited and many presentations were given. In addition, many industrial visits were organized in order to fi nd potential indus-trial partners.

The overall project is well on track. Main discrepancies of the current status of research to the original proposal are due to the fact that the micro-fabricated gas processing unit could not be built, since the university of applied sciences

Buchs (NTB) was not funded in this project. The task schedule was therefore revised in the middle of 2009. Most other tasks are not affected by this funding situation.


Main achievements of the year 2009

Fuel Cell Development:• First results on Si substrate

design and Ni mesh design (NIM);

• Detailed investigation of Si diffusion in YSZ (NIM);

• LSCF microstructuring es-tablished (NIM);

• Improved understanding of the kinetics of Pt de-wet-ting on different substrates (NIM);

• Stress characterization of sputtered YSZ thin fi lms for better understanding of mechanical failure mecha-nisms in micro-SOFC fabri-cating and testing (EPFL).

Gas Processing Unit (LTNT):Numerical characterization of a post-combustor which converts toxic and explosive carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen exiting a solid oxide fuel cell to carbon dioxide and water.• It has been shown that it

is possible to convert all harmful species below a threshold of 25 ppm.

• It has also been found that a surplus of hydrogen in the SOFC outlet stream is not necessary to trigger the conversion of CO for moderate velocities around 3 ms−1.

• The optimal operation point of the post-combustion pro-cess was found to be at the voltage of maximum power of the overall micro-SOFC system.

Main achievements of the entire project so far:

Fuel cell development

NIM: • Maximum performance

of single membranes: 210 mW/cm2 @ 550 °C

• Development of 3 differ-ent designs for micro-SOFC membranes;

• Stable fabrication of free-standing membranes;

• Strongly improved charac-terization and understand-ing of the characteristics and the properties of elec-trodes and electrolytes.

EPFL: • The sputter deposited YSZ

(200)/YSZ(111) electrolyte layer works satisfyingly in the sense that about 80% of the expected OCV is achieved.


CO: Carbon Monoxide

FIB: Focused Ion Beam

LSCF: Lanthanum Stron-tium Cobalt Iron Oxide

LTNT: Laboratory of Ther-modynamics in Emerging Technolo-gies

Ni: Nickel

NIM: Nonmetallic Inor-ganic Materials

OCV: Open Circuit Volt-age

Pt: Platinum

sccm: Standard cubic cen-timeters per min-ute

SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy

Si: Silicium


YSZ: Yttria Stabilized Zir-conia


Gas processing unit

LTNT:• The production of hydro-

gen- and carbon monoxide-rich syngas was achieved in a very effi cient manner by the use of rhodium doped nanoparticles even for a low temperature of 550 °C. By benefi ting from the op-timized disk-shaped reac-tor geometry and a more practicable fabrication procedure using a direct sol-gelation method, the potential industrial applica-tion of a butane processor was signifi cantly improved as part of an entire SOFC-based micro-powerplant.

• The performance of post-combustor for the treat-ment of toxic and fl am-mable exhaust gases was characterized.

Fuel cell development

Main focus of the work of NIM was directed towards the fab-rication and characterization of micro-SOFC membranes. De-tailed studies were carried out in order to improve reproduc-ibility and yield of membrane fabrication of the classical Fo-turan based design. In addi-tion, two new designs were de-veloped and fabricated which are based on the one side on typical Si substrates and on the other side on building blocks that do not require microfabri-cation steps. Considerable im-provement in processing was achieved. An example of the new so-called Ni mesh design is illustrated in fi gure 16: good bonding between Ni mesh and YSZ foil electrolyte was ob-tained (fi gure 17).

The other main focus of the work of NIM was directed to-wards more fundamental questions and the understand-ing of single component char-acteristics. One main topic was here the investigation of the Si diffusion from the substrate towards the surface and in the bulk of the thin fi lm. It was found that Si diffusion might be critical at temperatures of 600 °C and higher. Processing routes preventing these prob-lems have to be established. Another main focus was the investigation of the Pt-agglom-eration and de-wetting kinet-ics. This study should help to predict Pt microstructures as a function of thickness, temper-ature and time and to fabricate simple and well performing mi-cro-SOFC electrodes.

EPFL continued to characterize cells with a nickel grid struc-ture and a membrane diame-


Electricity

Figure 18: FIB-SEM char-acterization of nickel grid cell. The cut goes through a part of the electrolyte membrane consisting of 300 nm YSZ, and porous Pt (hardly to see). The Pt be-low the nickel line serves as seed layer for electrolytic growth of nickel. The ma-terial below the membrane is from a glue used to fi x the dice on a support.

Figure 16: Micro SOFC with integrated Ni mesh and free standing YSZ electro-lyte tape (NIM).

Figure 17: Cross section SEM image of bonding of Ni mesh with YSZ foil elec-trolyte.


Info web page

http://www.nonmet.mat.

ethz.ch/research/onebat

ter of 500 μm. Such a structure is suited to obtain larger elec-trolyte membranes. Figure 17 shows that the sputter depos-ited YSZ membranes are very dense. Such membranes show an electrochemical potential difference above an operating temperature of 380 °C. Besides the membrane fabrication and characterization we need to fi nd a more effi cient way to test electrode materials. For this purpose we started to de-velop a test wafer with numer-ous μ-SOFC nodes of 100 to 200 μm diameter, and without nickel grid. With this wafer we are able to speed up testing-with various electrode materi-als and thicknesses. The fi rst wafers are in fabrication.

Gas processing unit

After design, manufacturing and characterization of the bu-tane-syngas micro-reformer in the previous phases of the project, as the next step, a catalytic post-combustor for a micro-SOFC was investigated numerically. The post-combus-tor oxidizes toxic and explosive carbon monoxide (CO) and hy-drogen exiting a solid oxide fuel cell to carbon dioxide and water. A single 1-mm diam-eter monolith reactor channel coated with platinum catalyst was modeled in this work, as shown in fi gure 19(a). The inlet stream composition was provided by a semi-analytical 2D model of a detailed SOFC system. The model of the post-combustor included the 2D axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations, heat conduction in the channel wall, and a mul-tistep fi nite-rate mechanism for the surface reactions. It was shown that under the op-eration conditions considered,


Electricity

Figure 19: a) Monolith reactor with one of the channels en-larged. The washcoat fi lls the edges of the square channel resulting in a circular shape, b) Average level of CO at channel outlet, the dashed line denotes the 25 ppm limit.

the infl uence of homogeneous (gas phase) reactions can be neglected. The model pre-dicted the expected adiabatic temperatures at the post-com-bustor outlet correctly and can be used for dimensioning and optimization. Post-combustor performance varied signifi cant-ly with the choice of the oper-ating parameters of the fuel cell. The most critical molecule at the SOFC outlet was shown to be CO because its deple-tion is slower than that of H2 for the entire operating range of the SOFC. Figure 19(b) shows that the post-combustor is able to reduce the level of CO below the toxicity thresh-old of 25 ppm (dashed line in fi gure 19b).

Project partners outside the CCEM funding are the universi-ties of applied sciences Winter-thur (ZHAW) and Buchs (NTB). ZHAW is responsible for ther-mal management, while NTB takes care of system develop-ment and integration. The en-tire project aims towards the development of a micro-SOFC system.


ThinPVCost Effi cient Thin Film Photovoltaics for Future Electricity Generation

Electricity

Main Investigator

Frank Nüesch, Empa

Project Partners

Empa (FP, TFPV)

EPFL (LPI, CRPP, IMT)

ZHAW (ICP)

Scope of activities

ThinPV is an interdisciplinary project on thin fi lm photovoltaics. It brings together Swiss scientists active in fundamental and applied research on the major thin fi lm photovoltaic technologies; mc- and a-silicon, chalcogenide, dye sensitized and organic. The project also includes optical modelling of these thin fi lm devices. Research objectives focus on high rate silicon deposition processes and novel hybrid device concepts and target breakthroughs in photovoltaic device effi ciency, and cost effi cient production.

The project is structured into three main parts, part A being oriented towards the short term im-provement of plasma deposition processes of thin silicon fi lms, part B addressing hybrid solar cells on the medium to long term and combining dye sensitized solar cells (DSC), Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells (CIGS) as well as polymer solar cells (OPV). Part C is defi ned to be an exchange platform to allow for workshops and educational activities.


Part A: Silicon technology

Regarding the work on en-hanced Si deposition process-es and better control of large surface area plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, the set of plasma diagnostic tools was further improved. In 2009 these tools were ap-plied to process analyses and improvement. The major achievements include:• The infl uence of non planar

electrode geometries, in plasma deposition cham-bers have been investi-gated experimentally and theoretically to model real plasma chambers with screws, showerheads etc. It was found that the pres-ence of sharp edges at holes or cylinders had no signifi cant infl uence on ra-dio frequency electric fi eld breakdown.

• First implementation of time-resolved measure-ments of absolute silane concentration in Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Depostition (PECVD) reac-tors and simultaneously in the surrounding chamber.

Co-fi nanced by CCEM and

swisselectric research

• Under typical process con-ditions, it was shown that – for a given deposition rate – powder can be an indicator of favourable pro-cess conditions.

• Based, on the various di-agnostic tools, a reduction of the transients observed during the initial growth of the devices could be con-trolled by optical emission spectroscopy during depo-sition of microcrystalline cells. The effi ciency of the reference microcrystalline cell could thus be improved from 7.1 to 7.6 %.

Part B: Hybrid, dye sensi-tized or polymer solar cells

Regarding the development of hybrid tandem solar cells and cyanine solar cells important results have been achieved:• A monolithic tandem cell

consisting of a DSC top cell and a CIGS bottom cell with 12 % power conversion ef-fi ciency was fabricated.

• Hybrid tandem solar cell stability could be enhanced by introducting advanced protection layers on top of the CIGS cell.

• Numerical modelling and conversion effi ciency calcu-lation of monolithic hybrid tandem cells have been carried out.

• Preliminary estimation of power conversion effi ciency in triple junction solar cells based on CIGS, CdTe and DSC junctions have been made.

• In organic solar cells based on cyanine dyes, high pow-er conversion effi ciencies from 3 % to 4 % could be achieved without requiring chemical doping of the cya-nine layer. Red to near in-frared absorbing squaraine dyes have been successful-ly implemented in bilayer organic solar cells.

• Extension of the optical device model by including charge transfer excitons. The infl uence of the coher-ence length of the incident light irradiation on the in-terference phenomena in thin layer organic solar cells has been investigated.

• A photo-CELIV (charge ex-traction by linearly increas-ing voltage) measurement has been installed in or-der to measure materials

Figure 1: Small gaps and a ceramic ring (patterned) isolate the RF suspender screw from the ground po-tential of the reactor box.


parameters for modelling purposes such as charge carrier mobility and life-time.

Joint educational activities (Part C) will be further pur-sued. The last conference planned in the framework of the present ThinPV project will take place on January 25th 2010 at the Stade de Suisse in Bern. The workshop will fo-cus on different possibilities to achieve highly transparent and conductive electrodes. The lat-ter include doped oxides, dis-persed carbon nanotubes, thin metal grids as well as fabric electrodes.

Main scientifi c results of sub-projects

A: Silicon technology

One important use of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour de-position (PECVD) is the fabri-cation of thin-fi lm transistor (TFT) displays and photovol-taic solar cells based on amor-phous and micro-crystalline silicon. The substrates com-monly used have grown from 350 mm x 450 mm in 1992 to 2850 mm x 3050 mm in 2007. This represents a 7-fold growth in diagonal to 4.17 metres, and an increase of surface area by a factor of 55! This demand for ever-larger substrates, coupled with new produc-tion techniques (e.g. the step from amorphous cells to amor-phous-micro-crystalline cells) translates into progressively bigger radio-frequency (RF) power requirements.

Increasing the production area is unfortunately not as easy as up-scaling existing reac-

tors and using more powerful generators. Non-linear effects have to be taken into account as the reactor dimensions reach a signifi cant fraction of the RF wavelength, and para-sitic plasmas as well as arc-ing can occur in power feed and showerheads. The latter effects can lead to a reduced lifetime, damaged or even de-stroyed reactors.

In PECVD-reactors small gaps are used between RF electrode and ground that are meant to prevent RF breakdown – pre-dominantly in the showerhead (see fi gure 1). These gaps can be considered as parallel plates with holes and/or elevations, and are supposed to be nar-row enough to prevent a glow discharge, but wide enough to prevent metal-vapor arcing between the electrodes.

These gaps have been shown to be vulnerable to damaging parasitic discharges when the reactor is used at higher pow-ers and therefore higher RF voltages. While breakdown be-tween parallel plates has been extensively treated in litera-ture, irregular geometries are rarely mentioned. Accordingly, we investigated in the last year the behavior of breakdown in these non-parallel surfaces, with the aim of developing a basic understanding of the breakdown phenomenon and giving basic design rules for future reactor generations.


The experimental results (see at right) are surprising, since intuitively we expected sharp corners to strongly infl uence the breakdown voltage, i.e. lowering it considerably. In-

stead, the breakdown curves for electrodes with holes are in between those measured for parallel plates with maximum and minimum distance. This indicates that breakdown in this kind of geometry does not happen at corners where the electric fi eld is strongest, but rather depends on the maxi-mum distance between the electrodes and on the radius of holes or hole-like structures (accounting for diffusive losses to the walls).

Again for electrodes with pro-truding cylinder it is clear that the higher fi eld at the edge of the cylinder has no infl uence on the breakdown voltage, or else the breakdown curves would deviate noticeably from the parallel plate cases.

Simulation

A fl uid simulation was written in the fi nite element solver COMSOL. A comparison with experimental results for paral-lel plates with nine millimetres separation in Argon is shown in fi gure 2.

The simulation further con-fi rms the hypothesis that the higher electric fi eld at edges does not infl uence breakdown voltage (fi gure 3).

Outlook Part A

Future work will see the ap-plication of the fl uid simulation to more complex geometries, like RF suspender screws and showerheads. With further experiments, including a sus-pender-screw analog, we hope to deepen our understanding of breakdown in irregular ge-ometries.


Electricity

Experimental setup

The experimental setup consisted in a fl at cylindri-cal RF electrode, and sepa-rated from it by a gap of 4 mm a ground electrode with a 5 mm deep cylin-drical hole, such that the distance between the bot-tom of the hole and the RF electrode was 9 mm (left). Another (earth) electrode used was a plate with a small 4 mm diameter and 5 mm high cylinder in the middle (right).

Each of the curves repre-sents the breakdown RF voltage (peak to peak) over the pressure. The breakdown curves for all the hole-diameters fall be-tween the two extrema of no hole (i.e. parallel plates with a 4 mm gap) and a hole of the size of the elec-trode (i.e. parallel plates with a 9 mm gap). Further-more, as the diameter of the holes increases from 4 mm to 60 mm, the curves steadily approach the limit of the case of two 9 mm parallel plates.

For electrodes with pro-truding cylinders at low pressures the break-down curve of the cylin-der (in red) conforms to the breakdown curve for the case of parallel plates (with 9 mm separation). At higher pressures, the small area of smaller gap on top of the cylinder comes into play, and the breakdown voltage is lower.


B: Hybrid, dye sensi-tized or polymer solar cells

Monolithic DSC/CIGS Tan-dem Device with 12 % Con-version Effi ciency

Tandem solar cells using differ-ent bandgap absorbers allow effi cient photovoltaic conver-sion in a wide range of the so-lar spectrum. The optical gaps of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) and the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell are ideal for application in double-junction devices. For the development of effi cient and inexpensive tandem devices, monolithic in-tegration of the two subcells is crucial to cut optical losses at needless interfaces and to re-duce material costs.

We have shown the feasibil-ity of monolithic integration in 2008 with test devices reach-ing close to 10 % effi ciency. However, the performance of the device decreased rapidly due to corrosion of the bottom CIGS cell by the aggressive io-dine-based electrolyte used in the top DSC.

In 2009, by optimizing the front electrode of the CIGS cell, now using a 600 nm thick tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) layer instead of a aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer, the power conversion effi ciency could be raised to 12 %. Even though the initial performance was higher due to a better pro-tection of the bottom CIGS cell,

degradation still oc-curred, probably due to infi ltration of the electrolyte through pin-holes in the sput-tered ITO layer.

Improving Device Stability with Advanced Protective Layers

As already outlined in the pre-vious ThinPV report, SEM im-ages showed that this degra-dation is caused by corrosion of the CIGS solar cell stack by the electrolyte, leading to short circuits between DSC and CIGS back contacts. Thus, the sum of the open circuit voltag-es between the two junctions is no longer observed and the photovoltaic characteristics are corresponding to those of the DSC alone.

To prevent degradation of the monolithic tandem device, a protective layer between the CIGS front electrode and the electrolyte must be developed, which is stable in the electro-lyte environment, transpar-ent in the wavelength range 600–1200 nm, and electrically conductive.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) have proven to be stable in the electrolyte as they are frequently used as electrodes in standard dye-sensitized so-lar cells. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is fairly stable in the electrolyte. With Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), a chemical vapor de-position technique to produce conformal thin-fi lms, these oxides can be deposited at ambient temperature on the CIGS electrode to fi ll up any cracks or pinholes. First tests were conducted with thin fi lms (~10 nm, ZnO, TiO2) deposited with a home-built ALD setup on glass coated with evaporat-ed silver. Corrosion tests with a drop of electrolyte showed that the silver was attacked slower


Electricity

with a thin layer of ZnO. Mono-lithic tandem devices with an ALD-deposited ZnO inter-mediate layer showed that the ZnO layer is too insulating.

Using spin-coated organic semiconductors as protec-tive layer is an alternative ap-proach. So far, organic poly-mers could not be deposited satisfactorily since the CIGS electrode surface was not well wet by the polymer. Monolithic tandem devices with a polymer intermediate layer (PEDOT:PSS) showed no junction but a purely resistive behavior due to the thick and uneven poly-mer fi lm.

Understanding the optics in hybrid tandem devices us-ing numerical modeling

Matching of the photocurrents in the top and bottom cell of a tandem device is crucial for effi cient operation. The indi-vidual photocurrents cannot be measured in a monolithic tandem device since there are only two electric contacts between which one measures the current determined by the limiting subcell. However, the maximum photocurrent in the subcells can be calculated us-ing coherent and incoherent optics to determine the light intensity in the absorbing fi lms (SETFOS software).

Simulations of transmittance and refl ectance spectra were fi rst calculated for the dye-sensitized solar cell alone. The complex index of refraction was extracted for each layer from measured transmittance and refl ectance spectra and from ellipsometry data. The simu-lations of the transmittance and refl ectance spectra are in

Figure 2: Secondary elec-tron emission is not simu-lated, therefore the results do not agree with the ex-periment completely for the left-hand branch of the breakdown curve. The high-pressure right-hand branch however shows a reasonably good agree-ment between simulation and experiment.

Figure 3: Simulation of the electron density in the breakdown chamber at 5 and 0.8 mbar. Higher den-sities translate to brighter colours. The RF potential was applied to the top edge of the simulated re-gion. The left edge is the symmetry axis, the bottom edge and the cylinder on the left are at ground po-tential, and the right edge is electric insulation.

At fi ve mbar (top), the breakdown occurs in the smaller gap atop the cylin-der on the left, while at 0.8 mbar (bottom) the break-down occurs in the wider gap to the right. The high-est electric fi eld would be right at the corner of the small cylinder, but clearly this has no perceptible ef-fect on the electron den-sity.

49CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Electricity


ALD: Atomic Layer Depo-sition

AZO: Aluminium-doped Zinc Oxide

CdTe: Cadmium Telluride

CIGS: Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

CIS: CuInSe2 Solar Cells

DSC: Dye Sensitized So-lar Cells

FTO: Fluorine doped Tin Oxide

ITO: Tin-doped Indium Oxide

OPV: Organic Photovol-taics (polymer and small melecule based solar cells)

PECVD: Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor De-position

RF: Radio-Frequency

TCO: Transparent Con-ductive Oxide

very good agreement with the measurements. The maximum photo-current is calculated by convoluting the absorbance of the photoactive fi lm with the solar irradiation spectrum and is in the expected range for dye-sensitized solar cells (~12 mA cm-2).

Preliminary calculations were also made for the CIGS cells alone. The calculated maxi-mum photo-current is also in the expected range (35 mA cm-2), but the simulations could not yet be validated by experimental data.

Simulations of a complete monolithic tandem device show that suffi cient light is transmit-ted to the bottom cell, yielding about 21 mAcm-2. According to the calculation, the current of the top cell limits the device if a CIGS cell with high photocur-rent (35 mA cm-2) is used.

Triple Junction Devices – Preliminary Studies

Some preliminary work was carried out on the feasibility of a DSC/CdTe/CIGS triple junc-tion solar cells. Theoretically, the absorption characteristics of these materials are close to the band gaps required for an optimized triple junction de-vice.

In practice, the multilayered structure, implies a number of issues. Problematic inter-connection of p-type absorb-ers with n++ doped transpar-ent conductive oxides (TCOs) at the back contacts, and bad TCO transmission due to tem-perature constraints of the fi nished cells lead to prob-lems in current generation in the bottom cell. Only a small

part of the light, about 30 to 40 % in the applicable spec-tral range, reaches the bottom cell to generate charge carri-ers. With these limitations, the bottom cell current density is down to only 3.7 mAcm-2, while a current density of about 10 mAcm-2 would be needed to achieve current matching and thus a high effi ciency device.

Organic solar cells based on photographic dyes

An important part of this year’s research effort was dedicated to the understanding of the basic mechanisms that were still limiting organic solar cells based on cyanine dyes, a spe-cial class of photographic dyes. We found that not only charge transport in thin solid cyanine layers, but also charge trans-fer at both cathode and anode were important factors in lim-iting device effi ciency. After having optimized all three is-sues, we were able to achieve solar cells based on a cyanine dye donor and a fullerene C60 acceptor with an external pho-ton to current conversion ef-fi ciency of over 80 % at maxi-mum. We could therefore show that the commonly used bulk-heterojunction concept used with polymers may not be necessary for thin dye layers with extremely high extinction coeffi cients. We have secured our fi nding this year in a Swiss patent application.

Before organic solar cells based on photographic dyes can be applied in multijunction cell architectures, photosensitiv-ity in the red to near-infrared domain has to be achieved. To explore this possibility, sq-uraine dyes with extremely high extinction coeffi cients in

the red spectral domain have been applied as thin layers in organic solar cells (fi gure 4).

The best power conversion ef-fi ciency obtained in these pre-liminary studies arrived at 1 %. By applying our competences in charge carrier extraction de-veloped for cyanine dyes, we were recently able to achieve effi ciencies over 2 % using the same squaraine dyes.

Outlook Part B

• Future work will focus on blocking the corrosion pro-cess with a suitable protec-tive intermediate layer.

• Optical modeling of the hybrid tandem device is a valuable additional tool to analyze and optimize the light absorbed in the two subcells.

• The approach of a triple junction DSC/CdTe/CIGS device is theoretically promising. However, efforts are needed to achieve cur-rent matching.

• Organic solar cells based on photographic dyes now reach current densities of 8 mA/cm2 at standard solar irradiation and are almost ready to be used in multi-junction solar cells. Model-ing studies will be carried out before starting mul-tijunction device construc-tion.

Activities

The next ThinPV con-

ference «Transparent

conducting electrodes for

photovoltaics» will take

place on January 25th at

the Stade de Suisse in

Bern. More than 70 partici-

pants are expected.

Figure 4: Molecular struc-ture of the squaraine dyes SQ1 and SQ2 used in this study (left). Device archi-tecture (right).



PHiTEMPlatform for High Temperature Materials

Scope of project

The three-years PHiTEM project is aimed at acquiring experimental devices, manpower and compe-tences for allowing multiscale characterization of advanced high-temperature materials, including irradiated, i.e. radioactive ones. With the establishing of the platform a unique facility in Switzerland is generated in the fi eld of development and characterisation of advanced materials for advanced future energy power plants.

Status of project

All selected devices (a Focused Ion Beam, a nano-indenter, a nano-indentation device, and a Dual-Beam FIB prototype) have been purchased, installed and are now fully operational. The needed technician has been hired. R&D activities us-ing the acquired devices have been launched, and a wide number of important scientifi c results have been already ob-tained, which gave rise to a large number of publications in peer-reviewed journals.

All defi ned milestones for the project have already been achieved. Scientifi c activities will be pursued extensively in 2010 and beyond.


Only very small specimens are usually irradiated in the current irradiation facilities (fi ssion reactors, accelerator-based facilities) for three main reasons: 1. only small irradiation vol-

umes are usually available, 2. only small specimens can

be usually irradiated in a homogeneous way, and

3. small specimens are pre-ferred to minimize their eventual irradiation-in-duced radioactivity.

Examples of the use of a FIB device (fi gure 0) and/or a

Electricity

Main Investigator

Nadine Baluc, EPFL

Project Partners

EPFL

PSI

Empa

nano-indenter in 2009 for the characterization of single crys-talline tungsten, an oxide dis-persion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel and a tempered martensitic steel, are described hereafter.

Single crystalline tungsten

The infl uence of specimen size and geometry on the yield strength of single crystalline tungsten has been investigat-ed. Micro-pillars of various size and geometry and wall-like structures of different length to width ratio were prepared

Figure 0: The FIB device is being used full time by a wide number of institution-al and industrial partners for preparing and charac-terizing several types of sample, such as transmis-sion electron microscopy (TEM) specimens and mi-cro-pillars, from a variety of materials, including pure metals, alloys and semi-conductors. Examples of the use of the FIB device at the PSI in 2009 for pre-paring and characterizing samples from a variety of materials.


FIB: Focused Ion Beam

ODS: Oxide Dispersion Strengthened

SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope

TEM: Transmission Elec-tron Microscopy


Figure 1: Proportional yield stress, σy, plotted as a function of 1/√(lon-gest horizontal specimen dimension). Data are grouped according to the smallest dimension value. Least squares trend lines plotted for each group in-tersect the trend line for symmetrical structures.

using a FIB device and de-formed in compression, in situ in a SEM, by using a nano-in-denter. It was found that the yield strength is determined by the smallest dimension of the structure (fi gure 1), i.e., the wall width in the case of wall-like structures, the length of the wall making little or no difference. Therefore, only the thinnest dimension of a speci-men needs to be reduced to obtain improved properties, which has important practical implications.

ODS ferritic steel

The effects of ion irradiation on the mechanical properties of the commercial ODS ferritic steel PM2000 in the annealed condition have been investi-gated. Microscopic observa-tions showed that the mean size of the grains is equal to 106x106x(>107) nm3, while the mean size of the yttria parti-cles is equal to 28 nm. Micro-pillars were prepared from the PM2000 ODS ferritic steel by using a FIB device. The micro-pillar diameter was kept con-stant at 1 μm, with a diameter to height ratio of 1:3, so that the whole pillar volume is uni-formly damaged during irra-diation. The micro-pillars were irradiated at room tempera-ture with 1.5 MeV 4He2+ ions to a fl uence of 5.6x 016 ions/cm2 by using incident angles rang-ing from 0 to 66 degrees. The incident angle was varied in order to obtain a uniform dam-age depth profi le. In particular, the damage as a function of depth ranged from 0.7 dpa at 1 μm from the surface to about 1.3 dpa at 2.5 μm from the surface. Unirradiated and ir-radiated micro-pillars were de-formed in compression, in situ

in a SEM, by using a nano-in-denter. Figure 2 shows pictures of an unirradiated micro-pillar and an irradiated micro-pillar before and after compression along a <111> direction. The load-displacement responses for both micro-pillars are pre-sented in fi gure 3. It can be seen that irradiation leads to an increase in yield strength, i.e., to radiation hardening, while the ductility (total elon-gation) of the material remains very high. These results are in good agreement with results of indentation experiments and micro-tensile tests.

Tempered martensitic steel

The mechanical properties of two plates of the 9CrWVTa tempered martensitic steel Eu-rofer 97, which is the reference material for structural applica-tions in fusion power reactors, have been investigated. Two types of tests were performed using the nano-indenter at the PSI: Vickers micro-hardness tests and compression tests on micro-pillars using a fl at tip. The two plates were respec-tively the as-received material and a 10% cold-rolled small plate. The cross cold-rolling was done in order to harden the material in a way simi-lar to neutron irradiations; in other words, the cold rolling is supposed to simulate to some extend the neutron irradia-tion effects on the plastic fl ow properties and subsequently the degradation of the fracture properties. Both the Vickers micro-hardness and micro-pillar compression tests were carried out to assess the ho-mogeneity of the deformation introduced in the cold-rolled plate by measuring locally the hardness and plastic fl ow prop-


Electricity

Figure 2: SEM images of (a, b) unirradiated and (c, d) irradiated micro-pillars from the annealed PM2000 ODS ferritic steel; (a, c) before and (b, d) after compression tests.

a b

c d


erties deduced from the micro-pillar deformations.

In order to estimate the level of equivalent plastic strain in the cold-rolled plate, Vickers micro-hardness tests were per-formed on pre-deformed tensile specimens that were cut in the middle of the gage length. The evolution of the Vickers micro-hardness with the plastic strain all along the true stress-strain curves at room temperature of the Eurofer 97 steel is shown in fi gure 4.

From the micro-hardness data and the evolution of the micro-hardness with plastic strain, it was estimated that the plate has been pre-deformed by

Figure 3: Typical load-dis-placement curves for un-irradiated and irradiated micro-pillars from the an-nealed PM2000 ODS fer-ritic steel.

Electricity


Figure 4: Vickers micro-hardness variation along the true stress-strain curves at room temperature of the Eurofer 97 steel.

Figure 5: FIB/SEM images of micro-pillars machined from the as-received Euro-fer 97 steel using the FIB device at the PSI.

Figure 6: True stress-strain curves for micro-pillars from the as-received Eu-rofer 97 steel, along with a reference curve obtained using a standard tensile specimen.

about 10% equivalent plastic strain. This corresponds to a hardening of the order of 150 MPa accompanied with a sig-nifi cant reduction of the strain-hardening capacity, which may constitute a good simulation of neutron irradiation effects on the plastic fl ow properties. However, in order to get a bet-ter and more direct evaluation of the plastic fl ow properties of the cold-rolled material, micro-pillars will be machined using the FIB at the PSI and deformed in compression us-ing a fl at indenter mounted on the nano-indenter at the PSI. For the time being, two types of micro-pillars were prepared from the as-received Eurofer 97 steel, namely parallelepiped

and cylindrical ones (fi gure 5), and tested. The dimensions of the micro-pillars were typically 10 μm in height with a diame-ter to height ratio of about 0.5. Some true stress-strain curves obtained with those micro-pil-lars are reported in fi gure 6 along with a reference tensile curve of the Eurofer 97 steel in the as-received condition. Despite some discrepancy be-tween the curves provided by the micro-pillars, intrinsic to this type of ultra small speci-mens, the results are quite representative of the plastic fl ow curve determined with a standard tensile specimen. Mi-cro-pillars are currently being machined from the cold-rolled plate using the FIB at the PSI.

Heat & BuildHeat & Buildingsings


ccem-retrofi tAdvanced Energy Effi cient Renovation of Buildings

Scope of activities

The ccem-retrofi t project is based on national and international research and development proj-ects that are collaborating to promote and improve cost effective low energy renovation of existing buildings. The project focuses on typical apartment blocks representing approximately 40 % of the European dwelling stock. The project is structured in three parts:A technology development; B system integration; C market analysis and tools.


• Completion and publication of building typology

• Completion of 3-D measur-ing technology develop-ment and testing, fi nal re-port in preparation.

• Completion of façade and roof module development, including the integration of ventilation and solar sys-tems. The fi nal report is under preparation.

• Preparation of Retrofi t-Ad-visor test version with sim-plifi ed interface for non-professionals.

• Completion of second ret-rofi t demonstration in Zu-rich-Hoengg. Monitoring and reporting of the two demonstration projects are still ongoing.

A new renovation project, dealing with the sustainable renovation of historical build-ings (SuRHiB, see page 65) has been successfully started. The renovation of these build-ings with prefabricated mod-ules is not feasible. The project is covering historical buildings (approx. 20 % of present build-ing stock) that have also to consider preservation aspects when retrofi tted.

Building typology

The typology is not limited to building shape. Besides the building structure it considers also the needs of owners and tenants and processes such as retrofi t design, building use and maintenance. The building types defi ned by the typology are comparable, because they are based on the same pa-rameters. For market studies, the typology is directly linked to the data collection of the Swiss Federal Offi ce of Statis-tics (BFS).

The focus is on apartment buildings constructed between 1919 and 1990, with more than 2 apartments and 3 to 8 apartment fl oors. These build-ings represent 52 % (106’000 buildings) of all existing multi-family homes in Switzerland (BFS VZ 2000). The build-ing stock evaluation consid-ers four main levels (urban

Main Investigator

Mark Zimmermann, Empa

Project Partners

Empa

EPFL

ETHZ

PSI

FNHW

HSLU/HTAL

Heat & Buildings


2009 was the third project year and devoted for comple-tion of the development work. The following year will be the last project year and will be used for documentation and dissemination of the project results. This time plan is also in line with the progress of the international collaboration within the framework of IEA ECBCS Annex 50, which will also be terminated by the end of 2010.

During this year, the building typology of apartment build-ings has been completed. The building typology provides ba-sic data for the evaluation of the renovation potential of the existing building stock, for the defi nition of retrofi t strategies and the envelope characteris-tics of specifi c building types.

In coopera tion with the

ccem- house2000 project

Figure 1: Defi nition of 11 building types for fast orientation; building type 0 represents non-typical buildings (© CCTP).

National collaboration

The project is building

up a strong collaboration

between various ETH-

Institutions, the National

Buildings and Renew-

able Energies Network of

Technology (brenet) and

important Swiss industry

partners.

International collabora-

tion

The mandate by the In-

ternational Energy Agency

and the Swiss Federal

Offi ce of Energy to act

as Operating Agents for

the IEA ECBCS Annex 50

«Prefabricated System for

Low Energy Renovation

of Residential Buildings»

is ongoing. The project

is closely related to the

CCEM Retrofi t project. The

international collaboration

allows the coordination

of the Swiss activities

with similar R&D-work

in Austria, Belgium,

Czech Republic, France,

Netherlands, Portugal and

Sweden.


situation, building as a whole, building structure and useable space).

The database allowed to defi ne 11 building types that repre-sent nearly 80 % of the evalu-ated building stock. They are now analysed and strategies for building renewal are being developed (fi gure 1).

In addition, market potentials for typical retrofi t situations for the façade-modules, roof mod-ules and balcony modules are identifi ed (fi gure 2).


Heat & Buildings

Figure 2: The potential for module F4.1 and its mu-tants (© CCTP).

Figure 3: Construction drawing of standard façade module (left) and its façade integration (right).

Figure 4: 1:1 mock-ups of the façade module – work-ing-model (left), demon-stration model (right).

Façade and roof module de-velopment

The establishment of a building typology was important for the development of standardised façade and roof modules with a large application potential. So far, the prefabrication tech-nology for façade and roof modules has been developed and tested. Special attention was not only given to building physics but also to fi re protec-tion and logistics. The results are highly standardised reno-vation modules that concen-trate on the window area as the area with a high density of detailing. All critical details have been concentrated and solved in this area (fi gure 3). Two 1:1 mock-ups have been built, one for studying the con-struction process, the other for demonstration (fi gure 4).

3-D measuring technology development

A pre-requisite for the prefab-rication and mounting of the renovation modules is the 3-dimensional defi nition of the existing building. Without this knowledge it becomes very dif-


fi cult to prefabricate renova-tion modules that will fi t to the building. Special procedures have been developed applying laser scanning technology and photogrammetry. They allow to measure accurately the build-ing envelope and to provide the geometric data for plan-ning, production and mounting (fi gure 5). The measurement technology has been tested with several buildings. The re-port is now being prepared.

Retrofi t-Advisor

Finally, a successful renova-tion of a building is not only depending on technical issues. The development of an optimal renovation strategy is as im-portant. For this purpose, an electronic retrofi t advisor has been developed. It allows the evaluation and comparison of the economic, environmental and social impact of different renovation strategies. The tool has been completed with the implementation of a new user interface that allows also non professional users to work with the tool. A test version will be available by beginning of 2010 (fi gure 6).

Completion of second ret-rofi t demonstration project

The concept of building renewal with prefabricated renovation modules has been demonstrat-ed be architect Beat Kaempfen in Zurich-Hoengg. The project demonstrates well the poten-tial of building renewal (fi g-ure 7). It is much more than just building insulation.

Heat & Buildings


Figure 5: Existing façades often are not regular (left). Horizontal sections can easily be produced with the acquired laser scanning data (right). They allow the planning of the tolerances required and the optimal mounting process.

Figure 6: The implementa-tion of reference data sets for selected building types allows an easy evaluation of renovation strategies also by non-professional users. They just have to adjust some key fi gures to the real building.

Figure 7: Multi-family house in Zurich-Hoengg. The building was not only insulated with prefabricat-ed elements, the old bal-conies have been replaced by larger ones in front of the building and are now used as living room exten-sions. In addition, the un-used roof space has been replaced by an attractive apartment (Architect: Beat Kaempfen, Zurich).

In order to be fi t for another 50 years, the renovation was used also for the implementation of added values, such as en-larged living rooms, new bal-conies and an attractive attic apartment. All these measures guarantee that the building from the 1950’s is economi-cally, environmentally and so-cially fi t again for another 50 years.


ccem-house2000Innovative Building Technologies for the 2000-Watt Society

In coopera tion with the

ccem- retrofi t project.

Scope of activities

The ccem-house2000 project is looking for new technical solutions in the building construction sec-tor to reduce the CO2 emissions substantially. The projects are based on individual national and international research projects (SFOE, CTI, swisselectric research, International Energy Agency IEA) and cover the topics of building materials, advanced building installations and smart control. The results will be implemented in a demonstrator project, which will be the focus of the activities in the fi nal stage of the project.

The project is structured in four parts:A Advanced building materials and components; B Soft heating and cooling technologies; C Smart control and user interfaces; D Demonstration, dissemination and education.

Main Investigator

Thomas Frank, Empa

Project Partners

Empa

EPFL

ETHZ

FNHW

HSR

ZHAW

MeteoSwiss

Siemens Building Tech-

nologies

Status and main results of sub-projects

A1: High performance insu-lation materials based on fi ber reinforced aerogels

A new generation of insulation material with a thermal con-ductivity below 20 mW/(mK) is based on the very good ther-mal performance of aerogels. Within a CTI project with an in-dustrial partner a new process

chain has been developed suc-cessfully. The CTI project has been completed, all reports are confi dential.

A2: Advanced vacuum in-sulation panels (VIP of 2nd generation)

New technologies such as vac-uum insulation panels (VIP) offer the possibility to achieve highly insulating walls by slim

overall wall thickness and bet-ter integration into buildings. Degradation and failure risks as well as high production cost are main drawbacks of exist-ing market products. The main activities within this project, complementary to the activi-ties in the CCEM-CH project Advanced Building Retrofi t, are:• Development of advanced

building components with integrated VIP

• Service life investigation, improved quality control and product declaration procedures

• Design of the VIP building envelope for the demon-strator unit in cooperation with the industry

• In situ measurements of the hygrothermal behavior of VIP applications at dif-ferent locations in Switzer-land.

A3: Colored glazed solar collectors for heating and cooling

The project aims at the devel-opment of new solar thermal façade systems with improved architectural quality, to help in-crease the use of solar energy for heating and cooling in build-ings. To overcome the problem

of users’ and architects’ dissat-isfaction with the aesthetics of black solar absorbers’ integra-tion into facades, new coloured thin fi lm glass coatings with selective refl ection proper-ties will be used. While letting most of the solar radiations reach the absorber, these coat-ings refl ect a portion of visible light. Furthermore, the glass is treated to have diffusing characteristics. This coloured appearance and the choice of glass structure are expected to open new architectural options in façade design, with all the induced market opportunities. The work is divided into two subtasks related to the follow-ing problems to be solved:• Thin fi lm technology (op-

timising optical refl ection and high solar transmis-sion)

• Architectural integration (aesthetic and technical solutions for façade inte-gration).

A4: Thermally activated ceiling panel with PCM

The concept of a thermally activated ceiling panel with phase change material (PCM) has been developed at Empa and has been registered as in-ternational patent EP1470372

Heat & Buildings

Figure 1: Photorealistic rendering of the two self suffi cient space units.

59CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Heat & Buildings


/ WO03064931. The patent rights have now been sold to an industrial company. Within CEEM House 2000 the activi-ties focus on checking the fea-sibility to apply the technology of PCM to the CCEM demon-strator unit.

B1: Open absorption sys-tems for cooling and air conditioning

A conceptual design of a new type of air handling unit (AHU) was developed, built and test-ed experimentally in the labo-ratory. The AHU operate as an open absorption system (at-mospheric pressure), although no direct contact takes place between the air and the liquid desiccant (LiCl). Air and des-iccant are contacted through adequate membranes, thus avoiding desiccant aerosols and solving the attending cor-rosion and potential health problems. Furthermore, con-fi ning the desiccant also per-mits a reduction of the amount of desiccant required in rela-tion to common open systems. The concept considers an ab-sorber / dehydrator, an evapo-rative cooler and a desorber / regenerator, built as compact membrane contactors.

This type of AHU will reduce electric energy demand for air conditioning. The driving en-ergy will be provided by a hot source at temperatures in the 70–90 °C range which might be delivered through district heating networks, since there is typically excess heat in sum-mer. On the other hand, solar thermal energy becomes a real alternative, since the driving energy is required at a level well bellow that of traditional closed absorption systems.

A pre-prototype shall be de-signed and build to proof the concept.

B2: Solar long-term sodium hydroxide heat storage

To push the use of solar heat, seasonal storage systems are needed. Conventional water storage systems are volumi-nous and loose energy during storage time. Chemical stor-ages shall overcome these dis-advantages but they are more expensive. To avoid the costs for a backup heating system, a monovalent system consist-ing of a storage combined with sun collectors is envisaged. For a monovalent system, it is essential that even with an almost empty storage (in spring), domestic hot water will be delivered at high tem-peratures.

Chemical heat stores for low temperature heat rely on ab-sorption/desorption processes. Several combinations of sorp-tion material and working fl uid promise success. In this proj-ect, the working pair chosen is NaOH and water. The ad-vantages of this working pair are high heat capacities (3 to 6 times higher heat capacity compared to conventional wa-ter storage systems), stable and relatively cheap reactants, and moderate environmen-tal hazard compared to other working pairs.

Depending on the working pair, a heat storage system has to be developed, which is operating at an optimal work-ing point. Since that system is new, there is no knowledge, what the optimal working point defi nes. Experimental work (variation of parameters) and

simulations shall deliver theo-retical and practical expertise.

B3: Solar thermal absorp-tion cooling (STAC)

An increased economic inter-est on solar thermal cooling is noticed because of the high availability of solar energy in summer time (hot season) and because of a high price electrical energy peak cutting pressure. Common absorption chillers have originally been designed for large-scale in-dustrial application of cooling power in the range of 100 kWR, steady-state operation, mostly using comparably high gen-erator driving temperatures (> 110 °C for single-effect ma-chines; > 185 °C for double-ef-fect machines).

This project focuses on a Swiss test facility for STAC applica-tions, where applied R&D work can be made in the areas of system integration as well as controls using a newly devel-oped 10 kWR LiBr-H2O absorp-tion chiller in combination with a 30 m2 array of novel high-ef-fi ciency fl at-plate solar hot wa-ter collectors at the HSR cam-pus. The system integration with these fl at-plate solar hot water collectors and optimal buffer storage devices as well as associated adaptive con-trols is now needed and will be supported by a new developed «solar cooling» module in the «Polysun» software to prog-ress this promising technology development path.

A hybrid cooler for heat re-jection in the mid tempera-ture range was installed in a LiBr-H2O solar thermal driven absorption cooling system. The heat rejection effi ciency


AHU: Air Handling Unit

CCS: Chance Constrained Stochastic

CTI: Swiss Confedera-tion’s innovation promotion agency

ERC: Energy Recovery

GUI: Graphical User In-terface

IEA: International En-ergy Agency

IRA: Integrated Room Automation

LESO: Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB) at EPFL

MPC: Model Predictive Control

PCM: Phase Change Ma-terial

SEC: Standard solution for Effi cient Cooling

SFOE: Swiss Federal Offi ce of Energy

STAC: Solar Thermal Ab-sorption Cooling

TABS: Thermaly Activated Building Systems

TRNSYS: Transient Energy System Simulation Tool

VIP: Vacuum Insulation Panel

Figure 2: Mini demoboxes with coloured collector glass samples



generally is increased by con-tinuous water sprinkling on the heat conducting surface of the heat exchanger and the water evaporation thereof. To reduce the amount of water use the cooler heat exchanger was pulse-sprayed through nozzles. By decreasing the pulse cycle time the return fl uid tempera-ture to the absorber condenser unit of the absorption cooling machine could be lowered and reached the fl uid temperature of the open cooling tower for comparison. A strong inho-mogeneity of the tempera-ture distribution on the hybrid cooler heat exchanger could be observed.

B4: Effi cient heating and cooling with heat pumping technologies

The project aims to deliver new integrated solutions for combined operating systems covering heating, cooling and domestic hot water especially adapted to the requirements of low and ultra-low energy houses representing the vi-sion of the 2000-Watt Society. Complete system solutions for MINERGIE® and MINERGIE-P® housing are to be devel-oped using the most advanced active and passive systems combined with the use of heat pumping technology.

Problems to be solved by means of simulations and measurements are:• Which building type re-

quires which hydraulic de-sign (capability, costs)?

• What is the best control scheme (effi ciency, robust-ness, investment)?

• Which rules and guidelines can be derived?

• How can advanced heat-ing and cooling concepts be disseminated with a real space unit?

During the report period the work was concentrated on the development of integrated system confi gurations cover-ing heating, cooling and do-mestic hot water and a system selection method with the cor-responding criteria for various residential heat pump types including heat sources and emission systems. Five stan-dard solutions for an energy effi cient heating and cooling of low energy buildings with heat pumps were derived.

Furthermore in a residential building in Muolen (canton St. Gallen) a pilot plant with ground coupled heat pump for heating, domestic hot water generation and passive cooling by means of a vertical bore-hole heat exchanger has been measured since beginning of this year and investigated.

C1: Control of thermally activated building systems (TABS-Control)

The control of thermally ac-tivated building systems has been investigated in detail within a CTI project, which was completed with a public hand book in 2009. The project fo-cused on the following tasks:

• Develop comprehensive solution(s) for the con-trol of thermally activated building systems (TABS)

• Implementation of software functional units in existing control systems

• User-friendly description of the concepts for HVAC- and control engineers (guide book).

C2: Advanced bio-mimetic user-adaptive blind and lighting controller using wireless sensors

The CTI research and devel-opment project BELControl, carried out by LESO-PB/EPFL (Lausanne) and Adhoco (Win-terthur) is the base for the contribution to the CCEM-Ret-rofi t and CCEM-House 2000 projects. The project includes 3 tasks:• Control algorithm devel-

opment for user-adaptive blind and lighting control

• Experimental tests prepa-ration

• Field tests

The CCEM-CH specifi c tasks address two issues: the speci-fi city of control system issues for a building retrofi t, and the experimentation on a demon-stration building unit which will be implemented on the EPFL campus in Lausanne, in the framework of the CCEM-House 2000 project. The tasks below are specifi c to the CCEM-CH project:• Elaboration of a simulation

and design tool for control systems;

• guidelines and catalogue of existing solutions for retro-fi t;

• retrofi t fi eld tests;

Heat & Buildings

Info web pages

www.empa-ren.ch

www.opticontrol.ethz.ch

www.ocwdb.ethz.ch

www.energieforschung.ch

The CCEM project House

2000 started on May 1st,

2007, and will be com-

pleted on April 30th, 2010.

One diffi culty observed

was that the different

projects involved in House

2000 have different run-

ning periods due to the

heterogenic external fund-

ing situation.

Figure 3: Simulated energy gains (PV) and us-age by heating/ventilation, hot water, cooking with hydrogen, and appliances, average year for Zürich


• fi eld tests on the CCEM-demonstration building units.

C3: Use of weather and oc-cupancy forecasts for opti-mal building control (Opti-Control)

The OptiControl project deals with the development of pre-dictive control strategies that aim in minimizing the energy usage of buildings whilst main-taining or even improving oc-cupant comfort and reducing peak electricity demand.

During the fi rst two project years the focus was on the ap-plication «Integrated Room Au-tomation» (IRA), and on offi ce buildings. IRA deals with the automated control of blinds, electric lighting, heating, cool-ing, and ventilation of an indi-vidual building zone or room.

The project successfully pro-vided improved conventional (rule-based) IRA control algo-rithms, as well as a family of entirely new, Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms that were tailored to the needs of building control. These works are paving the way towards the development of a new genera-tion of controllers offering an unprecedented effi ciency, ro-bustness, fl exibility and quality of control.

A second major achievement was the development of a gen-eral methodology, as well as of corresponding software tools and data sets that can be used for the systematic, quantitative assessment of building control approaches. The availability of appropriate modeling and sim-ulation tools is pivotal for the development and analysis of

advanced control approaches. Such approaches are increas-ingly needed in order to meet the demanding requirements posed by many modern build-ing control tasks.

A comprehensive simulation study was undertaken to as-sess the savings potential of predictive control for IRA. The study involved ~23’500 whole-year, hourly time step dynamic simulations that compared various control algorithms for fi ve carefully selected com-binations of heating, cooling and ventilation subsystems, and for different façade ori-entations, construction types, building standards, comfort requirements, internal gains levels, locations etc.

A further achievement con-sisted in the development of specialized algorithms related to the derivation and improved forecasting of hourly weather data relevant for building sim-ulation and control. In general, forecast biases could be suc-cessfully removed on a sea-sonal basis.

D1: Design and construc-tion of an energy suffi cient space unit using advanced building technologies

The self suffi cient space unit SELF is a demonstrator for en-ergy effi ciency and sustainable construction. It has special fo-cus on technologies developed under CCEM House2000. The purpose of this demonstrator is to apply and evaluate the in-teraction of various advanced building technologies in a real application. It will be used to demonstrate CCEM related in-novations, to perform system studies with students and to

use the experience gained for training courses and seminars.

The design study and the en-ergy concept developed within a diploma work of students of Zurich University of Arts (ZHdK) and the Institute for Energy in Buildings of the Uni-versity of Applied Sciences of North-Western Switzerland (FHNW) was used for the re-alisation of the demonstrator. In addition, user needs and re-quirements for a self suffi cient space unit were analysed by students of the FHNW School of Applied Psychology.

During 2008, the detailed de-sign of the demonstrator unit and its components has been completed and the construc-tion of two units has been started in 2009. The fi rst unit will be exhibited at the 2010 Swissbau in Basel. The second unit will be used for the testing of new and improved compo-nents. It will be completed by the end 2010. Both units will be built by Empa. Unfortunate-ly it was not possible to obtain funding at EPFL.


Figure 4 and 5: Insulation works with Aerogel blan-kets and vacuum insulation panels (VIP) at the inside of space unit 1.


AQUASARDirect Re-use of Waste Heat from Liquid-Cooled Supercomputers

Scope of activities

Towards Low Power, High Performance, Zero-Emission Computing and Data Centers

ETHZ (LTNT)

The aim of this project is to build a fi rst working example of a liquid-cooled super computer to show enhanced energy effi ciency through reuse of the waste heat.

The IT industry accounts for 2% of global carbon emissions, as much as is released by air traffi c. Having doubled in the past fi ve years the worldwide datacenter electricity consumption now equals fourteen large (1 GW) power plants. Up to 50% percent of the energy consumption and carbon foot-print of current air cooled data centre is needed for cooling with the heat being wasted. The cooling of data centers represents an estimated annual cost of 1.4 billion dollars in the United States and 3.6 billion dollars in the world.

The necessary components for air cooling systems can consume up to half of the electrical power consumption of a data center. Largest data centers consume up to 200 MW of electrical power, with all the excess heat produced being dissipated into the environment. At the same time we use gas and oil, for space heating.

In comparison to state-of-the-art air cooling systems the energy consumption of a liquid-cooled system is strongly reduced as the entering liquid does not need to be cooled down prior to its usage for cooling. Additionally, the waste heat of the liquid coolant can be reused in further applications. An attractive prospect from both an economic and an ecological perspective.

Main Investigator

Dimos Poulikakos, ETHZ

Project Partners

EPFL

ETHZ

IBM

Heat & Buildings


by the IBM group at ETH prem-ises.

The fi rst high performance, ultra thin heat sinks, de-signed and fabricated through IBM Zurich Research Labora-tory and LTNT collaboration, have been delivered to ETHZ. Strategies to potentially fur-ther improve the heat sink performance have been iden-tifi ed and are currently in the fabrication stage at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory. The planned experiments are expected to help identify the performance measure and dif-ferent property measurements such as temperature distribu-tion and pressure drops.

Further attempts to enhance the performance of the system involve using a superior cool-

ant. A theoretical study showed that liquid emulsions can lead to a remarkable enhancement in cooling effi ciency compared to a single phase liquid without signifi cantly altering the pres-sure drop. Therefore, we are focussing on creating a stable emulsion in the temperature range of 40 °C to 80 °C, the range identifi ed for high ef-fi ciency cooling outlined in the proposal. After an inten-sive literature survey, the fi rst suitable candidate liquids for emulsion formation have been identifi ed as fatty acid oils dis-persed in water with ionic sur-factants as stabilizers.

The liquid cooling unit consists of a manifold and a subjacent parallel micro-channel struc-ture where the heat transfer occurs (see fi gure 1). In a fi rst

Figure 1: Manifold and cold-plate (base plate + micro-channel structure) of heat sink.

ETHZ (LTNT): Data center facility set up, experimen-tal work and modeling

The project will focus on dem-onstrating the reliability and performing the detailed sys-tem modeling for steady-state and transient behavior of the liquid-cooling unit in order to perform a comprehensive ex-ergy analysis of the system and to optimize its performance.

Laboratory space at ETH Zurich has been set up and prepared to host the AQUASAR-system. The waste heat from the data center being setup will be inte-grated into the building heat-ing system of ETH in order to test the concept to reduce CO2 emissions in an operating data center. The data center assem-bly will start in January 2010

Figure 3: Hydrodynamic and thermal characteris-tics of single micro-chan-nel from the heat trans-fer structure of the single phase heat sink.

Figure 2: Domains and boundary conditions used to model a single micro-channel.


AQUASARDirect Re-use of Waste Heatfrom Liquid-Cooled Supercomputers

step, the heat transfer and hy-drodynamic characteristics of the micro-channel structure were obtained by simulating a single micro-channel. A sketch of the modeled domains and the boundary conditions are presented in fi gure 2. The re-sults of the single micro-chan-nel steady-state simulations are shown in fi gure 3. The characteristics of the single micro-channel are to be used to model the complete micro-channel structure as a porous medium in the overall liquid cooling unit simulation (ongo-ing).

EPFL (LTCM): Mathematical and experimental evalua-tion of performance of cool-ing system

The goal of this work is to propose and develop a novel hybrid two-phase cooling sys-tem with micro-evaporator elements (multi microchannel evaporators) for direct cooling of the chips and memory on the blade server boards (see fi gure 4 and 5). The main fo-cus is to work with two-phase fl ow of dielectric refrigerants, using a compressor or/and liq-uid pump to drive the fl uid, a micro-evaporator for cooling of the chip and a micro-condens-er for heat recovery, which can reduce the demand of cool-ing energy by an impressive amount (perhaps by 50%).

A mathematical model to ther-mally simulate and evaluate the performance of the hybrid cooling system, integrated with the micro-evaporator, for three different system confi gu-rations (included compressor, liquid pump, condenser, capil-lary tubes, electric expansion valves, etc.) at steady state

conditions is now nearing com-pletion and transient conditions will then be integrated too.

At this moment the following parts were developed:• system confi guration de-

sign and components se-lection;

• data acquisition setup.

Parts in development (ongo-ing):• design for special compo-

nents;• building of the facility

(started December 7th);• calibrate the sensors (ther-

mocouple, pressure trans-mitters, fl ow meter, etc.);

• automation settlings.

ETHZ (CSE Lab): Effi cient Multiscale Flow Simual-tions

We have been developing a particle framework in Open CL that can be used in processing units such as the Cell. Compu-tational methods under devel-opment include Vortex Meth-ods and Lattice Boltzmann for fl ow simulations.

IBM: Defi nition of Super-computer, design of cooling hardware and metrology

While the initial hardware will only capture 75% of the en-ergy in liquid form, a small-scale demonstrator will allow us to demonstrate higher re-covery rates. In second and third years, 5-8ºC higher out-put coolant temperature will be implemented through bet-ter single phase CPU hotspot coolers without increasing the transistor junction tempera-tures. In addition, a two-phase microscale fl ow boiling cooler will be used to reduce pumping

power consumption and compression will be added to fur-ther increase the temperature levels.

We have investigat-ed the exergy and energy effi ciencies of the liquid cooled high performance prototype. The ini-tial hardware that was designed as part of a pre-study was built as part of a separate contract between ETH Zurich and IBM. As part of the current CCEM project the supercomputer will be equipped with necessary metrology tools to measure electrical power consumption and the dissipation of heat to air and liquid.

The fi rst major goal of the project is an operative super-computer installation at ETH that runs in >75% direct en-ergy-reuse mode at a >60ºC temperature level to save 40% of datacenter energy and re-duce emissions to a level be-low 15% compared to an air cooled datacenter.

The overall effort started at IBM in January 2009 with pre-paratory work to defi ne the supercomputer and to design the cooling hardware and me-trology that would allow to reach the target defi ned in the project goal and to be able to measure all relevant param-eters to allow us compare the liquid cooled system with an air-cooled version that is oper-ated under identical conditions with identical loads.

A fi rst task was the evaluation and selection of the proces-

Figure 4: Micro evaporator and IBM Blade Board.

Figure 5: Diagram of Ex-perimental Facility.

Figure 6: liquid-cooling cir-cuits on a prototype blade.

64 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Heat & Buildings

AQUASARDirect Re-use of Waste Heatfrom Liquid-Cooled Supercomputers

sor cold plates: Another critical process to be established was the removal of the air coolers – most diffi cult was the remov-al of caps from processors pack-

ages. IBM designed the gener-al cooling circuits for all other components that dissipate more than 3W (Interface, DC-DC converters, and Dynamic Random Access Memory).

As a result of this effort the de-sign of cooling circuits for QS22 blades has been completed in July 2009 and fabrication was triggered initially on a small pilot series of 4 blades and 1 blade center. With the pilot series the functionality of the blade cooling loop was veri-fi ed. With this prototype in De-cember 2009 the temperature target of 60C and the recovery rate of 75% was reached.

The challenge in the design of the manifold and quick con-nects for the blade center was to upgrade the blade center with a minimal modifi cation. Another challenge was to allow «hot» plugging of blades with-out disturbance to other active blades and without change of the normal plugging process of a blade which means push the blade into a rail and activate two levers to lock it in place.

A structured approach for the general metrology concept has been taken: The overall data is continuously collected from different sources and assem-bled in a databank for display and evaluation. The sub-ele-ments that provide data into this databank are:

• Blades (QS22 and HS22) will be equipped with cus-tom designed ZRL Metrol-ogy controller board

• Blade Centers (H)• Rack / Pumping Unit

In the reporting period we have developed the metrology con-cept and defi ned a structured datafl ow between the different categories of components and interfaces.

Blade Metrology

In order to implement the de-tailed metrology concept we have developed a ZRL me-trology controller board (see fi gure 9). We have designed and built a metrology interface board that uses a PCB that can be plugged into an empty memory slot to monitor ad-ditional points. This interface allows several temperature measurements to be carried out at diverse locations on the main board. Locations have been selected in view of com-ponents that could become temperature critical in planned high temperature cooling ex-periments.

Rack Metrology

The rack holds two liquid cooled blade centers, one air cooled blade center the storage serv-er, and the Infi niband switch (see fi gure 10). Hot water for the liquid cooled blade centers is provided from the specially designed coolant distribution unit. This unit controls the wa-ter inlet temperature for the blades using a variable fl ow in the ETH circuit. Within the sys-tem the pressure drops across the blades and consequently the fl ow rates will be kept con-stant.

Outlook

The system is partially de-livered from IBM to ETH mid December and should become operative in March 2010. We plan to develop the codes for the metrology data acquisi-tion and setup the metrology equipment so that the entire metrology system is operative in April 2010. In the following quarter parameter studies will be carried out to optimize op-eration conditions, in particu-lar the effi ciency in terms of MFlops/gCO2. The system will initially be running at a lower entry level temperature and the spread of the chip tem-peratures on all the systems is monitored and characterized. When we have suffi cient sta-tistical information we will run the system at the highest pos-sible temperature that allows operation without throttling of the processors.

Figure 8: The whole sys-tem is composed of a closed rack that acts as a climate chamber and a coolant dis-tribution unit that provides the hot water (composed of two redundant pumps, two particle fi lters, several fl ow and pressure meters, a water storage tank, a plate heat exchanger, and the necessary tubing).

Figure 7: Shown are the blade center H that were custom built for the ETH: From the front side the wa-ter cooled blade center is indistinguishable from the air cooled version. Only on the backside the two 3/4” water connectors are vis-ible (left image) that pro-trude from the same cen-tral backside cover plate. The bank of quick connects can only be seen when one of the blowers is removed (top right). The front side of the quick connects can be seen behind the main board when no blades are plugged, the blank front covers are removed, and the air locks are pushed away (bottom right).

Figure 9: Design of metrol-ogy controller board.

Figure 10: Rack design.


SuRHiBSustainable Renovation of Historical Buildings

Main Investigator

Jan Carmeliet, ETHZ

Project Partners

Empa

EPFL

ETHZ

BFH

SUPSI

Scope of activities

The SuRHiB project aims to develop new sustainable renovation technologies for historical buildings (end 19th – beginning 20th century) making use of the latest advances in material technology and of simulation tools for evaluating the energy effi ciency, hygrothermal behaviour and moisture damage risk for building envelopes. New nanoporous aerogel based insulating materials are developed and in addition the integration of advanced existing insulating systems (e.g. vacuum insulation), appro-priate heating systems and optimal solar systems is studied. Historic buildings are systematically analysed regarding their energy renovation potential, adequate climatic databases including climatic change are developed to address the prediction of moisture damage risks of these renovation pro-cedures in historical buildings.

Motivation

Historical buildings count for about 20% of the existing building stock. Most of these buildings have been built dur-ing the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Many of them are not protected buildings but they are charac-terizing the centres and history of European cities and are part of our cultural heritage. How-ever, these buildings, if nor-mally heated, cause relatively high energy consumption. Without improving the energy effi ciency of historical build-ings, this part of our building stock providing 20 % of heated space would be responsible for about 60 % of the thermal en-ergy demand of the total build-ing stock (assuming, the other buildings will be retrofi tted ac-cording ccem-retrofi t).


for thermal and long-term moisture be-haviour simulations. Furthermore the work package aims to for-mulate intergenera-tional perspectives. In view of the historical building stock and in consideration of low energy related reno-vation problems spe-cifi c long-term (until 2050) and mid-term (for the next 10–15 years) situations will be discussed.

The study comprises• Characterization of the

spatial-temporal similarity patterns of the Swiss build-ing stock as a whole;

• Characterization of ref-erence buildings (urban multi-family housing) in Zürich and other agglom-eration cores. Documenta-tion of reference buildings;

• Presentation of a two-stage analytical approach (bottom-up approach and spatial-temporal neighbor-hood properties). Details of walls, ceilings and win-dows, etc.;

• Limits and Potentials of low energy related renovation tasks.

Figure 1: Reference histor-ical building in Kernstrasse 50/ Marmorgasse 9, 8004 Zürich, 2009

WP 1: Building Evaluation Matrix of historic buildings and characterisation of low energy related renovation problems

The WP evaluates the building stock in the age-band 1850–1919 focusing on individual urban multi-family houses. To analyze the heterogeneous composition of the Swiss build-ing stock methods like Data Mining and Geographical In-formation Science are used to handle the large number of building data. The building stock composition needs to be critically situated in the given historical context. Building survey and archival research focuses on reference buildings selected by Historic Building Research interpretation and combined analysis by Data Min-ing and Knowledge Discovery. Several singular object studies emphasize the heterogeneity of details and constructions.

Based on the results of build-ing survey and fi eld investiga-tion specifi c tasks for the long-term management of specifi c buildings will be formulated. Contextual derived strategies for energy effi ciency will be proposed and discussed. The deliverables are specifi c details


WP 2: Buildings physics of historical buildings, part A: Hygrothermal pre-study

The objective of this WP is to evaluate the energy effi ciency and moisture damage risk of different renovation measures for historical buildings, tak-ing in account geometry, wall composition, materials, climate conditions and the uncertainty of these variables.

Based on a literature re-view, the historic wall assem-bly is closely chosen to the wall assemblies mentioned in «Wärmebrückenkatalog 3, Alt-baudetails» of Brunner/Nänni (SIA-Doku D 0107, 1993) and adjusted to the fi ndings of WP1. The type of «Mittlere Baujahre» for 1900 to 1925 is set as follows: exterior render (3 cm), brick masonry (38 cm, bricks 6 x 11.5 x 24.5 cm with 1.5 cm mortar), internal render (gypsum, 2 to 3 cm). For the material properties the MASEA database for historical materi-als is used. For the hygrother-mal simulations the software WUFI is chosen and specifi c knowledge has been gained in the courses «WUFI-Advanced» and «WUFI 2-D» at Fraunhofer Institut in Holzkirchen.

Based on literature study, moisture damage criteria are chosen including interstitial

condensation, mould growth, wood rot and frost damage. 1-dimensional analyses are started on the selected wall sections including inside insu-lation renovation measures. In a further step 2-dimensional studies of specifi c details as wall to ceiling connections and window junctions will be anal-ysed. Specifi c issues related to windows (better quality glaz-ings, solar protections) will be also investigated.

WP 3: Climate load assess-ment

This WP formulates outdoor cli-mate boundary conditions for the assessment of the energy effi ciency and moisture dura-bility of renovation measures for outside walls. The infl uence of boundary conditions like temperature, humidity, solar and long wave radiation, wind, and driving rain are analyzed for different façade orienta-tions and wall compositions for climatically representative sites in Switzerland.

For the analysis, climate data between 1984 and 2008 mea-sured by Meteo Swiss and cli-matic projections and trends to the year 2050 are included. Six climatologically representative sites for Switzerland have been identifi ed. Hourly weather data for the site Zürich-Fluntern (SMA) have been acquired from IDAWeb (Meteo Swiss). A computer program has been developed to generate a full set of climatic boundary condi-tions in WUFI-WAC format for the site SMA. The models have been verifi ed with measured data from NABEL and Empa. Additional Swiss sites will be processed.

The methodology for selecting design weather data, based on the simulation of reference wall compositions and specifi c moisture damage criteria has been defi ned. The study of the impact of climate change on weather data has been started. 1D-WUFI-simulations with ref-erence wall composition show the importance of selecting specifi c design weather data for hygrothermal simulations (fi gure 2).

WP 4: Highly insulating light weight plaster

Objective of this WP is to de-velop a highly insulation light weight plaster based on aero-gels. For material compatibility in the historical building con-text, the plaster is composed of mineral components. The choice of the bonding agent is of most importance for the resulting material properties of the plaster.

The main requirements for such a plaster are: high insu-lation property (λ ≈ 0.03 W/m·K), possibility of application by hand and machine, with a thickness of 20 to 60 mm, va-pour open with a diffusion re-sistance factor μ < 10, eventu-ally moisture buffering, high durability for exterior applica-tion, low tendencies to effl o-rescence.

Different samples have been processed with different aero-gel content. The optimisation of composition and properties such as strength, shrinkage, thermal conductivity (actually at approx. 35–37 mW/mK) is in process. An intense collabo-ration with industrial partners (e.g. Fixit) is going on regard-

Figure 2: The moisture con-tent in brick masonry with inside insulation depends on the climate boundary condition (SMA, north ori-ented) Selected climatic years (2002 = 1.10.2002–30.9.2003) and Design Reference Years (cold, mean, warm) calculated with two yearly cycles

Heat & Buildings



ing experiments and hand-made mockups.

Further experimenting regard-ing the production process and spray application are planned.

WP 5: Internal Insulation and adapted insulation sys-tems

See work package 2.

WP 6: Advanced concepts for heating, cooling, com-fort control

To ensure an integrated ap-proach to historic building ren-ovation, also concepts for low energy heating systems and for humidity control have to be developed, including guide-lines for solar system integra-tion in historic environments. The WP is focused on technol-ogies concerning space con-ditioning, specifi cally on solu-tions for small thermal comfort zones and on the interaction between convective and radia-tive systems.

So far, activities focused on the study of the problems in real cases, on the formulation of a typological framework of ret-rofi t situations and space con-ditioning concepts, and on the analysis of the consequences for room air control. Specifi c systems for moisture and con-densation control are also con-sidered. Specifi c attention is given to natural ventilation in room spaces like cellars etc, in summer and transitional peri-ods, with high relative room air humidity and low wall surface temperatures, and respective mould growth problems.

The above mentioned frame-work and the development

of respective solutions are in progress. In addition, tools for the handling of such problems, namely for heat and moisture transport and for computation-al fl uid dynamics (CFD) were developed or made operational respectively. The coupling be-tween numerical codes for dy-namic heat and moisture (HAM) transfer and for CFD (FLUENT) is established. An optimizing control of building services (heating, cooling, ventilation) will be considered.

WP 7: Concepts for solar integration

In collaboration with WP1 be-tween fi ve to ten urban areas in different Swiss Cantons are chosen to analyze in detail the solar potential of buildings in-side these areas. Different so-lar scenarios are analyzed:• installation of PV and STH

on non historical buildings;• installation of PV and STH

on non historical buildings and carefully chosen his-torical non-protected build-ings;

• installation of PV and STH on all available surfaces.

The three scenarios will vary following different strategies in the energy policy in Switzer-land:• to reduce CO2 emissions by

2010 to 90 % of its 1990 level (2001 Swiss Energy Act and CO2 act,);

• EU integrated energy and climate change policy ad-opted in December 2008, including ambitious targets for 2020 (20/20/20 policy paper);

• avoiding worst scenarios where man-made emis-sions of heat trapping gas-es (like CO2) stop increas-

ing in the next decade and drop world-wide.

In the next step, procedures for the integration of solar technologies in historical sen-sitive buildings will be ana-lyzed and formulated following the scheme below: • collecting information re-

garding the installation of solar technologies added or integrated into non pro-tected historical buildings (1850–1920);

• evaluation of their feasibil-ity (considering technical, architectural and energetic aspects);

• evaluation of their priori-ties (monument preserva-tion vs. renewable energy production);

• defi nition of a dynamic matrix, which criteria may vary depending on the vis-ibility and the sensibility of the building and the ur-ban context, following the concept as elaborated by LESO–EPFL;

• collecting existing PV and STH installations (good and bad examples); current state and achievements.

Figure 3: Example of an historical building in Grüsch (Graubünden) with PV in-stallation. Solar Agentur, Prix solaire suisse 2009.



PV: Photo Voltaics

STH: Solar THermal

Heat & Buildings


FuelsFuels


2ndGenerationBiogasNew Pathways to Effi cient Use of Biomass for Power and Transportation

Fuels

Main Investigator

Samuel Stucki, PSI

Project Partners

PSI

ETHZ

EPFL

Empa

Eawag

WSL

Scope of activities

The project focuses on two main goals:• Demonstrate the technical feasibility of new highly effi cient process paths to pipeline-grade

methane from a very broad range of biomass (wood, solid agricultural residues, manure, sludges etc.).

• Assess the impact of such technologies in the complex environment of biomass resources, end-uses and environmental performance, with the ultimate goal to draw a roadmap towards clean and eco-effi cient use of biomass in Switzerland in 2030.

The project has reached most of its objectives, produced a wealth of publishable results and will conclude at the end of March 2010. The work in the tasks has reached its fi nal phase. Although not all sub-tasks, such as PhD theses, which are carried out under the umbrella of the project, will be fi nished by spring 2010, we are confi dent that we will be able to reach in time a concluding synthesis of the overarching questions we addressed and to present them to the project sponsors and interested stake-holders in Switzerland.


The project is reaching its fi nal stage. The results are support-ing the development and mar-ket introduction of synthetic natural gas from biomass as a viable alternative to use non-food biomass resources effi -ciently. Milestones have been reached in most of the tasks. It is planned to aggregate the results into a synthesis report and to present the concise re-sults to stakeholders and spon-sors of the project.

2009 saw a number of events and achievements which are important in view of the imple-mentation of 2nd Generation biogas technologies:

Figure 1: The collaborative structure of the project team.

1. The Bio-SNG demo plant in Güssing Austria was suc-cessfully commissioned and achieved the goal of producing gas on a tech-nical scale, which fulfi lled pipeline specifi cations. The Bio-SNG consortium was able to demonstrate for the fi rst time the whole process chain from wood chips to pressurized SNG used as a fuel for a CNG car.

2. In May 2009 we orga-nized, together with the consortium of the Bio-SNG EU project, a two-day in-ternational conference in Zurich to disseminate the results of the research co-operation. The Bio-SNG’09 conference, which was at-tended by 100 participants from research, industry and administration, assembled the most important stake-holders and key scientifi c and technical experts from Switzerland and abroad. The contributions and dis-cussions showed that SNG from Biomass has become a very prominent topic for industry, especially for Eu-ropean energy utility com-panies.

3. A group of industrial part-ners and PSI have decided to start-up a new company, Hydromethan AG, which will take the lead in the devel-opment of SNG production via hydrothermal gasifi ca-

tion from the laboratory to the industrial scale.


Task 1: Technology devel-opment methanation of pressurized gas

Properly understanding the hydrodynamics is one of the challenges in further develop-ing and scaling-up the fl uidised bed methanation technology.

The measurement of pressure fl uctuations has proved to be a suitable method for describing properties like the bubble size, the fl uidisation regime, and the bubble rise velocity in a bub-bling fl uidized bed, which is the central catalytic reactor in the wood to SNG process. Particu-larly with large reactors, the application of pressure fl uctua-


tor performance and to gain reliable insight into critical op-eration states.

Task 2: Technology devel-opment hydrothermal gas-ifi cation

For the fi rst time, we succeed-ed to operate our KONTI-2 rig with a mixture of pure glyc-erol/K3PO4 for several hours with continuous removal of a salt brine and without actively heating the reactor. This rep-resents the basic proof of con-cept for our process and an important milestone. From this experiment, full mass and el-emental balances were deter-mined.

Raw glycerol from a biodiesel plant near Geneva, diluted to 20 wt% organic content, was processed continuously for ca. 6 h without plugging. Total conversion of carbon to gases decreased over time from 71 % to 47 %. The gas composition was close to the one expected from thermodynamic equilib-rium, but a steady decrease of the methane content was ob-served. This fact, together with the wandering of the cold spot in the catalyst bed over time, indicated a progressive deac-tivation of the catalyst, most likely by the sulfur present in the feed to the reactor.

The collaboration with ZHaW for the CFD modeling of the salt separator produced a fi rst success: the temperature pro-fi le predicted from the simula-tion was close to the measured one. Several improvements of the model are underway, which should lead to a validated mod-el to be used for predicting the performance of alternative salt separator designs.

A preliminary design for an in-dustrial-scale pilot plant with a capacity of 1 t/h of wet bio-mass was performed. A PFD, a stream list, as well as a list of the main components was prepared, which enabled our industrial partners to perform a fi rst estimate of the total in-vestment and operating cost of such a pilot plant. A proposal for partial funding was submit-ted to Swisselectric Research. Additional funding will be at-tracted by a spin-off com-pany, Hydromethan AG, to be founded within the next few months.

Task 3: CO2 separation technologies

Task 3 was formally terminat-ed in 2008, according to plan. The follow-up project GUGUM (Experimental Test of Gas Up-grading at Güssing Plant Us-ing Membranes), which was submitted to and approved by CCEM in 2008 has started work. Our partner in Austria (Technical University of Vien-na, Dr. Michael Harasek) has carried out the following pre-paratory work for a test run at the methanation plant in Güss-ing:

For the assessment of the se-lectivity of polyimide gas per-meation membranes, an exist-ing laboratory-scale one-stage gas permeation test stand has been adapted to be used with gas compositions representa-tive for the separation of typical product gas after the metha-nation unit. The centrepiece of the test stand is a thermo-stated membrane module con-taining polyimide hollow-fi bre membranes. The volume fl ow and the gas composition of all three relevant membrane


Fuels

tion measurements (PFM) is often the only straightforward, non-intrusive, and cost-effec-tive technology to characterize a fl uidised bed reactor.

After previously evaluating the technique in the laboratory (see 2008 report), the PFM was installed at the PDU in Güssing to investigate the in-fl uence of pressure, tempera-ture, and gas velocity on the bubble growth inside the tech-nical scale reactor. Measure-ments were taken with both, inert (N2) and reactive gas.

For process development, such as scaling up the PDU to a full-scale industrial methanation plant, the obtained PFM data is of particular use. In a planned continuation of this work in a new project, a cold fl ow model will be built at PSI to properly simulate specifi c operation conditions of a full-scale unit, applying dimensionless num-bers (Glicksman criteria) that ensure similar hydrodynamics. This will allow to have an inex-pensive tool for investigations to enhance the full-scale reac-

Figure 2: Pressure depen-dence of the bubble growth (3.8 bara vs. 2.1 bara) at two gas velocities in the 1 MW SNG PDU in Güssing. The data suggests that, at constant gas velocities, pressure does not have an infl uence on the bubble growth, in accordance with statements in the literature for moderate pressures (< 5 bara).


module fl ows (feed, retentate, permeate) were measured and used to calculate transmem-brane fl ows and permeation selectivity. The experiments were conducted with varying gas mixtures containing meth-ane, carbon dioxide and car-bon monoxide. The results are shown in table 1. As expected, the measured selectivities of the countercurrent-membrane module are signifi cantly small-er then the ideal selectivities provided by the manufacturer for the membrane material. However, the selectivity of CO versus CH4 is higher than 1, meaning that a quantitative separation of methane and carbon monoxide is possible applying this membrane mate-rial.

For the planned fi eld test, a small pilot plant with a maxi-

mum feed gas capacity of 6 m³/h has been designed and built. The plant is fully auto-mated and can be operated and controlled at any remote production site treating a split of this capacity. The pilot plant can be operated both in one or two-stage mode. Assembly and start-up tests have been fi nished by the end of 2009. Field tests and evaluation of the process integration into an SNG plant have been post-poned to 2010.

Task 4: Process chain modeling

In Task 4, most of the work packages have been complet-ed, documented and the results published. The process model-ling of the candidate technolo-gies for SNG production by gasifi cation and methanation including an LCA analysis has been refi ned. The analysis has illustrated the considerable en-vironmental benefi ts that can be obtained by process integra-tion. This process model now constitutes a tool to address the environomic (i.e. energet-ic, economic and environmen-tal) evaluation and conceptual


Fuels

CO2 vs. CH4 CO2 vs. CO CO vs. CH4

Experimental results 17,0 11,3 1,5

Manufacturer information 37,0 16,0 2,0

Table 1: Ideal separation selectivities of the gas mixture methane/carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide for the analysed polyimide membrane; experimental data versus manufacturer information

Figure 3: Impact of carbon capture and storage on plant effi ciency (left) and cost of capture.

Figure 4: Thermo-econom-ic performance of the most profi table technology com-binations for the polygen-eration of fuel, heat and power based on FICFB gas-ifi cation (left) and directly heated CFB-O2 gasifi cation at several scales.


design of SNG production from lignocellulosic biomass. In col-laboration with Task 3, the process integration of the gas separation with a membrane cascade has been extended to include the option of carbon capture at the plant (fi gure 3). As a benchmark case for SNG production, the process model for the production of liquid fu-els (Fischer-Tropsch, Methanol, DME) has been concluded.

Based on the developed pro-cess model, a general type-faction of the process tech-nology for SNG production by gasifi cation and methanation has been carried out. Using multi-objective optimisation, the best performance of all combinations of the identifi ed candidate technology with re-spect to effi ciency and cost has been assessed. Considering economies of scale, the most profi table combinations have been identifi ed and illustrated in fi gure 4.

For the hydrothermal produc-tion of SNG from waste bio-mass (Task 2), the thermo-economic model development has been concluded. With the experimental data from task 2, a heat transfer model for the salt separator has been developed and calibrated. The

thermodynamic model for the supercritical mixture has been refi ned, which allowed investi-gating the product separation by CO2-absorption in water at very high pressure. Further-more, different possibilities for process-integrated energy re-covery have been investigated and the thermo-economically optimal conceptual process design is currently being car-ried out for different candidate substrates.

Task 5: Biomass availabil-ity, environmental perfor-mance, strategy and policy analysis

Activities in 2009 were focused on the quantifi cation of biomass in Switzerland that is available for energy conversion with-out inducing indirect effects. Figure 5 shows the results of the biomass potential assess-ment. The feedstocks with the most promising potential are residual and waste wood as well as manure. It can also be seen that only about half of the biomass potential is currently used. In a master thesis a spa-tial GIS model based on data from the Swiss National Forest Inventory as well as other geo-data has been developed. As a result, the current spatial dis-tribution of the potential and demand of energy wood from forests were assessed. These results are pre-requisites for the upcoming agent-based modelling of the Swiss forest fuel market.

Subtask 5.2: Environmental Performance (Empa)

A full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has been calculated for a close-to-market SNG plant with 7.5 MW wood input. Goal was to

assess GHG-savings and total environmental impacts of SNG from such a plant compared to the import of natural gas. The results show that natural gas is outperformed by SNG not only with respect to GHG-savings but also in environmental im-pacts. Nearly half of the GHG-emissions stem from wood harvesting, demonstrating the importance of the plant loca-tion and of effi cient harvesting techniques. The results will be combined with the spatial as-sessment of harvesting and transport distances and pub-lished in a reviewed journal in the following months.

Subtask 5.3: Strategy and Pol-icy Analysis (Eawag)

The main goal was to analyze the prerequisites for the imple-mentation of SNG technology on the basis of wood in Swit-zerland. The study sheds light on context conditions (policy, institutions, rules of the game) and on the orientation of dif-ferent actors (strategies). For a successful implementation of new technologies, it is im-portant to have actors which attend to the realization and operation of SNG plants. Here, the study refers to the Swiss electricity and gas sector and furthermore emphasizes that a crucial parameter for the implementation of SNG tech-nology is long-term access to energy wood. The importance of this argument is put into evidence by the diffi culties that large wood combustion plants have recently encountered in securing their demand of en-ergy wood. Against this back-ground, variants of operating models have been considered.


Fuels

Activities

Bio-SNG’09: two-day international confer-ence in Zurich in May 2009 (organized in cooperation with the consortium of the Bio-SNG EU project). The Bio-SNG’09 confer-ence was attended by 100 participants from research, industry and administration.

Figure 5: Assessment of the potential energetic use of biomass in Switzerland.


ABM: Agent Based Model-ling

GIS: Geographical Infor-mation System

LCA: Life Cycle Assess-ment

PDU: Process Develop-ment Unit

PSA: Pressure Swing Ad-sorption

SNG: Synthetic Natural Gas

XAS: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

GHG

CNG

DME


WoodGas-SOFCIntegrated Biomass – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cogeneration

Scope of activities

The objective in this project is to develop hardware, knowledge and competence through the inves-tigation of a complex energy conversion system of biomass (wood pellets) to electricity (and useful heat) using gasifi cation and a high temperature fuel cell (SOFC).

The central issue is the gas quality and cleaning requirement, since gasifi ed wood contains, besides the permanent usual syngas components (H2, CO, N2, H2O, CO2, CH4), higher hydrocarbons (C2–C5, condensable ≥C6 compounds designed as tars) and inorganic traces (metals, esp. alkali-metal, S, halogens,…), that will affect downstream catalysts, foremost the SOFC anode catalyst.

Fuels

Wood gas analysis

A fi rst principal concern is the proper measurement of wood-gas composition, as a function of time. To this, the Chemical Processes and Materials group (CPM) at PSI contributes in double fashion.

On the one hand, in collabora-tion with the Thermal Process Engineering (TPE) group at PSI, a liquid quench sampling technique was developed that allows to correctly collect pro-cess gas over up to 32 m sam-pling line, without dramatically losing trace compounds on the way. In this way, traces could be measured on-line at a wood power station (fi gure 1).

On the other hand, an im-proved surface ionisation de-tector (SID-II) specifi cally for alkali metal traces was devel-oped and tested succesfully. Figure 2 shows stable mea-surements with the alkali de-tector of raw wood gas from scrap wood burning. The SID-II reaches full signal height after a few seconds and is ca-pable of following short-term fl uctuations.

Main Investigator

Jan Van Herle, EPFL

Project Partners

EPFL

Empa

PSI

Hexis

HTceramix


KCl: Potassium Chloride

SID: Surface Ionisation Detector


TPE: Thermal Process Engineering group at PSI


Figure 1: On-line measure-ments of trace elements with a liquid quench sam-pling system and ICP-spec-trometer at a wood power station (Kleindöttingen).

Figure 2: Field measure-ments with alkali detector SID-II at wood power sta-tion Kleindöttingen.


SOFC cell response

A second major concern is the effect of wood gas composition on especially the SOFC Ni-an-ode catalyst.

The High Performance Ceramics (HLK) group at Empa subjected an electrolyte support cell from HEXIS to H2 fuel containing KCl salt vapor as representative of two important inorganic impu-rity elements (alkali, halogen). An achievement of the test was here to continuously feed a low concentration impurity (6 ppm) over several 100 h;

this achievement was possible through input expertise from PSI. The effect of KCl on this level, at 900 °C and 0.7 V, was a small increase of 5 % in cell resistance, stable for >200 h of testing, fi gure 3.

The EPFL Fuel Cell group stud-ied the catalysis of woodgas on the SOFC anode in particu-lar with respect to carbon de-position and found thermody-namic equilibrium was mostly respected. Hence no anode carbon deposits are expected,

throughout the whole temper-ature regime, from the perma-nent woodgas components at the outlet of an updraft gas-ifi er such as the one operated at PSI. An HTceramix anode-supported cell was subjected to synthetic woodgas feeding (PSI-gasifi er composition). Figure 4 shows that woodgas, owing to its fuel dilution and high oxygen content, rather importantly reduces the fuel cell power output compared to H2 operation as reference. Per-formance drops with woodgas compared to equivalently di-luted H2 amount, at 900, 800 and 700 °C respectively, to roughly 50 %, 33 % and 10 % respectively. The reduction in performance difference with lower temperature is probably due to the effect of CO and fuel utilisation.

Optimization of wood-to-electricity system

A third major topic is the opti-mal confi guration of a complete wood-to-electricity system (via gasifi cation and fuel cells), in-cluding hot gas cleaning (not cold cleaning) as a prerequisite for better effi ciency, and best thermal integration of the vari-ous processes (gasifi cation, cleaning, reforming, tar/sul-phur cracking, methanation, fuel cell, combustor,….).

The EPFL Systems group de-veloped the possible layouts of complete plants, which were optimised with respect to electrical effi ciency and cost. Figure 5 illustrates that effi -ciencies >40 % (lower heating value) can be obtained (and >55 % when adding a gas or steam turbine) at reasonable cost. The study considered an air-gasifi er (Viking, VK) vs. a


Fuels

Figure 3. Total resistance (Rpol) and ohmic resis-tance (Rel) for Ni-CGO / 3YSZ / LSM system (HEXIS cell), without and with low concentration of KCl vapor-aerosol impurity (6 ppm) in a fuel gas mixture at 900 °C and 0.7 V.

Figure 4: Power output of anode-support SOFC (HT-ceramix cell, 1.1 cm2) at 800 °C with different fuel mixtures, up to simulated woodgas (permanent gas-es).


steam-injected fl uidised bed gasifi er, with an either atmo-spheric (stand-alone fuel cell) or pressurised fuel cell (with gas-turbine).

Demonstration of real SOFC running on real woodgas

Fourthly and fi nally, the sys-tem wants to be demonstrated with a real SOFC running on real woodgas.

The TPE group moved and up-graded such a complete instal-lation to the OLHB building at PSI, with as a main novelty the integration of hot ceramic candle fi lters for cleaning the raw wood gas from ash (and contaminants retained within). Runs of 400 h and 800 h with the fi lters were performed, col-lecting up to 19 kg of ash.

At 350 °C, tars were found to condense, which was not the case for operation at 450 °C. Figure 6 shows the fi lter fi lled with ash after the 400 h run. The installation is now ready for long term tests with a 1kW HEXIS SOFC unit.


Fuels

Figure 5: Results of ther-moeconomic optimization for fi ve different system confi gurations – 20 kg/h WOOD pellets (Investment vs system effi ciency)

Figure 6: Ceramic candle fi lter for hot ash clean-ing of raw woodgas, after 400 h of operation (480 kg wood).


ARRMATAttrition Resistant Reactive Bed Materials in Fluidised Beds

Fuels

Scope of activities

The ARRMAT project deals with the manufacturing of attrition resistant reactive bed materials (AR-RMAT) with desired properties for the application in fl uidised-beds, with the experimental testing of these materials to identify optimal operation conditions as well as with the in situ investigation of such materials to derive from such investigations design rules for improved bed materials. The aim of the project is to contribute to signifi cant improvements along the process chain in the production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from dry biomass, the «SNG-from-wood» process which is already investigated within the CCEM project «2nd generation Biogas».


The process from wood to SNG includes four major process steps. Wood has to be gasifi ed; the producer gas from the gas-ifi er then needs to be cleaned to remove dust, impurities and potential poi-sons to the catalyst that is applied in the third step, the methane syn-thesis (metha-nation). The raw-SNG from the methana-tion needs to be conditioned, i.e. water, car-bon dioxide and unreacted hy-drogen have to be removed to meet the gas quality required

for feeding into the natural gas grid.

A closer look into the fi rst three steps (gasifi cation, gas cleaning and methanation) re-veals that in all three steps gas has to be brought in contact with a solid reactive material

Main Investigator

Serge Biollaz, PSI

Project Partners

Empa

PSI

Figure 1: Reactors de-signed for gas-solid reac-tions and their temperature profi le for strong endother-mal and exothermal reac-tions: example of coal gas-ifi cation.

(e.g. a catalyst). Therefore, optimisation efforts for the three fi rst steps of the process chain have to be based on an optimal combination of reactor type, reactive material and op-eration conditions. There are different types of reactors that can be used for gas-solid reac-tions (see fi gure 1, example: coal gasifi cation). The most prominent one is the fi xed bed reactor where the bed of par-ticles is stationary while the gas is fl owing through the par-ticle bed. In the entrained fl ow reactor very small particles are required to reach satisfy-ing performance. The material is transported with the same speed as the gas phase. When gas and solid phase travel with the same speed, the relative movement between the two phases is zero; the mass trans-fer has then to be improved by high surface area, i.e. particles considerably smaller than 100 μm. Due to the high gas fl ow rates, the residence time in this type of reactors is quite low (less than a second). In fl uidised bed reactors, the particles are lifted by the gas phase fl owing through the bed and therefore move up and down in the reactor. In conse-quence, the particles are con-tinuously mixed and the tem-perature is uniform. Moreover due to the movement of the

particles inside the reactor, the gas-solid mass transfer and the heat removal from the reactor are good. The particle diame-ter in fl uidised bed depends on the operation conditions, but typical ranges from 100 μm to about 1500 μm.

For the SNG-from-wood pro-cess fl uidised bed reactors are applied for the gasifi cation step as well as for the methanation step. It has been shown that the moving of the methanation catalyst particles inside the fl u-idised bed reactor can enhance the internal «regeneration» of catalyst particles thus lowering the rate of deactivation consid-erably.

If reactive bed materials such as catalysts are applied in fl u-idised bed reactors, they have to fulfi l certain requirements to avoid failure of the process step. • The materials have to be

mechanically stable, i.e. attrition resistant, as the particles are always mov-ing.

• The active species of the material must not be sepa-rated from the carrier to avoid (selective) transport out of the reactor into the fi lter. As in the fl uidised bed, the gas phase is changing along the travel



Fuels

Figure 2: Material and in-formation fl ow in between ARRMAT-workpackages 1 to 5. Outputs from non glue activities but relevant for glue activities are in blue. All outputs (materi-als, experimental data) from glue activities are marked in black.

Figure 3: SEM pictures of diatomite samples with 127g clay sintered at: 800ºC, 1100ºC, 1200ºC, 1300ºC.

of the particles, the state of the catalyst and there-fore the chemical stability might change as well.

• Depending on the reac-tion rates and the particle diameters, a macroporous carrier material might be favourable to avoid limita-tions due to long diffusion length from the gas phase into the middle of the par-ticle.

Moreover, the up-stream pro-cesses and the operation conditions such as pressure, temperature, degree of mix-ing (hydrodynamics) in the process step have to be cho-sen such that catalyst deacti-vation by poisoning or fouling are minimised.

The optimisation in the SNG-from-wood process therefore asks to develop reactive mate-rials that meet these require-ments. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the processes is necessary to avoid catalyst deactivation by poisoning (e.g. by sulphur) or fouling (e.g. due to carbon deposition) and process failure. In the case of the fl uidised bed reactors, this means investigating the inter-actions of chemical reactions on the catalyst surface and the special hydrodynamic condi-tions (mixing, mass transfer) inside the reactor.

In fi gure 2 material and infor-mation fl ows between work-packages (WP) 1 to 5 are shown. WP1 deals with the de-velopment and manufacturing of attrition resistant reactive bed materials. Active compo-nents forseen are Ni or Ru. WP2 and WP3 deal with the application of these materials in fl uidised beds and testing

under realistic conditions on small scale (WP2) and bench scale (WP3). WP4 and WP5 deal with in situ investigations in order to elucidate mecha-nism i.e. verify and falsify hy-pothesis. WP6, which for sim-plicity is not shown in fi gure 2, deals with process validation & up scaling issues and groups the activities which should help a fast technology and knowl-edge transfer.

Outputs from non-glue activi-ties but relevant for glue ac-tivities are marked in blue. These are samples and/or ex-perimental data already exist-ing from the beginning of this

project. Therefore DRIFTS and XAS activity start from the beginning and help to further describe the state of the art and understand the limitations and potentials of existing ma-terials. In the years 2009 and also 2010 further test and in-vestigations with Ni catalyst will take place as non glue activities on the process de-velopment unit (PDU) in Güss-ing, catalytic plate reactor and bench scale fl uidised bed. The information of these activities will be available in the feed-back loop for the improvement of catalyst performance in WP1 as well as test conditions in WP4 and WP5.



Fuels

First scientifi c results

First results of WP1: Manufac-turing of attrition resistant re-active bed materials

Two different types of bed ma-terials are investigated in order to develop high attrition resis-tant porous granulates with a diameter of 100 – 500μm: Di-atomite based material due to its high porosity and γ-alumina

as a more common bed mate-rial for a later catalyst impreg-nation.

Scanning electron microscopy SEM pictures (fi gure 3) showed a decrease of diatomite porosi-ties by increase of the temper-ature. A melting of the diatoms is observed at 1300 °C.

In order to evaluate attri-tion resistance, a grindability test was developed at LHPC (Empa). Figure 4 shows the attrition resistance index (ARI) in function of the number of revolutions during grindability test. Compared to a commer-cial reference material (based on γ-alumina), higher ARI is observed on the samples sin-tered at high temperature. Only sample sintered at 800 °C shows a lower ARI than the ref-erence. This can be explained by the chemical phase trans-formation of the used clay into mullite at 1100 °C. Additionally attrition resistance increases by the transformation of amor-phous diatomite material into cristobalite at temperatures above 1100 °C.

Attrition of diatomite granu-lates follows an exponential behavior, as seen in fi gure 4. An increase in clay content and sintering temperature will in-crease the exponential value of the ARI. It was found that by plotting these exponential values versus clay content (fi gure 5), we can easily com-pare different parameters (clay content and sintering tempera-ture) in the same graphic. The reference is showed by the pink horizontal line on fi gure 5. Highest ARI are obtained be-low the reference line.

Figure 4: Infl uence of the clay content of samples sintered at 1300 °C on At-tritrion Resistance Index.

Figure 5: Exponential plot-ting to compare ARI to clay content and sintering tem-perature.

Eco-Energy InitiaEco-Energy Initiativestives


novatlantisSustainability at the ETH Domain – Promotion of Transdisciplinary Science

Eco-Energy Initiatives

Managing Director

Roland J. Stulz, c/o PSI

Project Partners

ETHZ

EPFL

PSI

Empa

Eawag

WSL

Pilot Region Basel

Partner Region Zurich

Partner Region Geneva

Scope of activities

Novatlantis applies the latest results from research conducted at ETH institutions to help secure the sustainable development of large urban centers and to provide models of how to implement the long-term vision of the 2000-Watt Society (with the 1-ton CO2 aim). Interdisciplinary projects are initiated together with researchers and scientists of the ETH-Domain and practical examples are used to show what a sustainable future might look like.

To accomplish this, Novatlantis has established partnerships with Zurich, Basel and Geneva that pro-vide a context for supporting these cities in matters of implementation, brings research and applica-tion together in various events, develops projects, shares knowledge and has founded a worldwide network of colleges and universities.

The ETH-Board currently fi nances the Novatlantis offi ce and provides contributions for ongoing proj-ects whose main source of funding is provided by third parties. The ETH-Board has guaranteed suf-fi cient funding for the Novatlantis offi ce until 2011.

Novatlantis sees itself as a plat-form through which research results and the latest technolo-gies developed by ETH institu-tions encounter the concerns and needs of public authorities and the private sector. A key task therefore consists of initi-ating and facilitating transdis-ciplinary projects, particularly in the partner regions. Here a distinction is made between «push» and «pull» actions.

Push actions

Institutes and laboratories of the ETH-Domain develop new technologies and otherwise generate knowledge that is shared with both public agen-cies and the private sector. This is why Novatlantis has established a wide network of decision-makers in the pub-lic and private sector, as well as among politicians and NGO representatives.

Pull actions

Novatlantis has wide-ranging experience regarding the needs of the public sector for sus-

◦ stimulation of building renovation;

◦ renovation for the 2000-Watt Society.

• Space and resources: ◦ urban development for

North Basel (Voltaplatz and Dreirosenbrücke);

◦ resource strategy for mineral building materi-als.

• Energy supply: ◦ power supply scenarios

for the city of Zurich; ◦ 2000-watt compatible

concept for power supply to the city of Zurich;

◦ potential renewable en-ergy sources for the city of Basel.

Along with arranging project partners, the following activi-ties are also performed for im-plementing push/pull projects:• Initiating landmark proj-

ects;• coordination of implemen-

tation projects;• consulting.

Once the relevant projects had been successfully initiated, a decision was made (i.e. in light

tainable development. These many years of experience put Novatlantis in an optimal po-sition to analyze these needs and to harmonize them with the needs of the six institutes in the ETH-Domain. Novatlan-tis can thus present potential public sector R&D activities to the relevant laboratories and institutes.

Push/pull projects were imple-mented in the following areas.• Basis for a 2000-Watt Soci-

ety: ◦ systematic basis for the

2000-Watt Society; ◦ the impact of politically

induced measures for saving energy;

◦ current state (plan-ning and building for the 2000-Watt Society / sharing experience).

• Mobility: ◦ hy.muve (hydrogen-driv-

en road sweeper); ◦ electro plug-in hybrid

car; ◦ white project.

• Construction: ◦ building park model (Zu-

rich, Switzerland);

Push/pull projects for the initiation of transdisciplinary projects


of limited fi nancial resources and the need to concentrate on core tasks) to transfer respon-sibility for continued project management to the partners of Novatlantis. Attention is also to be given to the task of mov-ing prominent projects to the implementation stage.

Novatlantis is involved in the realization of the following projects:• Implementation of a smart

grid;• deployment of accounting

instrument for monitor-ing the progress of cities on their way to 2000-Watt conformity;

• Waldstadt Bremer; • community models for the

2000-Watt Society.

Experience space mobility in the «2000-Watt Society»

novatlantisSustainability at the ETH Domain –Promotion of Transdisciplinary Science


Figure 2: Diagram of the primary activities in the Basel pilot region, 2009-2012; project organization of the three work groups.

Basel pilot region – continuity and new focus

In the Basel pilot region, 2009 was characterized by continu-ity and a change of focus to the next four years. Thus the suc-cessful areas of construction and mobility will be continued and the new one of space and resources will be put on track with a stronger link to aspects of social and economic sustain-ability.

In April 2009, the Cantonal Parliament approved a line of credit of more than CHF 2.5 million for the Basel pilot re-gion for 2009. This established the fi nancial basis for further development of the Basel pi-lot region in collaboration with Novatlantis.

The project organization for the Basel pilot region for 2009 to 2012 is divided in units such as the steering committee, proj-ect management, topic areas

Figure 1: Districts, cities, cantons and regions work-ing together with Novatlan-tis in the 2000-Watt Soci-ety process

(construction, mobility, space and resources), coordination and communication.

Phase I of the pilot and dem-onstration buildings from 2005 to 2008 has been evaluated and documented. CHF 800,000 in support contributions was secured for 16 projects. Nine projects have been completed and documented. Measure-ment programs were used for two properties to monitor suc-cess.

Immobilien Basel-Stadt, the real estate authority respon-sible for all cantonal buildings, has developed and published its sustainability strategy. The MINERGIE-ECO or MINERGIE-P-ECO standard is applied con-sistently for new constructions. The MINERGIE standard is re-quired for renovations.

Key activities in Basel are in-creasing energy effi ciency in motorized traffi c and reducing its environmental impacts.

In the «Experience Space Mo-bility» project, Novatlantis, the administrations of the two Cantons of Basel, and private partners work together to sup-port fl eet operators with infor-mation and testing of innova-tive vehicle technologies, and with the development and op-eration of low-impact vehicle fl eets.

Informing citizens about re-search projects and studies from the ETH-Domain, giv-ing them the opportunity to

experience new technologies, and engaging in public-private partnership projects are all at the core of this program.

Spotlight on communica-tions 1: Mobility event at the «Auto Basel 09» car show

The latest fi ndings of the No-vatlantis Network were pre-sented in September during a Mobility Panel held at the 2009 Auto Basel car fair. Titled «Po-tentials of electric and natural gas vehicles to reduce the cli-mate effects through mobil-ity: Reports from research and practice», this panel included several experts who lectured


on energy-effi cient and low-emissions vehicles.

Spotlight on communica-tions 2: Cleantech Media Tour

A group of thirteen journalists from North America, France, and India visited the 2000-Watt Society pilot region Basel during a Cleantech Media Tour organized by the Switzerland Trade and Investment Promo-tion.

Near zero emission vehicle (nZEV) project

Conducted by Empa, the nZEV project is focused on how to reduce natural gas vehicle pol-lutant emissions to near zero. Core to the project is a turbu-lent fl ow through catalyst car-rier developed by Empa, which is based on ceramic foam. The nZEV research vehicle will be used in an on-road test for one year in the region of Basel. The project was presented at the 2009 Auto Basel fair.

Brochure and decision sup-port for fl eet managers

Novatlantis, together with the Cantons of Basel City and Basel Country and with the Chamber of Commerce of both Basels (HKbB), has created an infor-mational brochure for sustain-able fl eet management. This brochure presents the research from the ETH-Domain and the practical experience from fl eet operators in the Novatlantis Network in a hands-on and concise manner and contains a decision support tool.

Support for the «Exemplary vehicle fl eet of the cantonal administrations» project

Novatlantis with the knowledge of the ETH-Domain is support-ing the Cantons Basel City and Basel Country in developing an exemplary vehicle fl eet for their cantonal administrations. This work includes conceptual support, an analysis of the cur-rent fl eet, and assessments of the effectiveness of fi rst initia-tives taken and possible ac-tions under consideration.

Study: comparison of real operating costs of natural gas and diesel buses

Calling on its extensive net-work, Novatlantis supports decision makers at bus opera-tions by providing studies of different propulsion systems. In the most recent study, the technical and economic com-parison of diesel and natural gas propulsion for buses based on real operating experiences is summarized. The study has been published and presented at technical meetings.

Experience space hydro-gen: hy.muve-project

The Canton of Basel City and the ETH-Domain collaborate for a demonstration of pollut-ant-free hydrogen mobility of the future.

The hy.muve (Hydrogen-Driv-en Municipal Vehicle) is a fuel cell–driven street sweeper – a pilot project of CCEM – which will be utilized for six months of actual operations in Basel (2009/10). The deployment aims to demonstrate the oper-ating behavior and durability of the components, and provides



Figure 3: Event at the «Auto Basel 09» car show. The Speakers shown during the question and answer session (from left to right): Dr. Fritz Gassmann, Dr. Sil-via Ulli-Beer, Martin Loch-brunner, Christian Bach.

Figure 4:The VW Caddy Maxi Ecofuel nZEV at the natural gas vehicle stall at the Auto Basel 09.

Figure 5: The hy.muve at roll-out in front of Basel City Hall.

a research context for socio-economic studies. This is the world’s fi rst municipal vehicle with hydrogen propulsion that is being tested in this manner.


of which the fi nal energy can be converted to the primary energy and the associated CO2 emissions. The guide is made for the city of Zurich – for use in another context it must be adapted.

Further projects are• scenarios for energy con-

sumption and supply for the city of Zurich 2050;

• instruments for the assess-ment of energy sources;

• energy utilization technolo-gies;

• energy supply scenarios.

Projects in the fi eld of en-ergy effi ciency and renew-able energy

• Energy coaching for private builders;

• Expansion of energy ser-vices with CHF 180 million

• Augmentation of the pro-duction of renewable en-ergy with total CHF 220 million;

• construction of a fuel cell pilot plant;

• planning of a wood-fi red power plant.

Building projects

• Start or implementation of landmark projects like Triemli city hospital and Milchbuck schoolhouse;

• further development of 7-mile steps as applicable building standard;

• building certifi cate for a transparent energy con-sumption;

• strategy for long-term en-ergy development and ma-terial fl ows for the building park in the city;

• development and test of new insights on life cycle costs, new technologies for 2000-watt compatible ventilation and heat insula-tion;

• available credit of CHF 28 million for energy effi ciency measures and renewable energy in municipal build-ings.

Mobility

• Municipal mobility strategy focused on the 2000-Watt Society with a great diver-sity of elements e.g. guide-line on traffi c requirements for 2000-watt compatible construction projects.

Information, awareness raising, campaigns and in-centives

• Annual environment days with support of Novatlantis

• campaign «Sportlich zum Sport»;

• event «Zürich Multimobil»• poster campaigns with sim-

ple tips for saving energy;• development and use of an

energy calculator to raise awareness of personal en-ergy consumption and op-tions for saving;

• two week event «Building for the 2000-Watt Society: Current State» including an exhibition, public debates, cinema and events focused on specifi c target groups. Novatlantis was a coorga-nizer of the event.

• Day of the Cities was held by Novatlantis in coopera-tion with the city of Zurich, Swiss City Alliance, Swiss-Energy for Municipalities on November 20, 2009. The focus was on the imple-mentation of the 2000-Watt



In 2009, stock was taken of the legislative priority expressed as «The sustainable city of Zurich – On the path to the 2000-Watt Society» and key projects were implemented. In the course of four years, around 80 interde-partmental projects were dealt with, in part with support from Novatlantis.

The project organization for the next period is being es-tablished in Zurich. Novatlan-tis will again assume an active role.

The city of Zurich was the fi rst community in Switzerland to codify the goals of the 2000-Watt Society into municipal law in its referendum from November 30, 2008. The high number of approving votes in the referendum – over 76 per-cent – shows that the popula-tion stands behind these ob-jectives.

Establishing a basis – meth-odology

An important milestone in methodology was achieved with «Basis for Implementing the Concept of the 2000-Watt Society – LSP 4 – Sustainable City of Zurich on the Path to the 2000-Watt Society». For determining the primary en-ergy requirement in watts per person and the greenhouse gas emissions, the city of Zur-ich, Swiss Federal Offi ce of En-ergy (SFOE), SwissEnergy for Municipalities and Novatlantis completed the development of a methodological guide for the 2000-Watt Society. The method paper includes prima-ry energy factors with the aid

Figure 6: Exhibition of «Building for the 2000-Watt Society: Current State» in November 2009.

Zurich partner region continues on the path of the 2000-watt society


Society in cities and com-munities. In the evening, authorized representatives from Hamburg, Frankfurt, Vienna, Zurich and Basel discussed the strategies pursued by large European cities and the degree to which they have been able to implement these strate-gies.

Cooperation among part-ners

• «Eco-Compass» as a con-sulting service for Zurich small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to imple-ment environmental pro-tection projects.

conform to MINERGIE stan-dards, using energy-saving light bulbs everywhere and launching internal company awareness campaigns.

Like Basel, the municipality of Onex will test the road sweeper with a fuel cell drive developed by the CCEM.

The PLUS-e (PLanifi cation Ur-baine des Systèmes Energé-tiques) consortium was es-tablished at the EPFL, which focuses on urban energy plan-ning. This led to the MEU (Man-agement Energétique Urbain) project, involving four cities in western Switzerland.



Websites

Further collaborative proj-ects between Novatlantis, research institutions, universities and the three pilot regions are published on the web sites

www.novatlantis.chwww.isc-network.org


ARE: Federal Offi ce for Spatial Develop-ment

CCRS: Center for Corpo-rate Responsibility and Sustainability at the University of Zurich

GULF: Global University Leaders Forum

ISCN: International Sus-tainable Campus Network

SIA: Swiss Engineers and Architects Association

SFOE: Swiss Federal Offi ce of Energy

SME: Small and Medi-um-sized Enter-prises

WEF: World Economic Fo-rum

Geneva partner region with «Association Genève à 2000-Watts»

The Association Genève à 2000-Watts, which was found-ed in 2007, is the leader in the Geneva partner region, which is still in the establishment phase, but the fi rst projects are already being implemented. An effort is being made to sup-port the municipal power sup-ply with renewable resources, such as the use of lake water for energy purposes.

In the «eco21» initiative of the Services Industriels de Genève (SIG), private com-panies and municipalities vol-untarily commit to increasing energy effi ciency, for example by constructing buildings that

Institute for 2000-watt society calls for broad-based implementation

Along with the pilot and part-ner regions of Novatlantis, in-creasing numbers of cantons, cities and communities are pursuing the objectives of the 2000-Watt Society. Inquiries for support and means of as-sistance for implementation are increasing in frequency. Since at the same time funding from the ETH-Board continues to be reduced, limiting options for Novatlantis, a solution was sought and found in an insti-tute for the 2000-Watt Society. This institute focuses on the specifi c implementation of the 2000-Watt Society at the mu-nicipal level and in companies. It is supported by SwissEnergy and works closely with Swiss-Energy for Municipalities. The project was launched in 2009. The institute is expected to be fully operational by 2010.

Tools for planning sus-tainable city districts

In June 2009, the SFOE and the Federal Offi ce for Spatial Development (ARE) launched the project for sustainable city district development. Novat-lantis and SwissEnergy for Mu-nicipalities are developing an instrument for evaluation and decision-making for sustain-able districts on behalf of the two federal agencies.

The tool developed covers 10 areas of action: resources, water management, energy, comfort, mobility, residential settlement, living space, so-cietal structures, safety and economic structures. The in-strument will be reviewed in four existing or planned city districts. After its refi nement based on this experience, the tool will then be made avail-able to communities and other interested partners.

ISCN – GULF confer-ence in Lausanne

The ISCN (International Sus-tainable Campus Network) is the Novatlantis network of more than 80 universities around the world and serves as a platform for the exchange of ideas on how universities can develop sustainably. Along with the Swiss Federal Insti-tutes of Technology at Zurich and Lausanne, members of the ISCN include universities such as Yale, Harvard, Stanford and Berkeley.

For the fi rst time, the two organizations known as the ISCN and the Global University Leaders Forum (GULF), which is convened by the World Eco-nomic Forum, jointly hosted a conference. That event con-fi rmed the importance that many leading universities and corporations attach to campus sustainability in its complete


Communication

Beside the already mentioned events Novatlantis uses vari-ous means of communication to achieve its goals: • Web sites: www.novatlan-

tis.ch and www.isc-net-work.org.

• Newsletter: The CCEM-No-vatlantis newsletter pro-vides periodic updates on current results, projects and events and reaches more than 1,000 people.

• Leichter Leben («Smarter Living»): This brochure provides information on achievements and further challenges for Novatlantis and its partners. A new edi-tion was prepared in 2009 and will appear in 2010.

• Innovation catalog: Novat-lantis publishes fact sheets on innovative projects or products that can be put to practical use.

• Construction forum: In June, the Center for Cor-porate Responsibility and Sustainability at the Uni-versity of Zurich (CCRS) organized a conference on sustainable construction in Zurich supported by Novat-lantis. Novatlantis held the construction forum in Basel on November 4th. The fo-cus was on the use of wood supported by Lignum. For the fi rst time an «innova-tion aperitif» was held in which research ideas were presented and opportunity for discussion was offered.

Novatlantis also supports other events that contribute to the achievement of its objectives.



The Track B part of the meet-ing was dedicated to high-level strategic discussions by uni-versity and corporate leaders. A key result of this track was the wish to further develop the charter and guidelines in a manner that combines strate-gic stewardship by GULF, with the ISCN acting as the sec-retariat of the global charter process. This suggestion holds the promise of an ongoing col-laboration between the two or-ganizations that could be a key driver in promoting sustainable campus goals in a way that in-volves all organizational levels at leading universities and cor-porations.

The SIA energy effi -ciency path guideline

Published in 2006 by the Swiss Engineers and Architects Asso-ciation (SIA), the document D 0216 «Effi zienzpfad Energie» («The Energy Effi ciency Path» guideline) serves as an instru-ment for describing the imple-mentation of the 2000-Watt Society for building construc-tion. Now, a revision is required which includes in particular the detailed defi nition of the 2000-Watt Society developed by the city of Zurich (see «Zurich partner region»). Moreover, the SIA memoranda on the subjects of «gray energy» and «development-induced mobil-ity» that have been published in the meantime are to be in-cluded.

life cycle: the planning, con-struction, and refurbishment of campus infrastructure and its use as a «living laboratory» for a sustainable society.

The conference 2009 ad-dressed both technical exper-tise and the strategic dimen-sion of campus sustainability.

A large part of the conference was dedicated to interactive discussions in the four ISCN working groups: • Working Group I presented

the fi rst ISCN Sustainable Campus Excellence Awards (winners: EPFL Lausanne and Australian National University).

• Working Group II present-ed a draft version of ISCN Charter and Guideline doc-uments.

• Working Group III dis-cussed results from a fi rst international survey on de-cision mechanisms.

• Working Group IV shared rich experiences on in-tegrating education, re-search, and facilities for innovative sustainable campus programs.

Organizational changes

– new affi liation with

the CCEM

Novatlantis was reassigned

to the new Competence

Center for Energy and Mo-

bility (CCEM) as of January

1, 2009 because its core

activities are closely

related to those of the

CCEM. This new affi liation

enables an exploitation of

synergies while preserving

the independence of No-

vatlantis and its executive

management.

The success of Novatlan-

tis’s work depends strong-

ly on the cost-effective-

ness of the projects it is

involved in and the degree

to which these projects are

met with general public

acceptance. This means

that Novatlantis plays an

important intermediary

role within the CCEM when

it comes to the inclusion of

socioeconomic issues.

Figure 7: Novatlantis orga-nization chart.

AppendixAppendix

89CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009 Appendix

Presentations

CCEM – Competence Center for Energy and Mobility

• Dietrich P., «Unterwegs zu einer nachhaltigeren individuellen Mobilität?», Bechtle Regensdorf AG, PSI Vil-

ligen, September 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Energieforschung am PSI und CCEM», KTI Startup, PSI Villigen, 13. Januar 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Unsere individuelle Mobilität – wo stehen wir?», Naturama, Aarau, 27. Mai 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Ziele des CCEM», Eröffnung des Motorenlabors an der Empa, Dübendorf, 23. Februar 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Pathways to a more sustainable individual mobility», Energietechnikforum, Bern, 16. Sept.

2009.

• Dietrich P., «Conclusions of the IAMF 2009», IAMF, Geneva, März 2009.

• Dietrich P., Nicolas Weidmann,Timur Gül, «Energy-economic analysis of changes in the transportation sector

induced by climate policies», MIT, Cambridge, USA, 22./23. October 2009.

• Dietrich P., Nicolas Weidmann,Timur Gül, «Energy-economic analysis of boundary conditions for introduction

of FC cars», IEA-IA-Annex XIII, NREL, Denver Co, 26. Oktober 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Hydrogen: Energy for the future or niche application?», Mobilis, Montbéliard, Frankreich, 18.

November 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Forschungsschwerpunkte im Bereich Allgemeine Energie», SIA, PSI Villigen, 8. Mai 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Energy Research and large Facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institut», Vehicule du future, PSI Vil-

ligen, 24. Juni 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Wasserstoff – ein Energieträger der Zukunft?», Rotary Club, Zurzach, 23. November 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Outlook to an Effi cient Individual Mobility», PSI Summerschool 2009, PSI Villigen, 29. Juli 2009.

• Dietrich P., «Effi ziente individuelle Mobilität – Welche Rolle könnte der Strom spielen?», Vision für die Sch-

weiz, Sun21, Basel, 20. Februar 2009

• Dietrich P., «Elektrofahrzeuge der Zukunft – Welche Rolle spielen Batterien und Brennstoffzellen?», Vortrag-

stagung SSM, Sursee, 23. Sept. 2009.

NEADS – Next Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment for Diesel Propulsion Systems

• Chirico R., «Direct emission of primary organic aerosol and secondary aerosol formation potential of a Euro 3

diesel car during smog chamber experiments», Oral presentation, ETTAP 2009, 17th Transport and Air Pollu-

tion symposium – 3rd Environment and Transport Symposium, Toulouse, France (2–4 June 2009).

• Chirico R., «Primary organic aerosol and secondary aerosol formation potential from a Euro 3 diesel pas-

senger car», Oral presentation, 13th ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles (22–24 June

2009), ETH Zürich, Switzerland.

• Zelenay V., Huthwelker T., Křepelová A., Ammann M., «Observations of water uptake in ammonium sulphate

particles using x-ray microspectrosopy», INTROP conference, April 14–17, 2009, Portoroz, Slovenia.

• Ammann M., Rouvière A., Sosedova Y., George C., D’Anna B., Zelenay V., Křepelová A., Huthwelker T., «Pho-

tochemistry and microstructure of organic particles», EUCAARI Annual Meeting, November 17–20, Stock-

holm, Sweden.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., Bertola A., «Investigation of In-Cylinder Soot Formation and Oxidation during

Transient Engine Operation». In 13th ETH Conference on combustion generated Nanoparticles, ETH Zurich,

Switzerland, June 22–24, 2009.

• Dimopoulos P., presentation of the fl uid dynamic investigation results in the SAE Conference in Napoli, Sep-

tember 2007.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Althoff R., Tissler A., «Assignment of active sites in Fe-ZSM-5 for the selec-

tive catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia by catalytic tests and statistical considerations». Talk at the

42. Jahrestreffen Deutscher Katalytiker, March 11–13, 2009, Weimar, Germany.

• Kröcher O., Brandenberger S., «Assignment of active sites in Fe-ZSM-5 and the role of Brønsted-acidity for

the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia». Invited talk for the Technical Chemistry seminar at

the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany, June 24, 2009.

• Baltensperger U., «New frontiers on organic aerosols». Invited plenary lecture, European Aerosol Confer-

ence, Thessaloniki, August 24–29, 2008.

• Baltensperger U., «Nucleation, growth, and aging of secondary organic aerosol». Talk, Workshop on Organic

Aerosols, Telluride, CO, August 4–8, 2008.

90 CCEM – Annual Activity Report 2009Appendix

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Althoff R., Tissler A., «Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with am-

monia over Fe-ZSM-5: Infl uence of ion exchange degree on activity and stability». Talk at the 20. Deutsche

Zeolith-Tagung, March 5–7, 2008, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.

• Dimopoulos P., Thurnheer T., Bach C., «High effi ciency exhaust aftertreatment: Purposeful application of

ceramic foams», MTZ-Konferenz, «Der Antrieb von morgen», Proceedings, München, 2008, eingeladener

Vortrag.

• Baltensperger U., «Primary and secondary organic aerosol from diesel engines». Keynote lecture, 12th ETH-

Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, June 23–25, 2008.

• Chirico R., «Primary and secondary organic aerosols from a real diesel car during smog chamber experi-

ments». Talk, Summer School on Organic Aerosols, Gothenburg, S, June 2008.


ments». Oral presentation, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (Italy), March 2008.


ments». Oral presentation at the 2nd FOEN-JRC meeting on Scientifi c cooperation JRC-FOEN in the fi eld of

vehicle and engine emissions, Bern (CH), May 2008.

• Heringa M.F., Chirico R., DeCarlo P.F., Richard A.C.J., Alfarra M.R., Meyer N.K., Burtscher H., Sattler M.A.,

Gaegauf C.K., Prévôt A.S.H., Baltensperger U., «Investigation of primary and secondary aerosols from wood

combustion with online aerosol mass spectrometry». Poster, European Aerosol Conference, Thessaloniki,

August 24–29, 2008.

• Mohr C., Weimer S., Richter R., DeCarlo P.F., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U., «Source apportionment of

ambient aerosol applying PMF on AMS mobile and stationary data». Talk, European Aerosol Conference,

Thessaloniki, August 24–29, 2008.

• Tritscher T., Jurányi Zs, Chirico R., Duplissy J., Ziese M., Henning S., Gysel M., Dommen J., Weingartner E.,

Stratmann F., Baltensperger U., «Hygroscopic growth of pure secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aged

diesel soot particles». Poster contribution at the «European Aerosol Conference». Thessaloniki (Greece),

August 2008.

• Tritscher T., Heringa M., Chirico R., Steiger M., Duplissy J., Gysel M., DeCarlo P., Dommen J., Weingartner E.,

Baltensperger U., «Properties of aged combustion aerosols, fi rst results from smog chamber experiments».

Poster, 12th ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, June 23–25, 2008.

• Dimopoulos P., presentation of the fl uid dynamic investigation results in the SAE Conference in Napoli, Sep-

tember 2007.

• FVV Russpartikel-Rohemissionsberechnung / Emissionsgeregelte Dieselmotoren Arbeitskreissitzung.

8.5.2007, Frankfurt, Germany.

• FVV Russpartikel-Rohemissionsberechnung Arbeitskreissitzung. 14.11.2007, Zurich, Switzerland.

hy.muve – Hydrogen Driven Municipal Vehicle

• Presentation (oral presentation / slide show) of hy.muve and its fueling station for Fire Brigade Basel

Dreispitz (November 26, 2009).

• Participation at Swiss Innovation Forum in Basel as Finalist of the Swiss Technology Award 2009 (November

11, 2009).

• Presentation (poster session) at Technologie-Briefi ng «Das Potenzial für erneuerbare Energien in der Sch-

weiz», Empa Akademie (November 9, 2009).

• Presentation (oral presentation / slide show) at the f-cell in Stuttgart (September 29, 2009).

• SAE-Switzerland-Event (September 24, 2009).

• Television spot (SF1, 10vor10) about hy.muve (Mai 13, 2009).

• Poster and fl yer at the FC Expo in Tokio (February 25, 2009).

• International Commercial Powertrain Conference, May 9th–10th, 2007, Graz, Austria.

(Title: Fuel Cell Based Powertrain Concept for a Municipal Vehicle within the Project hy.muve.

Authors: Dr. Martin Weilenmann, Dr. Felix Büchi, Dr. Jean-Yves Favez, Dr. Patrik Soltic, Christian Bach)

• Internal Coloquia in PSI and Empa (May 2007).

• Meeting of Bucher road sweeper users (Nov. 2007).

• Meeting of PM fuel cell users (Oct. 2007).

• BFE Impulse day on hydrogen and fuel cells (Nov. 2007).

Presentations


HY_Change – Transition to Hydrogen Based Trans portation – Challenges and Opportunities

• Bond S. W., «H2 in the atmosphere – an integration from the exhaust pipe to a remote alpine site» 20 April

2009, Vienna, Austria.

• Bond S. W., «Hydrogen in the Atmosphere – Direct and Remote H2 Measurements – Recent Results from

Empa». EuroHydros 3rd annual meeting, 3/4 June 2009, Helsinki, Finland.

• Steinbacher M., «EuroHydros Workpackage 4 – Calibration, quality assurance and data management». Euro-

Hydros 3rd annual meeting, 3/4 June 2009, Helsinki, Finland.

• Vollmer M.K., «Santa‘s view on hydrogen: H2 emissions from residential combustion systems». EuroHydros

3rd annual meeting, 3/4 June 2009, Helsinki, Finland.

• Vollmer M.K., «Anthropogenic sources of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2): Deliverable 2.4 of project».

EuroHydros 3rd annual meeting, 3/4 June 2009, Helsinki, Finland.

• Bond S. W., «Anthropogenic H2 Emissions to the Atmosphere». 22/23 October 2009, MIT, Cambridge, MA,

USA.

• Wilhelm E., Schenler W., «Heuristic Design of Hybrid Vehicles». Talk at the MIT-PSI Workshop «Before a

Transition to Hydrogen Transportation». October 21–22, 2009; MIT Cambridge MA, USA.

• Wilhelm E., «Heuristic Design of Hybrid Vehicles». LEA Seminar, Paul Scherrer Institute, August 26th, 2009.

• Wilhelm E., «Analysis of Technology Trade-offs using Heuristic Vehicle Design». NES PhD Day, June 16th,

2009, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland.

• Wilhelm E., Schenler W., «Losing Weight to Save Energy: How Advanced Materials Could Affect Tomorrow’s

Vehicle Fleet». Empa PhD Symposium, November 19th, 2009, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «Wie können wir in ferner Zukunft wieder mit gutem

Gewissen Auto fahren?». Talk. Auto Basel, September 18, 2009, Basel.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «How do country specifi c boundary conditions affect the

diffusion of alternative drive train technologies in the EU?». Presentation at the International advanced mo-

bility forum, March 10–12, 2009, PalExpo, Geneva.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «What alternative drive-train technologies and policies

are needed to meet a 50% CO2 reduction target? The case of the EU-fl eet». Presentation at the SAE World

Congress «Racing to Green Mobility». Sustainable GHG Emission. Detroit MI USA, April 2009.

• Bouza M., Ulli-Beer S., Wokaun A., «Technological Transformation Patterns». Talk. MIT-PSI Workshop AGS.

October 21–22, 2009, MIT Boston, USA.

• Gül T., Turton H., «Illustrating perspectives of energy and mobility». Presentation and Paper at the Interna-

tional Advanced Mobility Forum, 10–12 March 2009, Geneva, Switzerland.

• Bouza M., Ulli-Beer S., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «Comparison of possible transformation processes in the au-

tomobile industry». Talk at the 9th Swiss Transportation Research Conference, September 9–11, 2009, Monte

Verità, Ascona TI.

• Bond S. W., «Hydrogen in the Atmosphere – recent results from Empa and Jungfraujoch». EUROHYDROS 2nd

annual meeting, 15/16 September 2008, Bologna, Italy.

• Steinbacher M., «Hydrogen in the Atmosphere». 2nd International Symposium «Hydrogen and Energy»,

21–25 January 2008, Braunwald, Switzerland.

• Steinbacher M., «H2 observations in the atmosphere: an integration from the exhaust pipe to a remote site».

IGAC 10th International Conference, 7–12 September 2008, Annecy, France.

• Steinbacher M., «EUROHYDROS: A European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies

– Calibration, quality assurance and data management». EUROHYDROS 2nd annual meeting, 15/16 Septem-

ber 2008, Bologna, Italy.

• Vollmer M.K., «On the vehicular H2 stable isotope endmember». EUROHYDROS 2nd annual meeting, 15/16

September 2008, Bologna, Italy.

• Bosshardt M., «Fleet Dynamics – Diffusion of different competing drivetrain technologies in Europe». General

Energy Department Seminar, July 3, PSI, Villigen.

• Ulli-Beer S., «Wege zu sparsameren Autos: Die Autowahl vor dem Hintergrund sich verändernder Tech-

nologie-Landschaften». Mitgliederversammlung der Gruppe Energieperspektiven, March 27, 2008, Baden,

Schweiz.

• Gül T., Kypreos S., Turton H., L. Barreto, «Cost-effective technology choices in personal transport». 1st Inter-

national Conference on Mobility and Energy, 29 February 2008, Vienna, Austria.

Appendix

Presentations


• Turton H., «Sustainable development and automobile transport: an integrated global scenario analysis».

International Energy Workshop, Paris, 30 June – 2 July, 2008.

• Meier A., Felder R., «Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Renewable Transport Fuels: Synthetic Natural Gas from Wood

and Hydrogen from Concentrated Solar Energy». AGS Meeting, Brussels, Belgium, November 5-6, 2007.

• Vollmer M. K., Steinbacher M., Reimann S., Buchmann B., Weilenmann M., Fischer A., Hill M., Juergens N.,

«Atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2): sources, sinks, and Empa’s links». TECAT/Empa seminar, 5 July

2007, Empa, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

• Steinbacher M., Vollmer M.K., Fischer A., Juergens N., Buchmann B., Hueglin C., Weilenmann M., Reimann S.,

«Continuous H2 observations and H2 road tunnel studies in Switzerland». EUROHYDROS 1st annual meeting,

18/19 Sept, Norwich, UK.

• Bond S.W., Vollmer M.K., «Sources and sinks of atmospheric H2 during the transition to hydrogen-based

transportation». CONCAWE, 5/6 November 2007, Brussels, Belgium.

• Bond S.W., Reimann S., Vollmer M.K., Steinbacher M., Hill M., Buchmann B., Weilenmann M., «Sources and

sinks of atmospheric H2 during the transition to hydrogen-based transportation». Poster presented at the

Empa PhD symposium, 21 November 2007, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

• Bosshardt M., «Diffusion of competing alternative drivetrain technologies». PhD-Roundtable of the Swiss

Chapter of the System Dynamics Society, June 22, 2007, University of Lugano, Switzerland.

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Developing a diffusion model of competing alternative

drivetrain technologies (cadt-model)». July 29 – August 2, 2007, Talk at the 25th International Conference of

the System Dynamics Society, Boston MA, USA.

• Bosshardt M., Bodek K., «European Fleet Model – Assessing Potentials and Challenges in Europe’s Automo-

tive Future». Talk at the MIT-PSI consortium meeting, May 3–4, 2007, MIT, Cambridge MA, USA.

• Gül T., Barreto L., Kypreos S., «Hydrogen in the European Energy System». Presentation at the MIT / PSI

consortium meeting, 3 May 2007 in Cambridge / MA, USA.

• Gül T., Barreto L., Kypreos S., «Hydrogen in the European Energy System». Presentation at the NCCR 6th

Young Researchers Meeting, 8 June 2007 in Centre Loewenberg, Switzerland.

• Gül T., Barreto L., Kypreos S., «Hydrogen and Biofuels in the European Energy System». Presentation to

CONCAWE, 9 August 2007 in Brussels, Belgium.

• Gül T., Dietrich P., «Hydrogen in the European Energy System – Energy-Economic Modeling». Presentation at

the MIT / PSI consortium meeting, 6 November 2007 in Brussels, Belgium.

• Gül T., Kypreos S., Barreto L., «Assessing the Competitiveness of Hydrogen and Biofuels in European Trans-

port». Presentation at the World Energy Congress, 13 November 2007 in Rome, Italy.

CEMTEC – Computational Engineering of Multi-Scale Transport in Small-Scale Surface Based Energy

Conversion

• ESF Exploratory Workshop on Microfl uidics (September 2007, Rome).

• Congress in Computational Physics (CCP2007) (September 2007, Brussels), 51th UVSTA Workshop (July

2007, Stockholm).

• Int. Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ICIAM-07 (July 2007, Zurich).

• Discrete Simulation of Fluid Dynamics-XVI (July 2007, Banff).

• Workshop on Model Reduction (September 2007, Rome).

• Poster presentation at 60th Annual Meeting of APS Division of Fluid Mechanics (November 2007, Salt Lake

City).

• Arcidiacono S., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras J., «Lattice Boltzmann model for the simulation of multicomponent

mixtures». Swiss LB meeting October 9, 2007 in Lausanne (EPFL).

• Mantzaras J., «Hetero /homogeneous Combustion at the Microscale». Keynote Lecture, Australian Combus-

tion Symposium 2007 (ACS 2007), Sydney, Australia, December 11, 2007.

• Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., «Effects of the Wall Heat Conduction on the Reforming Performance of Methane

– Modeling the Detailed Catalytic Surface Reaction Inside a Micro-Reactor». 16th EuroPAM, Centre de Congrès

Pierre Baudis, Toulouse, France, October 10–12, 2006.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Poulikakos D., «Exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell micropowerplant». 13th Inter-

national Heat, 2006. Transfer Conference (IHTC-13), Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Sydney,

Australia, August 13–18, 2006.

Presentations

Appendix


• Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., «Disk Shaped Fuel Processor for Hydrogen Production in Micro Fuel Cell Systems».

13th International Heat Transfer Conference (IHTC-13), Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Sydney,

Australia, August 13–18, 2006.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Poulikakos D., «Exergetic analysis of fuel cell micropowerplants fed by methanol». 3rd

Fuel Cell Research Symposium – Modeling and Experimental Validation, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland,

March 16–17, 2006.

• Stutz M.J., Hotz N., Poulikakos D., «Optimization of methane reforming in a microreactor – effects of catalyst

loading and geometry». 3rd Fuel Cell Research Symposium – Modeling and Experimental Validation, Empa,

Dübendorf, Switzerland, March 16–17, 2006.

• Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., «Effects of microreactor wall heat conduction on the reforming process of meth-

ane». 2nd Fuel Cell Research Symposium – Modeling and Experimental Validation, German Aerospace Center,

Stuttgart, Germany, March 3–4, 2005.

• The fi ndings of Empa were subject of an informal workshop with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialforsc-

hung (Strahllinien) in Garching, München, November 2007.

CELaDE – Clean and Effi cient Large Diesel Engines

• De Paola G., Wright Y.M., Boulouchos K., Mastorakos E., «Diesel engine simulations with multi-dimensional

Conditional Moment Closure». Presentation at the fi fth Mediterranean Combustion Symposium, 9tth–13th

Sept. 2007, Monastir, Tunisia. Subsequently selected for publication in a special issue of Combustion Science

and Technology (submitted).

• Kirchen et al., «Measurement of the Instantaneous In-Cylinder Soot Temperature and Concentration in a

Multi-Cylinder Engine», 11th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, August 13th–15th,

2007. Zurich, Switzerland.

• Wright, Y.M., «State-of the art combustion modelling with Conditional Moment Closure», cd-adapco Euro-

pean Internal Combustion Engine workshop, London, UK, March 24, 2009.

• Wright, Y.M., «State-of the art combustion modelling with Conditional Moment Closure», cd-adapco North

American Internal Combustion Engine workshop, Novi Detroit, MI, USA, April 25, 2009.

CARMA – Carbon Dioxide Management in Power Generation

• Bauer C., «CO2-Abscheidung & Speicherung: Patentlösung für eine nachhaltige Stromversorgung?». Vortrag

an der ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, 27 May 2009, Winterthur, Switzerland.

• Diamond L., «Geological Sequestration of CO2 in Switzerland». IEA Annual Meeting, 7 October 2009, Villigen,

Switzerland.

• Mazzotti M., «CARMA – Carbon management in Swiss power generation – fi rst results on public awareness,

mineral carbonation and geological storage potential». CO2NET 2009 Annual Seminar, 18–19 June 2009,

Trondheim, Norway.

• Mazzotti M., «CARMA – Carbon management in Swiss power generation (2009–2011)». IEA Annual Meeting,

7 October 2009, Villigen, Switzerland.

• Pini R., «CARMA – Carbon management in Swiss power generation (2009–2011)». Jahrestagung zum Ener-

gieforschungsprogramm Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke («Kraftwerk 2020»), 22 Juni 2009, Ittigen, Switzerland.

• Prigiobbe V., Werner M., Mazzotti M., «Mineral carbonation process for CO2 storage». Poster at the 5th Trond-

heim conference on CO2 Capture, Transport & Storage – Trondheim, Norway, 16–17 June 2009.

• Visschers V.H.M., Wallquist L., Siegrist M., «Lay People’s Beliefs about CCS – Insights from Switzerland».

Presentation at the 1st IEA GHG Social Research Network Meeting – Paris, France, 2–3 November, 2009.

• Wallquist L., Visschers V.H.M., Siegrist M., «Laypeople concepts on CCS in Switzerland». Presentation at the

Conference on Recent Advances in CCS Economics and Sociology – Pau, France, 9–10 April, 2009.

• Wallquist L., Visschers V.H. M., Siegrist, M., «Experts’ and laypeople’s perception of carbon capture and stor-

age in Switzerland». Poster Presentation at the IARU Climate Change Congress – Copenhagen, Denmark,

10–12 March 2009.

Appendix

Presentations


PINE – Platform for Innovative Nuclear Fuels

• Presentation of the internal gelation in general and of the PINE project at the ICAPP 2009 in Tokyo

(12.05.2009): (www.icapp09.org).

HydroNet – Modern Methodologies for the Design, Manufacturing and Operation of Pumped Storage

Power Plants

• Hasmatuchi V., Farhat M., Maruzewski P., Avellan F., «Experimental investigation of a pump-turbine at off-

design conditions». IAHR meeting, Czech Republic, 2009.

• Zobeiri A., Avellan F., Avellan F., «Vortex shedding from blunt and oblique trailing edge hydrofoils». IAHR

meeting, Czech Republic, 2009.

• Pannatier Y., Nicolet C., Kawkabani B., Simond J.-J., «Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units for Integration

of Wind Energy» ETG Electrosuisse, 2ème forum technique suisse sur l’énergie: smart grids, Berne, Suisse,

septembre 2009.

• Nicolet C., Pannatier Y., Kawkabani B., Schwery A., Avellan F., Simond J.-J., «Benefi ts of Variable Speed

Pumped storage Units in Mixed Islanded Power Network during Transient Operation». Hydro’09 Symp.,

France, 2009.

• Bonalumi M., Anselmetti F., Kägi R., Müller B., Wüest A., Abstract of the Research Conference «Calibrating

Geologic Records of Environmental Change from Lakes to Oceans», Centro Stefano Franscini, Ascona, July

10–15, 2009.

• Bonalumi M., Anselmetti F., Kägi R., Müller B., Wüest A., «Effects of pump storage operations on reservoir

turbidity.» Abstracts of 7th SwissGeoScience Meeting, Neuchâtel, Nov. 20–21, 2009 (poster presentation)

• Farhat M., «Hydronet: a standardised methodology for pumped-storage power plant». Energy Planet, EPFL.

2009.

• Ruchonnet N., Nicolet Ch., Alligné S., Avellan F., «Experimental Investigation of Cavitation Infl uence on

Hydroacoustic Resonance in Pipe». Oral presentation at SHF meeting on Hydraulic Machines and Cavitation,

Paris 2009.

• Staubli T., Sallaberger M., Senn F., «Instability of Pump-Turbines during Startup in Turbine mode». Hy-

dro2008, Ljubljana, 2008.

• Simond J.-J., Tu Xuan M., Wetter R., «A New Inductive Air-Gap Monitoring System for Large Low Speed Hy-

dro-Generators Tests in Operation». IAHR 2008, 24th Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, FOZ

DO IGUASSU, Brasil, 27–31 October 2008.

• Pannatier Y., Nicolet C., Kawkabani B., Simond J.-J., Allenbach P., «Dynamic Behavior of a 2 Variable Speed

Pump-Turbine Power Plant». ICEM’08-XVIII International Conference on Electrical Machines, Vilamoura (Al-

garve), Portugal, 6–9 September 2008.

• Staubli T., Sallaberger M., Senn F., «Instability of Pump-Turbines during Start-up in Turbine mode». Hy-

dro2008, Ljubljana, 2008.

• Pannatier Y., Nicolet C., Kawkabani B., Deniau J.-L., Schwery A., Avellan F., Simond J.-J., «Transient Behavior

of Variable Speed Pump-Turbine Units». IAHR 2008, 24th Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems,

FOZ DO IGUASSU, Brasil, 27–31 October 2008.

• Bonalumi M., «Effects of hydropower operations on suspended particles: Research plan for the Dissertation

of Matteo Bonalumi», Environmental Sciences Department, ETH Zurich, 2008.

• Bonalumi M., Anselmetti F., Kägi R., Müller B., Wüest A., «Effects of pump storage operations on reservoir

turbidity». Abstracts of 6th SwissGeoScience Meeting, Lugano 20–23. Nov. 2008 (oral presentation).

• «The HydroNet Project», Poster presented in the frame of Swisselectric research awards 2008, Zurich and of

Energissima exhibition, Fribourg, April 17th–20th 2008.

GTCO2 – Technologies for Gas Turbine Power Generation with CO2 Mitigation

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras I., Boulouchos K., «Methane- and Propane-Fuelled Catalytic Microreactors».

Combustion research in Switzerland, 28th October 2009, Zürich.

• Ghermay Y., Mantzaras I., Bombach R., «High-Pressure high-Temperature hydrogen/air hetero/homogeneous

combustion». Combustion research in Switzerland, 28th October 2009, Zürich

Presentations

Appendix


• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras I., «NumericaI investigation of methane-fuelled, catalytic microreactor start-up».

4th European Combustion Meeting, Vienna, Austria, April 14–17, 2009.

• Mantzaras J., Bombach R., Schaeren R., «Hetero-/homogeneous combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures over

platinum at pressures up to 10 bar». 32nd Int. Symposium on Combustion, McGill University, Montreal,

Canada, August 3–8, 2008.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., Bombach R., Schenker S., Boulouchos K., «Experimental and numerical

investigation of the hetero-/homogenous combustion of lean propane/air mixtures over platinum». 32nd Int.

Symposium on Combustion, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, August 3–8, 2008.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., «Experimental and numerical investigation of catalytic mesoscale combus-

tor». 7th Int. Workshop on catalytic Combustion (IWCC7), Pfäffi kon, CH, September 29 – October 1, 2008.

• Pizza G., Mantzaras J., Frouzakis C., «Flame dynamics in catalytic and non catalytic mesoscale microreac-

tors». 7th Int. Workshop on catalytic Combustion (IWCC7), Pfäffi kon, CH, September 29 – October 1, 2008.

• Ghermay Y., Mantzaras J., Schaeren R., «Hydrogen catalytic precombustor». 7th Int. Workshop on catalytic

Combustion (IWCC7), Pfäffi kon, CH, September 29 – October 1, 2008.

ONEBAT – Battery Replacement Using Miniaturized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

• Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J.. (invited) «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Films to

Power Delivering Membranes». International Conference on Electroceramics, India (Dehli) Dec. 2009.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Evans A., Galinski H., Ryll T., Scherrer B., Tölke R., Gauckler L.J., «Guide-

lines for the Application of Thin Films & Microfabrication in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells». Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11

(SOFC-XI), Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2009.

• Ryll T., Scherrer B., Toelke R., Rupp J.L., Bieberle-Hutter A., Gauckler L.J., «Electrochemical characterization

of micropatterned La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 thin fi lm structures on SiO2 chips». Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-

XI), Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2009.

• Scherrer B., M. Rupp J.L., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Phase Transformation in Spray Pyrolysis Yttria-

stabilized Zirconia Thin Films». Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2009.

• Galinski H. et al., «Ostwald Ripening and Oxidation Kinetics of Nickel Gadolinia Doped Ceria Anodes». Solid

Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2009.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J. (keynote), «Challenges for Microfabrication in SOFC Research».

Solid State Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Rupp J.L.M., Conder K., Frison R., Graule T., Heel A., Heiroth S., Bieberle-Hütter A., Karageorgarkis N., Lip-

pert T., Scherrer B., Gauckler L.J. (keynote), «Microstrain and Oxygen Ion Conductivity of Thin Films». Solid

State Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Ryll T., Elser P., Galinski H., Schlagenhauf L., Bieberle-Huetter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «Low tempera-

ture solid oxide fuel cell electrodes fabricated by thermally induced agglomeration of platinum thin fi lms».

Solid State Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Evans A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «A miniaturized low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell

based on high-tech building blocks». Solid State Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Scherrer B., Rossi A., Harvey A., Schlupp M., Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Infl uence of

substrate material on the microstructure of yttria-stabilized zirconia thin fi lms». Solid State Ionics SSI-17,

Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Ryll T., Brunner A., Ellenbroeck S., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «Crystallization and Electri-

cal Conductivity of Amorphous Bismuth Ruthenate Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis». Solid State

Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Evans A., Bieberle-Hutter A., Bonderer L.J., Chen P., Hodel D., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «Miniaturized Low-

temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with an Yttria-stabilized-zirconia Foil Electrolyte». 216th Meeting of the

Electrochemical Society, Vienna, Austria, October 2009.

• Galinski H., Ryll T.M., Elser P., Reuteler J., Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hutter A., Gauckler L.J., «Agglomeration of

Pt Thin Films, a Model System for Micro-SOFC Anodes». Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), Vienna, Austria,

Oct. 2009.

• Tölke R., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «Foturan® Glass Ceramic – a Substrate for Power

Delivering Free-standing μ-SOFC Membranes». Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), Vienna, Austria, October

2009.

Appendix

Presentations


• Galinski H., Ryll T.M., Elser P., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., «Surface and Surface Self-diffu-

sion of Pt thin fi lms on Si3N4/Si and ZrO2 Substrates». DPG Springmeeting, Dresden 2009.

• Simrick N.J., Kilner J.A., Atkinson A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., Bieberle-Hütter A., Ryll T.M., «Micro-pat-

terned SOFC Cathodes». Solid State Ionics SSI-17, Toronto, Canada, July 2009.

• Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Evans A., Galinski H., Harvey A., Ryll T., Scherrer B., Tölke R., Gauckler L.J.

(invited), «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Films to Power Delivering Membranes». MRS Fall Meeting,

Boston, USA, Nov. 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J. (invited), «Micro-Fuel Cells for Portable Applications». NanoEurope Confer-

ence, St. Gallen, Switzerland, Sept. 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A. (invited), «Miniaturized Fuel Cell Systems: Challenges and Chances» Advances in Ceramic

Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. 2008.

• Scherrer B., Galinski H., Ryll T., Tölke R., Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Microstructure of

YSZ thin fi lms deposited by spray pyrolysis for micro-solid oxide fuel cells». Electroceramics XI, Manchester,

UK, Sept. 2008.

• Galinski H., Ryll T.M., Scherrer B., Toelke R., Rupp J.L.M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Degradation of

nickel gadolinia doped ceria anodes and its prevention». Electroceramics XI, Manchester, UK, Sept. 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A. et al., «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Film Membranes to a Micro-Fuel Cell Sys-

tem». 8th European Fuel Cell Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland, July 2008.

• Rupp J. et al., «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Films to Power Delivering Membranes». 8th European

Fuel Cell Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland, July 2008.

• 2nd Integration & Commercialization of Micro & Nanosystems International Conference & Exhibition (ASME

MicroNano08), Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, June 3–5, 2008.

• 213th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, Mai 2008.

• Small Fuel Cell Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 2008.

• 5th Symposium on Fuel Cell Modeling and Experimental Validation, Winterthur, Switzerland, March 2008.

• MNSP Industry Day, Zurich, Switzerland, March 2008.

• FC Exposition Japan, Tokyo, Japan, Febr. 2008.

• 2nd European Fuel Cell Technology and Application Conference, Rome, Italy, Dec. 2007.

• Materials Research Society Meeting, Boston, USA, Nov. 2007.

• D. Beckel et al., «Thin Films Cathodes for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells». EUROMAT07, Nürnberg, Germany,

Sept. 2007.

• Beckel D. et al., «Micro-Hotplate Devices for Micro-SOFC». 10th Int. Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

(SOFC-X), Nara, Japan, June 2007.

• Bieberle-Hütter A. et al., «A Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System for Battery Replacement». EUROMAT07,

Nürnberg, Germany, Sept. 2007.

• Bieberle-Hütter A. et al., «A Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System for Battery Replacement». State Ionics 16

(SSI-16), Shanghai, China, July 2007.

• Infortuna A., Beckel D., Bieberle A., Harvey A., Muecke U., Rupp J., Yang Z., Gauckler L.J., «Metal oxide thin

fi lms for micro-solid oxide fuel cells». Intern. Conf. on Electroceramics (ICE) 2007, Arusha, Tanzania.

• Muecke U.P. et al., «Electrical Characterization of Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells». Solid State Ionics 16 (SSI-

16), Shanghai, China, July 2007.

• Muecke U.P. et al., «Cross Plane Impedance of CGO and YSZ Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition

and Spray Pyrolysis». Solid State Ionics 16 (SSI-16), Shanghai, China, July 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M. et al., «ONEBAT: Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Battery Repalcement in Portables». 10th Int.

Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-X), Nara, Japan, 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M. et al., «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Battery Repalcement». 8th Intern. Symp. On Systems

with Fast Ionic Transport (ISSFIT), Vilnius, Lithuania, May 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M. et al., «Thermal Stability of Amorphous to Nanocrystalline Ceria-based micro-SOFC Electrolyte

Films». Solid State Ionics 16 (SSI-16), Shanghai, China, July 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M. et al., «Nucleation and Grain Growth Kinetics of Amorphous to Nanocrystalline Ceria Solid Solu-

tions». 3rd Intern. Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth, Jeju Korea, June 2007.

• ey-Mermet S. Ret al., «Microfabricated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Membranes». International Conference on Elec-

troceramics (ICE 2007), Arusha, Tanzania, August 2007.

Presentations

Appendix


• Rey-Mermet S. et al., «Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Membranes Supported by Nickel Grid Anode». Solid State Ionics

16 (SSI-16), Shanghai, China, July 2007.

ThinPV – Cost Effi cient Thin Film Photovoltaics for Future Electricity Generation

• Seyrling S., Bücheler S., Chirila A., Perrenoud J., Verma R., Wenger S., Grätzel M., Tiwari A.N., «Towards the

development of high effi ciency multijunction thin fi lm solar cells». Proceedings of the 24th European Photo-

voltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Hamburg, Germany, September 21–25, 2009.

• Seyrling S., Bücheler S., Chirila A., Perrenoud J., Wenger S., Nakada T., Grätzel M., Tiwari A.N., «Develop-

ment of multijunction thin fi lm solar cells». Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,

Philadelphia, PA, USA, June 7–12, 2009.

• Wenger S., Seyrling S., Tiwari A., Grätzel M., «Optimization of monolithic dye-sensitized TiO2/Cu(In,Ga)Se2

thin fi lm tandem solar cells». Oral presentation at the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) Spring

Meeting, Strasbourg, France, June 8–12, 2009. E-MRS Young Scientist Award. Awarded to a graduate stu-

dent in recognition of an outstanding paper contributed to the E-MRS Spring Meeting 2009.

• Wenger S., Seyrling S., Tiwari A., Grätzel M., «Fabrication and performance of monolithic dye-sensitized TiO2/

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 tandem solar cells». Poster presentation at the 3rd International Conference on the Industrial-

ization of DSC, Nara, Japan, April 22–24, 2009.

• Lanz T., Perucco B., Rezzonico D., Müller F., Reinke N.A., Häusermann R., Ruhstaller B., «Optical Simulation

of Arbitrary Thin Film Solar Cells with Rough Interfaces». 24th EUPVSEC, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg,

Germany.

• Wenger S., Schmid M., Rothenberger G., Grätzel M., Schumacher J.O., «Model-Based Optical and Electrical

Characterization of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells». 24th EUPVSEC, 21–25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany.

• Reinke N.A., Häusermann R., Huber E., Moos M., Flatz T., Ruhstaller B., «Fully Coupled Opto-Electronic Mod-

elling of Organic Photovoltaic Cells». HOPV09, 10–13 May 2009, Benidorm, Spain.

• Häusermann R., Reinke N.A., Huber E., Flatz T., Moos M., Ruhstaller B., «CT-State Dissociation and Charge

Recombination in Organic Photovoltaic Cells». HOPV09, 10–13 May 2009, Benidorm, Spain.

• Häusermann R., Reinke N.A., Huber E., Flatz T., Moos M., Ruhstaller B., «CT-State Dissociation and Charge

Recombination in OPVs». DPG Spring Meeting, 22–27 March 2009, Dresden, Germany.

• Reinke N.A., Häusermann R., Huber E., Moos M., Flatz T., Ruhstaller B., «Fully Coupled Opto-Electronic Mod-

elling of Organic Solar Cells». DPG Spring Meeting, 22–27 March 2009, Dresden, Germany.

• Bin F., Hany R., Geiger T., Moser J.-E., Nüesch F., «Oxidative doping of cyanine/C60 organic solar cells». Solar

’09, 10.1.–14.1.2009, Luxor.

• Bin F., Jakob Heier, Hadjar Benmansour, Fernando Castro, Thomas Geiger, Roland Hany, Frank Nüesch, «The

use of cyanine dyes in solid state organic heterojunction solar cells», E-MRS, 8.6.–12.6.2009, Strasbourg.

• Bin F., Heier J., Benmansour H., Castro F., Geiger T., Hany R., Nüesch F., «The Use of Cyanine Dyes in Solid

State Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells». MRS Fall Meeting, 30.11.–4.12.2009, Boston.

• Wenger S. et al., 2nd poster prize for: «Loss mechanisms in monolithic dye-sensitized / thin-film tandem solar

cells». ESF Conference on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy, Obergurgl, Austria, 14–19 June 2008.

• Wenger S. et al., Best poster award in the category «Energy-related Technologies» for: «Tandem solar cells

boost photovoltaic conversion effi ciency – Application of dye-sensitized solar cells in tandem devices». EPFL

Research Day, 15 April 2008.

• Bin F. et al., «Polymethine dyes: from photography to solar cells». SCS meeting, Zürich, 11.9.2008.

• Nüesch F. et al., «Ionic space charge driven organic solar cell devices». International Conference on Syn-

thetic Metals, 6.7.–11.7.2008, Porto de Galinhas, Brasila.

• Nüesch F., «Polymethine Dyes for Solar Cell Application». NIMS week 14.7.–17.7.2008, Tsukuba, Japan.

• Häusermann R., Huber E., Reinke N.A., Ruhstaller B., Flatz T., Moos M., «Design Rules for Organic Solar

Cells: The Electrode Interface». OLLA Summer School, 27. May – 2. June 2008, Krutyn, Poland.

• Reinke N.A., Häusermann R., Huber E., Moos M., Flatz T., Rezzonico D., Ruhstaller B., «Towards a Compre-

hensive Simulation of Organic Solar Cells». Intl. Conference on Electroluminescence (ICEL-7), 3.–6. Septem-

ber 2008, Dresden, Germany.

• Ruhstaller B., Flatz T., Rezzonico D., Moos M., Reinke N.A., Perucco B., Huber E., Häusermann R., «Com-

prehensive Simulation of Light-emitting and Light-harvesting Organic Devices». SPIE Photonic Devices +

Applications Conference, 10.–14. August 2008, San Diego, USA.

Appendix

Presentations


• Häusermann R., Reinke N.A., Huber E., Ruhstaller B., «Towards Comprehensive Simulation of Organic Solar

Cells». European Optical Society Annual Meeting 2008, 29. October – 2. November 2008, Paris, France.

• Seyrling S. et al., «CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Photovoltaic Devices for Tandem Solar Cell Application». E-MRS Spring

Meeting, 26.–30. May 2008, Strasbourg, France.

PHiTEM – Platform for High Temperature Materials

• Veleva L., Baluc N., «Experimental optimization of micro-pillars specimens (with/without grain boundaries)

before irradiation: preliminary TEM characterization». EFDA monitoring meeting on W&W alloys, Stockholm,

Sweden, 01–02 July 2009.

• Ghisleni R., Östlund F., Michler J., «In-situ SEM micropillar compression – Room temperature ductile to brittle

transition in semiconductors». 15th ICSMA Conference, Dresden, Germany, 16–21 August 2009.

• Ghisleni R., Östlund F., Michler J., «In-situ SEM micropillar compression – Room temperature ductile to brittle

transition in semiconductors». EUROMAT 2009 Conference, Glasgow, UK, 07–10 September 2009.

• Ghisleni R., Pouchon M.A., Chen J., Hoffelner W., Michler J., «Ion irradiation damage effects on the mechani-

cal response of ferritic ODS alloy». EUROMAT 2009 Conference, Glasgow, UK, 07–10 September 2009.

• Ilchuk N., Prokhodtseva A., Spätig P., Schäublin R., «Experimental optimization of micro-pillars specimens

(with/without grain boundaries) before irradiation: preliminary TEM characterization». MAT-REMEV EFDA

monitoring meeting, Alicante, Spain, 19–21 November 2009.

• Veleva L., Schäublin R., Baluc N., «TEM investigation of ODS tungsten materials». Microscopy Conference

(MC) 2009, Graz, Austria (2009), 30 August – 04 September 2009.

• Ghisleni R., Pouchon M.A., Mook W.M., Chen J., Hoffelner W., Michler J., «Ion irradiation damage effects on

the mechanical response of ferritic ODS alloy». Materials Research Society (MRS) Conference 2008, Boston,

USA, 29 November – 04 December 2008.

• Michler J., Östlund F., Rzepiejewska-Malyska K., Mook W.M., Leifer K., Ghisleni R., «In-situ SEM micropillar

compression – Room temperature ductile to brittle transition of Si, GaAs, InP semiconductors». Materials

Research Society (MRS) Conference 2008, Boston, USA, 29 November – 04 December 2008.

• Veleva L., Schäublin R., Ramar A., Oksiuta Z., Baluc N., «Focused ion beam application on the investigation

of tungsten-based materials for fusion application». Poster at the 14th European Microscopy Congress (EMC

2008), Aachen, Germany, 1–5 September 2008.

• Oksiuta Z., «Hot isostatic pressing of elemental and pre-alloyed ODS ferritic steel powder». International

Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition (EURO PM 2008), Mannheim, Germany, 29 September – 01

October 2008.

• Hoffelner W., «Condition monitoring of high temperature components with sub-sized samples». 4th Interna-

tional Topical Meeting on HTR Technology (HTR 2008), Washington DC, USA, 28 September – 01 October

2008.

• Ghisleni R., «Plastic deformation of semiconductor micropillars under uniaxial compression». 1st International

Conference from Nanoparticles & Nanomaterials to Nanodevices & Nanosystems (ICN4), 16–18 June 2008,

Halkidiki, Greece.

ccem-retrofi t – Advanced Energy Effi cient Renovation of Buildings

• Zimmermann M., «Advanced Energy-Effi cient Renovation of Residential Buildings». CCEM Evaluation, Empa/

Eawag, January 15, 2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Energy Strategies for a Sustainable Future». Oulu University/Helsinki University of Tech-

nology Finland, 29-30.01.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Nachhaltige, energieeffi ziente Renovation mit Modulen». Fachtagung «Bauen mit Holz»,

Immomesse St. Gallen, 20.03.2009.

• Gottwald R., «3D-Messtechnik im Einsatz bei der energieeffi zienten Sanierung von Altbauten». Geomatics

Colloquium HTW Dresden, Germany.

• Fischer R., Gottwald R., Tiefenbach P., Zimmermann M., «Energieeffi ziente Erneuerung von Altbauten». IEA/

CCEM/FHNW-Conference/Workshop Fachtagung «3D-Geometrie-Erfassung», FHNW Hochschule für Architek-

tur, Bau und Geomatik, Muttenz, 21.04.2009.

Presentations

Appendix


• Tiefenbach P., «3D-Messtechnik bei der Erneuerung von Altbauten». Poster-Session, AGIT 2009, July 2009,

University of Salzburg, Austria.

• Zimmermann M., IEA ECBCS Annex 50 «Prefabricated Systems for Low Energy Renovation of Residential

Buildings». ECBCS Technical Workshop, Maastricht, NL, 10.06.2009.


Buildings» – Management report. ECBCS ExCo-Meeting, Maastricht, NL, 10.06.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Renovieren oder Demolieren? – Aktuelle Forschung und Entwicklung für die nachhaltige

Bauerneuerung». KTI & Brenet Veranstaltung, Pfäffi kon (SZ), 8.09.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Optimierte Gebäudeerneuerung senkt CO2-Emissionen und schafft Mehrwerte». Parla-

mentarische Gruppe «Klimaänderung», Bern, 9.09.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Retrofi t Advisor – Entscheidungshilfe für die nachhaltige Bauerneuerung». Ökosan ’09,

Internationales Symposium für hochwertige energetische Sanierung von grossvolumigen Gebäuden, Weiz,

Austria, 7.–9.10.2009.

• Kobler R., Schwehr P., Zimmermann M., «Overview of ECBCS Annex 50 ‹Prefab-Retrofi t› – Substantial En-

ergy Saving in Existing Buildings NOW». IEA SHC Task 37 – IEA ECBCS Annex 50 Conference, Antwerp,

Belgium, 14.10.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Kirchliche Baufachtagung: Heisses Eisen – Kalte Kirchen». Spiez, 7.11.2009.

• Zimmermann M., «Best practice Retrofi t Programmes». Future Green Buildings Conference, BRE, Watford,

UK, 18.11.2009.


Buildings». ECBCS Technical Workshop, Oxford, UK, 18.11.2009.


Buildings» – Management report. ECBCS ExCo-Meeting, Oxford, UK, 19-20.11.2009.

• Fischer R., «Typologische Merkmale des Gebäudeparks im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Entwicklung».

Fachtagung energieeffi ziente Erneuerung von Altbauten, FHNW, April 21, 2009.

• Workshop Renewal Strategies, IEA ECBCS Annex 50 – Prefabricated Systems for low Energy Retrofi t – Work-

ing Meeting, Haarlem, NL, October 12, 2009.

• Schwehr P., «Presentation of Building Typology and Renewal Strategies». Substantial Energy saving in exist-

ing Housing now, Antwerp, Belgium, October 14, 2009.

• Müller M., Ulli-Beer S., «Diffusionsdynamik energie-effi zienter Renovationen: Akteuranalyse», DeeR Work-

shop, Zurich, June 20, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., IEA ECBCS Annex 50 Workshop: International adaptation of Retrofi t Advisor, Fraunhofer

Institute, Munich, 8.4.2008.

• Zimmermann M., Referat, «Retrofi t Advisor: Ratgeber für Renovation und Ersatzneubau von Mehrfamilien-

häusern». Vereinigung Zürcher Immobilienunternehmen (VZI), Zurich, 28.8.2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Retrofi t Advisor: Electronic guide for the renovation or reconstruction of residential build-

ings». Workshop European Robust-Meeting, Brussels, 1.09.2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Retrofi t Advisor – Entscheidungshilfe für die nachhaltige Bauerneuerung». 15. Schweizeri-

sches Status-Seminar «Energie- und Umweltforschung im Bauwesen», ETH-Zurich, 12. 09. 2008.

• Zimmermann M., Referat Qualipool, Verband von IT-Spezialisten für die Immobilienwirtschaft, Zurich,

25.9.2008.

• Zimmermann M., Energiefachstellen Workshop, Vorstellung Gebäudetools, AWEL, Zurich, 24.9.2008.

• Eichhammer W., Jakob M., «Promoting energy effi ciency investments – Case studies in the residential sector:

The Case of Germany». Presentation in Wuhan, China, March 2008.

• Jakob M., «Societal requirements and constraints, Market situation and Policy instruments required to modify

the current state of art». Efonet – Energy Foresight Network First Workshop 1–2 October 2008, Rome.

• Jakob M., Catenazzi G., Jochem E., Shukla A., «Impact of and adaptation to climate change in the case of the

tertiary sector of Europe». In IEECB 08, Frankfurt 10–11 April 2008.

• Jakob M., «Promoting energy effi ciency investments – Case studies in the residential sector: The Case of

France». Presentation in Wuhan, China, March 2008.

• Jakob M., T’Serclaes Ph., Moarif S., «Promoting energy effi ciency investments – Case studies in the residen-

tial sector: The US Case – Federal and California». Presentation in Wuhan, China, March 2008.

• Schwehr P., Fischer R., Workshop with IEA-Partners France and Belgium on establishing a typology, May 27,

2008.

Appendix

Presentations


• Schwehr P., Meeting with exponent of TU-Munich on typology and state of the art of prefabricated renova-

tion-solutions in Switzerland (Zurich), June 11, 2008.

• Schwehr P., Presentation of Building Typology and Renovation Modules at CTI-Review, September 22, 2008.

• Schwehr P., Fischer R., Kobler R., Presentation of work package achievements at IEA ECBCS Annex 50 Expert

Meeting, Liège, October 21, 2008.

• Schwehr P., «Typologische Merkmale des Gebäudeparks in Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Erneuerung». Empa

Technologie Briefi ng, November 4, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Effi zienzsteigerung durch typisierte Renovationsmodule für den Gebäudebestand». GRE

Kongress, Berlin, February 21, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., Richner P., «Gebäudesanierung heute und morgen». CO2-active Seminars, Worben, Febru-

ary 4 and 25, 2008, Wildhaus.

• Zimmermann M., «Zukunftsfähiges Bauen: Forschung und Umsetzung im Spannungsfeld der 2000-Watt-Ge-

sellschaft – Neue Ansätze im Sanierungsmarkt». Energie-cluster Jahrestagung, Baden, April 22, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Neue Technologien und Methoden für Sanierungen». Energie-Cluster Veranstaltung «Ak-

tuelle Trends im energieeffi zienten Bauen», Bern, May 18, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Aussichten und Projekte der Sanierung mit vorgefertigten Bauteilen». Seminar Gebäude-

Update – Marktchancen der Sanierung mit vorgefertigten Bauteilen, Fraunhofer Institut für Bauphysik, Kas-

sel, June 4, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Verbreitung energieeffi zienter Gebäuderenovationen». DeeR Workshop, Amt für Hoch-

bauten der Stadt Zürich, June 20, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «CCEM-Retrofi t: Vom Sanierungsobjekt zum Passivhaus – Nachhaltige Bauerneuerung mit

modularer Sanierung». VZI Sommerversammlung, August 28, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Nachhaltige Bauerneuerung: Modulare Sanierung». Novatlantis bauforum «Vom Sanier-

ungsobjekt zum Passivhaus: Wunsch oder Realität?», ETH Zürich, July 2, 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Building technologies and its application on the Swiss building stock». SPS An-nual Meet-

ing, University of Zurich, February 21, 2007.

• Schwehr P., Presentation of ccem-retrofi t, Velux European Meeting, Trimbach, September 26, 2007.

• Zimmermann M., «Approaches to the problem of the occupied building site». Ecosan ’07, Weiz, Austria,

October 10–12, 2007.

• Zimmermann M., «Intelligente Energienutzung Herausforderungen des zukünftigen Bauens». Vortragsreihe

des Forums für Allgemeine Ökologie, November 13, 2007.

• Simmler H., «Advanced Energy-Effi cient Renovation of Buildings». Energie-Cluster AG Innovative Kompakt-

fassade, 28 August 2007.

• Simmler H., «In situ Performance Assessment and Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) in Build-

ings». International Vacuum Insulation Symposium IVIS Wuerzburg, 19 September 2007.

• Zimmermann M., «Vacuum Insulation – Challenges and Opportunities for Becoming a Standard Insulation

Technology». Introductory talk International Vacuum Insulation Symposium IVIS Wuerzburg, 18 Sept. 2007.

• Simmler H., «Vakuumisolationspaneele». Forum Hochleistungs-Wärmedämmung für Sanierung und Neubau,

Hausbau- und Energiemesse Bern, 23 November 2007.

• Zimmermann M., Invited talk, «Approaches to the problem of the occupied building site». Ecosan ’07, Weiz,

Austria, October 10-12, 2007.

• Jakob M. (2007b), «Experience curves and Building Envelopes: The Swiss case and some European outlook».

Presented at the IEA-Workshop on Deployment of Demand Side Technologies, 8–9 October 2007, IEA, Paris.

• Hans Bertschinger, fi nal presentation Retrofi t Advisor, Schweiz. Hauseigentümerverband, 19.6.2007.

• Jakob M. (2007a), «Innovation bei Fassadenwärmedämmungen – eine Auslegeordnung». Presented in the

working group «Verputzte Aussenwärmedämmung» of energy-cluster.ch, Zurich, 28 August, Zurich.

• Müller M., «Towards a Conceptualization of the Diffusion of Energy-Effi cient Renovations in Switzerland’s

Built Environment». Paper presented at the 7th PhD-Colloquium, at the 25th System Dynamics Conference in

Boston, USA, 29.08.2007.

• Müller M., «Investigating the Diffusion Potential of the Integrated Renovation Concept. A preliminary Analy-

sis». Seminar paper within the doctoral study program, University of St. Gallen, submitted to Prof. Dr. R.

Wüstenhagen and Prof. Dr. J. Minsch, Institute for Economy and the Environment (HSG-IWÖ), 2007.

• Catenazzi G., Jochem E., «Energy hybrid model system – applied to Switzerland and Europe». International

Conference, 9.–10. Juli, 2007, Prag.

Presentations

Appendix


• MüllerM., «What Processes Govern the Energy-Effi cient Renovation of Buildings? Developing a Heuristic Un-

derstanding of the Renovation System». Seminar paper within the doctoral study program, University of St.

Gallen, submitted to Prof. Dr. T. Dyllick, Institute for Economy and the Environment (HSG), 2007.

• Zimmermann M., presentation of Retrofi t Advisor, IEA ECBCS Annex 50 meeting, Porto, 29.3.2007.

• Catenazzi G., Jakob M., «The trade-off between heat and electricity demand reduction in commercial build-

ings – consequences for energy modelling». In 29th IAEE International Conference – Securing Energy in

Insecure Times – Potsdam, 2006.

ccem-house2000 – Innovative Building Technologies for the 2000 Watt Society

• Brunner S., Stiefel M., Ghazi Wakili K., «Microscopic Investigation of Laminates for barriers of Vacuum In-

sulation Panels». Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) and Aerogel, IVIS 2009: 9th International Vacuum Insulation

Symposium, 18–19 Sept. 2009, London.

• Brunner S., Simmler H., «Quality assurance and declaration of Vacuum Insulation for building application».

Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) and Aerogel, IVIS 2009: 9th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, 18-

19 Sept. 2009, London.

• Invited presentation at Schweizer Metallbau AG seminar, Geneva, 4/5 February 2009.

• Presentation at BiSol seminar Luzern, 23/24 March 2009.

• Presentation at NUS (National University Singapore) 2 April 2009.

• Invited presentation at Austrian conference in Graz (AU), 24 April 2009.

• Presentation at COST TU0802 NeCoE-PCM (Next generation cost effective phase change materials for in-

creased energy effi ciency in renewable energy systems in buildings), meeting in Dublin, 09–10 July 2009.

• Weber R., «Long-term Heat Storage with NaOH». CISBAT 2009, 2.–3. September 2009, EPFL, Lausanne.

• Gantenbein P. et al., «Solar Cooling – Oekonomische Bewertung & CO2 Bilanzierung». OTTI 10. Symposium

Thermische Solarenergie, Mai 2009 in Bad Staffelstein.

• Gyalistras, D., «Prädiktive Regelung von Gebäuden: Methoden, Werkzeuge und Fallstudie Integrierte Rau-

mautomation». Presentation, 26 Oct. 2009, Hochschule Luzern/Teilschule Technik und Architektur, Horw,

Switzerland, 2009.

• Gyalistras D., Fischlin A., Morari M., Jones C.N., Oldewurtel F., Parisio A., Frank T., Carl S., Dorer V., Lehmann

B., Wirth K., Steiner P., Schubiger F., Stauch V., Tödtli J., Gähler C., Gwerder M., «Saving energy by improved

building control». Poster presentation, Annual Meeting of The Alliance for Global Sustainability: Urban Fu-

tures: the Challenge of Sustainability, 26–29 January 2009, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

• Morari M., Gyalistras D., Oldewurtel F., «Energy effi cient building climate control». Presentation at the Smart

and Effi cient Energy Council (SEEC’2009), 8–9 October 2009, Trento, Italy.

• Niedermann C., «Wetterfee steuert Gebäudeautomation». cash Innovation, 12. Dec. 2008, Ringier AG, Zofi n-

gen, p24.

• Koebel M., «Silica Aerogel as high-performance insulation materials». Nanothech Northern Europe, 23.–25.

September 2008, Copenhagen.

• Stauch V., Gwerder M., Gyalistras D., Lehmann B., Schubiger F., «Statistical adaptation of COSMO-7 predic-

tions and their impact on predictive control of indoor building climate». Annual Meeting EMS08, Conference

on Applied Climatology, 29.9.–3.10.2008, Amsterdam.

• Steiner P., Stauch V., Gwerder M., Gyalistras D., Lehmann B., Morari M., Schubiger F., «Numerical weather

prediction at MeteoSwiss – Statistical postprocessing for building climate control». Poster presentation, 30th

meeting of the European Working Group on Limited Area Modelling (EWGLAM) and 15th meeting of the Short

Range Numerical Weather Prediction network (SRNWP), 6–9 October 2008, Madrid, Spain.

• Tödtli J., Gwerder M., Renggli F., Lehmann B., Dorer V., Hildebrand K., «Regelung und Steuerung von ther-

moaktiven Bauteilsystemen (TABS)». 15. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar, Energie- und Umweltforschung im

Bauwesen, Zürich, 2008.

• Wemhoener C., Afjei Th., Dott R., «System assessment and fi eld testing». Swiss country report IEA HPP An-

nex 32 Task 2/3, Muttenz, August 2008.

• Dott R., Afjei Th., «Energieeffi zientes Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen im MINERGIE-P MFH Cosy-

Place». Paper 15. Swiss Status Seminar, Zurich, September 2008.

• Wemhoener C., Afjei Th., Dott R., «IEA HPP Annex 32 – Economical heating and cooling systems for low

energy houses». Paper 15. Swiss Status Seminar, Zurich, September 2008.

Appendix

Presentations


• Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., Dott R., «IEA HPP Annex 32: Economical heating and cooling systems for low energy

houses». Conference paper 9th IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zurich, May 2008.

• Afjei Th., Dott R., Wemhoener C., «Generic System Solutions for heating and cooling of residential dwell-

ings». Conference paper 9th IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zurich, May 2008.

• Dott R., Wemhoener C., Afjei Th., «Seasonal Performance and test of multi-function heat pump units». Con-

ference paper 9th IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zurich, May 2008.

• Grupp R., Weber R., «Wärme thermochemisch speichern». CCI 09/2008.

• Bales C., Weber R. et al., «Chemical and Sorption Storage – Results from IEA-SHC Task 32». Eurosun 2008,

INETI, Lisbon, Portugal.

• Weber R., «Saisonale Wärmespeicherung mit Natronlauge (NaOH)». Proceedings 15. Schweizerisches Status-

Seminar Energie- und Umweltforschung im Bauwesen, ETH Zürich 2008.

• Conde-Petit M., «Open absorption system for air conditioning using membrane contactors». Proceedings

15. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar Energie- und Umweltforschung im Bauwesen, ETH Zürich 2008.

• Weber R., «Mit Erdsonden betriebene Luftkühler, Heizen und Kühlen mit geothermischer Energie». SIA Doku-

mentation D 0225, Zürich, 20. May 2008.

• Brunner S., Simmler H., Ghazi Wakili K., «Vakuumisolation – Materialspezifi sche Aspekte bei der Alterung».

Proceedings 15. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar Energie- und Umweltforschung im Bauwesen, ETH Zürich

2008.

• Simmler H., Brunner S., «Alterungseigenschaften und Lebensdauer von Vakuum-Isolationspaneelen (VIP)

in Bauanwendungen». Proceedings 15. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar Energie- und Umweltforschung im

Bauwesen, ETH Zürich 2008.

• Koebel M., Brunner S., Ghazi Wakili K., Glättli Th., «Silica Aerogel as high-performance thermal insulation».

NanoEurope 16./17. September 2008. St. Gallen.

• Koebel M., «Silica Aerogels as high-performance insulation materials». Nanotech Northern Europe, 23./25.

September 2008, Copenhagen.

• Koebel M., «Silica Aerogels as high-performance insulation materials: Structure-property relationship eluci-

dated with synchrotron SAXS». Aerogel world summit 2008 Conference. 15./17. October 2008, Providence,

USA.

• Conde-Petit M., «Open absorption system for air conditioning using membrane contactors». 15. Schweizeri-

sches Status-Seminar Energie- und Umweltforschung im Bauwesen, ETH Zürich 2008.

• Brunner S., Ghazi Wakili K., Koebel M., Simmler H., «High Performance Insulation in Buildings – Vacuum

insulation panel (VIP) and Aerogel». Poster Presentation at the International Aerogels Conference, 4./5.

Dezember 2007, Boston USA.


ings». Proceedings of 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium (IVIS), D-Wuerzburg, September

2007.

• De Chambrier E., Dutta D., Roecker C., Munari-Probst M.-C., Scartezzini J.-L., Schüler A., «Nanostructured

coatings on glazing for active solar facades». Proceedings of the CISBAT 2007 International Conference,

Lausanne 4th–5th September 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Roecker C., «From Thermal Collectors Integration to Active Façade Systems». Proceed-

ings of the PLEA Conference 2007, Singapore, 22nd–25th November 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Kosoric V., Schüler A., De Chambrier E., Roecker C., «Façade Integration of Solar Ther-

mal Collectors: Present and Future». Proceedings of the CISBAT 2007 International Conference, Lausanne

4th–5th September 2007.

• Roecker C., Munari-Probst M.-C., De Chambrier E., Schueler A., Scartezzini J.-L., «Facade integration of solar

thermal collectors: a breakthrough?». Proceedings of the ISES solar world congress 2007, Beijing, China

18th–21st September 2007.

• Conde-Petit M., «Liquid desiccant-based air-conditioning systems – LDACS». 1st European Conference on

Polygeneration, 16./17. October 2007, Tarragona.

• Gantenbein P., Marty H., Luzzi A., «Performance analysis and simulation of a 10 kWR STAC demon stration

system». OTTI 2nd International Conference Solar Air-Conditioning, 16./17. October 2007, Tarragona.

• Afjei Th., Dott R., Wemhöner C., «Hydraulics, Performance and Comfort of ground-coupled heating-cooling

systems». IBPSA Building Simulation 2007, Beijing, China, 3rd Sept. 2007.

Presentations

Appendix


Presentations

• Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «Standardlösungen für energieeffi zientes Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen

(SEK)». 14. UAW Tagung 2007, Burgdorf, 13. Juni 2007.

• Dorer V., Gwerder M., Lehmann B., Renggli F., Tödtli J., «Integrated design of thermally activated building

systems and its control»; «Control of thermally activated building systems»; «Effect of The Hydraulic Piping

Topology On Energy Demand And Comfort In Buildings with TABS». Clima 2007, Helsinki, 10th – 14th June

2007.

• Tödtli J., Lehmann B., Gwerder M., Renggli F., Dorer V., Haas A., Hildebrand K., «TABS-Control: Regelung und

Steuerung von thermoaktiven Bauteilsystemen». 14. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar, Energie- und Umwelt-

forschung im Bauwesen Zürich, 2006.

• Güntensperger W., Gwerder M., Haas A., Lehmann B., Renggli F., Tödtli J., «Control of Concrete Core Condi-

tioning Systems». Clima 2005, Lausanne, 9th – 12th October 2005.

• Gyalistras D., Gwerder M., Dorer V., Frank T., Gähler C., Jones C., Lehmann B., Morari M., Oldewurtel F.,

Schubiger F., Stauch V., Steiner P., Tödtli J., «OptiControl – Verwendung von Wetter- und Anwesenheits-

Vorhersagen für die optimale Gebäudeklimaregelung». Poster presentation, «swisselectric research award

2007», 4. Sep. 2007, Technopark Zurich, Switzerland (available under http://www.opticontrol.ethz.ch/Re-

sults.html).

2ndGenerationBiogas – New Pathways to Effi cient Use of Biomass for Power and Transportation

• Vogel F., «PSI’s catalytic hydrothermal gasifi cation process». Bio-SNG ’09, Int. conference on advanced

biomass-to-SNG technologies and their market implementation, Zürich, Switzerland, May 27, 2009 (invited

talk).

• Vogel F., «Hydrothermale katalytische Vergasung von Biomasse – eine Übersicht». Fachgespräch «Hydro-

thermale Verfahren zur Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen», Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany,

organized by Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe, September 2, 2009 (invited talk).

• Schubert M., Müller J., Vogel F., «Kontinuierliche, heterogen katalysierte, hydrothermale Vergasung salz-

haltiger Glycerollösungen zu synthetischem Erdgas». 42. Jahrestreffen Deutscher Katalytiker, poster session,

Weimar, Germany, March 11–13, 2009.

• Schubert M., Müller J., Vogel F., «Salt separation and recovery from supercritical water». Bio-SNG ‚09, Int.

conference on advanced biomass-to-SNG technologies and their market implementation, Zürich, Switzer-

land, May 27, 2009.

• Müller J., Vogel F., «Comparative hydrothermal treatment of glycerol and phenol in a batch reactor – investi-

gation of tar and coke formation». Bio-SNG ’09, Int. conference on advanced biomass-to-SNG technologies

and their market implementation, poster session, Zürich, Switzerland, May 27, 2009.

• Schubert M., Müller J., Vogel F., «Infl uence of K3PO4 on the catalytic hydrothermal gasifi cation of glycerol».

17th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, poster session, Hamburg, Germany, June 29–July 3, 2009

(best poster award).

• Rouff A.A., Rabe S., Nachtegaal M., Vogel F., «Investigating the effect of protonation on disorder and multiple

scattering in phosphate solutions and solids using XAFS». 238th American Chemical Society National Meeting,

poster session, Washington DC, USA, August 16–20, 2009.

• Vogel F., «Katalytische hydrothermale Vergasung nasser Biomasse. Biomasse Co-Verbrennung in der Gastur-

bine». CCEM Informationsveranstaltung, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, June 16, 2009.

• Nachtegaal M., Rabe S., Ulrich T., Vogel F., «Catalytic supercritical gasifi cation of wet biomass: Identifying

the catalytically active sites using in situ XAS». EuropaCat IX, poster session, Salamanca, Spain, August 30-

September 4, 2009.

• Vogel F., «Neue Technologien zur Erzeugung biogener Gase – Methan aus Holz und Hydrothermale Vergasung

nasser Biomasse». 4. Frühjahrstreffen der Betreiber von Biogasanlagen, Kleindöttingen, Switzerland, March

20, 2009 (invited talk).

• Steubing B., Wäger P., Zah R., «Assessing the critical factors that determine the availability of forest fuel in

Switzerland with an agent based model». International Workshop on Coping with Crises in Complex Socio-

Economic Systems, Zürich, 2009.

• Steubing B., Reinhard J., «LCA of SNG from biomass: LCA of the Production of Bio-SNG from Wood and Con-

siderations to the Optimal Plant Scale». Bio-SNG’09, Zürich, 2009.


Presentations

Appendix

• Steubing B., Reinhard J., «Life Cycle Analysis of the Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from Wood and Con-

siderations to the Optimal Plant Scale». 17th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, Hamburg, 2009.

• Zah R., «Biofuels from waste – a life cycle perspective». World Biofuels Markets, Brussels, 16.–16. March

2009.

• Zah R., Steubing B., Reinhard J., «Biomass Potential for SNG in Switzerland». Bio-SNG‘09, Zürich, 2009.

• Steubing B., Wäger P., «Investigating the supply of forest fuels as a function of forest managers’ behavior».

8th Biennial Conference on Environmental Psychology, Zurich, 2009.

• Steubing B., Wäger P., Zah R., «Untersuchung der kritischen Faktoren, welche die Verfügbarkeit von Ener-

gieholz beeinfl ussen mit einem agenten-basierten Modell». Die Forstwirtschaft und die Herausforderungen

globaler Entwicklungen, WSL Birmensdorf, 2009.

• Steubing B., Reinhard J., Zah R., «Potenzial und Nutzungsszenarien von Bioenergie in der Schweiz». Das

Potenzial für erneuerbare Energien in der Schweiz, Empa Dübendorf, 2009.

• Luterbacher J.S., Fröling M., Maréchal F., Vogel F., Tester J.W., «High yield methane generation from wet

biomass and waste». 3rd International Conference on Life Cycle Management Zurich, University of Zurich at

Irchel, August 27 to 29, 2007.

• Luterbacher J.S., Fröling M., Maréchal F., Vogel F., Tester J.W., «High yield methane generation from wet bio-

mass and waste». Alliance for Global sustainability meeting, Barcelona, March 15, 2007, Best poster Award.

WoodGas-SOFC – Integrated Biomass – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cogeneration

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Gas equilibrium and exergy analysis of the FICFB and Viking gasifi cation con-

cepts». 11th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution

Reduction, Prague, August 24–28, 2008, In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Process Integration, Mod-

elling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, num. Set 4.

• Wochele J., Ludwig Chr., Kowalski T., Biollaz S. «Online Trace Elemental Analysis of Process Gases – A Key to

Optimization and Assessment of Renewable Power Plants». Proceedings (CD) of R’07 World Congress, Recov-

ery of Materials and Energy for Resource Effi ciency, Davos (CH), September 2007.

• The CCEM project has been presented in the country report of the IEA biomass gasifi cation group. A project

overview seminar was given at PSI on November 15.

novatlantis – Sustainability at the ETH Domain – Promotion of Transdisciplinary Science

• Lütolf T., «The 2000-Watt Society in Developing Countries». Bayamo, Cuba, 2009.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Galileo2, February

20, 2009, Hamburg.

• Stulz R., «Energy Effi ciency in Buildings and Urban Development. The 2000-Watt Society Case in Switzer-

land». Aspen Institute Energy Conference March 25–27, 2009, Aspen, Colorado, USA.

• Stulz R., Business Climate Council, The Sustainability Forum, May 25, 2009, Copenhagen.

• Stulz R., «Mobilität und Bauen in der 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». September 18, 2009, Offenbach./ Frankfurt

a.M.

• Stulz R., «Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung, Leichter leben: Die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Forum Mensch und

Verkehr, October 2, 2009, Heidelberg.

• Stulz R., Ecleer EdF Meeting, Paris, November 6, 2009, Paris.

• Stulz R., «Energy Effi ciency: The Great Opportunity for Business, Innovation and CO2 Reduction». Low Car-

bon Cities, ISOCARP Conference, October 19–21, 2009, Porto.

• Bach C., «Sind Autos der Zukunft energieeffi zienter?». WWF/VCS-Event, March 3, 2009, Luzern.

• Bach C., hy.muve, handover-event, May 15, 2009, Basel.

• Bach C., TechDay, SATW, secondary school, June 4, 2009, Liestal.

• Bach C., «near Zero Emission Vehicle Project (nZEV)». Press conference Auto Basel, September 17, 2009,

Basel.

• Bach C., «Diversifi zierung auf Gas- und Elektro-Antriebe». Auto Basel, September 18, 2009, Basel.

• Bach C., «Mobility». SAE series of lectures, September 24, 2009, Basel.

• Bach C., «Erdgas und Strom: zwei saubere Treibstoffe!». Greenfi eld Conference, November 3, 2009, Basel.

• Bach C., «Ökoeffi ziente Mobilität – Stand der Technik». Energy aperitif, November 18, 2009, Basel.


• Dos Santos Pinto M., Conference leadership, Novatlantis construction forum, November 4, 2009, Basel.

• Lienin S., «Der Erlebnisraum Mobilität in der Übersicht mit Schwerpunkt Fahrzeugfl otten». Energy and envi-

ronment commission of the Chamber of Commerce of both Basels, August, 13, 2009, Basel.

• Lienin S., «Kostenwahrheit von Erdgas-Bussen». Greenfi eld-Symposium, November 3, 2009, Basel.

• Lienin S., «Der Erlebnisraum Mobilität in der Übersicht». Auto Basel, September 18, 2009, Basel.

• Lienin S., «Energieeffi ziente Mobilität». Energy aperitif, November 18, 2009, Basel.

• Schmausser E., «2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Trilogy Energy Series, March 12, 2009, Arbon.

• Schmausser E., «2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Bern University of Applied Sciences in Burgdorf, CAS sustainable

construction, April 26, 2009, Burgdorf.

• Schmausser E., «2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Members meeting for the Alternative City of Zurich, June 3,

2009, Zug.

• Schmausser E., «Die Stadt Zürich auf dem Weg zur 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». FORTUNE Fonds Services AG,

November 25, 2009, Zurich.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Energiekommission

Gossau SG, March 13, 2009, Gossau SG.

• Stulz R., «Quartiere in der 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Bern Planning Offi ce, April 6, 2009, Bern.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». June 4, 2009, Ef-

fretikon.

• Stulz R., «How the ETH-Domain contributes to Sustainable Development of Civil Society, from the 2000-watt

Society to the Eco-energy Lifestyle». ISCN-GULF Conference, June 10–12, 2009. Lausanne.

• Stulz R., «Strategie Seminar EnergieSchweiz». June 30–July 1, 2009, Unterägeri.

• Stulz R., «Footprint und 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Suvretta House, August 3, 2009, St. Moritz.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Municipal assembly,

August 18, 2009. Gossau SG.

• Stulz R., «Nachhaltig Bauen in der 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Hochtief, August 20, 2009, Zurich.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Certifi cate course for

sustainable development, August 26, 2009, Bern.

• Stulz R., «Quartiers sur la voie de la société à 2000-Watts / 1 t CO2, une opportunité pour plus de qualité de

vie». CREM, October 7, 2009. Martigny.

• Stulz R., «Von Risiken und Chancen. Der Wandel fi ndet statt. Gedanken zu einer nachhaltigen Zukunft».

Rotary Lunch, October 22, 2009, Flaach.

• Stulz R., «Leichter Leben. Auf den Weg in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». RIO Impuls, October 27, 2009,

Lucerne.

• Stulz R., «Bauen für die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft. Der Stand der Dinge.» Panel discussion, November 18,

2009, Rüschlikon.

• Stulz R., «Tag der Städte». Tagungsleitung, November 20, 2009, Zurich.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». November 24, 2009,

Solothurn.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». AXA-Winterthur,

November 27, 2009, Winterthur.

• Stulz R., «Von der Vision zur Realität. Mit 1 Tonnen CO2 in die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». Liegenschaftsver-

waltung Zürich (Zurich Property Management), December 11, 2009, Zurich.

• Stulz R., Swiss Political TV Roundtable: Participation as expert on energy policy at the Friday arena.

• Stulz R., «What Business Opportunities for Adaptation?». Roundtable at the Global Humanitarian Forum with

Kofi Annan, former General Secretary of the United Nations, as chairman, September 29, 2008, Geneva.

• Stulz R., Delhi Sustainable Development Conference organized by Dr. R.K. Pachauri, chairman of IPCC, Feb-

ruary 7-9, 2008, Delhi.

• Stulz R., «Towards a low carbon society: sustainable development of Shanghai Lingang City and Chongming

Eco-Island». A Shanghai – Shell Sustainable Energy Co-operation Forum, November 19, 2008, Shanghai.

• Stulz R., British-Swiss Roundtable: Workshop on energy-effi cient policy with experts and members of Parlia-

ment, Swiss Consulate, London.

• Stulz R., Chinese Media Delegation invited by «Präsenz Suisse» (department of foreign affairs) for an infor-

mational tour on sustainable development in Switzerland, October 30, 2008, ETH Zurich.

• Schmausser E., «2000-Watt Society – from the vision to the reality». Hilsa Forum, January 25, 2008, Basle.

Appendix

Presentations


• Schmausser E., «Vision of a 2000-Watt society – way out of the energy crisis?». Schaffhausen and Neuhau-

sen municipal factories at Rheinfall, January 8, 2008, Schaffhausen.

• Schmausser E., «Effects of climate change and the 2000-Watt society», For Econis customers, April 3, 2008,

Zurich.

• Schmausser E., «2000-Watt Society – From the vision to the reality». Blue Tech 08, September 18, 2008,

Winterthur.

• Schmausser E., «The 2000-Watt Society vision». Series of lectures on climate protection at the Vocational

School of Winterthur and surrounding area, November 20, 2008, Winterthur.

• Hartmann C., «The 2000-Watt Society». Presentation at the University of Applied Sciences of Rapperswil,

November 7, 2008, Rapperswil.

• Lütolf T., «The 2000-Watt Society». European congress for energy-effi cient building with wood, June 12,

2008, Cologne.

• Lütolf T., «Basic principles of sustainable buildings: the 2000-Watt Society and other starting positions».

Within the scope of a further-educational course on sustainable construction at the Lucerne University of Ap-

plied Sciences, October 10, 2008, Lucerne.

• Bach C., «Erdgas/Biogasfahrzeuge – ein ökologisch und ökonomisch interessanter Trend». AGORA confer-

ence, January 24, 2008, Horgen.

• Bach C., «Fahrzeug-Antriebe». Strategy workshop within the Steering committee of Experimental Space

Mobility, September 17, 2008, Basle.

• Bach C., «VOC- und NOx Emissionen im städtischen Umfeld». Conference of the Handelskammer beider

Basel (HKBB), October 15, 2008, Basle.

• Lienin S., «Public Private Partnerships for sustainable mobility». AGORA conference, April 24, 2008, Ar-

lesheim.

• Lienin S., «Erlebnisraum Mobilität – Neue Wege mit neuen Treibstoffen». Human being – society – environ-

ment (MGU), University of Basle, March 3, 2008, Basle.

• Ulli-Beer S., «Die gelebte Erlebnisraum-Mobilität Strategie». Strategy workshop Steering committee Experi-

mental Space Mobility, Basle, September 9, 2008, Basle.

• Ulli-Beer S., «Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement im Fuhrpark». About FLEET-Event 08.

• Stulz R., «Regional Energy Strategies». 7th International FEDRE Forum, January 24, 2007, Geneva.

Presentations

Appendix



• Weimer S., Mohr C., Good C., Lanz V., DeCarlo P., Richter R., Mohr M., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U.,

«Organic aerosol source apportionment using mass spectra of mobile laboratory data». To be submitted to

Environ. Sci. Technol.

• Chirico R., Heringa M., Tritscher T., DeCarlo P., Wehrle G., Richter R., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U.,

«Impact of a diesel car on primary and secondary organic aerosols». Proc. Advanced Atmospheric Aerosol

Symposium AAAS08, Naples, I, in Chemical Engineering Transactions, in press, 2009.

• Saurer M., Prevot A.S.H., Dommen J., Sandradewi J., Baltensperger U., Siegwolf R.T.W., «The infl uence of

traffi c and wood combustion on the stable isotopic composition of carbon monoxide». Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9,

3147–3161, 2009.

• Weimer S., Mohr C., Richter R., Keller J., Mohr M., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U., «Mobile measurements of

aerosol number and volume size distributions in an Alpine valley: Infl uence of traffi c versus wood burning».

Atmos. Environ. 43, 624–630, 2009.

• Jimenez J.L., Canagaratna M.R., Donahue N.M., Prevot A.S.H., Zhang Q., Kroll J.H., DeCarlo P.F., Allan J.D.,

Coe H., Ng N.L., Aiken A.C., Docherty K.D., Ulbrich I.M., Grieshop A.P., Robinson A.L., Duplissy J., Smith J.D.,

Wilson K.R., Lanz V.A., Hueglin C., Sun Y.L., Laaksonen A., Raatikainen T., Rautiainen J., Vaattovaara P., Ehn

M., Kulmala M., Tomlinson J.M., Collins D.R., Cubison M.J., Dunela E.J., Huffman J.A., Onasch T.B., Alfarra

M.R., Williams P.I., Bower K., Kondo Y., Schneider J., Drewnick F., Borrmann S., Weimer S., Demerjian K.,

Salcedo D., Cottrell L., Griffi n R., Takami A., Miyoshi T., Hatakeyama S., Shimono A., Sun J.Y., Zhang Y.M.,

Dzepina K., Kimmel J.R., Sueper D., Jayne J.T., Herndon S.C., Trimborn A.M., Williams L.R., Wood E.C., Kolb

C.E., Baltensperger U., Worsnop D.R., «Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere». Science, 326,

1525, 2009.

• Fierz M., Keller A., Burtscher H., «Charge-based personal aerosol samplers». Inhalation Toxicology, 21(S1):

30–34, 2009.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., Obrecht P., Bertola A., «Exhaust-stream and in-cylinder measurements and

analysis of the soot emissions from a common-rail Diesel engine using two fuels». Proceedings of the ASME

Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall technical coference, Lucerne, Switzerland, Sept. 27–30, 2009.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., Obrecht P., Bertola A., «Investigation of In-Cylinder Soot Formation and Oxidation

during Transient Engine Operation». Proceedings of the 31st International Energy Agency Task Leaders Meet-

ing, Lake Louise, Canada, Sept. 20–24, 2009.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., Obrecht P., «Soot Emission Measurements and Validation of a Mean Value Soot

Model for Common-Rail Diesel Engines During Transient Operation». SAE technical paper no. 2009-01-1904,

2009.

• Kirchen P., «Steady-State and Transient Diesel Soot Emissions: Development of a Mean Value Soot Model

and Exhaust-Stream and In-Cylinder Measurements». PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, ETH Diss. No.18088, 2009.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Development and Validation of a Phenomenological Mean Value Soot Model for

Common-Rail Diesel Engines». SAE Technical Paper no. 2009-01-1277, 2009.

• Liati A., Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P., «Characterisation of particulate matter deposited in diesel particulate

fi lters: visual and analytical approach in macro-, micro- and nano-scales». Submitted in Combustion and

Flame, 10/2009.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Tissler A., Althoff R., «Determination of the activities of different iron species

in Fe-ZSM-5 for NO-SCR». Submitted to Appl. Catal. B, 2009.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Wokaun A., Tissler A., Althoff R., «The role of Brønsted-acidity in the selective

catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over Fe-ZSM-5». J. Catal., in press, 2009.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Tissler A., Althoff R., «Estimation of the fractions of different nuclear iron

species in uniformly metal-exchanged Fe-ZSM-5 samples based on a Poisson distribution». Appl. Catal. A,

accepted manuscript, 2009.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Tissler A., Althoff R., «Assignment of active sites in Fe-ZSM-5 for the selective

catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia by catalytic tests and statistical considerations». J. Catal., submit-

ted, 2009.

• Tsinoglou D.N., Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P., Thurnheer T., Hofer P., «A simplifi ed transient model for 3-way

catalysts with honeycomb and foam substrates». Proc. IMechE (2009), Part D Vol. 223: J. Automobile Engi-

neering, 2009.

Publications


• Liati A., Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P., «Characterisation of particulate matter captured in diesel particulate

fi lters». Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 73/13, Supplement 1, A761, 2009.

• Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P., Tsinoglou D. N., Seyfert J., Bach C., Vogt U. F., Gorbar M., «Ceramic foam

substrates for automotive catalyst applications». Fluid mechanic analysis. Experiments in Fluids, Springer

Berlin/Heidelberg, 47, 2, 209–222, 2009.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Tissler A., Althoff R., «The state of the art in selective catalytic reduction of

NOx by ammonia using metal-exchanged zeolite catalysts». Catal. Rev. 50(4), 492–531, 2008.

• Winkler A., Hauert R., Dimopoulos P., Bach C., Aguirre M., «Catalytic activity and aging phenomena of three-

way catalysts in a compressed natural gas/gasoline powered passenger car». Applied Catalysis B: Environ-

mental, Vol. 84, Nr. 1–2, pp. 162–169, 10.2008.

• Dimopoulos P., Bach C., «Ceramic Foams for Automotive Catalyst Substrate Applications». EET-2008 Euro-

pean Ele-Drive Conference, International Advanced Mobility Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.

• Kirchen P. et al., «Correlation and Analyis of In-Cylinder and Engine-Out Soot Emission Measurements from

a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine». In 8. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, Stuttgart, Germany, Vol.2, p.

129–145, 2008.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Erarbeitung eines Algorithmus zur Berechnung der Partikelbildung aus Motor-

daten». In FVV Informationstagung Motoren, Frankfurt am Main, FVV. R541, p. 83–108, 2008.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Russemissionen des Common Rail Diesel-

motors beim stationären und transienten Betrieb». In 11. Symposium Dieselmotorentechnik, M. Bargende,

Editor, Ostfi ldern, Germany, p. 33–46, 2008.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Phänomenologisches Mittelwertmodell für Russ in transientem Motorbetrieb».

Motortechnische Zeitschrift, 07–08(69), 2008.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Measurement and Analysis of Soot Emissions During Transient Operation of a

Common Rail Passenger Car Diesel Engine». In 12th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanopar-

ticles, Zurich, Switzerland, 2008.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Phänomenologisches Modellierung der rohen Russemissionen eines Dieselmotors

beim stationären und transienten Betrieb». In 17th Aachen Colloquium: Automobile and Engine Technology.

Aachen, Germany, Vol. 1, p. 485–511, 2008.

• Fierz M., Weimer S., Burtscher H., «Design and performance of a miniaturized electrical diffusion battery».

J. Aerosol Science, in press, 2008.

• Fierz M., Weimer S., Burtscher H., «Miniaturized electrical diffusion battery compares well with TSI FMPS».

Proc. European Aerosol Conference, Thessaloniki, Aug. 2008.

• Zelenay V., Krepelová A., Ammann M., Vernooij M.G.C., Birrer M., Tzvetkov G., Raabe J., Huthwelker T.,

«A new device for the study of water uptake and release in aerosol particles using X-ray microspectros-

copy». Proc. European Aerosol Conference, Thessaloniki, Aug. 2008.

• Pizza G., Mantzaras J., Frouzakis C.E., Tomboulides A.G., Boulouchos K., «Suppression of combustion insta-

bilities of premixed hydrogen/air fl ames in microchannels using heterogeneous reactions». Proc. Combust.

Inst. article in press, 2008.

• Pizza G., Frouzakis C.E., Mantzaras J., Tomboulides A.G., Boulouchos K., «Dynamics of premixed hydrogen/

air fl ames in mesoscale channels», Combustion and Flame 155, pp. 2–20, 2008.

• Pizza G., Frouzakis C.E., Mantzaras J., Tomboulides A.G., Boulouchos K., «Dynamics of premixed hydrogen/

air fl ames in microchannels», Combustion and Flame 152, pp. 433–450, 2008.

• Aiken A.C., DeCarlo P.F., Kroll J.H., Worsnop D.R., Huffman J.A., Docherty K., Ulbrich I.M., Mohr C., Kimmel

J.R., Sueper D., Zhang Q., Sun Y., Trimborn A., Northway M., Ziemann P.J., Canagaratna M., Onasch T.B.,

Alfarra M.R., Prevot A.S.H., Dommen J., Duplissy J., Metzger A., Baltensperger U., Jimenez J.L., «O/C and

OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high resolution time-of-fl ight aerosol

mass spectrometer». Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, 2008.

• Duplissy J., Gysel M., Alfarra M.R., Dommen J., Metzger A., Prevot A.S.H., Weingartner E., Laaksonen A.,

Raatikainen T., Good N., Turner S.F., McFiggans G., Baltensperger U., «The cloud forming potential of second-

ary organic aerosol under near atmospheric conditions». Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03818, doi:10.1029/

2007GL031075, 2008.

• Weimer S., Mohr C., Richter R., Mohr M., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U., «Highly time and spatially resolved

measurements of aerosol size distributions with an FMPS in an Alpine Valley». Atmos. Environ., in press,

2008.

Publications


• Baltensperger U., Prevot A.S.H., «Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols». Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 390,

277–280, 2008.

• Chirico R., Heringa M., Tritscher T., DeCarlo P., Wehrle G., Richter R., Prevot A.S.H., Baltensperger U.,

«Impact of a diesel car on primary and secondary organic aerosols». Proc. Advanced Atmospheric Aerosol

Symposium AAAS08, Naples, I, in Chemical Engineering Transactions, in press.

• Brandenberger S., Kröcher O., Tissler A., Althoff R., «Selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia over

metal exchanged zeolites». Catal. Rev., accepted with minor revisions.

• Dimopoulos P., Bach C., Vogt U. F., Herrmann K., «Ceramic Foams as Catalyst Substrates: Pre-catalyst ap-

plication homogenising the Exhaust Flow upstream of Aftertreatment Devices». SAE Paper 2007-24-0097.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Modellierung der rohen Russemissionen eines Dieselmotors». FVV Heft R 537,

2007.

• Kirchen P., Boulouchos K., «Russpartikel – Rohemissionsberechnung: Zwischenbericht». FVV Frühjahrsta-

gung, Frankfurt, Germany, 22.03.2007.

• Fierz M., Burtscher H., Steigmeier P., Kasper M., «Field measurement of particle size and number concentra-

tion with the Diffusion Size Classifi er (DiSC)». SAE, 08PFL–484, 2007.

• Duplissy J., Gysel M., Alfarra M.R., Dommen J., Metzger A., Prevot A.S.H., Weingartner E., Laaksonen A.,

Raatikainen T., Good N., Turner S.F., McFiggans G., Baltensberger U., «The cloud forming potential of second-

ary organic aerosol under near atmospheric conditions». Gwophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2008.

hy.muve – Hydrogen Driven Municipal Vehicle

• Walter S., Ruiz de Castaneda C., Ulli-Beer S., Bach Ch., «Die CityCat H2, ein wasserstoffbetriebenes Kom-

paktkehrfahrzeug im Alltagstest». Kommunalmagazin, Januar/Februar 2010.

• Bach Ch., «Titel, Automobile der Zukunft: Diversifi zierung der Treibstoffe und breitere Palette an Antrieb-

stechnologien». Strassenverkehr, 2/2009.

• Walter S., Perret S., Ulli-Beer S., Lienin S., Wokaun A., «Schritte zur Nischenmarktentwicklung eines Kom-

munalfahrzeuges mit Wasserstoffantrieb: hy.muve / CityCat H2 Übergabeanlass vom 14. Mai 2009 in Basel».

Bericht im Rahmen des Novatlantis-Projektes «Erlebnisraum Mobilität in der 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft – Pi-

lotregion Basel». Mai 2009.

• Bach Ch., Schlienger P., «Hy.muve in der Schweiz». HZWEI, Januar 2009.

• Bach Ch., «Unterwegs auf die Strasse». EnergyNow! November 2008.

HY_Change – Transition to Hydrogen Based Trans portation – Challenges and Opportunities

• Ulli-Beer S., Kasemir B., Lienin S., Wokaun A., «How can regions develop robust technology change strate-

gies towards sustainable road transportation?». A case analysis of the novatlantis pilot region Basel in Swit-

zerland. Technovation (submitted).

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Tipping point and technological lock-in: Effects from a

social behavioural norm building process». Technological Forecasting and Social Change (submitted).

• Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Generic Structure to Simulate Acceptance Dynamics». System Dy-

namics Review, in press, 2010.

• Bouza M., Ulli-Beer S., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «Comparison of possible transformation processes in the auto-

mobile industry». Proceedings of the 9th Swiss Transportation Research Conference, Monte Verità, Ascona TI,

p. 26, September 9–11, 2009.

• Bouza M., Ulli-Beer S., Dietrich P., Wokaun A., «Endogenous transformation in the automobile industry».

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico,

USA. p. 11, July 26–30, 2009.

• Gül T., Turton H., «Illustrating perspectives of energy and mobility». PSI Report 09-08. Paul Scherrer Insti-

tute, Switzerland, 2009.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Dietrich P., Wokaun A. (2009a), «What alternative drive-train technologies and

policies are needed to meet a 50% CO2 reduction target?». In S. Das (Ed.), «Sustainable Mobility Applica-

tions for Engineering». SAE International, Detroit, Michigan, USA. ISBN: 978-0-7680-2154-7, 2009.

Appendix

Publications


• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Dietrich P., Wokaun A. (2009b), «What alternative drive-train technologies and

policies are needed to meet a 50% CO2 reduction target? The case of the EU-fl eet». DN: 2009-01-0319. SAE

World Congress «Racing to Green Mobility». Sustainable GHG Emission. Detroit, Michigan, USA, April 2009.

• Wilhelm E., Schenler W.W., «Heuristics for the Design of Advanced Powertrains: Strategies for Manufactur-

ers». Proceedings of the International Advanced Mobility Forum (IAMF), Geneva, Switzerland, March 10–12th,

2009.

• Wilhelm E., Schenler W.W., «Heuristic Design of Advanced Drives: Analysis of Trade-offs in Powertrain Elec-

trifi cation». Invited Proceedings: WEVA Journal, Special Edition. Electric Vehicle Symposium 23 (EVS 23),

Stavanger, Norway, 13–16th May, 2009.

• Gül T., Kypreos S., Turton H., Barreto L., «An energy-economic scenario analysis of alternative fuels for

transport using the Global Multi-regional MARKAL model». Energy 43, 1423–1437, doi:10.1016/

j.energy.2009.04.010, 2009.

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «The effect of multi-incentive policies on the compe-

tition of drivetrain technologies». Talk & Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of the System

Dynamics Society, Athens, Greece, July 20 – July 24, 2008.

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Diffusion of different competing drivetrain technolo-

gies: model based policy analysis». Talk & Proceedings of the EET-2008 European Ele-Drive Conference,

International Advanced Mobility Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, March 11–13, 2008.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Citizens’ Choice: Modeling long term technology

transition in the automobile industry». Talk & Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of the System

Dynamics Society, Athens, Greece, July 20–24, 2008.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Wokaun A., «Der Weg zum emissionsarmen Fahrzeugfuhrpark: Emissionsarme

Flottenfahrzeuge – Erfolgsfaktoren und Stolpersteine bei der Umstellung». aboutFleet (Flottenmagazin der

Schweiz), 4, September/Oktober, 2008.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Guiding citizens’ choice towards smart energy tech-

nologies». Conference Proceedings of Smart Energy Strategies: Meeting the Climate Change Challenge, vdf,

ETH Zurich, Switzerland, September 8–10, 2008.

• Gül T., «An energy-economic analysis of alternative fuels for transport». PhD thesis Nr. 17888, ETH Zurich,

Switzerland, 2008.

• Gül T., Kypreos S., Turton H., L. Barreto, «A modelling analysis of cost-effective technology choices for reduc-

ing CO2 emissions in European transport». Energy Policy, submitted 2008.

• Kellenberger M., «Grössere Bedrohung: Auto- oder Klima-Crash? Analyse der Austauschbeziehung zwischen

Sicherheit, Treibstoffverbrauch und Kosten, bezüglich nicht-struktureller Fahrzeugkomponenten». Bachelor

Thesis for the Earth Science Department of the ETH-Zürich, Switzerland. Supervised by E. Wilhelm and W.W.

Schenler, submitted August 2008.

• Krzyzanowski D., Kypreos S., Barreto, L., «Supporting hydrogen based transportation: case studies with

Global MARKAL Model». Journal of Computational Management Science 5 (3), 207–231, doi: 10.1007/

s10287-007-0040-5, 2008.

• Turton H., Moura F., «Vehicle-to-grid systems for sustainable development: an integrated energy

analysis». Technological Forecasting and Social Change (available online), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

j.techfore.2007.11.013, 2008.

• Felder R., Meier A., «Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Solar Hydrogen Production and Utilization for Passenger Car

Transportation». J. Solar Energy Engineering 130, 011017, 2008.

• Felder R., Meier A., Wokaun A., «Solar Hydrogen as Future Transportation Fuel – Well-to-wheel Analysis and

Economic Assessment». Proc. 14th International Biennial SolarPACES Concentrating Solar Power Symposium,

Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, March 4–7, 2008.

• Wilhelm E., Schenler W.W., «The Co-Evolution of Plug-in and Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles». International Ad-

vanced Mobility Forum. March 11–13, 2008.

• Wilhelm E.J., Berry I., Stevens M.B., Schenler W.W., «CARtography: Creating a Global Map-Based Fuel Use

Calculator». Proceedings of the 2008 American Society for Engineering Education conference. Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania. June 22–25, 2008.

• Felder R., «Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Renewable Transport Fuels: Synthetic Natural Gas from Wood Gasifi ca-

tion and Hydrogen from Concentrated Solar Energy». Ph.D. Thesis, ETH No. 17437, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,

2007.

Publications

Appendix


• Felder R., Dones R., «Evaluation of ecological impacts of synthetic natural gas from wood used in current

heating or car systems». Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), pp. 403–435, 2007.

• Felder R., «Well-to-wheel analysis of solar produced hydrogen for future passenger car transport systems».

3rd International Conference on Life Cycle Management (LCM 2007), Zurich, Switzerland, August 27–29,

2007.

• Meier A., Felder R., «Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production Using Concentrating Solar Power Tech-

nologies». SPS Annual Meeting, Zurich, Switzerland, February 20–21, 2007.

• Steinbacher M., Fischer A., Vollmer M. K., Buchmann B., Reimann S., Hueglin C., «Perennial observations of

molecular hydrogen (H2) at a suburban site in Switzerland». Atmospheric Environment, (41), 2111–2124,

2007.

• Vollmer M. K., Juergens N., Steinbacher M., Reimann S., Weilenmann M., Buchmann B., «Road vehicle emis-

sions of molecular hydrogen (H2) from a tunnel study». Atmospheric Environment, (41), 8355–8369, 2007.

• Wilhelm E., Fowler M.W., Fraser R.A., Stevens M., «Hardware-in-the-loop platform development for hybrid

vehicles». November 1–2, 2007. PHEV 2007 Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2007.

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Developing a diffusion model of competing alterna-

tive drivetrain technologies (cadt-model)». Proceedings of the 25th International Conference of the System

Dynamics Society, Boston, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2007.

• Gül T., Kypreos S., Barreto L., «Hydrogen and Biofuels – A Modelling Analysis of Competing Energy Carri-

ers for Western Europe». Proceedings of the World Energy Congress «Energy Future in an Interdependent

World». Rome, Italy, 11–15 November, 2007.

• Turton H., Barreto L., «Automobile Technology, Hydrogen and Climate Change: A Long-term Modeling Analy-

sis». International Journal of Alternative Propulsion 1, 397–426, 2007.

• Krzyzanowski D., Kypreos S., Barreto L., «Assessment of Market Penetration Potential of Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Vehicles». International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy (Special Issue on Technology Characterisa-

tion and the Modelling of Energy and Climate Policy), in press, 2007.

• Ryan L., Turton H., «Sustainable automobile transport: shaping climate change policy». Edward Elgar, ISBN

978-1-84720-451-6, 2007.

• Spielmann M., Althaus H.-J., «Can a prolonged car use of a passenger car reduce environmental burdens?

Life cycle analysis of Swiss passenger cars». Journal of Cleaner Production 15(11–12), 1122-1134, 2007.

• Ulli-Beer S., Bosshardt M., «Innovative Flottenbetreiber». aboutFleet (Flottenmagazin der Schweiz, 5,

Dezember 2005), 2006.

• Gassmann F., Ulli-Beer S., Wokaun A., «Acceptance Dynamics». Talk & Proceedings of the 24th International

Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Nijmegen, NL, July 23–27, 2006.

• Bosshardt M., Ulli-Beer S., Gassmann F., Wokaun A., «Conceptualizing the substitution processes of techno-

logical change in the Swiss carfl eet». Talk & Proceedings of the 24th International Conference of the System

Dynamics Society, Nijmegen, NL, July 23–27, 2006.

• Felder R., Meier A., «Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Solar Hydrogen Production and Utilization for Passenger Car

Transportation». Proc. 13th SolarPACES International Symposium, Seville, Spain, June 20–23, 2006.

• Felder R., Meier A., «Well-To-Wheel Analysis of Solar Produced Hydrogen for Future Transportation Systems».

Proc. 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC 16), Lyon, France, June 13–16, 2006.

• Gül T., Stenzel T., «Intermittency of Wind: A Wider perspective», International Journal of Global Energy Is-

sues 25 (3–4), 163–186, 2006.

• Krzyzanowski D.A., «Conditions for market penetration of hydrogen fuel cell cars in the transportation sec-

tor». Ph.D. Thesis, Nr. 16692, ETH Zurich, June 2006.


Conversion

LAV-ETHZ

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• Chikatamarla S., Karlin I., «Lattices for lattice Boltzmann method». Phys. Rev. E 79, 046701, 2009.

• Chiavazzo E., Karlin I.V., Frouzakis C., Boulouchos K., «Method of invariant grid for model reduction of hydro-

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• Prasianakis N.I., «Lattice Boltzmann method for thermal compressible fl ows». ETH Thesis 17739, 2008.

• Chikatamarla S.S., «Hierarchy of lattice Boltzmann models for fl uid mechanics». ETH Thesis 17893, 2008.

• Chikatamarla S.S., Karlin I.V., «Complete Galilean invariant lattice Boltzmann models». Comput. Phys. Com-

mun. 179, 140, 2008.

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• Yudistiawan W., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., «Hydrodynamics beyond Navier-Stokes: Slip fl ow model». Phys.

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• Bardow A., Karlin I.V., Gusev A., «Multi-speed models in off-lattice Boltzmann simulations». Phys. Rev. E 77,

025701 (Rapid Communication), 2008.

• Chiavazzo E., Karlin I.V., «Quasi-equilibrium grid algorithm: Geometric construction for model reduction».

J. Comput. Physics 227, 5535, 2008.

• Prasianakis N.I., Karlin I.V., «Lattice Boltzmann simulation of compressible fl ows on standard lattices». Phys.

Rev. E 78, 016704. 2008.

• Arcidiacono S., Mantzaras J., Karlin I.V., «Lattice Boltzmann simulation of catalytic reactions». Phys. Rev. E

78, 046711, 2008.

• Karlin I.V., Chikatamarla S.S., Ansumali S., «Elements of the lattice Boltzmann method II. Kinetics and hy-

drodynamics in one dimension». Commun. Comput. Phys. 2, 196–238, 2007.

• Ansumali S., Karlin I. V., Arcidiacono S., Abbas A., Prasianakis N.I., «Hydrodynamics beyond Navier-Stokes:

Exact Solution to the Lattice Boltzmann Hierarchy». Physical Review Letters 98, 124502, 2007.

• Ansumali S., Arcidiacono S., Chikatamarla S.S., Prasianakis N.I., Gorban A.N., Karlin I.V., «Quasi-equilibrium

lattice Boltzmann method». Euro. Physics. J. B 56, 135–139, 2007.

• Colangeli M., Karlin I.V., Kroger M., «From hyperbolic regularization to exact hydrodynamics for linearized

Grad’s equations». Phys. Rev. E 75, 051204, 2007.

• Colangeli M., Karlin I.V., Kroger M., «Hyperbolicity of exact hydrodynamics for three-dimensional linearized

Grad’s equations». Phys. Rev. E 76, 022201, 2007.

• Arcidiacono S., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras J., Frouzakis C.E., «Lattice Boltzmann model for the simulation of multi-

component mixtures». Phys. Rev. E 76, 016702 (2007).

• Tosi F., Ubertini S., Succi S., Karlin I.V., «Optimization strategies for the entropic lattice Boltzmann method».

Journal of Scientifi c Computing 30, 369–287, 2007.

• Prasianakis N.I., Karlin I.V., «Lattice Boltzmann method for thermal fl ow simulation on standard lattices».

Phys. Rev. E 76, 016702 (2007).

• Karlin I.V., Ansumali S., «Renormalization of the lattice Boltzmann hierarchy». Phys. Rev. E 76, 025701

(Rapid Communication), 2007.

• Chiavazzo E., Gorban A.N., Karlin I.V., «Comparison of invariant manifolds for model reduction in chemical

kinetics». Commun. in Comput. Phys. 2, 964–992, 2007.

• Karlin I.V., Chikatamarla S.S., Ansumali S., «Elements of the Lattice Boltzmann Method II: Kinetics and Hy-

drodynamics in One Dimension». Commun. in Comput. Phys. 2, 196–238, 2007.

• Borok S., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., «Kinetically reduced local Navier-Stokes equations for simulation of incom-

pressible viscous fl ows». Phys. Rev. E 76(6), 066704 (2007).

• Chikatamarla S.S., Karlin I.V., «Entropy and Galilean invariance of lattice Boltzmann theories». Physical

Review Letters, 97, 190601 (2006).

• Chikatamarla S.S., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., «Entropic lattice Boltzmann models for hydrodynamics in three

dimensions». Physical Review Letters, 97, 010201 (2006).

• Karlin I.V., Tomboulides A., Frouzakis C.E., Ansumali S., «Kinetically reduced local Navier – Stokes equa-

tions: An alternative approach to hydrodynamics». Physical Review E. Rapid Communication, 74, 035702(R)

(2006).

• Arcidiacono S., Mantzaras J., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Frouzakis C., Boulouchos K., «Simulation of binary

mixtures with the lattice Boltzmann method». Physical Review E, 74(5) 056707 (2006).


• Bardow A., Karlin I.V., Gusev A.A., «General characteristic-based algorithm for off-lattice Boltzmann simula-

tions». Europhysics Letters 75(3), 434–440, 2006.

• Chikatamarla S.S., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., «Grad’s approximation for missing data in lattice Boltzmann

simulations». Europhysics Letters, 74(2), 215–221, 2006.

• Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Frouzakis C.E., Boulouchos K., «Entropic lattice Boltzmann method for microfl ows».

Physica A 359, 289–305, 2006.

• Karlin I.V., Ansumali S., Frouzakis C.E., Chikatamarla S.S., «Elements of the lattice Boltzmann method I.

Linear advection equation». Commun. Comput. Phys. 1(4), 616–665, 2006.

• Gorban A.N., Karlin I.V., «Quasi-equilibrium closure hierarchies for the Boltzmann equation». Physica A 360,

325–364, 2006.

• Prasianakis N., Chikatamarla S.S., Karlin I.V., Ansumali S., Boulouchos K., «Entropic lattice Boltzmann

method for simulation of thermal fl ows». Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 72, 179–183, 2006.

• Arcidiacono S., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras I., Boulouchos K., «Entropic lattice Boltzmann method for

simulation of binary mixtures». Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 72, 79–83, 2006.

• Tosi F., Ubertini S., Succi S., Chen H., Karlin I.V., «A comparison of single-time relaxation lattice Boltzmann

schemes with enhanced stability». Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 17, 1375–1390, 2006.

• Tosi F., Ubertini S., Succi S., Chen H., Karlin I.V., «Numerical stability of entropic versus positivity-enforcing

lattice Boltzmann schemes». Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 72, 227–231, 2006.

• Gorban A.N., Karlin I.V., Zinovyev A.Yu., «Invariant Grids: Method of Complexity Reduction in Reaction Net-

works». ComPlexUs 2004-05,2:110–127, 2006.

• Ansumali S., Frouzakis C., Karlin I.V., Kevrekidis I.G., «Lattice Boltzmann method and kinetic theory, Model

Reduction and Coarse-Graining Approaches for Multiscale Phenomena». A.Gorban et al, eds. (Springer, Ber-

lin), pp. 403–422, 2006.

PSI

• Prasianakis N.I., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras J., Boulouchos K.B., «Lattice Boltzmann method with restored Galilean

invariance». Phys. Rev. E 79, 066702 (2009).


investigation of the hetero-/homogeneous combustion of lean propane/air mixtures over platinum». Proc.

Combust. Inst. 32, 32:1947–1955, 2009.

• Pizza G., Mantzaras J., Frouzakis C., Tomboulides A., Boulouchos K., «Suppression of combustion instabilities

of premixed hydrogen/air fl ames in microchannels using heterogeneous reactions». Proc. Combust. Inst. 32,

32:3051–3058, 2009.

• Mantzaras J., «Catalytic combustion of syngas, in Gas synthesis combustion: fundamentals and applica-

tions». Eds. T.C. Lieuwen and V. Yang, Taylor and Francis Publ., London, ISBN: 978-1-4200-8534-1, pp.

223–260, 2009.


platinum at pressures up to 10 bar». Proc. Combust. Inst. 32:1937–1945, 2009.

• Kurdyumov V.N., Pizza G., Frouzakis C., Mantzaras J., «Dynamics of premixed fl ames in a narrow channel

with a step-wise wall temperature». Combust. Flame, 156:2190–2200, 2009.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., «Numerical investigation on the startup of methane-fueled catalytic microre-

actors». Combust. Flame, accepted 2009.


investigation of the hetero-/homogeneous combustion of lean propane/air mixtures over platinum». Proc.

Combust. Inst. 32 (2009), doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.1006.1063, in press, 2009.

• Arcidiacono S., Mantzaras J., Karlin I.V., «Lattice Boltzmann simulation of catalytic reactions». Phys. Rev. E

78, 046711 (2008).

• Karagiannidis S., Marketos K., Mantzaras J., Schaeren R., Boulouchos K., «Experimental and numerical inves-

tigation of a propane-fueled, catalytic mesoscale combustor». Catal. Today, submitted 2008.

• Pizza G., Frouzakis C., Mantzaras J., Tomboulides A., Boulouchos K., «Dynamics of premixed hydrogen/air

fl ames in mesoscale channels». Combust. Flame 155, 2–20, 2008.

• Pizza G., Frouzakis C.E., Mantzaras J., Tomboulides A., Boulouchos K., «Dynamics of premixed hydrogen/air

fl ames in microchannels». Combust. Flame 152, 433–450, 2008.

• Mantzaras J., «Catalytic combustion of syngas». Combust. Sci. Technol., 180, 1137–1168, 2008.

Appendix

Publications


Publications

• Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Eriksson S., «Ignition and extinction in catalytic partial oxidation of methane-

oxygen mixtures with large H2O and CO2 dilution». Combust. Sci. Technol. 180, 89–126, 2008.

• Mantzaras J., «Evaluation of models for heterogeneous catalysis, Modelling of heterogeneous catalytic reac-

tions». Ed. O. Deutschmann, Wiley-VCH Publ., New York, in press, 2008.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., Jackson G., Boulouchos K., «Hetero-/homogeneous combustion and stability

maps in methane-fueled catalytic microreactors». Proceedings Combustion Institute 31, 3309–3317, 2007.

(Distinguished paper award).

• Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Bombach R., Schenker S., Tylli N., Jansohn P., «Laser induced fl uorescence of

formaldehyde and Raman measurements of major species during partial catalytic oxidation of methane with

large H2O and CO2 dilution at pressures up to 10 bar». Proceedings Combustion Institute 31, 1973–1981,

2007.

• Eriksson S., Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Wolf M., Järås S., «Experimental and numerical investigation of sup-

ported rhodium catalysts for partial oxidation of methane in exhaust gas diluted reaction mixtures». Chemi-

cal Engineering Science 62, 3991–4011, 2007.

• Reinke M., Mantzaras J., Bombach R., Schenker S., Tylli N., Boulouchos K., «Effects of H2O and CO2 dilution

on the catalytic and gas phase combustion of methane over platinum at elevated pressures». Combustion

Science and Technology 179, 553–600, 2007.

• Arcidiacono S., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras J., Frouzakis C.E., «Lattice Boltzmann Model for the Simulation of Multi-

component Mixtures». Physical Review E, 76, 046703 (2007).

• Ansumali S., Arcidiacono S., Chikatamarla S.S., Prasianakis N.I., Gorban A.N., Karlin I.V., «Quasi-equilibrium

lattice Boltzmann method». The European Physical Journal B, 56:135–139, 2007.

• Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Arcidiacono S., Abbas A., Prasianakis N.I., «Hydrodynamics beyond Navier-Stokes:

Exact solutions to the lattice Boltzmann hierarchy». Physical Review Letters, 98:124502, 2007.

• Schneider A., «Experimental and numerical investigation of the catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syn-

thesis gas for power generation applications». Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich, Nr. 17183, 2007.

• Marketos K., «Experimental testing of a catalytic, mesoscale, propane-fueled combustor for a mesoscale gas

turbine». Master thesis, ETHZ, 2007.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., Jackson G., Boulouchos K., «Hetero-/homogeneous combustion and stability

maps in methane-fueled catalytic microreactors». Proceedings Combustion Institute, 31:3309–3317, 2007.

(Distinguished paper award).

• Arcidiacono S., Mantzaras J., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Frouzakis C., Boulouchos K., «Simulation of binary

mixtures with the lattice Boltzmann method». Physical Review E, 74(5) 056707 (2006).

• Arcidiacono S., Ansumali S., Karlin I.V., Mantzaras I., Boulouchos K., «Entropic lattice Boltzmann method for

simulation of binary mixtures». Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 72, 79–83, 2006.

• Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Jansohn P., «Experimental and numerical investigation of the catalytic partial

oxidation of CH4/O2 mixtures diluted with H2O and CO2 in a short contact time reactor». Chemical Engineer-

ing Science 61, 4634–4649, 2006.

• Eriksson S., Wolf M., Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Raimondi F., Boutonnet M., Järas S., «Fuel-rich catalytic

combustion of methane in zero emissions power generation processes». Catalysis Today 117, 447–453,

2006.

• Mantzaras J., «Interplay of transport and hetero-/homogeneous chemistry». Focus on combustion research,

Ed. S.Z. Jiang, Nova Science Publ., New York, ISBN: 1-59454-23-4, pp.241–314, 2006.

• Mantzaras J., «Understanding and modeling of thermofl uidic processes in catalytic combustion». Catalysis

Today 117, 394–406, 2006.

LTNT-ETHZ

• Raberger N.B., Stutz M.J., Hotz N., Poulikakos D., «Simulation of the post-combustor for the treatment of

toxic and fl ammable exhaust gases of a micro SOFC». J. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech. 6, 041002 (2009).

• Hotz N., Koc N., Schwamb T., Schirmer N.C., Poulikakos D., «Catalytic porous ceramic prepared in-situ by

sol-gelation for butane-to-syngas processing in microreactors». AIChE J. 55, 1849–1859, 2009.

• Zinovik I., Poulikakos D., «Modeling the temperature fi eld in the reforming anode of a button-shaped solid

oxide fuel cell». Electrochimica Acta 54, 6234–6243, 2009.

• Pavese E., «CFD simulation of fl ow in 3D reconstruction of SOFC anode». ETH BS Thesis, 2009.


• Hotz N., Osterwalder N., Stark W.J., Bieri N.R., Poulikakos D., «Disk-shaped packed bed micro-reactor for

butane-to-syngas processing». Chemical Engineering Science, 63, 21, 5193–5201, 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Beckel D., Infortuna A., Muecke U.P., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., Rey-Mermet S., Muralt P.,

Bieri N.R., Hotz N., Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., Heeb P., Müller P., Bernard A., Gmür R., Hocker T., «A Micro-

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System as Battery Replacement». J. Power Sources 177, 123–130, 2008.

• Stutz M.J., Grass R.N., Loher S., Stark W.J., Poulikakos D., «Fast and exergy effi cient start-up of micro-solid

oxide fuel cell systems by using the reformer or the post-combustor for start-up heating». J. Power Sources

182 (2), 558–564, 2008.

• Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., «Optimum washcoat thickness of a monolith reactor for syngas production by par-

tial oxidation of methane». Chemical Engineering Science 63, 1761–1770, 2008.

• Hotz N., «Butane-to-syngas processing in novel micro-reactors for solid oxide fuel cell-based small-scale

powerplants». ETH Thesis 17898, 2008.

• Hotz N., Stutz M.J., Loher S., Stark W.J., Poulikakos D., «Syngas production from butane using a fl ame-made

Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst». Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 73, Iss. 3–4, 336–344, 2007.

• Stutz M., «Hydrocarbon fuel processing of micro solid oxide fuel cell systems». ETH Thesis 17455, 2007.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Poulikakos D., «Exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell micropowerplant». Journal of

Power Sources, Vol. 158, Issue 1, 333–347, 2006.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Lee M.T., Grigoropoulos C.P., Poulikakos D., «Exergetic analysis of fuel cell micropower-

plants fed by methanol». Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49(15–16), 2397–2411, 2006.


loading and geometry». Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, 4027–4040, 2006.


ane». Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 60, Iss. 24, 6983–6997, 2005.

EPFL

• Thampi K.R., McEvoy A.J., El-Roustom B., «Cermet Anodes Fully Desensitized to Sulfur». Proceedings of the

Luzern Fuel Cell Forum 2008, paper No. A0506, 2008.

• Smith M., McEvoy A.J., ECS Transactions, 7(1) 373, 2007.

Empa

• Erat S., Braun A., Ovalle A., Piamonteze C., Liu Z., Graule T., Gauckler L.J., «Correlation of O(1s) and Fe(2p)

NEXAFS spectra and electrical conductivity of La1-xSrxFe0.75Ni0.25O3-δ». Appl. Phys. Lett., 95(17), 174108, 2009.

• Braun A., Ovalle A., Erat S., Pomjakushin V., Cervellino A., Stolte W., Graule T., «Yttrium and hydrogen super-

structure and correlation of lattice expansion and proton conductivity in the BaZr0.9Y0.1O2.95 proton conduc-

tor». Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, 224103, 2009.

• Braun A., Zhang X., Sun Y., Müller U., Liu Z., Erat S., Ari M., Grimmer H., Mao S.S., Graule T., «Correlation of

high temperature X-ray photoemission valence band spectra and conductivity in strained LaSrFeNi-oxide on

SrTiO3(110)». Applied Physics Letters, 95, 022107, 2009.

• Braun A., Bayraktar D., Harvey A.S., Beckel D., Purton J.A., Holtappels P., Gauckler L.J., Graule T., «Pre-

edges in oxygen (1s) x-ray absorption spectra: A spectral indicator for electron hole depletion and transport

blocking in iron perovskites». Applied Physics Letters 94(20), 202102, 2009.

• Allen A.J., Ilavsky J., Braun A., «Multi-Scale Microstructure Characterization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Assem-

blies with Ultra Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering». Advanced Engineering Materials 11(6), 495–501, 2009.

• Ried P., «Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell cathodes for operation at 600°C». Thesis, Universität Leoben,

January 2009.

• Braun A., Richter J., Vogt U., Holtappels P., Harvey A. S., Gauckler L. J., Frei A., Conder K., Mun B. S.,

Graule Th., «Electron hole–phonon interaction, correlation of structure, and conductivity in single crystal

La0.9Sr0.1FeO3». Applied Physics Letters 93, 262103, 2008.

• Haas O., Vogt U.F., Soltmann C., Braun A., Yoon W.-S., Yang X.Q., Graule T., «The Fe K-edge X-Ray Absorp-

tion Characteristics of La1-xSrxFeO3-δ Prepared by Solid State Reaction». Materials Research Bulletin 44,

1397–1404, 2009.

• Braun A., Duval S., Embs J.P., Juranyi F., Ried P., Holtappels P., Hempelmann R., Stimming U., Graule Th.,

«Proton diffusivity in the BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-delta proton conductor». Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 39(4),

471–475, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Braun A., Janousch M., Sfeir J., Kiviaho J., Noponen M., Huggins F.E., Smith M.J., Steinberger-Wilckens R.,

Holtappels P., Graule T., «Molecular speciation of sulfur in solid oxide fuel cell anodes with x-ray absorption

spectroscopy». J. Power Sources 183(2), 564–570, 2008.

• Richter J., Braun A., Harvey A.S., Holtappels P., Graule T., Gauckler L.J., «Valence changes of manganese and

praseodymium in Pr(1–x)Sr(x)Mn(1–y)In(y)O(3–δ) perovskites upon cation substitution as determined with XANES

and ELNES». Physica B 403(1) 87–94, 2008.

• Holtappels P., Braun A., Thünemann T., Vogt U., «Characterization of mixed conducting La-Sr-Fe oxides for

application in solid oxide fuel cells». ECS Transactions – Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Volume 7 (1) 1025–1031,

2007.


• Thurnheer T., Edenhauser D., Soltic P., Schreiber D., Kirchen P., Sankowski A., «Experimental in-vestigation

on different injection strategies in a heavy-duty diesel engine: Emissions and loss analysis». Submitted to

Energy Conversion & Management, September 23, 2009.

• Wright Y.M., Margari O.-N., Boulouchos K., De Paola G., Mastorakos E., «Experiments and Simulations of n-

Heptane Spray Auto-Ignition in a Closed Combustion Chamber at Diesel Engine Conditions». Flow, Turbu-

lence and Combustion 84, 2009.

• Sturzenegger B., «3D-CRFD und Messungen am Einzylinder-Forschungsmotor MTU 396». Master Thesis at

the Aerothermochemistry and Combustion Systems Laboratory of ETH Zurich, Spring Semester 2009.

• Wright Y.M., De Paola G., Boulouchos K., Mastorakos E., «Multi-dimensional Conditional Moment Closure

modelling applied to a heavy-duty common-rail Diesel engine». SAE 2009 01 0717, 2009.

• De Paola G., Wright, Y.M. Boulouchos K., Mastorakos E., «Diesel engine simulations with multi-dimensional

Conditional Moment Closure». Combustion Sci. Techn. 180, pp. 883–890, 2008.

• De Paola G., Wright Y.M., Boulouchos K., Mastorakos E., «Diesel engine simulations with multi-dimensional

Conditional Moment Closure». Proceedings of the fi fth Mediterranean Combustion Symposium, Monastir,

Tunisia, 9th–13th Sept., 2007.

• Bertola A.G., «Technologies for Lowest NOx and Particulate Emissions in DI-Diesel Engine Combustion – In-

fl uence of Injection Parameters, EGR and Fuel Composition». PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, Diss. ETH No. 15373,

2003.

CARMA – Carbon Dioxide Management in Power Generation

• Pini R., Ottiger S., Burlini L., Storti G., Mazzotti M., «Sorption of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen in

dry coals at high pressure and moderate temperature». International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4,

90–101, 2010.

• Bauer C., Heck T., «Carbon capture and storage: Life cycle assessment and external costs of future fossil

power generation». Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Management, Cape Town,

South Africa, September 6–9, 2009.

• Bauer C. et al., «Final report on technical data, costs, and life cycle inventories of advanced fossil power

generation systems». NEEDS Deliverable n° 7.2 – RS 1a, NEEDS integrated project, European Commission,

Brussels, Belgium, 2009.

• Bernier E., Maréchal F., Régean S., «Multi-objective design optimization of a natural gas-combined cycle

with carbon dioxide capture in a life cycle perspective». Energy, in press, Extended version of the ECOS2008

paper, 2009.

• Chevalier G., Diamond L.W., Leu W., «Potential for deep geological storage of CO2 in Switzerland: a fi rst ap-

praisal». Swiss Journal of Geosciences, submitted 2009.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic process model for the thermochemical production of

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from lignocellulosic biomass». Biomass & Bioenergy, doi: 10.1016/

j.biombioe.2009.08.004, in press, 2009.

• Gassner M., Baciocchi R., Maréchal F., Mazzotti M., «Integrated design of a gas separation system for the

upgrade of crude SNG with membranes». Chemical engineering and processing, 48, 1391–1404, 2009.


platinum at pressures up to 10 bar». Proc. Combust. Instit. 32, 1937–1945, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Girardin L., Bolliger R., Maréchal F., «On the use of process integration techniques to generate optimal steam

cycle confi gurations for the power plant industry». Proceedings of PRES09 Conference, recommended by the

editorial board for an extended version journal publication, 2009.

• Mazzotti M., Pini R., Storti G., «Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery». Journal of Supercritical Fluids 47 (3),

619-627, 2009.

• Pini R., Ottiger S., Burlini L., Storti G., Mazzotti M., «Role of adsorption and swelling on the dynamics of gas

injection in coal». Journal of Geophysical Research [Solid Earth], 114 (B04203), 2009.

• Prigiobbe V., Costa G., Baciocchi R., Hanchen M., Mazzotti M., «The effect of CO2 and salinity on olivine dis-

solution kinetics at 120°C». Chem. Eng. Sci. 64 (15) 3510–15, 2009.

• Siegrist M., «Public acceptance of CCS». CCS Communication workshop – Paris, France, November 4, 2009.

• Wallquist L., Visschers V.H.M., Siegrist M., «Lay concepts on CCS deployment in Switzerland based on quali-

tative interviews». International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 3, 652–657, 2009.

• Wallquist L., Werner M., «Carbon dioxide capture and storage – CCS: Studie zum Entwicklungsstand von CCS

in der Schweiz». Zurich: Institute for Environmental Decisions, 2008.

PINE – Platform for Innovative Nuclear Fuels

• Pouchon M. A., Ingold F., «Internal Gelation at PSI: The Past and the Future». In: Proceedings of the 2009

International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, ICAPP2009, Shinjuku, Tokyo. No. 9494, May

10–14, 2009.

HydroNet – Modern Methodologies for the Design, Manufacturing and Operation of Pumped Storage

Power Plants

• Pannatier Y., Kawkabani B., Nicolet C., Simond J.-J, Schwery A., Allenbach P., «Investigation of control strate-

gies for variable speed pump-turbine units by using a simplifi ed model of the converters». IEEE Transactions

on Industrial Electronics, 2009.

• Zobeiri A., «Investigations of time dependent fl ow phenomena in a turbine and a pump turbine of Francis

type». PhD thesis EPFL N° 4272, 2009.

• Ausoni Ph., «Turbulent vortex shedding from a blunt trailing edge hydrofoil». EPFL Thesis N°4475, 2009.

• Hachem F. E., Schleiss A. J., «The design of steel-lined pressure tunnels and shafts». Journal of Hydropower

& Dams, Vol. 16, N° 3, pp 142–151, 2009.

• Schmid M., McGinnis D.F., Vogel U., Wüest A., «Simulation of the effects of projected pumped-storage opera-

tions on temperature and turbidity in the two affected lakes». Proc. Physical Processes in Natural Waters,

Italy, Sep. 2009.

• Keller S., Th Xuan M., Simond J.-J., Schwery A., «Large low-speed hydro-generators-unbalanced magnetic

pulls and additional damper losses in eccentricity conditions». IET Electr. Power Appl., 1, (5), pp. 657–664,

2007.

GTCO2 – Technologies for Gas Turbine Power Generation with CO2 Mitigation

• Girardin L., Dubuis M., Bolliger R., Maréchal F., «On the use of process integration techniques to generate

optimal steam cycle confi gurations for the power plant industry». Proceedings of PRES09 Conference, to be

submitted to Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009.

• Karagiannidis S., Marketos K., Mantzaras J., Schaeren R., Boulouchos K., «Experimental and numerical inves-

tigation of a propane-fueled, catalytic mesoscale combustor». Catal. Today, submitted, 2009.

• Ghermay Y., Mantzaras J., Bombach R., «Effects of hydrogen preconversion on the homogeneous ignition of

fuel-lean H2/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures over platinum at moderate pressures». Submitted, 2009.

• Karagiannidis S., Mantzaras J., «Numerical investigation on the startup of methane fueled catalytic microre-

actors». Combust. Flame, accepted, 2009.

• Winkler D., Griffi n T., Mueller P., Reimer S., Mantzaras I., Burdet A., «Improvement of gas turbine combustion

stability under fl ue gas recirculation conditions with in-situ hydrogen generation». ASME Gas Turbine Expo,

Paper No.GT2009-59182, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Bernier E., Maréchal F., Samson R., «Multi-objective design optimization of a natural gas-combined cycle with

carbon dioxide capture in a life cycle perspective». Energy, In Press, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.06.037,

2009.

• Dubuis M., Maréchal F., «Optimal energy system design under uncertain parameters». Proceedings of

PRES09 Conference, 2009.

• Mantzaras J., «Catalytic combustion of syngas fuels». In Gas synthesis combustion: fundamentals and ap-

plications, Eds. T.C. Lieuwen and V. Yang, Taylor and Francis Publ., London, ISBN: 978-1-4200-8534-1, pp.

223–260, 2009.


platinum at pressures up to 10 bar». Proc. Combust. Inst., 32:1937–1945, 2009.

• Kurdyumov V.N., Pizza G., Frouzakis C., Mantzaras J., «Dynamics of premixed fl ames in a narrow channel

with a step-wise wall temperature». Combust. Flame, 156:2190–2200, 2009.


investigation of the hetero /homogeneous combustion of lean propane/air mixtures over platinum». Proc.

Combust. Inst. 32, 32:1947–1955, 2009.

• Pizza G., Frouzakis C.E., Mantzaras J., Tomboulides A., Boulouchos K., «Dynamics of premixed hydrogen/air

fl ames in microchannels». Combust. Flame 152, 433–450, 2008.

• Mantzaras J., «Catalytic combustion of syngas». Combust. Sci. Technol., 180, 1137–1168, 2008.

• Schneider A., Mantzaras J., Eriksson S., «Ignition and extinction in catalytic partial oxidation of methane-

oxygen mixtures with large H2O and CO2 dilution». Combust. Sci. Technol. 180, 89–126, 2008.


• Heiroth S., Lippert T., Wokaun A., Döbeli M., Rupp J.L.M., Scherrer B., Gauckler L.J., «Yttria-stabilized zirconia

thin fi lms by pulsed laser deposition: Microstructural and compositional control». J. of European Ceramic

Society, 30(2) 489–495, 2010.

• Premchand Y.D., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «FC-SOFC: Micro SOFC». In Encyclopdia of Electrochemi-

cal Power Sources, in print Nov. 2009.

• Rey-Mermet S., Yan Y., Sandu C., Deng G., Muralt P., «Nanoporous YSZ fi lm in Electrolyte Membrane of Mi-

cro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell». Proceedings E-MRS 2009, Symp H, Thin Solid Films, in press, 2009.

• Rupp J.L.M., Nalam P.C., Muecke U.P., Gauckler L.J., «Wet-etching of Precipitation-based Thin Film Micro-

structures for Micro-solid Oxide Fuel Cells». Accepted for publication in J. Power Sources, 2009.

• Premchand Y.D., Bieberle-Hütter A., Galinski H., Rupp J.L.M., Ryll T.M., Scherrer B., Tölke R., Yang Z., Evans

A., Harvey A., Xu L., Gauckler L.J., «Nanoimpact on Electrode and Electrolyte Layers with MEMS Tech-

nique». In: Fuel Cell Handbook, Vol. 5: Advances in Electocatalysis, Materials, Diagnostics and Durability, W.

Vielstich, H. Yokokawa, and H.A. Gasteiger, Editors (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK), ISBN: 978-0-470-

72311-1, 2009.

• Raberger N.B., Stutz M.J., Hotz N., Poulikakos D., «Simulation of the Post-Combustor for the Treatment of

Toxic and Flammable Exhaust Gases of a Micro SOFC». J. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech. 6, 041002, 2009.

• Evans A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., J. Power Sources 194, 119–29, 2009.

• Evans A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Galinski H., Rupp J.L.M., Ryll T., Scherrer B., Tölke R., Gauckler L.J.,

Monatshefte für Chemie – Chemical Monthly, 140, 975–83, 2009.

• Muecke U.P., Messing G.L., Gauckler L.J., Thin Solid Films 517 (5), 1515–21, 2009.

• Muecke U.P., Lüchinger N., Schlagenhauf L., Gauckler L.J., Thin Solid Films 517 (5), 1522–29, 2009.

• Beckel D., Muecke U.P., Schoeberle B., Müller P., Gauckler L.J., Thin Solid Films 517 (5), 1582–86, 2009.

• Hotz N., Koc N., Schwamb T., Schirmer N.C., Poulikakos D., «Catalytic porous ceramic prepared in-situ by

sol-gelation for butane-to-syngas processing in microreactors». AIChE J. 55, 1849–1859, 2009.

• Rupp J.L.M., Scherrer B., Harvey A.S., Gauckler L.J., Advanced Functional Materials 19(17), 2790–2799,

2009.

• Harvey A.S., Litterst F.J., Yang Z., Rupp J.L.M., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., PCCP 11(17), 3090–3098, 2009.

• Vogler M., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., Warnatz J., Bessler W.G., Journal of the Electrochemical Society

156 (5), B663–72, 2009.

• Rey-Mermet S., Yan Y., Sandu C., Deng G., Muralt P., «Nanoporous YSZ fi lm in Electrolyte Membrane of Mi-

cro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell». Proceedings E-MRS 2009, Symp H, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Bieberle-Hütter A. et al., «Guidelines for Thin Film Usage and Microfabrication for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Application». ECS Transactions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2),

925–930, 2009.

• Evans A. et al., «Miniaturized Low-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with an Yttria-stabilized-zirconia Foil

Electrolyte». ECS Transactions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2),

989–993, 2009.

• Scherrer B. et al., «Phase Transformation in Spray Pyrolysis Yttria-stabilized Zirconia Thin Films». ECS Trans-

actions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2), 1551–1554, 2009.

• Ryll T. et al., «Electrochemical characterization of micropatterned La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 thin fi lm structures

on SiO2 chips». ECS Transactions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2),

2391–2396, 2009.

• Galinski H. et al., «Ostwald Ripening and Oxidation Kinetics of Nickel Gadolinia Doped Ceria Anodes». ECS

Transactions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2), 2057, 2009.

• Tölke R. et al., «Foturan® Glass Ceramic – a Substrate for Power Delivering Free-standing μ-SOFC Mem-

branes». ECS Transactions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 (SOFC-XI), The Electrochemical Society 25 (2),

983–988, 2009.

• Muecke U.P., Beckel D., Bernard A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Graf S., Infortuna A., Müller P., Rupp J.L.M., Schneider

J., Gauckler L.J., Adv. Func. Mater. 18, 1-11, 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Beckel D., Infortuna A., Muecke U.P., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., Rey-Mermet S., Muralt

P., Bieri N.R., Hotz N., Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., Heeb P., Müller P., Bernard A., Gmür R., Hocker T., J. Power

Sources 177, 123–130, 2008.

• Muecke U.P., Graf S., Rhyner U., Gauckler L.J., Acta Materialia 56 (4), 677–687, 2008.

• Muecke U.P., Akiba K., Infortuna A., Salkus T., Stus N.V., Gauckler L.J., Solid State Ionics 178 (33–34), 1762-

68, 2008.

• Beckel D., Dubach A., Grundy A.N., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., J. Europ. Ceramic Soc. 28, 49–60, 2008.

• Infortuna A., Harvey A., Gauckler L.J., Advanced Functional Materials 18, 127–35, 2008.



182 (2), 558–564, 2008.

• Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., «Optimum washcoat thickness of a monolith reactor for syngas production by par-

tial oxidation of methane». Chemical Engineering Science 63, 1761–1770, 2008.

• Rey-Mermet S., Muralt P., «Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Membrane Supported by Nickel Grid Anode». Solid State

Ionics, 179 (27–32), 1497–1500, 2008.

• Hotz N., Osterwalder N., Stark W.J., Bieri N.R., Poulikakos D., «Disk-shaped packed bed micro-reactor for

butane-to-syngas processing». Chem. Eng. Sci., doi:10.1016/j.ces.2008.06.024, 2008.

• Muecke U.P., Beckel D., Bernard A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Graf S., Infortuna A., Müller P., Rupp J.L.M., Schneider

J., Gauckler L.J., Adv. Func. Mater. 18, 1–11, 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A., Beckel D., Infortuna A., Muecke U.P., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., Rey-Mermet S., Muralt

P., Bieri N.R., Hotz N., Stutz M.J., Poulikakos D., Heeb P., Müller P., Bernard A., Gmür R., Hocker T., J. Power

Sources 177, 123–130, 2008.

• Muecke U.P., Graf S., Rhyner U., Gauckler L.J., Acta Materialia 56 (4), 677–687, 2008.

• Muecke U.P., Akiba K., Infortuna A., Salkus T., Stus N.V., Gauckler L.J., Solid State Ionics 178 (33–34),

1762–68, 2008.

• Beckel D., Dubach A., Grundy A.N., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., J. Europ. Ceramic Soc. 28, 49–60, 2008.

• Infortuna A., Harvey A., Gauckler L.J., Advanced Functional Materials 18, 127–35, 2008.



182 (2), 558–564, 2008.

• Rey-Mermet S., Muralt P., «Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Membrane Supported by Nickel Grid Anode». Solid State

Ionics, 179 (27–32), 1497–1500, 2008.

• Bieberle-Hütter A. et al., «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Film Membranes to a Micro-Fuel Cell Sys-

tem». 8th European Fuel Cell Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland, July 2008.

• Rupp J. et al., «Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Thin Films to Power Delivering Membranes». 8th European

Fuel Cell Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland, July 2008.

Publications

Appendix


• Hotz N., Stutz M.J., Loher S., Stark W.J., Poulikakos D., «Syngas production from butane using a fl ame-made

Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst». Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 73, 336–344, 2007.

• Beckel D., Bieberle-Hütter A., Harvey A., Infortuna A., Muecke U.P., Prestat M., Rupp J.L.M., Gauckler L.J., J.

Power Sources 173, 325–345, 2007.

• Beckel D., Danick B., Bieberle-Hütter A., Courbat J., De Rooij N.F., Gauckler L.J., J. Power Sources, 166,

143–148, 2007.

• Beckel D., Muecke U.P., Gyger T., Florey G., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., Solid State Ionics 178, 407–415,

2007.

• Rupp J.L.M., Solenthaler C., Gasser P., Muecke U.P., Gauckler L.J., Acta Materialia, 55 (10), 3505, 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M., Drobek T., Rossi A., Gauckler L.J., Chemistry of Materials, 19 (5), 1134, 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., J. of American Ceramic Society, 90 (6), 1792, 2007.

• Son J.-W., Kim H., Kim H.-R., Lee J.-H., Lee H.-W., Bieberle-Hütter A., Rupp J.L.M., Muecke U.P., Beckel D.,

Gauckler L.J., J. Korean Ceramic Society 44 (10), 589–96, 2007.

• Salkus T., Kezionis A., Dindune A., Kanepe Z., Ronis J., Miskinis J., Kazlauskiene V., Gauckler L.J., Mucke U.P.,

Orliukas A.F., J. Phys: Cond. Matter 19, 106204, 2007.

• Beckel D. et al., «Micro-Hotplate Devices for Micro-SOFC». 10th Int. Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

(SOFC-X), Nara, Japan ECS Transaction 7 (1), 412–17, 2007.

• Beckel D. et al., «LSCF Thin Film Cathodes Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis for Micro-SOFC». 10th Int. Sympo-

sium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-X), Nara, Japan ECS Transaction 7 (1), 1139–45, 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M. et al., «ONEBAT: Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Battery Repalcement in Portables». 10th Int.

Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-X), Nara, Japan ECS Transaction 7 (1), 887–890, 2007.

• Rey-Mermet S., Muralt P., «Materials and design study for micromachined solid oxide fuel cells membranes».

MRS, Boston, USA, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 972, 217–223, 2007.

• Rupp J.L.M., Scherrer B., Gauckler L.J., «Nucleation and grain growth kinetics of amorphous to nanocrystal-

line ceria solid solutions». Materials Science Forum Book Series Recrystallization and Grain Growth III, 558

(1) 1339–1344, 2007.


loading and geometry». Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, 4027–4040, 2006.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Poulikakos D., «Exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell micropowerplant». Journal of

Power Sources, Vol. 158, Issue 1, 333–347, 2006.

• Hotz N., Senn S.M., Lee M.T., Grigoropoulos C.P., Poulikakos D., «Exergetic analysis of fuel cell micropow-

erplants fed by methanol». International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 49, Issues 15–16, 2397–

2411, 2006.


ane». Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 60, Issue 24, pp. 6983–6997, 2005.

• Rupp J.L.M., Infortuna A., Gauckler L.J., Acta Materialia, 54 (7), 1721, 2006.


• Seyrling S. et al., «Development of Multijunction Thin Film Solar Cells». Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Photo-

voltaic Specialists Conference, Philadelphia, submitted for publication 2009.

• Fan B., Castro F.A., Heier J., Hany R., Nüesch F., «High performing doped cyanine bilayer solar cell». Organic

Electronics, doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2009.12.017, 2009.

• Seyrling S. et al., «Analysis of electronic and optical losses in CIGS/DSC tandem solar cells». Proceedings of

the E-MRS Spring meeting, Strasbourg, submitted for publication 2009, under consideration for special issue

of Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. Cells.

• Seyrling S. et al., «Towards the Development of High Effi ciency Multijunction Thin Film Solar Cells». Proceed-

ings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, submitted for publication 2009.

• Parascandolo G., Bugnon G., Feltrin A., Ballif C., «High-rate deposition of microcrystalline silicon in a large-

area PECVD reactor and integration in tandem solar cells». Progress in Photovoltaics, in print 2009.

• Bartlome R., Strahm B., Feltrin A., Ballif C., «Laser-based plasma diagnostics for PECVD of silicon thin fi lms».

In Proc. of the 34th IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, in print 2009.

• Strahm B., Feltrin A., Bartlome R., Ballif C., «Optical emission spectroscopy to diagnose powder for-mation in

SiH4-H2 discharges». Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7409, 74090E, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Strahm B., Feltrin A., Bugnon G., Meillaud-Sculati F., Ballif C., Howling A.A., Hollenstein C., «Study of the

microstructure transition width from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon as a function of the input silane

concentration». Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7409, 74090I, 2009.

• Wenger S., Seyrling S., Tiwari A., Grätzel M., «Fabrication and performance of a monolithic dye-sensitized

TiO2/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin fi lm tandem solar cell». Applied Physics Letters 94, 173508, 2009.

• Bartlome R., Feltrin A., Ballif C., «Infrared laser-based monitoring of the silane dissociation during deposition

of silicon thin fi lms». Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 201501, 2009.

• Bugnon G., Feltrin A., Meillaud F., Bailat J., Ballif C., «Infl uence of pressure and silane depletion on micro-

crystalline silicon material quality and solar cell performance». J. Appl. Phys., Vol 105, 064507, 2009.

• Häusermann R., Knapp E., Moos M., Reinke N.A., Flatz T., Ruhstaller B., «Coupled optoelectronic simulation

of organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells: Parameter extraction and sensitivity analysis». J. Appl. Phys., 106,

104507, 2009.

• Fan B., Maniglio Y., Simeunovic M., Kuster S., Geiger T., Hany R., Nüesch F., «Squaraine planar-heterojunction

solar cells». Int. J. Photoenergy, doi: 10.1155/2009/581068, 2009.

• Fan B., Hany R., Moser J.-E., Nüesch F., «Enhanced cyanine solar cell performance upon oxygen doping».

Organic Electronics, 9(1), 85–94, 2008.

• Seyrling S., Calnan S., Bücheler S., Hüpkes J., Wenger S., Brémaud D., Zogg H., Tiwari A.N., «CuIn1-xGaxSe2

Photovoltaic Devices for Tandem Solar Cell Application». Accepted for publication in Thin Solid Films, 2008.

• Feltrin A., Bugnon G., Meillaud F., Bailat J., Ballif C., «Silane depletion dependent ion bombardment and ma-

terial quality of microcrystalline silicon deposited by VHF-PECVD». Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic

Specialist Conference, San Diego, 11.5–16.5, 2008.

• Yum J.H., Walter P., Huber S., Rentsch D., Geiger T., Nüesch F., De Angelis F., Grätzel M., Nazeeruddin M.K.,

«Effi cient far red sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 fi lms by an unsymmetrical squaraine dye». J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 129 (34), 10320, 2007.

• Kuang D., Walter P., Nüesch F., Kim S., Ko J., Comte P., Zakeeruddin S.M., Nazeeruddin M.K., Grätzel M.,

«Co-sensitization of Orgnaic Dyes for Effi cient Ionic Liquid Electrolyte-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells».

Langmuir 23 (22): 10906–10909, 2007.

• Liska, Thampi, Grätzel, Brémaud, Rudmann, Upadhyaya, Tiwari, «Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar

cell/copper indium gallium selenide thin-fi lm tandem showing greater than 15% conversion effi ciency». Appl.

Phys. Lett., 88, 203103, 2006.

PHiTEM – Platform for High Temperature Materials

• Jennett N.M., Ghisleni R., Michler J., «Enhanced yield strength of materials: The thinness effect». Applied

Physics Letters 95, 123102, 2009.

• Veleva L., Schäublin R., Baluc N., «TEM investigation of ODS tungsten materials». Proc. Microscopy Confer-

ence 2009, Volume 3: Materials Science, Eds. Grogger W., Hofer F., Pölt P., Verlag der Technischen Univer-

sität Graz, Vienna, Austria, 249–250, 2009.

• Froideval A., Abolhassani S., Gavillet D., Grolimund D., Borca C., Krbanjevic J., Degueldre C., «Microprobe

analysis of neutron irradiated and autoclaved zirconium niobium claddings using synchrotron-based hard X-

ray imaging and spectroscopy». Journal of Nuclear Materials 385, 346–350, 2009.

• Ghisleni R., Rzepiejewska-Malyska K., Philippe L., Schwaller P., Michler J., «In-situ SEM indentation experi-

ments: instruments, methodology and applications». Microscopy Research and Technique (2008), 72,

242–249, 2009.

• Veleva L., Schäublin R., Ramar A., Oksiuta Z., Baluc N., «Focused ion beam application on the investigation

of tungsten-based materials for fusion application». European Microscopy Congress 2008, Volume 2: Materi-

als Science, Eds. Richter S. and Schwedt A., Springer-Verlag Publication, Berlin Heidelberg, 503–504, 2008.

• Pouchon M.A., Chen J., Ghisleni R., Michler J., Hoffelner W., «Characterization of irradiation damage of ferritic

ODS alloys with advanced micro-sample methods». Experimental Mechanics, DOI 10.1007/s11340-008-

9214-5, submitted 2008.

• Oksiuta Z., Baluc N., «Hot isostatic pressing of elemental and pre-alloyed ODS ferritic steel powder». Proc.

International Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition (EURO PM 2008), Mannheim, Germany, 29 Septem-

ber – 01 October, 2008.

Publications

Appendix


• Hoffelner W., Pouchon M., Samaras M., Froideval A., Chen J., «Condition monitoring of high temperature

components with sub-sized samples». Proc. 4th International Topical Meeting on HTR Technology (HTR 2008),

Washington DC, USA, 28 September – 01 October, 2008.

• Ramar A., Oksiuta Z., Baluc N., Schäublin R., «Effect of mechanical alloying on the mechanical and micro-

structural properties of ODS EUROFER 97». Fusion Engineering and Design 82 (15–24), 2543–2549, 2007.

ccem-retrofi t – Advanced Energy Effi cient Renovation of Buildings

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nisse des ewz-Navigators – Das Szenario ‹2000-Watt-Gesellschaft›». Technical report, CEPE and LAV, ETHZ,

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• Brunner S., Tharian P.J., Simmler H., Ghazi Wakili K., «Focused ion beam (FIB) etching to investigate alu-

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• Simmler H., «Hochleistungswärmedämmung – Aktuelles, Fortschritte, Aussichten». Referat Fachveranstal-

tung Hochleistungswärmedämmung, Hausbau- und Energiemesse Bern, November 7, 2008.

• Brunner S., Simmler H., «In situ performance assessment of vacuum insulation panels in a fl at roof construc-

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• Gottwald R., Knabl T., «CCEM-Retrofi t – 3D-Messtechnik bei der energieeffi zienten Sanierung von Altbauten».

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• Zimmermann M., «Einfacher renovieren mit Modulen». Energy Cluster Newsletter, May 2008.

• Zimmermann M., «Einfacher renovieren mit Modulen». Bau&Architektur, Nr. 4, September 2008.

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• Dott R., Afjei Th., «SEK – Standardsysteme zum energieeffzienten Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen.

Jahresbericht 2009». BFE Forschungsprogramm Wärmepumpen WKK Kälte, Muttenz, Dezember 2009.

• Genkinger A., Dott R., Afjei Th., «Sanfte Kühlung mit erdgekoppelten Wärmepumpen im MINERGIE-P®

Mehrfamilienhaus CosyPlace®. Jahresbericht 2009». BFE Forschungsprogramm Rationelle Energienutzung,

Muttenz, Dezember 2009.

• Dott R., «Energieeffi zientes Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen». Tagungsband Forum Holz/Bau/Energie,

2. Europäischer Kongress für energieeffi zientes Bauen mit Holz 2009 (EBH 2009), Köln, Juni 2009.

• Dott R., «Mit Sonden kühlen». Faktor Wärmepumpen, Heft 24 – 2009, S. 34–36, Faktor Verlag AG, Zürich,

Oktober 2009.

• Genkinger A., «Passive Kühlung in der Praxis». ENERGY.NOW! 2. Jahrgang 2009, S. 42–43, Swiss Engineer-

ing STV, STV Verlags AG, Zürich, Oktober 2009.

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1st Swiss Building and Urban Simulation Conference IBPSA-CH (bus2009), Lucerne, November 2009.

• Tödtli J., Gwerder M., Lehmann B., Renggli F., Dorer V., «TABS-Control – Steuerung und Regelung von ther-

moaktiven Bauteilsystemen». ISBN: 978-3-905711-05-9, Faktor Verlag Zürich, 2009.

• Gwerder M., Toedtli J., Lehmann B., Dorer V., Güntensperger W., Renggli F., «Control of thermally activated

building systems (TABS) in intermittent operation with pulse width modulation». Journal of Applied Energy

86, 1606–1616 (doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.008), 2009.

• Tödtli J., Gwerder M., Renggli F., Güntensperger W., Lehmann B., Dorer V., Hildebrand K., «Regelung und

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building systems (TABS) in intermittent operation with pulse width modulation». Applied Energy, 86(9):

1606–1616 (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.008), 2009.

• Gyalistras D., Fischlin A., Morari M., Jones C.N., Oldewurtel F., Parisio A., Frank T., Carl S., Dorer V., Lehmann

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proved building control». In: «Abstracts Book of the Annual Meeting of The Alliance for Global Sustainability:

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• Macchi S., Olsson B., «Fünf Wege in eine neue Zeit – Planen und Bauen für die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft».

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• IEA HPP Annex 32: Economical heating and cooling systems for low energy houses. Conference paper 9th IEA

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ings». Conference paper 9th IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zurich, May 2008.

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ference paper 9th IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zurich, May 2008.

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• Wemhoener C., Afjei Th., Dott R., «IEA HPP Annex 32 – Economical heating and cooling systems for low

energy houses». Paper 15. Swiss Status Seminar, Zurich, September 2008.

• Wemhöner C., «IEA HPP Annex 32 – Economical heating and cooling systems for low energy houses». In-

terim Report IEA HPP Annex 32, Muttenz, October 2008.


132, BFE Forschungsprogramm UAW, Muttenz, May 2008.

• Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «Operating Agent IEA HPP Annex 32». Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm

UAW, Muttenz, November 2008.

• Dott R., Afjei Th., «Sanfte Kühlung mit Erdwärmesonden im MINERGIE-P Wohngebäude COSY PLACE».

Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm REN, Muttenz, November 2008.

• Dott R., Afjei Th., «SEK – Standardlösungen zum energie-effi zienten Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen».

Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm UAW, Muttenz, November 2008.

• Lähns Hänggi M., Wegner-Sänger C.M., «Demonstrator – Konzept einer ‹energieautarken› Raumzelle».

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• Bales C., Weber R. et al., «Chemical and Sorption Storage – Results from IEA-SHC Task 32». Eurosun 2008,

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• Weber R., «Saisonale Wärmespeicherung mit Natronlauge (NaOH)». Proceedings 15. Schweizerisches Status-

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mentation D 0225, Zürich, 20. May 2008.


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• Koebel M., Brunner S., Ghazi Wakili K., Glättli Th., «Silica Aerogel as high-performance thermal insulation».

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gen, 23./25. September, 2008.

• Koebel M., «Silica Aerogels as high-performance insulation materials: Structure-property relationship eluci-

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• Afjei Th., Huber A., «Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen – Standardlösungen». Proceedings 12th interna-

tional passive house conference, p. 281–282, Nuremburg, April 2008.

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0225, Zürich, 20. May 2008.

• Frei L., «Implementierung und Bewertung von Wärmeabwurfmethoden für solarthermische Absorptionskühl-

anlagen». Bachelor Thesis, HSR Rapperswil, 2008.

• Brunner S., Tharian P.J., Simmler H., Ghazi Wakili K., «Focused ion beam (FIB) etching to investigate alu-

minium-coated polymer laminates subjected to heat and moisture loads». Surface & Coatings Technology

202 6054–6063, 2008.

• Brunner S., Simmler H., «In situ performance assessment of vacuum insulation panels in a fl at roof construc-

tion». Vacuum, 82, 7, 700–707, 2008.

• Weber R., Dorer V., «Long-term heat storage with NaOH». Vacuum, Volume 82, Issue 7, 708–716, 2008.

• Gwerder M., Tödtli J., Lehmann B., Dorer V., Renggli F., «Control of thermally activated building systems

(TABS) in intermittent operation with pulse width modulation». Submitted to Applied Energy, 22.08.2008.

• Tödtli J., Gwerder M., Renggli F., Lehmann B., Dorer V., Hildebrand K., «Regelung und Steuerung von ther-

moaktiven Bauteilsystemen (TABS)». 15. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar, Energie- und Umweltforschung im

Bauwesen, Zürich, 2008.

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on affi ne disturbance feedback». IEE Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 9.–11.December 2008 (submitted).

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on affi ne disturbance feedback». In: Proc. 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Cancun, Mexico

(CDC08), December 9–11, 2008.

• Stauch V., Gwerder M., Gyalistras D., Schubiger F., «Statistical adaptation of mesoscale numerical weather

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EMS and 7th European Conference on Applied Climatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 5, EMS2008-A-

00545, 29 September – 3 October 2008.

• Olsson B., Macchi S., «Energieautarke Raumzelle – self http://www.autark-wohnen.ch». Masters Diplom-

arbeit Zürcher Hochschule der Künste ZHdK, Industrial Design, Zürich, Mai 2008.

• Lähns Hänggi M., Wegner-Sänger C.M., «Demonstrator – Konzept einer ‹energieautarken› Raumzelle».

Diplomarbeit Nachdiplomstudium Energie, FHNW, Muttenz, Juni 2008.

• Meyenberg I., «Nutzenszenarien intelligenter Klima-Kontrollsysteme im Smart Home Bereich». Semesterar-

beit, 4. Semester Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie FHNW, August 2008.

• Riesen C., «Anwendung der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens von Ajzen und Fishbein im Bereich umwelt-

bewusstes Verhalten in einer energieautarken Raumzelle». Semesterarbeit 2, Hochschule für Angewandte

Psychologie FHNW, August 2008.

• Metry B., «Elektronisches Feedback und energiebewusstes Verhalten». Semesterarbeit 2, Hochschule für

Angewandte Psychologie FHNW, August 2008.

• Afjei Th., Dott R., Huber A., «Heizen und Kühlen mit erdgekoppelten Wärmepumpen». Merkblatt BFE For-

schungsprogramm REN, Muttenz, August 2007.

• Afjei Th., Dott R., Wemhöner C., «Hydraulics, Performance and Comfort of ground-coupled heating-cooling

systems». IBPSA Building Simulation 2007, Beijing, China, 3. Sept. 2007.

• Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «Standardlösungen für energieeffi zientes Heizen und Kühlen mit Wärmepumpen

(SEK)». 14. UAW Tagung 2007, Burgdorf, 13. Juni 2007.

• Dott R., Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «SEK – Standardlösungen zum energieeffi zienten Heizen und Kühlen mit

Wärmepumpen». Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm UAW, Muttenz, November 2007.

• Wemhöner C., «IEA HPP: Berichte aus dem Annex 28 und Annex 32». 14. UAW Tagung 2007, Burgdorf, 13.

Juni 2007.


68 rev1, BFE Forschungsprogramm UAW, Muttenz, 2007.

• Gantenbein P., Marty H., Luzzi A., «Performance analysis and simulation of a 10 kWR STAC demonstration

system». OTTI 2nd International Conference Solar Air-Conditioning, Tarragona, Spain, October 18–19, 2007.

• Lemourai M. et al., «Thermal performance investigation on a wet cooling tower». Applied Thermal Engineer-

ing 27, p. 902–909, 2007.

• Conde-Petit M., «Liquid Desiccant-based Air-Conditioning Systems – lDACS». 1st European Conference on

Poly-generation, Tarragona, Spain, October 16–17, 2007.

• De Chambrier E., Dutta D., Roecker C., Munari-Probst M.-C., Scartezzini J.-L., Schüler A., «Nanostructured

coatings on glazing for active solar facades». Proceedings of the CISBAT 2007 international conference

Lausanne, 4–5 September 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Kosoric V., Schüler A., De Chambrier E., Roecker C., «Façade Integration of Solar Ther-

mal Collectors: Present and Future». Proceedings of the CISBAT 2007 International Conference, Lausanne

4th–5th September 2007.

• Roecker C., Munari-Probst M.-C., De Chambrier E., Schueler A., Scartezzini J.-L., «Façade integration of solar

thermal collectors: a breakthrough?». Proceedings of the ISES solar world congress 2007, Beijing, China

18th–21st September 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Roecker C., «From Thermal Collectors Integration to Active Façade Systems». Proceed-

ings of the PLEA 2007 Conference, Singapore, 22nd–25th November 2007.


ings». Proc. 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium (IVIS), D-Wuerzburg, September 2007.

• Brunner S., Ghazi Wakili K., Koebel M., Simmler H., «High Performance Insulation in Buildings – Vacuum

insulation panel (VIP) and Aerogel». Poster Presentation at the International Aerogels Conference,, Boston

USA 4./5. Dezember 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Roecker C., «Towards an improved architectural quality of building integrated solar

thermal systems». Solar Energy 81, 1104–1116, 2007.

Publications

Appendix


• Lehmann B., Dorer V., Koschenz M., «Application range of thermally activated building systems tabs». Energy

and Buildings 39, 593–598, 2007.

• Lemourai M. et al., «Thermal performance investigation on a wet cooling tower». Applied Thermal Engineer-

ing 27, p. 902–909, 2007.

• Afjei Th., Dott R., Huber A., «Heizen und Kühlen mit erdgekoppelten Wärmepumpen». Schlussbericht BFE

Forschungsprogramm REN, Muttenz, Aug. 2007.

• Dott R., Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «SEK – Standardlösungen zum energieeffi zienten Heizen und Kühlen mit

Wärmepumpen». Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm UAW, Muttenz, November 2007.

• Wemhöner C., Afjei Th., «Operating Agent IEA HPP Annex 32». Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm

UAW, Muttenz, Dezember 2007.

• Dott R., Afjei Th., «Sanfte Kühlung mit Erdwärmesonden im MINERGIE-P Wohngebäude COSY PLACE».

Jahresbericht BFE Forschungsprogramm REN, Muttenz, November 2007.

• Lehmann B., Dorer V., Koschenz M., «Application range of thermally activated building systems tabs». Energy

and Buildings, Vol 39/5, pp. 593–598, 2007.

• Tödtli J., Gwerder M., Lehmann B., Renggli F., Dorer V., «Integrated design of thermally activated building

systems and its control». Clima 2007, Helsinki, 10th–14th June 2007.

• Gwerder M., Tödtli J., Renggli F., Lehmann B., Dorer V., «Control of thermally activated building systems».

Clima 2007, Helsinki, 10th–14th June 2007.

• Renggli F., Gwerder M., Tödtli J., Lehmann B., Dorer V., «Effect of The Hydraulic Piping Topology On Energy

Demand And Comfort In Buildings with TABS». Clima 2007, Helsinki, 10th–14th June 2007.

• Schäfer U., «Solarthermische Kühlanlage: Analyse und Optimierung». Diploma thesis HSR Hochschule für

Technik Rapperswil, 2006.

• De Chambrier C., Schüler A., Roecker C., Scartezzini J.-L., «Sol-gel deposition and characterization of low

refractive index nanocomposite Mg:F:Si:O thin fi lms for solar and protective coatings». E-MRS 2007 Spring

Meeting, Strasbourg May 28th to June 1st, 2007.

• Munari Probst M.-C., Roecker C., «SOLABS: Development of a novel solar thermal façade cladding system».

EUROSUN 2006, Glasgow UK, June 27–30, 2006.

• Roecker C., Munari Probst M.-C., «Capteurs solaires colorés et integration architectural». ER06, Yverdon, 3–4

October 2006.

• Schüler A., Dutta D., Chelawat H., De Chambrier E., Roecker C., Scartezzini J.-L., «Sol-gel deposition of

nanostructured low refractive index materials on solar collector glazing». EUROSUN 2006, Glasgow UK,

27–30 June, 2006.

• Schüler A., Deepanshu D., De Chambrier E., Roecker C., De Temmerman G., Oelhafen P., Scartezzini J.-L.,

«Sol-gel deposition and optical characterization of multilayered SiO2/Ti1-xSixO2 coatings on solar collector

glasses». Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, number 90, pages 2894–2907, 2006.

• Tödtli J., Lehmann B., Gwerder M., Renggli F., Dorer V., Haas A., Hildebrand K., «TABS-Control: Regelung und

Steuerung von thermoaktiven Bauteilsystemen». 14. Schweizerisches Status-Seminar, Energie- und Umwelt-

forschung im Bauwesen Zürich, 2006.

• Güntensperger W., Gwerder M., Haas A., Lehmann B., Renggli F., Tödtli J., «Control of Concrete Core Condi-

tioning Systems». Clima 2005, Lausanne, 9th–12th October 2005.

• Conde M.R., «Properties of aqueous solutions of lithium and calcium chlorides: formulations for use in air

conditioning equipment design». Int. J. Therm. Sci. 43, pp. 367–382, 2004.

• Guillemin A., «Using Genetic Algorithms to Take Into Account User Wishes in an Advanced Building Control

System». PhD thesis no 2778, EPFL, 2003.

2ndGenerationBiogas – New Pathways to Effi cient Use of Biomass for Power and Transportation

• Luterbacher J.S., Fröling M., Vogel F., Maréchal F., Tester J. W., «Hydrothermal gasifi cation of waste biomass:

Process design and life cycle assessment». Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (5), 1578–1583, 2009.

• Peterson A.A., Vontobel P., Vogel F., Tester J.W., «Normal-phase dynamic imaging of supercritical-water salt

precipitation using neutron radiography». J. Supercritical Fluids, 49 (1), 71–78, 2009.

• Rouff A.A., Rabe S., Nachtegaal M., Vogel F., «X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Study of the Effect of Proton-

ation on Disorder and Multiple Scattering in Phosphate Solutions and Solids». J. Phys. Chem. A, 113 (25),

6895–6903, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Schubert M., Regler J.W., Vogel F., «Continuous salt precipitation and separation from supercritical water.

Part 1: Type 1 salts». J. Supercritical Fluids (in press), doi: 10.1016/j.supfl u.2009.10.002, 2009.

• Schubert M., Regler J.W., Vogel F., «Continuous salt precipitation and separation from supercritical wa-

ter. Part 2: Type 2 salts and mixtures of two salts». J. Supercritical Fluids (in press), doi: 10.1016/

j.supfl u.2009.10.003, 2009.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic process model for thermochemical production of Synthetic Natu-

ral Gas (SNG) from lignocellulosic biomass». Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 1587–1604, 2009.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Methodology for the optimal thermo-economic, multi-objective design of thermo-

chemical fuel production from biomass». Computers and Chemical Engineering 33, 769–781, 2009.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermodynamic comparison of the FICFB and Viking gasifi cation concepts». En-

ergy 34, 1744–1753, 2009.

• Gerber L., Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Integration of LCA in the optimal design of energy conversion systems:

the example of SNG production from lignocellulosic biomass». Submitted to Computers and Chemical Engi-

neering, 2009 and previously presented at ESCAPE19, 2009.

• Gassner M., Baciocchi R., Maréchal F., Mazzotti M., «Integrated design of a gas separation system for the

upgrade of crude SNG with membranes». Chemical Engineering and Processing, 48, 1391–1404, 2009.

• Tock L., Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic process model for thermochemical production of liquid

fuels from lignocellulosic biomass». Submitted to Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009.

• Zhang S., Maréchal F., Gassner M., Périn-Levasseur Z., Ren Z., Yan Y., Favrat D., «Process modeling and

integration of fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass based on double acid hydrolysis». Energy

and Fuels 23, 1759–1765, 2009.

• Vogel F., «Catalytic conversion of high-moisture biomass to synthetic natural gas in supercritical water».

In: Handbook of Green Chemistry, Paul Anastas (Series Editor), Volume 2, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Robert

Crabtree (Volume Editor), Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, chapter 12, 281–324, ISBN 978-3-527-32497-2, 2009.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic optimization of the integration of electrolysis in SNG production

from wood. Energy 33, pp 189–198, 2008, (previous work before offi cial kick-off of the project).

• Luterbacher J.S., Fröling M., Vogel F., Maréchal F., Tester J.W., «Hydrothermal gasifi cation of waste biomass

– Sustainable process development using life cycle assessment». Environ. Sci. Technol. (accepted).

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic optimization of the integration of electrolysis in SNG production

from wood». Energy 33, pp. 189–198, 2008.


chemical fuel production from biomass». Accepted for publication in Computers and Chemical Engineering,

2008.

• «Methodology for the optimal thermo-economic, multi-objective design of thermochemical fuel production

from biomass». Presented at ESCAPE17, Bucharest, 2007 and submitted in extended form to Computers and

chemical engineering, 2007.

• Darbellay N., «Modélisation thermo-économique de la production thermochimique de carburant liquide à

partir de la biomasse». Master Diploma thesis, 2007.

• Luterbacher J., «Process development and environmental systems analysis of a catalytic hydrothermal meth-

ane production process». Master Diploma Thesis, 2007.


• Wellinger M., Ludwig Chr., Wochele J., «The role of trace elements in thermal biomass and waste process-

ing». Proceedings of R‘09 Twin World Congress – Resource Management and Technology for Material and

Energy Effi ciency – Nagoya (J) and Davos (CH), September 2009.

• Wellinger M., Wochele J., Ludwig Chr., «Poster: Online measurements of trace elements in thermal biomass

processing». BIO-SNG ’09 – Synthetic Natural Gas from Biomass, 26.–27. Mai 2009.

• Nagel F.P., Schildhauer T.J., McCaughey N., Biollaz S., «Biomass integrated gasifi cation fuel cell systems

– Part 2: Economic analysis». International Journal Hydrogen Energy 34, 6826–6844, 2009.

• Nagel F.P., Schildhauer T.J., Biollaz S., «Biomass integrated gasifi cation fuel cell systems – Part 1: Defi nition

of systems and technical analysis». International Journal Hydrogen Energy 34, 6809–6825, 2009.

• Nagel F.P., Schildhauer T.J., Sfeir J., Schuler A., Biollaz S., «The impact of sulfur on the performance of a

SOFC system operated with hydrocarboneous fuel gas». Journal of Power Sources 189, 1127–1131, 2009.

Publications

Appendix


• Nagel F.P., Schildhauer T.J., Biollaz S., «Biomass integrated gasifi cation fuel cell systems – Part 1: Defi nition

of systems and technical analysis». International Journal Hydrogen Energy 34, 6809–6825, 2009.

• Biollaz S.M.A., Hottinger P., Pitta Chr., Karl J., «Results from a 1200 hour test of a tubular SOFC with wood-

gas». Proceedings 17th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Hamburg Germany, 635–638p, 29 June

– 3 July, 2009.

• Kopyscinski J., Schildhauer T.J., Biollaz S.M.A., «Employing catalyst fl uidization to enable carbon manage-

ment in the SNG-production from biomass». Chemical Engineering Technology 32, No. 3, 343–347, 2009.

• Nurk G., Holtappels P., Figi R., Wochele J., Wellinger M., Braun A., Graule T., «Versatile reactor system for salt

evaporation for SOFC anode degradation studies». Submitted to J. Power Sources.

• Thomann O., «Woodgas catalysis on a SOFC anode». Master Report EPFL, 2009.

• Amelio S., «Testing and modelling of a button SOFC fed with biomass syngas». Master Thesis EPFL, 2009.

• Dubuis M., Maréchal F., «Optimal energy system design under uncertain parameters». PRES’09 proceedings,

Rome, Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 18, May 10–13, 2009.

• Bernier E., Marechal F., Samson R., «Multi-objective design optimization of a natural gas-combined cycle with

carbon dioxide capture in a life cycle perspective». Energy, in press, 2009.

• Gassner M., Marechal F., «Thermo-economic model of a process converting wood to methane». Accepted in

Biomass & bioenergy, 2009.

• Brown D., Gassner M., Fuchino T., Maréchal F., «Thermo- economic analysis for the optimal conceptual design

of biomass gasifi cation energy conversion systems». Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(11-12), 2137–2152,

2009.

• Gerber L., Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Integration of LCA in a thermo-economic model for multi-objective pro-

cess optimization of SNG production from woody biomass». Computer Aided Process Engineering – EsCAPE

19, pp. 1405–1410, 2009.

• Luterbacher J., Froling M., Vogel F., Marechal F., Tester J., «Hydrothermal Gasifi cation of Waste Biomass:

Process Design and Life Cycle Asessment». Environmental Science & Technology, 43(5), 1578–1583, 2009.

• Gassner M., Marechal F., «Thermodynamic comparison of the FICFB and Viking gasifi cation concepts». En-

ergy, Special Issue PRES08, in press, 2009.

• Li H., Marechal F., Favrat D., «Power and Cogeneration Typifi cation Part I Power plant, Power and Cogenera-

tion Typifi cation Part II Cogeneration». Submitted to Energy, the international journal, 2009.

• Giacomini, S., «Thermo-economic model and optimisation of woodgas SOFC systems». Master Thesis EPFL,

2009.

• Morandin M., Dubuis M., Diethelm S., Marechal F., «Thermodynamic analysis and heat integration of wood

gasifi er-SOFC systems». Proceedings of the 3rd European Fuel Cell Technology & Applications «Piero Lunghi

Conference» EFC09 December 15–18, Rome, Italy, paper EFC09-17074, 2009.

• Biollaz S.M.A., Nagel F.P., Jenne M., Schuler A., «Long-term tests of a complete biomass integrated gasifi ca-

tion fuel cell system». Proceedings of the Lucerne Fuel Cell Forum 2008, Lucerne, June 30 – July 4, 2008.

• Nagel F.P., Schildhauer T.J., Biollaz S.M.A., «Finite-volume model based sensitivity analysis focused on

charge, mass and heat transfer interactions in SOFCs operated with different fuel gases». Journal of Power

Sources 184 (1), 129–142, 2008.

• Schildhauer T.J., Seemann M., Biollaz S.M.A., Stucki S., Ulrich D., Rauch R., «Successful demonstration of

long term catalyst stability in the methane from wood process». Scientifi c Report PSI, Paul Scherrer Institut

Villigen, Switzerland, 2008.

• Nagel F., «Electricity generation from thermochemically converted biomass by means of stationary high-tem-

perature fuel cells». PhD thesis PSI, June 2008.

• Owuso-Adansi E., «Design and Installation of testing system for electrochemical investigation of SOFC an-

odes in artifi cial wood-gas atmosphere with different inorganic impurities». MSc Thesis, Empa, Sept 2008.

• Salcedo Miranda F.L., «Energy integration of a biomass combined gasifi cation with fuel cell system for elec-

tricity production». Master thesis EPFL, Sept 2008.

• Gassner M., Maréchal F., «Thermo-economic optimisation of the integration of electrolysis in SNG production

from wood». Energy, vol. 33(2), p. 189–198, 2008.


chemical fuel production from biomass». Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 24, pp. 1289–1294, 2008.

• Kowalski T., «Evaluating a Surface Ionsisation Detector for Measuring Alkalies in Biomass Gasifi cation». Diss.

ETH Nr. 17067, 2007.

Publications

Appendix


• Kowalski T., Ludwig Chr., Wokaun A., «Qualitative Evaluation of Alkali Release during the Pyrolysis of Bio-

mass». Energy & Fuels, 21, 3017–3022, 2007.

• Brown D., Gassner M., Fuchino T., Maréchal F., «Thermo economic analysis for the optimal conceptual design

of biomass gasifi cation energy conversion systems». Accepted for Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007.

• Palazzi F., Autissier N., Marechal F., Favrat D., «A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimiza-

tion of solid oxide fuel cell systems». In: Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 27, num. 16, p. 2703–2712,

2007.

novatlantis – Sustainability at the ETH Domain – Promotion of Transdisciplinary Science

• Bach C., «Automobile der Zukunft: Diversifi zierung der Treibstoffe und breitere Palette an Antriebstechnolo-

gien». Strassenverkehr, 1, 2, 38–43, Schulthess, 2009.

• City of Zurich, Federal Offi ce of Energy und SwissEnergy for Municipalities, Novatlantis, «Grundlagen für ein

Umsetzungskonzept der 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft am Beispiel der Stadt Zürich, LSP 4 – Nachhaltige Stadt

Zürich – auf dem Weg zur 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft». May 28, 2009.

• Bouza M., «Technological change in the automobile industry: Concepts». Working paper DIS Paul Scherrer

Institute, Feb 2009.

• City of Zurich, Offi ce for Building Construction, Hochparterre, Novatlantis, «Bauen für die 2000-Watt-Gesell-

schaft. Der Stand der Dinge». Exhibition catalog, November 2009.

• Kasemir B. et al., «International Sustainable Campus Network / Global University Leaders Forum: Sustain-

able Academic and Corporate Campuses: Time to Implement». Conference Summary, Third Annual Confer-

ence, June 10–12, 2009.

• Neue Zürcher Zeitung, «Gegen Grabenkriege um Atomkraftwerke. Kann Zürich AKW-Beteiligung aufgeben?».

October 27, 2008.

• Tagmann A., Schmausser E., «Neues Werkzeug für die Gestaltung nachhaltiger Quartiere». Thema Umwelt

3/2009, p. 22–23, Praktischer Umweltschutz Schweiz foundation, 2009.

• Tsinoglou D.N., Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P., Thurnheer T., Hofer P., «A simplifi ed model for natural-gas

vehicle catalysts with honeycomb and foam substrates». P. I. Mech. Eng. D.-J. Aut., 223, 6, 819–834, PEP,

2009.

• Ulli-Beer S., Kasemir B., Lienin S., Wokaun A., «How can regions develop ‹robust› technology change strate-

gies towards sustainable road transportation? A case analysis of the novatlantis pilot region Basel in Switzer-

land». Technovation, submitted in 2009.

• International Sustainable Campus Network, «Best Practices – Future Challenges». Conference Summary,

Second Annual Conference, Zurich, April 23–25, 2008.

• Essential Elements to the Implementation Concept of the 2000-Watt society, LSP4 – «Sustainable city of

Zurich – on the way to the 2000-Watt society». July 31, 2008.

• «Concept of a Conversion Program for Sustainable Area-Development». EnergieSchweiz building area, April

16, 2008.

• Perret S., Lienin S., «Busbetriebe Olten Gösgen Gäu (BOGG): comparison of operation costs of natural gas

and diesel busses». Novatlantis case study, 2008.

• Ulli-Beer S., «The pathway to an effi cient company car fl eet». AboutFLEET, No. 4/2008.

• Pronk W., «Pilot Experiments with Electro dialysis and Ozonation for the Production of a Fertilizer from

Urine». Water Science and Technology, 2008.

• Winkler A., Hauert R., Dimopoulos P., Bach C., Aguirre M., «Catalytic activity and aging phenomena of three-

way catalysts in a CNG/gasoline powered passenger car». Applied Catalysis B (peer-reviewed), 2008.

• Pütz M., «Dezentrale Besiedlung als Herausforderung für die Raumentwicklung, eine Fallstudie der Region

Surselva in Graubünden». Swiss Planning Review, 2007.

• Tobias S., «Effects of Landscape Fragmentation on Humans and Biodiversity in Densely Populated Areas».

System of Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007.

• Wokaun, A., «The Regenerative Effect of Catalyst Fluidization under Methanation Conditions». Applied Ca-

talysis, 2007.

• Koschenz M., Pfeiffer A., «Potential Residential Buildings: Energy and Building Technology for the 2000-Watt

society». Sustainable Series, 2005.

Publications

Appendix


Publications

Appendix



• International Patent Application fi led by the end of 2006: PCT/CH2006/000679. The patent researching

revealed only 5 contradictory claims, which have been offi cially confuted from our side. Current status:

Pending.


Conversion

• Thampi K.R., McEvoy A.J., El-Roustom B., «Desensitized SOFC». International Patent Application No. PCT/

IB2008/050729.

• Hotz N., Poulikakos D., Studart A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Porous ceramic catalysts and methods

for their production and use». European Patent Application No: EP 08 012273.

• Stutz M.J., Stark W.J., Poulikakos D., «Method for starting up a fuel cell assembly». European Patent Applica-

tion No: EP 07012131, publication: 21.6.07.


• «Start of Combustion Detection». Applied by Schmauder & Partner AG in behalf of Empa (inventor: Thomas

Thurnheer) at the German Patent Offi ce with the number 102009027889.3 at July 21, 2009.


• Hotz N., Poulikakos D., Studart A., Bieberle-Hütter A., Gauckler L.J., «Porous ceramic catalysts and methods

for their production and use». European Patent Application No: EP 08 012273.

• Gauckler L.J., Beckel D., Mücke U.P., Müller P., Rupp J.L.M., «Verbund eines Dünnfi lms und eines Glaskera-

mischen Substrats als Miniaturisiertes Elektrochemisches Gerät». Publication date: 26.4.07 (priority: October

19, 2005).

• Gauckler L.J., Beckel D., Mücke U.P., Müller P., Rupp J.L.M., «Dünnfi lm und damit hergestelltes Verbundele-

ment». Publication date: 26.4.07 (priority: October 19, 2005).

• Beckel D., Gauckler L.J., «Poröser keramischer Dünnfi lm». Publication date: 24.5.07 (priority: November 21,

2005).

• Rey-Mermet S., Muralt P., Baborowski J., «Metallic supporting grid or thin electrolyte membrane in solid oxide

fuel cells». 2006: PCT/EP2006/069688 Priority: 12.2005 and extension to sensor, priority 12. 2006.

• Stutz M.J., Stark W.J., Poulikakos D., «Method for starting up a fuel cell assembly». European Patent Applica-

tion No: EP 07012131, publication: 21.6.07.


• Kroll U., Legradic B., «Plasma Processing Apparatus and Method for the Plasma Processing of Substrates».

Patent WO/2009/133189 fi led April 2009.

• Fan B., Hany R., Nüesch F., «Multi layer organic thin fi lm solar cell». Patent application CH-01475/09.


• Facchinetti M., Favrat D., Marechal F., «Sub-atmospheric Hybrid cycle SOFC-Gas Turbine with CO2 separa-

tion». Submitted patent June 2009.

Patents

Appendix

Contact

Competence Center Energy and Mobility CCEMc/o Paul Scherrer Institute5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Phone: +41 56 310 2111Fax: +41 56 310 2717

E-mail: [email protected]: www.ccem.ch

Dr. Philipp Dietrich, Managing DirectorPhone: +41 56 310 4573E-mail: [email protected]

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