CCNA Exploration Module 2 Chapter 2Static Networking

V 4.0

2.1.1 What are the primary responsibilities of the router?

Determining the best path to send packets Forwarding packets toward their destination01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.1.3 What is the first serial connector described called at the router end?

DB-60 port that can support five different cabling standards0101010101010110101000111110100101101010DTE10110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the first serial connector described called at the router end?

DCE101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the five standards supported by serial connections?

Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21, and EIA/TIA-530 standards for serial connections1111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.1.3.2 When will static routes and dynamic routes be added to the routing table?

Static routes and dynamic routes will not be added to the routing table until the appropriate local interfaces, also known as the exit interfaces, have been configured on the router.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command will show the status and gives a detailed description for all interfaces on the router?

The show interfaces command shows the status and gives a detailed description for all interfaces on the router.001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does the administratively down out put mean?

Administratively down means that the interface is currently in the shutdown mode, or turned off.010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does the line down output mean?

Line protocol is down means, in this case, that the interface is not receiving a carrier signal from a switch or the hub. This condition may also be due to the fact that the interface is in shutdown mode.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does the show ip interfaces brief command list?

1The show interfaces command shows the status and gives a detailed description for all interfaces on the router.010101010101011010100011111010010101010101101101010101101010010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Why is show ip interfaces brief command better than show running config to see if the state of the interfaces?

using show running-config is not necessarily the best way to verify interface configurations. Use the show ip interface brief command to quickly verify that interfaces are up and up

(administratively up and line protocol is up).01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.2 What is the default state of router interfaces?

By default, all router interfaces are shutdown, or turned off01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the commands and prompt to enable an interface?

To enable this interface, use the no shutdown command, which changes the interface from administratively down to up.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Even after configuring an interface, what must be received by the interface to change the state to up?

Although enabled with no shutdown, an Ethernet interface will not be active, or up, unless it is receiving a carrier signal from another device (switch, hub, PC, or another router).010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command will stop the messages returned by IOS not to interfere with your typing?

In order to keep the unsolicited output separate from your input, enter line configuration mode for the consoled port and add the logging synchronous command01111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101

010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.2.2 What does a C mean in the output of show ip route? that this is a directly connected network. In other

words, R1 has an interface that belongs to this network.11101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What types of addresses are seen in the routing table?

Network addresses010110101000111110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.3 What must be true for the network of each interface on a router?

a router cannot have multiple interfaces that belong to the same IP subnet. Each interface must belong to a separate subnet.010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the default gateway for a LAN?

Typically, the router's Ethernet or FastEthernet interface will be the default gateway IP address for any devices on that LAN.101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.3.2 What does a device send if it does not have the ip address in its ARP table?

If the ARP table does not contain this IP address, the Ethernet interface sends out an ARP request.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.4 What are the commands to configure a serial interface?

R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutdown001111101001010101010

110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Why may a serial interface still be down after it has been configured?

the state of the serial interface may vary depending upon the type of WAN connection.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

After the other end of the connection is configured, why is the line protocol down?

we have not yet configured and enabled the other end of the serial link.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.5 What end of a serial connection is the service provider?

DCE is the service provider

110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What end of the serial connection is the router by default?

By default, Cisco routers are DTE devices.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What device is used to convert the data from the router (DTE device) into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider?

The CSU/DSU (DCE device) is alsoresponsible for converting the data fromthe WAN service provider into a formacceptable by the router (DTE device).101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What do serial interfaces require to control the timing of communication?

Serial interfaces require a clock signal tocontrol the timing of the communications.001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.5.2 What two things must be done to configure a serial interface as a DCE?

11. Connect the DCE end of the cable to theserial interface.2. Configure the clock signal on the serialinterface using the clock rate command.01010101010101101010

110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the two types of serial cables used in the lab?

101010101010101101010A DTE/DCE crossover cable on which oneend is DTE and the other end is DCEA DTE cable connected to a DCE cable110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command will tell you which type of cable is connected to the interface?

You can use the show controllers commandto determine which end of the cable is attached to that interface.001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.2.5.3 What command will show the status of the interfaces?

show interfaces and show ip interface briefcommands.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001

010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the second test to see if the interface is operational?

101010101010101101010We can further verify that the link is up/upby pinging the remote interface.110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command will show if the router knows how to get to the network?

We issue the show ip route command001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command will show you all the commands that have been configured on the router?

The show running-config command.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.1 What is the purpose of the routing table?

The main purpose of a routing table is toprovide the router with paths to differentdestination networks.001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does the debug command show?

The debug ip routing command will let ussee any changes that the router performswhen adding or removing routes.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101

010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What debug command will show you as networks are connected?

1debug ip routing command so that we cansee the directly connected networks asthey are added to the routing table.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command is used to turn off the debug command?

1The undebug ip routing command or theundebug all command.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What two commands are used to remove a directly connected network?

1010101010101011010100To remove a directly connected networkfrom a router, use these two commands:shutdown and no ip address01111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.2 What is the crucial step in configuring your network?

The crucial step in configuring yournetwork is to verify that all the interfacesare "up" and "up" and that the routingtables are complete.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What two commands should you use before you continue with more complex configurations?

10Verify your initial network configurationswith the show ip interface brief commandand the show ip route command beforeproceeding with more complex

configurations.1010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does a failed ping display?

1It displays a request timed out.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.2.2 Why does the first ping fail and the second ping succeed?

1there are no more routes in therouting table, the pings are discarded. It issuccessful because R2 has a route in itsrouting table that matches 192.168.1.1,which is the ping packet's destination IPaddress.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.3 What is the network monitoring and troubleshooting tool used in this section?

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is apowerful network monitoring andtroubleshooting tool.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Which device will information be gathered about, be specific?

CDP is a proprietary tool that enables you to access a summary of protocol andaddress information about Cisco devicesthat are directly connected.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What information is contained in the advertisements?

1These advertisements contain informationsuch as the types of devices that areconnected, the router interfaces they areconnected to, the interfaces used to makethe connections, and the model numbers ofthe devices01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

At layer 3, what do routing protocols consider neighbors?

1At Layer 3, routing protocols considerneighbors to be devices that share thesame network address space.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What layer does CDP operate at?

1CDP operates at Layer 2 only.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Describe Cisco CDP neighbors?

CDP neighbors are Cisco devices that aredirectly connected physically and share thesame data link.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.3.2 What are the commands to display CDP information?

1The show cdp neighbors and show cdpneighbors detail commands01010101010101101010

001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the default setting for CDP?

When a Cisco device boots up, CDP startsup by default. CDP automatically discoversneighboring Cisco devices running CDP,regardless of which protocol or suites arerunning. CDP exchanges hardware andsoftware device information with its directlyconnected CDP neighbors.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the 5 types of information that CDP provides information about?

1)Device identifiers - For example, theconfigured host name of a switch2)Address list - Up to one Network layeraddress for each protocol supported3)Port identifier - The name of the local andremote port-in the form of an ASCIIcharacter string such as ethernet04)Capabilities list - For example, whetherthis device is a router or a switch5)Platform - The hardware platform of thedevice; for example, a Cisco 7200 seriesrouter101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.3.4 What information is displayed after issuing the show cdp neighbors command?

For each CDP neighbor, the followinginformation is displayed:Neighbor device IDLocal interfaceHoldtime value, in secondsNeighbor device capability codeNeighbor hardware platform

Neighbor remote port ID101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What information will be provided even if you can not ping that interface?

CDP will reveal the neighbor's IP addressregardless of whether or not you can pingthe neighbor.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What information can be gathered if you telnet to a neighboring device?

Information can be gathered about a1neighbor's directly connected Cisco devices01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Can CDP be a security risk? 0Yes1010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command can be used to shut off CDP on a router? (command and prompt)

If you need to disable CDP globally, for theentire device, use this command:Router(config)#no cdp run101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What command can be used to shut off CDP on an interface?

1If you want to use CDP but need to stopCDP advertisements on a particular

(command and prompt) interface, use this command:Router(config-if)#no cdp enable01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.1 What are the two ways a router can learn about remote networks?

1)Manually, from configured static routes2)Automatically, from a dynamic routingprotocol101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is a stub route? 1010101010101011010100A stub network is a network accessed by asingle route.01111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

When are static routes used? Static routes are commonly used whenrouting from a network to a stub network.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Why would dynamic routing be a waste of resources for a stub route?

1Because it has only one way out forsending non-local traffic.01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.1.2 What is the complete syntax for Router(config)#ip route prefix mask

entering a static route? {ipaddress| interface-type interface-number[ip-address]} [distance][name][permanent] [tag tag]101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the simpler version of the command that we will use?

1Router(config)#ip route network-addresssubnet-mask {ip-address | exit-interface }01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Describe the first 2 parameters used.

The following parameters are used:1)network-address -Destination network address of the remotenetwork to be added to the routing table2)subnet-mask -Subnet mask of the remote network to beadded to the routing table. The subnetmask can be modified to summarize agroup of networks.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Describe the choice for the last parameter to use.

One or both of the following parametersmust also be used:ip-address - Commonly referred to as thenext-hop router's IP addressexit-interface - Outgoing interface thatwould be used in forwarding packets to thedestination network.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.2 List the output and explain each element from entering the static route.

Let's examine each element in this output:ip route - Static route command 172.16.1.0 - Network address of remotenetwork255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of remotenetwork172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IPaddress on R2, which is the "next-hop" tothis network101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

List the output and explain each element from entering the show ip route command.

1Let's examine this output:S - Routing table code for static route172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route/24 - Subnet mask for this route; this isdisplayed in the line above, known as theparent route, and discussed in Chapter 8[1/0] - Administrative distance and metricfor the static route (explained in a laterchapter)via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hoprouter, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0interface01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.2.2 What are the 2 commands to verify static routes?

1Use the show ip route, and the showrunning-config01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is recommended to do after entering and verifying the

Now is a good time to save the

static routes? configuration to NVRAM:R1#copy running-config startup-config101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.2.3 What does principle 1 define about where a router looks to forward packets?

1Principle 1: "Every router makes itsdecision alone, based on the information ithas in its own routing table."01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does principle 2 define about what other routers routing tables contain?

Principle 2: "The fact that one router hascertain information in its routing table doesnot mean that other routers have the sameinformation."101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What does principle 3 state about the return route of a packet?

Principle 3: "Routing information about apath from one network to another does notprovide routing information about thereverse, or return path."101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.4.1 Before a router forwards a packet, what must be determined?

Before any packet is forwarded by a router,the routing table process must determinethe exit interface to use to forward thepacket. This is known as route resolvability.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010

110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

List the two steps that the router uses to forward a packet.

1) Find a route2) Find an exit interface101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

When the router has to perform multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet, what is the process called?

Recursive lookup.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

How can a static route be entered to stop the recursive lookup process?

Every route that references only a next-hopIP address, and does not reference an exit interface, must have the next-hop IPaddress resolved using another route in therouting table that has an exit interface.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.4.4.2 What happens to the static route if the exit interface goes down?

If the static route cannot be resolved to anexit interface, the static route is removedfrom the routing table.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.5.1.2 What is the command to 10The no ip route

remove the static route with the next hop ip address?

command1010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the command to enter a static route using an exit interface?

No ip route (address) (subnet mask)(address)Ip route (address) (subnet mask) (interface)end101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.5.2 What are the reasons to modify a static route?

1) The destination network no longerexists, and therefore the static route shouldbe deleted.2) There is a change in the topology, andeither the intermediate address or the exitinterface has to be changed.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Can a static route be directly modified? Explain your answer

There is no way to modify an existing staticroute. The static route must be deleted anda new one configured.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the most efficient way to enter a static route?

It is more efficient for the routing tablelookup process to have static routes withexit interfaces - at least for serial point-topoint

outbound networks.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.5.3 What are the three commands listed to verify static route configuration?

Show running-configShow ip routePing01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.5.4 What is the destination MAC address if the packet is to be forwarded to the next hop router?

Destination MAC address will be theaddress of the next-hop router's Ethernetinterface101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

If the ip address does exist in the ARP table what type of request is issued?

101010101010101101010Arp reply001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.5.4.2 What is the difference between entering an exit interface for a static route on a serial interface and an Ethernet interface?

The difference between an Ethernetnetwork and a point-to-point serial networkis that a point-to-point network has onlyone other device on that network - therouter at the other end of the link.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

Will a static route with an exit The router will not have sufficient

interface on a Ethernet interface always work?

information to determine which device isthe next-hop device.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the command to configure both the exit interface and ip address for a static route?

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0255.255.255.0 fastethernet 0/1 172.16.2.2101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.6.1 Why does making a routing table smaller improve the efficiency of the router?

Because there are fewer routes to search.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the 2 rules on when a static route can be summarized?

The destination networks can besummarized into a single network address,andThe multiple static routes all use the sameexit-interface or next-hop IP address101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the six steps in creating a summary route?

1. Write out the networks that you want tosummarize in binary.2. To find the subnet mask forsummarization, start with the left-most bit.3. Work your way to the right, finding allthe bits that match consecutively.4. When you find a column of bits that donot match, stop. You are at the summary

boundary.5. Now, count the number of left-mostmatching bits, which in our example is 22.This number becomes your subnet maskfor the summarized route, /22 or255.255.252.06. To find the network address forsummarization, copy the matching 22 bitsand add all 0 bits to the end to make 32bits.10101010101101010

0010101010101101101010101101010010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.6.2 If two routes in the routing table match the packet, which route will the router choose?

The most specific match01010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is a default static route? A default static route is a route that willmatch all packets.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are the 2 times a default static route is used?

1) When no other routes in the routingtable match the packet's destinationIP address. In other words, when amore specific match does not exist. Acommon use is when connecting acompany's edge router to the ISPnetwork.2) When a router has only one otherrouter to which it is connected. Thiscondition is known as a stub router.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

List the complete command to enter a default static route.

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0[exit-interface | ip-address ]101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is the ip address and subnet mask for quad-zero?

10.0.0.0 0.0.0.001010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.6.2.2 What does the * mean next to the S in the routing table?

It is the candidate default route101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What is true about a default static route and matching packets?

As long as a more specific match doesn'texist, the default static route will match allpackets.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

2.7.1 Definitely understand each step in the process explained. If any of the steps are confusing, list your questions here

Through reading chapters and some handson,helps me understand the processbetter.

2.7.2 What are some forces that can cause a networks status to change?

1) An interface fails.2) A service provider drops aconnection.3) There is an over-saturation of links.4) An administrator enters a wrong

configuration.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100

What are some of the commands you can use to troubleshoot a network?

pingtracerouteshow ip routeshow ip interface briefshow cdp neighbors detail command.101010101010101101010001111101001010101010110110101010110101001010101011010101101010111111100101010101010101010011111111010101010100101111110011110111101010101010001100