ccnav3.3 206
TRANSCRIPT
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CCNA Semester 2
Chapter 06Chap
ter 06
ROUTING ANDROUTING ANDROUTINGROUTING
PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS
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ObjectivesObjectives
Explain the significance of static routing Configure static and default routes
Identify the classes of routing protocols
Identify distance vector routing protocols Identify link-state routing protocols
Describe the basic characteristics of commonrouting protocols
Identify interior gateway protocols
Identify exterior gateway protocols
Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on
a router
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Table of ContentTable of Content
1 Introduction to static route
2 Dynamic routing overview
3 Routing protocols overview
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INTRODUCTION TO STATIC ROUTINGINTRODUCTION TO STATIC ROUTING
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Introducing RoutingIntroducing Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forwardpackets toward the destination network
Static routing & dynamic routing
Static routing
must be configured manually
Network topology changes require the networkadministrator to add and delete static routes to account forthe changes.
Static route requires a tremendous amount of adm. time. Static routing does not have the scalability of dynamic
routing.
Dynamic routing
The direction to remote networks is learned from otherrouters
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Introducing RoutingIntroducing Routing
Purpose of a static route Security
When a network is accessible by only one path(stub network), static route to the network can be
sufficient
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Static Route OperationStatic Route Operation
Static route operations can be divided intothese three parts:
Network administrator configures the route
Router installs the route in the routing table The static route is used to route packets.
Router(config) ip route des_net subnet_mask [next-hop-addresoutgoing interface]
Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s1 Command des. Net subnetmask interface
Hobeken(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.Command des. Net subnetmask nexthop ad
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Static Route ExampleStatic Route Example
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route
configured in the opposite direction.
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Static Route OperationStatic Route Operation
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Static Route OperationStatic Route Operation
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Configuring Static RoutesConfiguring Static Routes
Step 1 Determine all desired prefixes,masks, and addresses. The address can beeither a local interface or a next hop addressthat leads to the desired destination.
Step 2 Enter global configuration mode. Step 3 Type the ip route command. The
administrative distance is optional.
Step 4 Repeat Step 3 for all the destinationnetworks that were defined in Step 1.
Step 5 Exit global configuration mode.
Step 6 Use the copy running-config
startup-config.
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Configuring Default Route ForwardingConfiguring Default Route Forwarding
Sterling Hoboken waycross
172.16.1.1/24 172.16.3.1/24 172.16.5.1/24
172.16.2
.1/24
172.1
6.2.2/24
172.1
6.4.1/24
172.16.4
.2/24
S0 S0S1 S1
obeken(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-addre outgoing interface]
Default routes are used to route packets with destinationsthat do not match any of the other routes in the routing table
obeken(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0
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Default Routes ExamplesDefault Routes Examples
This route allows the stub network to reach all known
networks beyond router A.
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Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route ConfigurationVerifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration
show running-config to view the active
configuration show ip route to verify that the route that
was configured is in the routing table.
Ping Traceroute
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Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route ConfigurationVerifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration
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DYNAMIC ROUTING OVERVIEW
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Introduction To Routing ProtocolsIntroduction To Routing Protocols
A routing protocol allows one router to shareinformation with other routers.
E.g: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
A routed protocol provides enoughinformation in its network layer address toallow a packet to be forwarded from one hostto another based on the addressing scheme.
E.g IP,IPX,
An autonomous system (AS) is a collection ofnetworks under a common administration
sharing a common routing strategy
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Purpose Of A Routing Protocol & Autonomous SystemsPurpose Of A Routing Protocol & Autonomous Systems
The goal of a routing protocol is to build andmaintain the routing table.
The routing protocol learns all available
routes, places the best routes into the routingtable
When all routers in an internetwork areoperating with the same knowledge, the
internetwork is said to have converged
Autonomous systems (AS) provide thedivision of the global internetwork into
smaller and more manageable networks.
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Identifying The Classes Of Routing ProtocolsIdentifying The Classes Of Routing Protocols
Most routing algorithms can be classified into
one of two categories: The distance vector routing approach determinesthe direction (vector) and distance to any link inthe internetwork.
The link-state approach, also called shortest pathfirst, recreates the exact topology of the entireinternetwork.
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Distance Vector Routing Protocol FeaturesDistance Vector Routing Protocol Features
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
10.1.0.0 0Routing Table
10.2.0.0 010.2.0.0 0Routing Table
10.3.0.0 010.3.0.0 0Routing Table
10.4.0.0 0
10.3.0.0 1 10.1.0.0 1 10.2.0.0 110.4.0.0 1
10.4.0.0 2 10.1.0.0 2
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Link-state Routing Protocol FeaturesLink-state Routing Protocol Features
10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
B
10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0
CA
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
Hello Hello
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0
B
10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0
CA
10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
B
A B C
SPF
LSU
LSU
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 010.2.0.0 010.3.0.0 110.4.0.0 2
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW
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Path DeterminationPath Determination
Path determination occurs at the networklayer.
The path determination function enables arouter to evaluate the paths to a destinationand to establish the preferred handling of apacket
The switching function is the internal processused by a router to accept a packet on oneinterface and forward it to a second interfaceon the same router.
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Routing ConfigurationRouting Configuration
Network 172.16.0.0
Network 172.30.0.0
RIP
RIP
RIP
IGRP
IGRP
Network 160.89.0.0
Global configuration
Select routing protocol(s)
Specify Network(s)
Interface configuration
Verify address/subnet mask
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Routing Configuration ( cont. )Routing Configuration ( cont. )
Router(config)# routerprotocol {options} Difines an ip routing protocol
Protocol: IGRP, OSPF,EIGRP,RIP
Option: autonomous system or process id ifrequired
Router(config-router)# networknetwork-number
The network subcommand is a mandatoryconfiguration command for each ip routing
process
Network-number: specifies a directly connected
network
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Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
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Interior/Exterior Routing ProtocolsInterior/Exterior Routing Protocols
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
It is a distance vector routing protocol.
Hop count is used as the metric for path
selection. If the hop count is greater than 15, the
packet is discarded.
Routing updates are broadcast every 30seconds, by default.
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
It is a distance vector routing protocol.
Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability areused to create a composite metric.
Routing updates are broadcast every 90
seconds, by default.
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
It is a link-state routing protocol.
Open standard routing protocol described inRFC 2328.
Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate thelowest cost to a destination.
Routing updates are flooded as topologychanges occur
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
It is an enhanced distance vector routingprotocol.
Uses load balancing.
Uses a combination of distance vector andlink-state features.
Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to
calculate the shortest path. Routing updates are multicast using
224.0.0.10 triggered by topology changes
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SummarySummary
Routing protocols
Autonomous systems
The classes of routing protocols Routing configuration
Routing protocols (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP,BGP)
Autonomous systems and IGP versus EGP
Distance vector routing
Link-state routing
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Q&AQ&A