ce 2020: construction materials dr. b. munwar basha iit hyderabad introduction to indian highways

CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Introduction to Indian Highways

CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 2

History of Road Development in the World


Mountain Trails


Roman Roads


Roman Road Construction


Ancient Greek Roads – grooves and large stone blocks


Macadam Road


India Grand Trunk Road 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi).


Plank Road – Western US Early 20th Century

Plank roads were typically constructed of wood planks two inches thick and eight feet long, which were nailed to four-inch-square stringers at a 90-degree angle.


1

History of Road Development in India

Ancient Period (3500 BC)

Mughul Period (15th Century)

British Period (17th & 18th Century)

Free India (1950 onwards)


2

Types of Ancient Indian Roads• Indus Valley Civilization (Harrapa and

Mohenjedaro): Roads with brick drains on both sides.

• Mauryan rule in the 4th century constructed Rajpath (high roads) Banikpaths (merchant roads).

• Ashoka Regime: Road networks with horticulture and rest houses at 4.8 – 6.4km along the roads.

• Mughul PeriodTrunk roads between Northwest to Eastern part and also linking coastal and central part of India

• British Period Trunk roads, bridges, PWD was formed, construction of Grand Trunk Road


3

Indian Roads

India has a large road network of over 3.314 million kilometers of roadways (2.1 million miles).

It is 3rd largest road network in the world.

At 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land the density of India’s highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).


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Golden Quadrilateral

It connects India's four largest metropolises: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Four other top ten metropolises: Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad, and Surat, are also served by the network.

• The largest highway project in India, initiated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, it is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP),

• It consists of building 5,846 km (3,633 mi) of four/six lane express highways.

• Cost : 60,000 crore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_metropolitan_areas_in_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_Development_Project

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_Development_Project

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg


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Impact of Transportation Economic Development

Social Development

Spatial Development

Cultural Development

Political Development


Classification of Highways

National highway act ( 1956 )

Depending on weather• All weather roads• Fair weather roads

Depending on the type of Carriage way• Paved roads• Unpaved roads

Depending upon the pavement surface• Surfaced roads• Un surfaced roads


Based on the Traffic Volume Heavy Medium Light

Based on Load or Tonnage Class 1 or Class 2 etc or Class A , B etc Tonnes

per day

Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan ) National Highway (NH) State Highway (SH) Major District Road (MDR) Other District Road (ODR) Village Roads (VR)

Classification of Highways


Based on modified system of Highways classification

Primary Expressways National Highways

Secondary SH MDR

Tertiary ODR VR


Classification of Roadways

Expressways 200 Km

National Highways 78,651 Km

State Highways 1,56,181 Km

Major District Roads & Rural and Other Roads 44,55,510 Km

Total = 46,90,542 Kms


Expressways

Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/hr) Land Width (90m) Full access control Connects major points of traffic generation No slow moving traffic allowed No loading, unloading, parking.


National Highways India has a huge network of national

highways. The national highways have a total length of

78,651 kms. Indian highways cover 2% of the total road network of India and carry 40% of the total traffic.

The entire highway network of India is managed by the National Highway Authority of India which is responsible for development and maintenance of highways.

Longest highway in India is NH7 (2,369 km), which stretches from Varansi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari in the southern most point of Indian mainland.

Shortest National Highway is the NH 47A (5.9 km (3.7 mi)), which connects Kundanoor Junction in Kochi city to the Kochi port at Willingdon Island.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_47A_(India)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi


NH 7 (2,369 km)


National Highways in India


State Highways

They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities within the state.

Total length of all SH in the country is 1,56,181 Kms.


Major District Roads Important roads with in a district

serving areas of production and markets , connecting those with each other or with the major highways.


Other district roads Roads serving rural areas of

production and providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR or SH.


Village roads They are roads connecting villages or group of

villages with each other or to the nearest road of a higher category like ODR or MDR.

India has 44,55,510 Km of MDR+ODR+VR out of the total 46,90,542 Kms of all type of roads.


Urban Road Classification

ARTERIAL ROADS SUB ARTERIAL COLLECTOR LOCAL STREET CUL-DE-SAC PATHWAY DRIVEWAY


9

Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads The British engineer John Macadam introduced

what can be considered as the first scientific road construction method.

WBM stands for Water Bound Macadam, and the term WBM road was derived in the memory of an engineer by name Macadam who designed and formulated this road section.

This road is laid by binding the in-situ layers of boulders, stones, fine aggregates and fillers.

The filler is made from the mixture of sand combined with either moorum quarry dust, or soil that is available in that locality.

The filler is mixed with water and is used to fix stone boulders and the layers of coarse stones of varying sizes by compacting with a road roller to form the base of a road. The road can be used in this form itself.

As an improvement, you can apply concreting or black topping above the WBM to make it better.


0

Spreading


Trenching


Sloping


Camber Formation


Loading


Culverts and headwalls


Foamed bitumen gravel

Emulsion treated gravel

Waterbound Macadam

Hysen Cells

Base courses


Water bound Macadam on High Volume Road


Completed WBM Road


Alternative cost effective low-cost sealing options

Scarce wearing course material, requires innovative approaches to reducing the maintenance cost of Gravel roads


Blacktop roads


Slurry bound macadam


2

Concrete Block Paving


3

Modern roadsThe modern roads by and large follow Macadam's construction method. Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete are the most important developments. Various advanced and cost effective construction technologiesare used. Development of new equipment's help in the faster construction of roads. Many easily and locally available materials are tested in the laboratories and then implemented on roads for making economical and durable pavements.Scope of transportation system has developed very largely. Population of the country is increasing day by day. The life style of people began to change. The need for travel to various places at faster speeds also increased.


4

Modern roadsThis increasing demand led to the emergence of other modes of transportation like railways and travel by air.While the above development in public transport sector was taking place, the development in private transport was at a much faster rate mainly because of its advantages like accessibility, privacy, flexibility, convenience and comfort. This led to the increase in vehicular traffic especially in private transport network. Thus road space available was becoming insufficient to meet the growing demand of traffic and congestion started. In addition, chances for accidents also increased.


Thank You

ce 2020: construction materials dr. b. munwar basha iit hyderabad introduction to indian highways

Documents

construction materials

indian highways slide

road networks

mughul period trunk

large road network

th century plank roads

rd largest road network

india ancient period